? atmos(=)+ sfaira(=) ( ) () .

, ( ). =5780 . ( 10 ) ( ) ( , ).

99% 50 9 . ,

H He ( 4 ) + , , ...H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, S2, Cl2, N2, H2, NH3, CH4 ! Cyanobacteria 400

90% 20 , 99,9% 50 1000 (-) 6/ ( 15- ) . 0,05/ ( ).

. , - .

? I~1/l4 (104 km), (0,8% ).

6 20 km 7 17 trepw- 80% 17 -52 -

50 +10 , ( ) 99 % " 1000 m 11%

85 km -80

200 500 km , 400 2000 , 14.00 (10-8mb 500km )

100-200 , , () - 80 - 400 km ( )

aurora - aurora borealis - aurora australis ( ) e- ( Ei)+ AB*+ e- ( Ef) DE=Ei-Ef hn=DE

( ) - (300 ~1 MHz) . ( ) ( ) (3 m~100 MHz) .

( )

(500 1.000 ) ,

1000 , ( ) 1958. 11959. 10 () , , , ,

, , . .

( , , , ), ,

? , ( 35 ) :78,1 % 20,9 % 0,9 % 0,03 % 0,002 % 0,0005 % 0,0001 % : , , ,

parts per milion ppm - ()

(20.2.2012.) ,

=5,21018 ( , =61024 )

R=6378 ,

, ...

. . .

10 000 !!! ? , 1643. . (=5,21018 , =61024 , ) ? ( )

(P=F/S). . m2 ~10,000kg.

- 1657. , 40 , 12150 ~ 1215 .

=N/m2 , , , , , ... 1 atm = 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 760 mmHg1 atm = 760 torr1 bar = 105 Pa (1 bar ~ 1 atm) , 1 mb 100 atm=14.7 psi

- ( ) . , PV=nmRT (P-, V-, nm- , R- , T- )nm=m/Mm- , M- r=m/VP=rRT/M

- ( . ) ,P=P1+P2+=RTm1/(M1V)+ RTm2/(M2V) += RTr1/M1+ RTr2/M2+ : r1+r2+=rxi / ( ).

-

z P. (m=rV=rSDz)PS = r g S Dz + (P+DP) S jeDP = -r g Dz . . r(z), z- . ( , ) Dz, S, ..

dz DP = -r g Dz

: ( , , )Msr P0- , . z=0,h = RT/gMsr

: 80%, 20% . 28 32 / : 0,755 0,231 28,96 288 K (150C). h = RT/gMsr = 8,4 . h 1/e (=0,37) . 2/3 ( ) . ! , . -

()

, , N2/O2 4:1 100 (), . . . ( ) 20-30 ( 0,03%)

- ( ) !

:

:

10 , 100 65 !

....

m . = = m (gMz / Rz) ( ) (A=-DEp) g- Mz , Rz- v ,

: g=9,81m/s2, Rz=6400 km (2. ) ! ! ?

(0,). , . , , ... James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) : DN (v) v v + Dv, N .

. . 100,000 300 K 900 K: * * vm . vksk > v > vm

-

! 288 ,

! 109 ,

msr- ,Fsr- / ( kg/s) , t, () ()

t () ( .) - (. - : --- 10 ) , t ( ) , , ( )- t (CH4, N2O, CO, CFC)- t (3- , 2 ( ), SO2 H2S ( ) NH3 ,

1772. : , .

2 CO2 CO2 2 CO2 ( ) . ( ) .

, , . () 100% !

2nCO2 + 2nH2O + 2(CH2O)n + nO2

CO2 E=2,34x10-18J=14,6 eV. a, a=680 nm b , b=644 nm - ! Ea=ha =hc/a=(6,625x10-34Js)(3x108m/s)/(680x10-9m)=2,92x10-19JEb=hc/b=(6,625x10-34Js)(3x108m/s)/(644x10-9m)=3,09x10-19J () ( )na=Ea/E=8nb=Eb/E=7,60

( ) , ...) ,

, , () NOx - - , (), H2S ( ) , , -

- ( ) ( ) ( ) -103cm-3 104cm-3 105cm-3

( ) 61% 28% 5% 4% 2%

pHpH < 7 - + pH > 7 - pH = -log10 (10-7)=-(-7)=7[H+(aq)][OH- (aq)]=10-14 mol2dm-6 pH (potential of hydrogen) [H+ (aq)] = [OH- (aq)] [H+ (aq)] = 10-7 mol dm-3 pH = -log10 ([H+ (aq)]) :

- (CO2) ( ) - (pH) 5,6. , (pH

( )

Demonstration 1. , 1657, . , 40 . 2700 4,5 =12150 , 1215 !. 2000 `