英 语 高 考 备 考 策 略

湖南师大附中 黄长泰

2013.07.24

1 、英语教学的指导思想2 、关于牛津高中英语3 、语法教学4 、阅读教学5 、写作教学

1 、英语教学的指导思想

我们英语教学的目的不能只是为了学生应付高考，而是要培养终身学习和运用英语的能力，使他们不断提高人文素质，拓宽国际视野，成为全面发展的人才。

2 、关于《牛津高中英语》 Advance with English

Welcome to the unit

话题、图画、问题和相关知识。

Reading ① 以真实、地道、优美的英语呈现现实生活和社会发展的方方面面；

②Reading stratedy 阅读策略

Word power

培养生成词汇记忆链 ---topic vocabulary 。

Grammar and usage 在精心设计的语境中呈现语法规则。

Task使学生在较为真实的语境中参与听、说、读、写等一系列活动，并学会处理信息和完成特定的任务。

Project 是课堂教学的延伸和拓展。它鼓励学生学会分工合作，走出课堂；并通过讨论、专访，收集信息等活动

Self-assessment 自我评价、自我反思，以利进一步提高。

3 、语法教学

1) Is English grammar always important?“My English is poor because I have learned gramm

ar very well.”

Is that true?

How we learn our mother tongue

1) What were the first words you learned to say?

2) What were the first sentences you learned to say?

3) How old were you when you wrote your first composition?

4) How many Chinese textbooks have you ever read/learned?

newspapers, magazines, novels, poems5) How many Chinese films/TV plays have you ever seen?

6) When did you first learn Chinese grammar?

7) Do you often think of grammar when you speak Chinese and write in Chinese?8) Do you often pay attention to your grammar when you communicate with other people?

9) Will you be understood when you make a grammar mistake?

We should try to learn English in the same way we learn Chinese.

Conclusion:

Grammar is not always very important.

Suggestion:

We should try to learn English in the sam

e way we learn Chinese.

Future in the past (M2U2)• We use future in the past to report an ation in the past from a time when it was still in the futureThey set off at 9 a.m. and wound reach the airport an hour later.• to indicate a past intentionI was going to leave, but then it began to rain.• indicate a past arrangement Colin left work early because he was going to see Jennifer later that afternoon.

Future in the past (M2U2)

• mean that the future action actually ha

ppened

The journey that was to change Toby’s l

ife started in July that year.

Colin wrote in his diary about his adven

ture in the desert.

Colin wrote in his diary about his adventure in the desert. Complete his diary entry with expressions from the box.

wouldn’t see were going to watchwould get up would never forgetwould fall down would last would stop were about to turn off

Since we (1) ______ the sunrise in the desert early today, we decided to go to bed earlier than usual last night. Just as we (2) ______ the radio and get into our sleeping bags, strong winds began to blow. We thought that the strong winds (3) ______ until morning, and that we (4)______ anything in the sky except sand during the storm. We were both upset at the news, but Toby decided that he (5) ______ early anyway. He believed that the winds (6) _____ and the sand (7) ______ to the ground before we woke up. Thing went just as Toby hoped. When we got up this morning, we found the weather was extraordinary. The sun rose, as it always does, in a clear sky. We sat in total silence and looked at the beautiful pinks and yellows of the sunrise. It was something that I (8) ______.(1) were going to watch (2) were about to turn off (3) would last (4) wouldn’t see (5) would get up (6) would stop (7) would fall down (8) would never forget

The passive voice

This morning after waking up at6:30, my clothes were put on. In the washroom, my teeth were brushed and my face was washed.At 7:00, my breakfast was eaten.

This is bad English.

2 ）关于被动语态

This morning after waking up at6:30, I put on my clothes. In thewashroom I brushed my teethand washed my face. At 7:00, I ate my breakfast.

This is good English.

（ intending to explain: when we have so

mething done, it is usually done by other p

eople ）：

(1) 关于 have something done

3) 语境与语法教学

Teacher: Suppose you feel your hair is too long, where do you think you can have a haircut?Student: At the barber’s shop.Teacher: Who cuts your hair, the barber or you yourself?Student: The barber, of course.Teacher: So we say: “We go to the barber’s to have our hair cut.”

(intending to illustrate: when we say we used to do something, what we really mean is that it is something we often did in the past but we don’t do it now.)My grandma used to be beautiful when was young.I think my grandma is beautiful because I love her.

(2) 关于短语“ used to do something”

Yesterday Margaret had a fight with her husband, who is a famous boxer.What do you guess has happened to her as a result?Her husband beat her black and blue.

Margaret

3) 关于 vt. + O + OC

What are the correct relations between them?

Mr. Tiger

Who are they?What do you call them?

What do they call each other?

It will cause great confusion!

ethical issues 伦理问题 (relationship)4) Why is human cloning forbidden?

Mr. Tiger

Wife Son Who is he?

What do they call him?

It will cause great confusion!

ethical issues 伦理问题 (relationship)

4 ）语法规则的探究合作学习A. Presentation

Object complement M3U3

(1) The object complement gives mo

re information about the object

They called her the Loulan Beauty.

(2) An object complement always occurs in the this pattern: verb + object + object complementThey made Professor Zhang director of the institute. (noun.)We found the ruins most interesting. (adj.)They believec this document to be the official version. (infinitive)Professor Zhang’s speech was full of humor and made us laugh. (bare infinitive)We found ouselves in the middle of a desert. (pronoun)She made Joe her companion in Rome. (noun)

4 、阅读教学

阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高

1 ）英语阅读的目的

2 ）阅读训练的三个层面

3 ）完形填空题的基本理论和解题方法

4 ）阅读解题能力的技巧的提高

1 ）英语阅读的目的 （ 1 ）与文章的作者顺利的交流

(a successful communication between the writer an

d the reader)

（ 2 ）与题目出题者成功的较量 (a successful answer to the question)

（ 3 ）复习已学词汇、短语、句型和语法 （ 4 ）学习已学词汇的新语义和新用法 （ 5 ）获取新知识，扩大知识面。

2) 阅读的方法

（ 1 ）阅读训练的三个层面：

A. 阅读、做题、计分；

B. 阅读（弄懂文章的主题和作者的写作意图），不做

题、不计分；

C. 阅读（弄懂文章的主题和作者的写作意图），不做

题、不计分，分析题干（弄清出题者的意图），比较选

项（了解各选项的差异）。

1. The word “coupled” in the first paragraph coul

d best be replaced by _____.

A. produced B. continued

C. doubled D. combined

3 ）知识水平与解题能力 （ 1 ）知识水平 Passage 8 (2009 江西， E)

D

2. The silk thread found in the hair of an Egyptian mummy suggests that ______. A. Egyptians had probably traveled to China to buy silk B. trade along the Silk Road began earlier than once thought C. historical research often achieve fascinating results D. new light can now be thrown on ancient trading practices

B

3. Until recently most historians believed that trade along the Silk Road ______. A. originated in the 2nd BC B. extended human migration into eastern Asia C. began a million years ago D. primarily benefited the Egyptians

A

4. Historians have always considered Zhang Qian’s mission important because they believe ____. A. he brought back knowledge of Rome to the emperor B. he discovered the Silk Road C. he helped establish East-West trade D. he traveled as far as Afghanistan

C

4 、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高

3 ）完形填空题的基本理论和解题方法A 、完形填空的起源与运用 完形填空法（ the close procedure ）的产生与格式塔心理学（ Gestalt psychology ）有着密切的关系。格式塔心理学特别注重作为整体的经验模式（ Gestalt psychology is especially concerned with patterns of experience as wholes. ）。 它强调：不能通过对各部分的分析来认识整体。要理解整体的全部性质，就必须“自上而下”地分析整体结构到各个组成部分的特性。

完形填空题的创始人： 威尔逊 · 泰勒（ Wilson Taylor ）

“完形填空并不直接涉及特定的意思。它只是反复地从两种语言模式的相似之处取样： 一种是写的人表达自己的思想的语言模式， 另一种是反映读的人根据自己的理解作出的猜测的语言模式。”

B 、完形填空法的用途： 1 ）判断阅读教材的难易程度，以确定其可读性；

2 ）评估双语流畅程度；

3 ）评估阅读理解能力；

4 ）研究上下文的制约关系；

5 ）评估教学效果

a. 忽视阅读理解，则重考查语法：

“A. do B. done C. doing D. to do”

“A. at B. in C. on D. to”

b 、语篇选材太难，超过学生的话语 水平，考试结果很差。

c 、语篇太短或者太长，短文的第 一句就开始挖空；挖空的间距太 小或挖出词过多，使学生读不懂。

C. 完形填空题测试中常见问题：

C 、完形填空题的解题方法

完形填空题是测试话语水平的题型。根据完形填空法的基本理论，我国在高考 NMET 的测试中使用完形填空题的主要目的在于考察考生的短文阅读理解能力。

威尔逊 · 泰勒说：“完形填空所涉及的是一系 列与上下文相联系的空白， 而不是孤立的空白。”

a．快速通读全文，从整体上来思考短文，分析全文 的基本结构和表达层次，从而弄清文章的主要意 思。

b．仔细阅读短文的各个细节，努力从字里行间找到 能够利用的各种线索，作出合理的推断，从而 找出可能的正确答案。c．“栏目”还是“节目”？ “手枪”还是“冲锋枪”？ 什么样的手枪？

由文章的主题 / 主体决定由逻辑和常识决定由文章的细节（上下文）决定

d．我们可以用下列的思路来寻找可能 存在的线索：

① graphic and morphological clues （书写和形态变化线索）

② lexical clues （词汇线索）； ③ syntactic clues （句法线索）；

④ social-cultural clues （社会文化线索） ⑤ contextual clues （上下文线索）

Behind our house is the start of a fascinating trail ( 小径 ). This trail is one of the old roads that wind through untold miles of forest. My 36 . Beans, and I walk the trail frequently. Normally Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or 37 some cause known only to him.36. A. dear B. dog C. lady D. man37. A. imagine B. consider C. explore D. present

B

C

Beans is a white dog, quite handsome and very 38 . He not only understands what we tell him, but also often makes sounds as if he were trying to 39 back. 38. A. smart B. sweet C. slow D. shy39. A. turn B. kick C. jump D. speakFind some adjective to describe you pet dog:clever, cute, smart, lovely, caring, etc.We tell him and he speaks back.

AD

One morning, we took a different route, which led us to an unfamiliar trail. I was sure this trail would eventually lead us to our familiar 40 . But, no. We seemed to be far off course. After two hours, I suddenly realized that Bean probably 41 the way home. So I urged, “Beans, take me home.” He ran down a new trail. But it merely led me to an intersection (岔路口 ) of trails.40. A. driveway B. path C. crossroad D. highway41. A. knew B. saw C. showed D. made

B

A

Soon it became 42 that we were getting nowhere. I began to picture the rest of the day in the 43 , without food or drink. We had walked about ten miles. But Beans seemed totally 44 . The sniffing and exploring was going well for him.42. A. mysterious B. ridiculous C. fascinating D. apparent43. A. house B. forest C. field D. cottage44. A. unconcerned B. unconscious C. undecided D. uncomfortable

D

B

A

Finally, we 45 a crossroad near a highway. Lady Luck suggested I should turn left. We did and 46 reached a cottage beside a field. I knocked on the door and explained my situation to an old man. He laughed and then drove us home. Since our adventure, I 47 that Beans probably knew all along how to get home. He was just having too much fun exploring new trails.45. A. left for B. went off C. came to D. drove toward46. A. punctually B. frequently C. formally D. shortly47. A. regretted B. remembered C. concluded D. confirmed

C

D

C

2010 湖南卷 Parents are busy people. If they are working, they are usually not at home 48. ____________ their children return from school. Sometimes it is necessary for a parent to write 49. ________ after-school note for their children. They sometimes put the note on the kitchen table, the refrigerator, 50. ________ another place where their children are sure to find it.

after / when

an

or

A note is often a 51. ________ way to “talk” with a child than using the telephone. For one thing, parents have time to think about 52.________ they want to say before they write. 53. ________ another, the note lists all the information in one place. It is easy to read again and again. People often forget all the details that 54. _______ hear in a telephone call. Finally, cell phones can be turned 55._______ or telephone calls not answered. For these reasons, after-school notes are very popular with parents.

better

whatFor

they

off

2010年48 after / when49 an50 or51 better52 what53 for54 they55 off

连词 3 个冠词 1 个形容词 1 个介词 1 个人称代词 1个副词 1 个

2010年48 an 49 two 50 next 51 why 52 One 53 but 54 I 55 to

连词 3 个冠词 1 个形容词 0 个介词 1 个人称代词 1 个不定代词 1 个名词 1 个副词 0 个

4 、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高

4 ）阅读解题能力的技巧的提高

（ 1 ）主旨题的判断

（ 2 ）词义的推测

（ 3 ）信号词的运用

（ 2 ） 阅读能力 A 、主旨题的判断

2) A. Population B. Population in China C. Population Problem

1) A. Walking B. Walking in the garden C. Walking in Space

题目应具有概括性，能够涵盖全文的内容，而不是文章的局部或部分内容；与此同时，又要具有 局限性。

文章的大意或中心思想 (main idea or topic) ：作者对主题（ topic ）概述， 即一个具有概括性和总结性的陈述句。 对中心思想作明确而肯定的阐述的句 子叫做主题句（ topic sentence or main idea sentence ）。 细节内容（ supporting details ）是指 用来支持中心思想的例证、说明和详 述等等。

Compare the items within each group below and indicate whether each one is a statement of main idea (MI), a topic or a specific supporting detail (D).

Topic: ____Main Idea: ____ Detail: ____

BCA

Group 1A. In 1981 Henry Cisneros of San Antonio became the first Mexican-American mayor of a large city.B. Mexican-American political gains.C. Since 1960 Mexican-Americans have made impressive political gains.

Topic: ____Main Idea: ____ Detail: ____

CAB

Group 2A. For poor farm families life on the plains meant a sod house or dugout carved out of the hillside for protection from winds.B. One door and usually no more than a single window provided light and air.C. Sod houses on the plains.

Topic: ____Main Idea: ____ Detail: ____

CBA

A. For example, human babies require about twice as many calories per unit of body weight as adults.B. Although children need less total food than adults, their metabolic needs exceed those of adults in proportion to their body weight.C. Metabolic needs of children.

Group 3

(11 Hunan B)65. What is the passage mainly about?A. a group of forgotten heroesB. a book describing a terrifying battle C. a ship engineer’s wartime experienceD. a merchant’s memories of a sea rescue

A. heroesB. a terrifying battle C. a wartime experienceD. a sea rescue

C

(11 Hunan C)70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Naturalist’ Beliefs about ElephantsB. Amazing Experiments about ElephantsC. An Unexpected Finding about ElephantsD. A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants

C

A. Beliefs about ElephantsB. Experiments about ElephantsC. Finding about ElephantsD. Debate about Elephants

B 、词义的推测

A) 复现关系和同现关系a. 复现关系的表现形式：原词、同义词、 近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词b. 同现关系：词汇共同出现的倾向性。

Giant storm waves have so hit the place ---once well buffered by sea ice---that villagers voted in 2002 to leave their ancestral home for the mainland.

Before temperatures began to rise in Shishmaref about 30 years ago, 20 to 30 miles of hard sea ice protected the village from powerful fall storms.

07年样题中的语境比较：

B) 同义词、近义词复现：He got a lot of presents from his friends and family. All of the gifts were wrapped in colored paper.Grades are the first concern of most Chinese senior high school students. They work hard to get high marks.Everything faded in mist. The past was erased, the erasure was forgotten, and the lie became true.

C) 上义词和下义词复现：

animal 是 sheep, cow, wolf, tiger 的上义词dog, cat, horse, fox 是 animal 的下义词。

Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The birdcovered the distance in three minutes.You will need to take tools with you. You can get a saw, a screwdriver and a hammer from most big department stores.

D) 概括词复现：people, man, woman, place, do, make, etc.

Can you tell me where to stay in Geneva? I’ve been to the place.

A: What shall I do with all this crockery?B: Leave the stuff there; someone will put it away.

E) 同现关系：词汇共同出现的倾向性。

A great number of high school graduates, continue their education in one of the manycolleges or universities in the country. After 4 years, they receive a bachelor’s degree. Some continue studying for a master’s degree and perhaps a doctor’s degree.

a.A great number of high school graduates, continue their education in one of the manycolleges or universities in the country. After 4 years, they receive a bachelor’s degree. Some continue studying for a master’s degree and perhaps a doctor’s degree.

“We’ve collected foreign coins for years---since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the euro, so we put pesetas in. I found a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over…

“We’ve collected foreign coins for years---since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the euro, so we put pesetas in. I found a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over…

b.

When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases, the doctor may prescribe a placebo.

When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases, the doctor may prescribe a placebo.

c.

A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot,

or an empty capsule. Even though they

have no medicine in them, these things seem

to make people well. The patient thinks it

is medicine and begin to get better. How

does this happen?

A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot,

or an empty capsule. Even though they

have no medicine in them, these things seem

to make people well. The patient thinks it

is medicine and begin to get better. How

does this happen?

d.

根据信号词猜测词义

定义信号词： be, mean, be called, be named, refer to, be defined, be described, etc.

An unreasonable and lasting fear of something is called phobia.

C. 信号词的运用

举例信号词： for example, for instance, such, such as, like, especially, including, etc.

At the party we were offered various beverages including hot tea, coffee, wine, beer, lemon juice, mineral water, and so on.Extractive industries, such as mining and lumbering, use up natural resources.

重复信号词： similarly, that is, equally, in a like manner, in the same way, likewise, in other words, like, to put it more simply, that is to say, to put it another way, it would be better to say, etc.

They seem to have problems with directionality. In other words, they got lost.

Mary is bilingual, that is to say, she can speak both English and French.

因果关系信号词： because, since, for, due to, owing to, thanks to, because of, as a result of, as, etc. so therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, etc. lead to, cause, result in, result from, contribute to

After the rent increased, he refused to pay it. Consequently, he was expelled by the landlord.

When making this mixture, you don’t need two teaspoonful of salt, because one teaspoonful is sufficient.

对比信号词： although, even though, nevertheless, still, but, by contrast, on the contrary, yet, however, on the other hand, whereas, in the end, in fact, in spite of, unlike, instead, etc.

He thought it was quite unfair to him. He was up to the eyes in his work, while other in his office chatted with each other having nothing to do.

Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome person, Adams is quite ill-favored.

B) 利用常识来猜测词义

Even the gifted teacher had difficulty making clear to the secondary school classes such an abstruse subject as Einstein’s theory of relativity.

4 ） 关于《 5.3 》

The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists. There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. (11 Hunan C)

67. The underlined word “divergence” in Paragraph 4 means “_______.” A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination

C

Passage 1 (2010 全国 I ， E Paragraph 2)I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph?A. choose B. enjoy C. prepare for D. carry on

B

Passage 2 (2010福建 B Paragraph 2)Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. That is some way behind the U.S., where there are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet. Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a RV over the next five years. In 2005, after the fall of Taliban, which outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total us another 150 million by 2013 --- pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.The underlined word “outlawed” in Paragraph 2 probably means “______”.A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused

B

Passage 3 (2010 重庆， A Paragraph 1)One morning 30 years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humbled (卑微的 ) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean?A. Unfriendly. B. Untidy. C. Gentle. D. Kind.

B

Passage 4 (2010 上海， C Paragraph 1) The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added --- a communications blackout caused by solar storms.The phrase “communications blackout” in Paragraph 1 most probably refers to ______ during the 2012 Olympics.A. the extinguishing of the Olympic torchB. the collapse of broadcasting systemC. the transportation breakdown in LondonD. the destruction of weather satellites

B

Passage 5 (2010广东， E Paragraph 1) When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, it’s so-and-so’s fault.” or “I know I’m late, but it’s not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something lese for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner’s key to success.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider C

Passage 6 (2009湖南， C Paragraph 3) The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.The underlined words “the evicted fish” in paragraph 3 refer to ______.A. the fish beaten up B. the fish found outC. the fish fatten up D. the fish driven away

D

Passage 7 (2009 江苏， D Paragraph 4)Water Beneath the Soil

Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Once in the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation (渗透 ). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate. As water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them do deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are ______.A. rushed away the river B. cleaned and purified by waterC. destroyed and carried away by waterD. mixed with water and become part of it

D

5 ）推理判断题及基本要求推断是从已知事实出发，论述未知事实的存在、发生、变化和发展的可能性。

The man cut down all Mr. Li’s trees on

the hill at night, in an act of revenge for

his insult in the day.

A 、合乎逻辑

Which can NOT be inferred about the man?1. He must be narrow-minded.

2. He must be very physically strong.

3. He is quite simple-minded.

4. He will be taken away by the police.

5. He can’t be environmentally friendly.

6. He can’t be very well educated.

7. He must have many children to help him.

The climbing team planned to begin the accent on the 14 May if the weather was fine. But they didn’t start until June.

What is implied in the sentences?

A. Their GPS didn’t work properly.

B. One of the team members got very sick.

C. The weather had been very bad for the climbing until June.

(11 Hunan B)65. What is the passage mainly about?A. a group of forgotten heroesB. a book describing a terrifying battle C. a ship engineer’s wartime experienceD. a merchant’s memories of a sea rescueA. heroesB. a terrifying battle C. a wartime experienceD. a sea rescue

C

B 、注意用词造句

“I believe smoking cigarettes does harm to health.”Which of the following statements best describes the writer’s attitude towards cigarette smoking?A. They say smoking cigarette is harmful.B. Smoking cigarettes is harmful.C. It is believed smoking cigarettes is harmful.D. Smoking cigarettes is said to be harmful.

C 、尊重事实The background to the development of the new towns is as follows: in 1960, the population density of the main city in the region was already one of the highest in the world and since then the population has grown by another several million.

A. This city has the largest population in the world.B. This city is more crowded than before.C. This city is now better planned than beforeD. This city is developing very fast now.

Exercises 1My car has a radio, a heater and defroster. It cost me about 120,000 dollars, but it is all the more beautiful than any one else in the streets.A. The radio was too costly.B. The car is new.C. The defroster was too expensive.D. The car is cheap.

Exercise 2Nine out of ten doctors responding to a survey said they recommend our product to the patients.A. Nine of out ten doctors recommend the product.B. Of the doctors who responded to a survey, ninety-nine recommend the product.C. If they recommend anything, nine out of ten doctors responding to a survey commend the product.D. Most doctors recommend the product.

Exercises 3This organization may succeed marvelously at what it wants to do, but what it wants to do may not be all that marvelous.A. The organization may soon succeed.B. The organization is marvelous.C. Though the organization may reach its goals, the goals might not be important.D. What the organization wants is marvelous.

Exercises 4The book contains a totally new outlook which combines the wisdom of the past with scientific knowledge to solve the problems of present.A. Problems of the past and present are solved in this book.B. In this book, current knowledge and past wisdom are combined to solve current problems.C. Only by using knowledge of the past can we solve problems.D. None of today’s problems can be solve without scientific knowledge.

Exercises 5Where there is an absence of reliable information about drugs, the risks involved in using them are greatly increased.A. There is no reliable information about drugs.B. Using drugs is more dangerous when we do not know what effects and dangers are involved.C. The risks involved in using drugs have increased.D. People should choose safer drugs.

Exercises 6The project of which this book is the result was first suggested in the summer of 1962, in the course of some leisurely conversations at the foot of and (occasionally) on top of the Alps of western Austria.A. This book was written in 1962.B. This book was written in Austria.C. This book is a collection of conversations held in 1962.D. This book is the end of the project.

Exercises 7Los Angeles; safety record with school buses is generally a good one, but of course this record is only as good as the school bus drivers themselves.A. In spite of a generally good safety record for their school buses, Los Angeles school bus drivers are not very good. B. If school bus drivers are not very good, school safety record will not be very good either.C. If cities wish to maintain good safety records with school buses, they should hire good school bus drivers. D. With better school buses, drivers will be able to keep better safety records.

6 ）关于完形填空 A 、完形填空的起源与运用

完形填空法（ the close procedure ）的产生与格式塔心理学（ Gestalt psychology ）有着密切的关系。格式塔心理学特别注重作为整体的经验模式（ Gestalt psychology is especially concerned with patterns of experience as wholes. ）。

它强调：不能通过对各部分的分析来认识整体。要理解整体的全部性质，就必须“自上而下”地分析整体结构到各个组成部分的特性。

完形填空题的创始人：

威尔逊 · 泰勒（ Wilson Taylor ）

“完形填空并不直接涉及特定的意思。它只是反复地从两种语言模式的相似之处取样： 一种是写的人表达自己的思想的语言模式， 另一种是反映读的人根据自己的理解作出的猜测的语言模式。”

B 、完形填空法的用途： 1 ）判断阅读教材的难易程度，以确定其可读性；2 ）评估双语流畅程度；

3 ）评估阅读理解能力；

4 ）研究上下文的制约关系；

5 ）评估教学效果

a. 忽视阅读理解，则重考查语法：

“A. do B. done C. doing D. to do”

“A. at B. in C. on D. to”

b. 语篇选材太难，超过学生的话语水平，考试 结果很差。c. 语篇太短或者太长，短文的第一句就开始挖空； 挖空的间距太小或挖出词过多，使学生读不懂。

C. 完形填空题测试中常见问题：

D 、完形填空题的解题方法

完形填空题是测试话语水平的题型。根据完形填空法的基本理论，我国在高考 NMET 的测试中使用完形填空题的主要目的在于考察考生的短文阅读理解能力。

威尔逊 · 泰勒说：“完形填空所涉及的是一系列与上下文相联系的空白， 而不是孤立的空白。”

a．快速通读全文，从整体上来思考短文，分析全文 的基本结构和表达层次，从而弄清文章的主要意思。

b．仔细阅读短文的各个细节，努力从字里行间找到 能够利用的各种线索，作出合理的推断，从而 找出可能的正确答案。

c．“栏目”还是“节目”？ “手枪”还是“冲锋枪”？ 什么样的手枪？

由文章的主题 / 主体决定由逻辑和常识决定由文章的细节（上下文）决定

E．我们可以用下列的思路来寻找可能存在的线索：

① graphic and morphological clues

（书写和形态变化线索） ② lexical clues （词汇线索）； ③ syntactic clues （句法线索）； ④ social-cultural clues （社会文化线索）

⑤ contextual clues （上下文线索）

Behind our house is the start of a fascinating trail ( 小径 ). This trail is one of the old roads that wind through untold miles of forest. My 36 . Beans, and I walk the trail frequently. Normally Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or 37 some cause known only to him.36. A. dear B. dog C. lady D. man37. A. imagine B. consider C. explore D. present

B

C

Beans is a white dog, quite handsome and very

38 . He not only understands what we tell him,

but also often makes sounds as if he were trying

to 39 back.

38. A. smart B. sweet C. slow D. shy

39. A. turn B. kick C. jump D. speak

Find some adjective to describe you pet dog:

clever, cute, smart, lovely, caring, etc.

We tell him and he speaks back.

A

D

One morning, we took a different route, which led us to an unfamiliar trail. I was sure this trail would eventually lead us to our familiar 40 . But, no. We seemed to be far off course. After two hours, I suddenly realized that Bean probably 41 the way home. So I urged, “Beans, take me home.” He ran down a new trail. But it merely led me to an intersection ( 岔路口 ) of trails.40. A. driveway B. path C. crossroad D. highway41. A. knew B. saw C. showed D. made

B

A

Soon it became 42 that we were getting nowhere. I began to picture the rest of the day in the 43 , without food or drink. We had walked about ten miles. But Beans seemed totally 44 . The sniffing and exploring was going well for him.42. A. mysterious B. ridiculous C. fascinating D. apparent43. A. house B. forest C. field D. cottage44. A. unconcerned B. unconscious C. undecided D. uncomfortable

D

B

A

Finally, we 45 a crossroad near a highway. Lady Luck suggested I should turn left. We did and 46 reached a cottage beside a field. I knocked on the door and explained my situation to an old man. He laughed and then drove us home. Since our adventure, I 47 that Beans probably knew all along how to get home. He was just having too much fun exploring new trails.45. A. left for B. went off C. came to D. drove toward46. A. punctually B. frequently C. formally D. shortly47. A. regretted B. remembered C. concluded D. confirmed

C

D

C

2010 湖南卷 Parents are busy people. If they are working, they are usually not at home 48. __________ their children return from school. Sometimes it is necessary for a parent to write 49. _____ after-school note for their children. They sometimes put the note on the kitchen table, the refrigerator, 50. _____ another place where their children are sure to find it.

after / when

an

or

A note is often a 51. _____ way to “talk” with a child than using the telephone. For one thing, parents have time to think about 52._____ they want to say before they write. 53. _____ another, the note lists all the information in one place. It is easy to read again and again. People often forget all the details that 54. _____ hear in a telephone call. Finally, cell phones can be turned 55.____ or telephone calls not answered. For these reasons, after-school notes are very popular with parents.

better

whatFor

they

off

5 、写作教学 1 ）五个基本句型

(1) A. Peter is crazy about rapping.

B. Peter looks crazy.

C. Peter has gone crazy.

(2) Peter has gone to the night school.

(3) Peter attends the night school every day.

(4) They gave Peter another chance.

(5) Peter’s rapping made everyone amazed.

2 ）句子的连接

(1) A. Peter is crazy about rapping.

B. Peter attends the night school every day.

C. Peter is crazy about rapping ____ he goes

to the night school every day.

(2) Peter will attend the party ______ he has time.

(3) Peter will not attend the party ______ he is inv

ited.

andso

ifwhen

unlessuntil before

though / althougheven ifeven though

A and BA but B

A if BA because BA unless B

3 ）生活中的小话题 (60-80 words)

(1) 人物 people

(2) 物体 objects

(3) 地点 places

(4) 活动 activities

(5) 感想 ideas

(6) 评论 comments

(7) 建议 advice

4 ）教材中的 task 部分M1U1 Writing a noticeM1U2 Writing a letter of adviceM1U3 Writing an email encouraging a friendM2U1 Writing a report (doing a survey)M2U2 Emailing your father (planning a holiday)M2U3 Writing a biographical articleM3U1 Writing your storyM3U2 Writing a report about body languageM3U3 Planning an ouline for a speechM4U1 Writing an advertisementM4U2 writing a report about the history of a sportM4U3 Writing a proposal for a new computer roomM5U1 Writing a letter to your friendM5U2 designing a posterM5U3 Writing a letter to a supermarket (formal letter)M6U1 Writing to an foreign friendM6U2 Writing an article about problems and solutionsM6U3 Writing a letter of apologyM6U4 Writing a letter to UNICEF (helping poor children)

M7U1 Writing an email of recommendationM7U2 Writing a script for the school radio station (on short-sightedness)M7U3 Emailing a report (on facts and figures)M7U4 Writing an email about a travel plan (giving information)M8U1 Writing a review of a book or a storyM8U2 Writing the life story of a composerM8U3 Writing a report (on a visit to an art exhibition)M8U4 Writing speech about the film industryM9U1 Writing a travel plan for a trip to New YorkM9U2 Writinh a letter back home (about the Tower of London)M9U3 Recording information about the mask (Beijing opera)M9U4 Writing a story about Father ChristnasM10U1 Writing for a competitionM10U2 Writing a letter to convince your friendM10U3 Writing an article giving advice and warningsM10U4 writing a teacher’s report (investigating and reporting facts)M11U1 Writing a diary entryM11U2 Writing a covering letterM11U3 Writing you recipe for successM11U4 Writing a letter about your choice

5 、写作的基本要求和练习层次

（ 1 ）用自己有把握的词汇（最基本的常用）和句子（五

个简单句），不遗漏任何要点并正确使用大小写和标点符号。

（ 2 ）用好连词（写好复合句），把握好表达的层次和文

章的结构，做到要点齐全（含 opinions and comments ）。

（ 3 ）用好副词，合理表达文章的层次和结构；用好连词

（写好复合句），用简单句表达复杂内容：如非谓语动词、独

立主格结构， leave 和 with 的复合结构，等等。

They were walking along the river bank. The moon was shining in the sky. The water was flowing north.Hand in hand, they were walking slowly and light-heartedly along the river bank. The moon was shining in the sky. The water was flowing north, quietly and gently.

Hand in hand, they were walking slowly and light-heartedly along the river bank, with the moon shining in the sky and the water flowing north, quietly and gently.