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Adjective Clausesnit 14Lead-inHomeworkLooking AheadApproaching the TopicDiscovering GrammarApplying GrammarFurther DevelopmentParadoxSelf-assessment

Bob, you made so many mistakes in you homework!He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.To what part of speech is the clause who makes no mistakes similar in terms of sentence function who makes no mistakes functions as an attributive in the whole sentence, as does an adjective. So it is called an adjective clause.

Adjective The red coat is dirty. (Which coat is dirty?)

Adjective clause The coat that I bought yesterday is dirty. (Which coat is dirty?) Adjective clauses answer questions of which.

He was born on Oct. 28, 1955 in Seattle , where he grew up with his two sisters. In 1968, when he was as young as 13, he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers. He left Harvard to devote his energy to Microsoft, a company which he started in 1975. He is the person whose foresight and vision for personal computing have been central to the success of Microsoft and the software industry.Guessing Work

He was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, where he started his Civil Rights Movement.After the bus boycott, he was elected president who gained national prominence for his role in the campaign. On August 28, 1963, more than 250, 000 protesters gathered in Washington, D.C., where he delivered a famous speech.He once delivered a famous speech whose title is I Have a Dream.

Learn to use different relative words to introduce adjective clauses.Practice using restrictive and non-restrictive adjective clauses.Learn to appreciate and use paradoxes

1. Work in pairs to find out the solution 1. The pet, , took the third place. 2. The bird, which belongs to Jack, 3. The snake, which can play dead,

4. The pet that can dancedoes not speak.was second.won the first place.

whose owner is Bob

The noun, pronoun or clause that the adjective clause modifies is called an antecedent. E.g.Many people think that an extrovert is a person who is courageous, outgoing, and not at all shy, antecedentrelative word

The pet, whose owner is Bob, took the third place.

2) The bird, which belongs to Jack, does not speak.

3) The snake, which can play dead, was second.

4) The pet that can dance won the first place.Adjective Clause()Antecedentrelative wordThe adjective clause is ____ the antecedent it modifies. A. before B. after2) Is the relative word part of the adjective clause? ____ A. Yes B. No

5) At a large party where she doesnt know many people, shes shy at first, 4) However, Lisa opens up in situation in which she starts to feel relaxed and appreciated3) Lisa is actually a shy person whom others probably wouldn't consider extrovert.2) , while an introvert is someone who is shy, retiring, and fearful.1) Many people think that an extrovert is a person who is courageous, outgoing, and not at all shy,2. Read the passage on page 124, underline all the adjective clauses, circle every relative word, and then mark the antecedents that the adjective clauses modify.

10) , for hes a person whose energies need solitude for replenishment.9) Bill, on the other hand, is someone whom everyone consider bold and outgoing.8) She needs others to help energize her, which is why she is to be considered an extrovert.7) , and when she opens up shes the kind of person others find interesting and stimulating.6) She likes to talk once she finds a group she feels comfortable with,..

15) But there are other times when Mary is much more like Bill.14) There are times when Mary is like Lisa.12) There is a third category that many of us may fall into: that of the ambivert.11) He needs to be alone to reenergize, which is why he is to be regarded as an introvert.13) Mary, who is a energized sometimes by others and sometimes by being alone, is a good example.

Discovering GrammarMatch the adjective clauses from the passage with the explanations.

Relative pronouns in the cases of the second and forth column are usually omitted 1. AC introduced by which, who, that and whomStudy the sentences underlined just now, and then summarize the usage of the four relative pronouns with the help of the box below.

Here are some examples:1) The snake, _____ can play dead, was second.2) This is the book ________ I bought yesterday.whichsubjectwhich/that3) She likes to talk once she finds a group_____________she feels comfortable withwith _____ she feels comfortable.that/whom/whowhomobject of verb; can be omittedobject of preposition placed at the end; cannot be omitteddirect object of preposition; cannot be omitted

A sentence with adjective clauses can be seen as a combination of two sentences. The process goes like this: I lost the pen that Jim sent me yesterday.Tips:

1.Identity the shared part in the two sentences.

2.Use a relative word instead of the noun.

3.Move it to the beginning to introduce the clause, unless it is already there.I lost the pen. Jim sent me that yesterday.I lost the pen. Jim sent me the pen yesterday.

There's a hero If you look inside your heart You don't have to be afraid Of what you are There's an answer If you reach into your soul And the sorrow that you know Will melt awayHeroListen to a song Hero and underline all the adjective clauses and noun clauses in it, then study how they are formed.activity

HeroAnd then a hero comes along With the strength to carry on And you cast your fears aside And you know you can survive So when you feel like hope is gone Look inside you and be strong And you'll finally see the truth That a hero lies in youHero

HeroIt's a long road When you face the world alone No one reaches out a hand For you to hold You can find love If you search within yourself And the emptiness you felt Will disappear

HeroAnd then a hero comes along With the strength to carry on And you cast your fears aside And you know you can survive So when you feel like hope is gone Look inside you and be strong And you'll finally see the truth That a hero lies in youHero

HeroLord knows Dreams are hard to follow But don't let anyone Tear them away Hold on There will be tomorrow In time You'll find the way

HeroAnd then a hero comes along With the strength to carry on And you cast your fears aside And you know you can survive So when you feel like hope is gone Look inside you and be strong And you'll finally see the truth That a hero lies in you

2. AC introduced by whoseWhoseof which Lets go and have a look at the house whose roof has been blown off. Lets go and have a look at the house the roof of which has been blown off. (the roof of the house, the houses roof)whoseBill is a person. Bills energies need solitude for replenishment.

He is a person whose energies need solitude for replenishment. Attributive

Challenge yourself1The house whose windows are broken faces south.2He, who laughs last, laughs best. He laughs best who laughs last.3Shanghai is an exciting city, which attracts a lot of tourists. Shanghai, which is an exciting city, attracts a lot of tourists.

3. AC introduced by whereIf the structure preposition + which is used as adverbial of place in the adjective clause, we could replace it with where.I miss the village. I used to live in the village.

I miss the village which/that I used to live in.I miss the village in which I used to live.I miss the village where I used to live.

4. AC introduced by whenIf the structure preposition + which is used as adverbial of time in the adjective clause, we could replace it with when.I cannot forget the day. On the day I was awarded the First-place Scholarship.I cannot forget the day when I was awarded the First-place Scholarship..I cannot forget the day on which I was awarded the First-place Scholarship..

If the structure preposition + which is used as adverbial of reason in the adjective clause, we could replace it with why.There are many reasons for which people like traveling.There are many reasons why people like traveling.5. AC introduced by why

1In senior middle school, Lisa and I shared a room where/in which we spent nights talking.

2I can never forget the summer when the whole family went to the West Lake.Keys

() 1 Tom was late for class this morning. This made Miss Wang very angry. thisTom was late for class this morning. Tom was late for class this morningwhich made Miss Wang very angry.2) 3)

:

Step 1: /Step 2: ? Step 3: Who, whom, whose, that, which, when, where, whywho, whom, whose, thatwho,thatthat, which, when, where, whose, whythat,whomwhosethat, whichwhosewhenwherethat cannot introduce the non-restrictive adjective clausewhy

A. bebe Alexander Bell, who is said to have invented the telephone, died in 1922.Severe criticism was thrown to those who are responsible for the accident. Tony had a career lasting forty years.B. be-ingTony had a career that lasted forty years.

Translate the following two sentences into Chinese and find out the differences between them.Jim has a brother who is a worker. Jim has a brother, who is a worker. B ( )2) A ( )Challenge yourself6. Restrictive and non-restrictive

The first sentence is a restrictive adjective clause (RAC), while the Second is a non-restrictive adjective clause (NAC). to give essential information that. a commanot NAC is used to add extra or essential information. can can My friend who is Japanese is coming to see me.My friend, who is Japanese, is coming to see me.

Work in groups to find out the differences between RAC and NAC

NAC(RACPunctuations():separated by__________.Relative wordscannot be introduced by______OmissionRelative words can or cannot be omittedMeanings

I bought three books yesterday. The book I like best is written by Mark Twain. I like best Jim has a brother who is a worker.who is a worker Jim has a brother, who is a worker.who is a workera brother

a comma ()that (that)Exercise 3The little boy who says Ill try will climb to the hill-top.The little boy who says I cant will at the bottom stop.

Exercise 2 the little boyLife is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly.Life is a barren field that cannot grow.Challenge yourself () Keys:

1. , The children who are blind live in darkness. ()*The children live in darkness. ()*The children, who are blind, live in darkness. ()

2. in which casein that case, in that situation, if that is the caseif that happensThe weather broadcast says that it will rain tomorrow, in which case well have to delay our trip.

The weather broadcast says that it will rain tomorrow.In that case well have to delay our trip.If it is the case that it will rain tomorrow, well have to delay our trip. ()

Now, divide the class into two groups to hold a competition. One group will offer some useful information about a famous person in the world for the other group to guess who the person is. You should try to use as many sentences containing adjective clauses as possible, following the activity we did at the beginning of this unit. The group getting more correct answers will be the winner.SampleActivity

Exercise 15)when/on which2) where/in which4) that/03) which1) who8) whose6) that/07) which10) As9) which

1)5) C B D A C 6)10) D A D D C 11)15) B D D A C 16)18) A B D Exercise 21) Is the flat ______ you once lived in?2) Is this the flat ______ you once lived?3) Is this the only flat ______ you once lived in?4) Is this the flat in ______ you once lived?A. whichB. whereC. the oneD. that

5) This is one of the best novels ______ published last year.6) This is the only one of the best novels ______ published last year. A. which were B. which was C. that were D. that was7) She has two shirts, ______ were bought last month.8) She has two shirts. ______ were bought last month. A. both of whichB. Both of which C. both of them D. Both of them

9) ______ is well known that great change have taken place in China in recent years.10) ______ is well known, great changes have taken place in China in recent years. A. ThatB. WhichC. As D. It

11) I dont know the reason ______ he failed to attend our party.12) Such is the only reason ______ he told me. A. for that B. why C. whichD. that

13) It is in the hall ______ a meeting is being held.14) This is the hall ______ a meeting is being held. A. whereB. thereC. whichD. that

15) It is such an interesting film ______ we all want to see it.16) He is such a good teacher ______ we all love and respect. A. asB. whichC. that D. who

17) We heard the news ______ our team had won.18) The news ______ had been proved to be true surprised everybody. A. which B. that C. asD. A and B1) who chats with you on the Internet.2) who knows all your life; whose family knows you, too.3) to whom you can turn for help/whom you can turn to for help.4) who move5) that/which areExercise 3

1) Berners-lee, who invented the Web, is not rich.2) A person, who is enrolled in Beijing University, must be very intelligent and creative.3) Kids, who watch a lot of TV dont spend much time on their homework.4) There are many wonderful TV programs for children on Saturday, when most of them are at home.5)The computer, which you bought three years ago, does not have enough memory.Exercise 4

()1. as whichas whichwhich as

He didnt have a dictionary, which made it difficult to study English. (whichas)

such, the same, asas We should not make such a stupid mistake as Tony did yesterday. We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. Some people believe that their cat understands as many words as does a dog.

as As is expected; as is often the case; as we can see; as is well known; as we all know; as has been said before; as may be imagined; as is shown/explained above; as has been explained/pointed out

as which WhichA. thatOne should not consume all that which he has earned. B. She told me the news of the girl which I told him. C. that I have eaten the bread that was in the fridge and which you were probably saving for breakfast. D. He looked like a lawyer, which he was.

2. that 1) who Who that has sympathy will laugh on that occasion? 2) The man and his horse that were hit by the truck were killed on the spot. 3) that Jim is not the boy that he was. 4) last, next, only, very, any, all This is the first time that I have come to New York. This is the most beautiful city that I have ever seen. She is the very student that I like best. 5) all, much, little, none, few All that I can do is to follow him into the house. There is little that the enemy can do beside surrender.

3. but But that/which/who not There is no rule but has exceptions. (There is no rule that does not have exceptions.) There is no mother but loves her children. (There is no mother who does not love her children.)

that that that that

1. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands. (2004) A. where B. which C. when D. that

2. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days. (2004) A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which

3. _____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (2004) A. Which B. When C. What D. As AAD

D4. Anyway, that evening, ______ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. (2004) A. when B. where C. what D. which

5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently. (2004) A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom

6. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _____, of course, made the others envy him. (2004) A. who B. that C. what D. whichDD

7. The film brought the hours back to me _____ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (2004) A. until B. that C. when D. where

8. He is the only one of the students who ______ a winner of scholarship for three years. (2002) A. is B. are C. have been D. has been

9. Have you seen the film Titanic, ____ leading actor is world famous ? (2002) A. its B. its C. whose D. whichCDC

10. These hours are sold at such a low price _____ people expected. (2000) A. like B. as C. that D. which

11. Is this the reason ______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ? (2002) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained

12. The time is not far away _____ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. (2004) A. as B. when C. until D. beforeBAB

13. I have never dined with you, sir; and I see no reason _____.(2004) A. how can I now B. how I ought to now C. why shall I now D. why I should now14. Mrs. Black took the police back to ____ place ____ she witnessed the robbery. (2004) A. the same; as B. the same; where C. the same; that D. as the same; as15. What surprised me was not what he said but _____ he said it. (2004) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way whichDBA

ParadoxHe who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

paradox()Bob He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.BobBob

1234567Exercise 1

The paradox: The child is father of the man1Man learn from child.2) All men grow up from children.3) Childrens virtues should be maintained through all life.4) Everyone was once a child, and his character has developed from his character as a child. Exercise 2The child is father of the man

He who wants to be good at everything is good at nothing. (Jack of all trades and master of none. , ) If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight. Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little. () Helen KellerThree Days to See ()Exercise 1

Homework1. Write three sentences containing adjective clauses introduced by the relative words learned in this unit.2. Find more cases of paradox. 3. Preview the new terms to be used in Unit 15.4. Review what we have learnt today. 5. Finish off exercises on page 129 .