ورشة ترجمة قانونية محمد يوسف وسوسن عبود

ƨĈȈƎǻȂĄǻƢǬǳơƨăǸăƳąǂăƬǳơƨăǋąǁăȁLLeeggaall TTrraannssllaattiioonn WWoorrkksshhoopp

igraveszligaeligszligETHtimesėĈOslashtimesOumlcentĞAn introduction to Legal Translation

ƽơƾǟƛ

ȆǟƢƦǈǳơǱƢǸǯǺŻƗňȂǻƢǬǳơǁƢǌƬǈŭơȁśȇǂǐŭơśȇȂǤǴǳơȁśŦǂƬŭơƨȈǠŦǆȈƟǁƤƟƢǻ

ƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơȅǁƢǌƬǇơƾǸƬǠŭơƨȈǻȂǻƨǳȁƾǳơǆǴůȁŅƢǠǳơǥƢǼƠƬǇȏơǶǯƢŰǵƢǷƗǵƢŰ

IacuteIcircIumlOcircOgraveIumlOcircIacuteOumlIacutecomgmailsafwahaa

śȇǂǐŭơśȇȂǤǴǳơȁśŦǂƬŭơƨȈǠǸŪƨǛȂǨŰǩȂǬūơǞȈŦIumlIacuteIcircIacute

EumlyenEcirchtEcircEacutecopysup1cedilEgraveIuml

id925515 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer - a great PDF creator - httpwwwpdfmachinecom httpwwwbroadguncom

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ǵƢǟǲƻƾǷǒǠƦǳơƣǂǤƬǈȇƾǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƨȈǳƢǰǋƛǹƗƩƗƾƥǵƢǟǀǼǷIcircIumlOtildeIacuteƽȐȈŭơǲƦǫƩƾordmǬǟƢǷƾǼǟ

śȈưȈūơȁƨǼǟơǂǨǳơśƥƨƥȂƬǰǷǵȐǇƧƾǿƢǠǷǱȁƗƿƛƢĔƗśǻơȂordmǬǳơǪȈƦǘƫśƥƪǠŦƩƢǠȇǂǌordmƬǳơƾȈǯƘƫȁƣȂǠǌǳơǪƷǹƢǸǓȁƨǷƢǫƛǄordmȇǄǠƫȁǲǷƢordmǋȁǱƽƢǟǵȐǇǂordmǏơȁƗƨȇǂǰǈordmǠǳơƩƢordmǫȐǠǳơ

ȁƨȈǇƢǷȂǴƥƾǳơǱƽƢƦƫĿƩƢȈǳƢǰǋȍơƩǁȂǴƦƫƾǫȁƢǸƦǈƷȁǥȁǂǠŭơǺǸǧśƬǳȁƾǳơśƥƨǣƢȈǐǳơȁƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơƢordmǷ

ȁƧǂǬƬǈŭơƝƽƢƦǸǴǳƆƢǬǧȁƨȈǳȁƾǳơƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơȄǴǟǩƾǐƫǱȁƾǳơǹƗǥǂǠǳơǾȈǴǟǂǬƬǇơĿƢordmđǱȂǸǠŭơǞordmǷƢȀordmǓǁƢǠƬǳƨȇǁƢǇȁƧƾǧƢǻŚǣƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơƪƸƦǏȋǮǳǀǯŚǣǂǷȋơǹƢǯǹƜǧƨȈǼǗȂǳơƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ

ƨȇǁȂƬǇƾǳơƝƽƢƦŭơƨǳȁƾǴǳǹȂǻƢǬǳƢǧƨǳȁƾǴǳƨȈƴȀǼŭơƨǴǰȈŮơȁǵƢǠǳơǁƢǗȍơǲǰǌȇǲǬƬǈǷǶǴǠǯǱȁƾordmǳơǺǈordmƫǹƗǶȈǬƬǈȇȏȁ

ǞǸƬƴǸǴǳƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƨǷȂǜǼŭơǦǳƢţƩƢǠȇǂǌƫȁƗśǻơȂǫƧƾordmȈǳȁƩƢǠȇǂǌordmƬǳơȁśǻơȂǬǳƢǧĽǺǷȁǲƳƗǺǷƨȈŭƢǠǳơƩơŚǤƬŭơǮǳǀǯȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨǼƟƢǰǳơƨȈǧƢǬưǳơƩƢƯǁȂŭơƨƸǴǐǷǪŹǹǃơȂƫńƛǱȂǏȂǳơ

ƽǂǨǳơȁƨǳȁƾǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǮordmǳƿǞƦƫƘordmǧśǻơȂǬǳơȁƩƢǠȇǂǌƬǴǳȆƟƢȀǼǳơƲƬǼŭơĿǂȇƢǤƫǲǰǋƩƢǧƢǬưǳơĿǂȇƢǤƬǳƢǧ

ȃǂƻȋƨǳȁƽǺǷŚǤƬƫǱȂǏƗȁǶȈǿƢǨǷȁƝƽƢƦǷȁǵȂordmȀǨŭơǺordmǷǱȂŢȁŖȈǧȂǈǳơƽƢŢȏơǁƢĔơƢǷƾǼǠǧǂǌŭơƾƳȁǂūơǩȂǈǳơńƛȆǯơǂƬǋȏơƧȂƳǂŭơǥơƾǿȋơǪǬŢȁƗȄǌǸƬƫȏśǻơȂǫśƥƆơǂƟƢƷǾǈǨǻǝ

ǞǸƬĐơĿǲǏƢūơŚǤƬǳơǞǷǪǨƬƫȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƨȈŷƗ

ƩƢƦǇƢǼǷĿƩǂǯƿƢǸǯIcircƧƾȇƾǟƆȐǸȀǷƆƢǟǂǧƪǻƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗƧǂordmǏƢǫƨŦǂƬǳơƪǻƢǯȁǌǳơǒǠƥƨȈǸǴǠǳơȁƨȈƥƽȋơȁƨȈǧƢǬưǳơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơȄǴǟǲǰǌordmƫŖordmǳơȆǿƽơȂŭơǽǀǿǹƗǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƔȆ

ȃǂƻȋơƩƢǧƢǬưǳơȄǴǟǝȐǗȏơǹƘƥǹƢŻȍơȁƨǬȈǬƷƨǔĔǪǴƻńƛƧȂǟƾǳơȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨȈǧƢǬưǳơƨǳƢūơƾȈƷȂǳơǲȈƦǈǳơȆǿƨŦǂƬǳơƪǻƢǯȁƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁǂȇȂǘƬǳơǲǷơȂǟƾƷƗśordmƥśordmǷȋơǲordmǫƢǼǳơǁȁƽƤǠǴǳ

ƩƢǧƢǬưǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗǺǷǶǣǂǳƢƥȁƢȀȈǳƛǹȁǂǜǼȇơȂǻƢǯŚưǰǳơǹƗȏƛǝȁǂǨǳơǵƾǫƗǺǷƪǻƢǯƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƱƿƢŶȁƤǳơȂǬǯƽǂƴǸǯƧǄǿƢƳƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǪƟƢƯȂǳơǺǷƽƾŰƽƾǠǳoacuteǢordmȇǂǨƬǳơȁǺƸǌǴǳŚƦǠƬǳơǃƢƳǹƛ

ƪǫȁȅƗĿƨordmŭȂǠǳơȁǹƢǈǻȍơǩȂǬƷńƛƩơȂǟƾǳơȁǁǂƸƬǳơƩƢǯǂƷǁȂȀǛȁȆǓƢŭơǹǂǬǳơƩƢȇơƾƥǞǷȁŖordmǳơ

ǶordmƴƷƧƽƢordmȇǃȄordmǴǟƧȁȐǟƢēƢǠȇǂǌƫƨȈǫǂƫȁƮȇƾŢńƛǱȁƾǳơǾƴƬƫǹƗńƛŚƦǯǁȁƾƥƪǸȀǇƗ

˺ΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΘϟϞΧΪϤϟϲϋΎΒδϟϝΎϤϛϦϤϳϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟ

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ǶȈordmǇǂƫĿƆƢordmǷƢǿƆơǂǷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơńƛƨƳƢūơƪƸƦǏƗǒǠƦǳơƢȀǔǠƥǱȁƾǳơśƥƩơǁƢǸưƬǇȏơǯǞǸƬĐơƽơǂǧƗȁƽǂǨǳơȁƨǳȁƾǳơśƥȁǒǠƦǳơƢȀǔǠƥǱȁƾǳơśƥƩƢǷơǄƬǳȏơȁǩȂǬūơǲǰ

ƧƽƢŭơǎǻĿǱƢưŭơǲȈƦǇȄǴǟǮǳƿȄǴšƾǫȁǹƢȈƦǳơǺǷƤǇƢǼȇƢŠƨǟȂǨǌǷƤǠǌǳơǆǴůƢȀǤǴƦȇȁƩơƾǿƢǠŭơǵŐȇƨȇǁȂȀǸŪơǆȈƟǁƢordmŮǹȂǰƫȁ

ƾǠƥǹȂǻƢǬǳơƧȂǫƢȀǷơǂƥƛƢǬǧȁƢǿǂǌǻȁƢȀȈǴǟǪȇƾǐƬǳơȁǝƢǓȁȌǳƧǁǂǬŭơ| Article 151 The President of the Republic shall conclude treaties and communicate them to the Peoples Assembly accompanied with suitable clarifications They shall have the force of law after their conclusion ratification and publication according to the established procedure

ǿǱơƚǇǃŐȇƢǼǿȁȆǇƢǇƗȁǵƢǶordmǴǟǺǟǦǴƬźǾƫơǀƥǲǬƬǈǷǶǴǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬǳơǝȁǂǧƾƷƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǲǿ

ǾƬǨǈǴǧȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǴǠƥƨǴǐǳơǪȈƯȁȁǪȈǐǳǶǴǟȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗƢǷƗƨŦǂƬǳơǂǧǞȈǸŝǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǴǟǺǷǦǳƘƬȇǶǴǟȆǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗƨƥǂƴƬǳơƪƦƯƗǾƬǨǈǴǧȁǾǟȁǺordmǧƵȁǁȁƨǴǐǳơƩơƿȃǂƻȋơǁȂǷȋơȁƆƢȇȂǤǳƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏǺǈƷĿǲưǸƬŭơƨŦǂƬǳơ

ǱƢưǷƾƷơȁǶǫǁƨŹǂǌǳơǑǂǟgt

ƨȈǳȁƾǳơȁƨȈǼǗȂǳơśǻơȂǬǳơĿƨǼǼǬŭơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǷśƸǴǘǐŭǹȉơǑǂǠǼǇAppeal and Review

ńȁȋơƨǴǿȂǳơǺǷƾǫȇŭơƨǣƢȈǏńƛǶƳǂƬŭơƤǿǀńƛśƸǴǘǐƨǠƳơǂŭơȁǥƢǼƠƬǇȏơśƸȈƸǏƢǸȀǧƨȇȂǤǴǳơƨȈƷƢǼǳơǺǷȂǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢƥƢƬǰǳơǩƢȈǇĿƢǸŮȆǸǴǠǳơŘǠŭơƢǷƗǥƢǼƠƬǇȏơ

ǂǜǼǳơƧƽƢǟƛǅƢǸƬǳơȁƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǪƟƢƯȂǳơĿƢǷƗȅȂǤǴǳơƢǸȀǼǠŻśƸǴǘǐŭơǺȇǀǿǲǸǠƬǈĄȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨȈȀǬǨǳơƩƢƥƢƬǰǳơȆǨǧ

ȂŴȄǴǟǮǳƿƾǠƥȃǂǼǇƢǷƢǸŮȆǸǴǠǳơŘǠŭơǲǸǠƬǈȈǧǥǂǠƬǼǳƨǳƢūơƩƢǇơǁƽńƛǹȉơǱȂƸƬǻȁȄǴǟǲǷƢǠƬǳơƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƩƢȈǳƢǰǋƛƢȀǠǷ

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IcircmiddotWIcircjfb Case-study

Activity 1

ƨȈǳƢƬǳơƧǂǬǨǴǳƨƦǇƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬǳơŚţFirst Party shall pay the brokerage fees not less than three months

ǱȁȋơǥǂǘǳơȄǴǟśǠƬȇǂȀǋƗƨƯȐƯǃȁƢƴƬƫȏƧƾǷĿƧǂǈǸǈǳơǵȂǇǁǞǧƾȇǹƗǂȀǋƗƨƯȐưǳơǃȁƢƴƬȇȏƢŠƨǗƢǇȂǳơƣƢǠƫƗǞǧƾƥǱȁȋơǥǂǘǳơǵǄƬǴȇƧǂǈǸǈǳơǦȈǳƢǰƫǱȁȋơǥǂǘǳơǞǧƾȇǂȀǋƗƨƯȐƯǹȂǔǣĿƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ

Activity 2

ƨȈǳƢƬǳơƧǂǬǨǴǳƨƦǇƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬǳơŚţThe Court will be decided the limitation challenge after next hearing

ƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƫǥȂǇǑơǂĉƬąǟĉơǳơƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨǈǴƳƾǠƥƨǷƽƢǬǳơǝƢǸƬǇȏơƨǸǰƄơǁǂǬƬǇƤǴǘǳơǳƢƥƾȈƎȈƒǬăƬƨǷƽƢǬǳơƨǸǯƢƄơƨǈǴƳĿřǷǄǳơƨǷƽƢǬǳơƨǈǴŪơĿƢŮǁǂǬŭơňȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟȂŭơĿȃȂǟƾǳơǞǧǂƥǞǧƾǳơĿƨǸǰƄơǲǐǨƬǇƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ

Activity 3

ƨȈǳƢƬǳơƧǂǬǨǴǳƨƦǇƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬǳơŚţThe evidence at trial established that Claimant had actual authority to contract on behalf of the Defendant

ǹƗȃȂǟƾǳơǂǜǻƔƢǼƯƗƨǳƽȋơƩǂȀǛƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƾǫȈƷȐǏǾȇƾǳƪǻƢǯǥǂǐƬǳơƨƾǫƢǠƬǴǳǺordmǟƨƥƢȈǻƌŭơĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾ

ǆǇƚƫƨǳƽƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸƨǘǴǇƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻƾǫƢǠƬǴǳĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƔƢǼƯƗǲȈǳƾǳơƪƦƯƗƌŭơƨăǸƊǯƢăƸǹƗƌŭơǟċƾȆƌŭơǺǟƨƥƢȈǻǪǨƬȈǳǥǂǐƬǳƢƥǱȂűǹƢǯĉǾąȈƊǴăǟȄĆǟċƾƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ

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Activity 4

ƨȈǳƢƬǳơƧǂǬǨǴǳƨƦǇƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬǳơŚţArbitration award discharged the innocent Company to conduct these transactions with the Other Party

ƗǶȈǰƸƬǳơǶǰƷņǞǷƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơǽǀǿńȂƬƬǳǾȈƟǂƥƪǻƢǯƨǯǂǌǳơǹŚǤǳơƽƢǧƗƨǯǂǌǳơƧƔơǂƥǶȈǰƸƬǳơǁơǂǫǇǁƢŲĿƨǞǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơǽǀǿǂƻȉơǥǂǘǳơƨǯǂǌǳơǹƗǶȈǰƸƬǳơǁơǂǫǁƢǋƗƾǬǳƨȈǼǳơƨǼǈƷƪǻƢǯǞǷƩƢǬǨǐǳơǽǀǿǵơǂƥƛƾǼǟŚǤǳơƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ

Activity 5

ƨȈǳƢƬǳơƧǂǬǨǴǳƨƦǇƢǼŭơƨŦǂƬǳơŚţA tribunal is established by the present statute as the first instance of the two-tier formal system of administration of justice to be known as the United Nations Dispute Tribunal

ƘǌǼƫ ƤƳȂŠ ơǀǿ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ȆǇƢǇȋơ ƨǸǰŰ ǥǂǠƫ ǶǇƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ǶordmǷȋơ ƩƢordmǟǃƢǼǸǴǳƧƾordmƸƬŭơ

ƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨǸǰŰ ƨƳǁƾǳơ ńȁȋơ ǺǷ ǵƢǜǻ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǱƾǠǳơ Ȇũǂǳơ ȅƿ śƬƳǁƾǳơǴǳƧƾƸƬŭơǶǷȋơƨǸǰŰǶǇƢƥǥǂǠƫƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬǳơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘǌǼƫƩƢǟǃƢǼǸƗƾordmƦǷǅƢǇƗȄǴǟ

śƬƳǁƽȄǴǟȆǓƢǬƬǳơƨȈũǂǳơƨȈƟƢǔǬǳơƨǘǴǈǳơǵƢǜǼǳƆƢǬǧȁƨǸǰŰǹȂǻƢǬǳơơǀǿƤƳȂŠƘǌǼƫśƬƳǁƽȄǴǟƨȈƟơƾƬƥơȁƧƾordmƸƬŭơǶordmǷȋơƨordmǸǰŰǶǇƢƥǥǂǠƫ

ƨȈũǂǳơƨȈƟƢǔǬǳơƨǘǴǈǳơǵƢǜǼǳƆƢǬǧȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴǳƨƷǂƬǬǷƨŦǂƫ

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ƶǴǘǐordmŭơȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơĿƩƢȈǳƢǰǋȍơńȁƗǹƘƥǱȂǬǳơƢǼǰŻƨǬƥƢǈǳơƩȏƢūơǑơǂǠƬǇơƾǠƥňȂǻƢǬǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢǣƢȈǐǳơĿňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǳƢǰǋƛ

ňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơƨȈǿƢǷƊǳǺǷƨǤǴǳơƪǸǴǰƫȅƗĄƩąȂăǤǶȀǓơǂǣƗǺǟǵȂǫǲǯŐǠȇƩơȂǏƗƢĔƜǧƢǿČƾăƷƢǷƗǮǳƿǺǷƽƢǨƬǈȇȁ

ǁƢordmǰǧȋơǺordmǷƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑơǂǣȋơǺǟŚƦǠƬǳơƢȀƬǨȈǛȁȁƢȀǸǴǰƬƫƨǟƢŦƽȂƳȂƥȏƛƾƳȂƫȏƨǤǴǳơǹƗǂǟƢǌŭơȁǦǫơȂŭơȁƩȏƢǠǨǻȏơȁȈǛȁȁƨȈǴƻơƾǳơƢȀǐƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛȆǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǠȈƦǘǧƢȀordmƬǨ

ǱƢŦȍơȄǴǟǵƢȀǧȍơȁǶȀǨǳơȆǿǵƾǬƫƢǷȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁ

ǱƢordmůǲƻơƽƆƢǇȂǈŰȁƗƆơƽǂůƆƢǷȂȀǨǷśǠȇȅǀǳơǄǷǂǳơȁƗƧǁƢƦǠǳơȁƗǚǨǴǳơȂǿňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƜǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǵȂǴǠǳơ

ŚƻȋơǹȂǯĿƨȈǸǴǠǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǺǟǦǴƬźňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗŚǣȅƽƚordmƫȁƧƽƾŰƩƢƸǴǘǐǷƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧƨȈƦǘǳơǵȂǴǠǳơǱƢůĿƆȐưǸǧƽƾŰǵȂȀǨǷ osteosclerotic anemia ǺordmǟǶƳƢordmǼǳơǵƾǳơǂǬǧ

ǵƢǜǠǳơƤǴǐƫǂƻƗǱȂǳƾǷȁƗŚƦǠƫƶǴǘǐŭơǲǸƬŹȐǧǺordmǷǂordmưǯƗǲǸŹƾǬǧňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơƢǷƗƨȈǸǴǠǳơƧƽƢŭơŀƢǠȇȅǀǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƤǈƷƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơǩƢȈǇƤǈƷǆȈǳŘǠǷ

ƢưǷǱǆƦūơƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơĿƢĔƗȏƛǾƬǯǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƔȆǌǳơǄƴƷȂǿȁƧƾƷơȁƨǸǰǴǳȅȂǤǴǳơǱȂǳƾŭơǹƗǶǣǁ

ňȂǻƢǬǳơǩƢȈǈǳơǞǷƨǬǧơȂƬǷƆȏƢǰǋƗǀƻƘȇńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƽơȂŭơȆǨǧprisonńƛǶƳǂƬƫƨȈǻƾŭơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗdistress seizeƩȏȂǬǼǷƧǂƳƚŭơǆƦƷƨǳƢƷĿƔƢǨȈƬordmǇȏǂƳƘƬǈordmŭơ

ƧǂƳȋơƨȈǟǂǌǳơƽơȂŭơĿƢǷƗstayingǅƢƦƬƷȏơŚǜǻƢȀȈǴǟƨǬǨǼǳơĿƨƳȁǄǳơǪƷǲǏȋơƮȈƷ

ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳơȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǳȁƗƽơȂǷƨǣƢȈǏȄǴǟƨǳȏƾǴǳǱȁȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǲǸǠƬǈȈǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳơȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǳśƥǶȀǔǠƥǩĈǂǨȇ

ƬǈȇśƷĿǹȂǻƢǬǳơǱȂǐǧǹȂǷƢordmƄơȁƧƢǔǬǳơƢȀǴǸǠƬǈȇŖǳơƨǤǴǳơńƛƧǁƢǋȎǳňƢưǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǲǸǠǺordmǷŚƦǯƽƾǟȄǴǟƢŮƢǸƬǋȏƨǷƢǠǳơƨǤǴǳơǺǟƧƽƢǟǦǴƬţȁƨǼȀŭơƔƢǼƥƗǺǷǶǿŚǣȁǱƾǠǳơƣƢƬǯȁ

ƨȈǷȂȈǳơǶēƢȈƷĿǅƢǼǳơƨǷƢǟƢȀǴǸǠƬǈȇȏŖǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȋơǁȁǂŠǹȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǳƩǁȂǘƫƾǫȁǱƢordmǬȈǧƨŻǂŪƢƥǪƸǴƫŖǳơƨƥȂǬǠǳƢƥƗƾƦƫƽơȂŭơƪǻƢǯǹƗƾǠƦǧǵƢȇ

ƨƥȂǬǠǳơǂǯǀƫĽƨŻǂƴǴǳňȂǻƢǬǳơƱƿȂǸǼǳƢƥƗƾƦƫƪƸƦǏƗơǀǯǲǠǧǺǷǆƦūƢƥƤǫƢǠȇȐưǷ

ňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǎƟƢǐƻIcircƳǁƽǅƢȈǫǺǰŻǲƥǾǻȁƾƥǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǴǟǵƢȈǫǁȂǐƬȇȐǧǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǴǟƩƢǻȂǰǷǲǰǌȇǾǻƗƲǔǻƨ

ƨȈǷȂȀǨŭơǾǫƢǈǻƗǞǷƨȈƷȐǘǏȏơǾǫƢǈǻƗƔƢǼƥĿǾǬǧȂƫȃƾŠǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǴǟIcircƽƾordmŹňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭƢǧƝƽƢƦŭơǡȂǏȁƾǟơȂǬǳơǞǓȁǶƬȇȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǴǟĿƽƾƄơǝȂǓȂŭơǂǿơȂǛǦǏȁȁȆǸǴǠǳơǝȂǓȂŭơ

ƧǂǿƢǜǳơǭȂǴǇǂǈǨƫŖǳơIumlǳƢǟȈȂŴȄǴǟňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǵȂȀǨǷƨǸƽǂƴǸƦǧƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳơǦȈǼǐƫƾǼǟȃǂǼǇƢǷǾordmƳƢƬǻƛ

ĿƢordmǬưǳơǽǁƾǐǷǺǟǂǜǼǳơǒǤƥśǐƬƼŭơǲǯśƥƨǷȂȀǨǷƱȁǂȇȁƨȈŭƢǠǳơƨǨǏƤǈƬǰȇǾǳƢǸǠƬǇơȁȅǁƢǔūơȁ

ǱƢưǷAMPAROƨƬǫƚǷƨȇƢŧIcirc

ƛǲưǷƨȇǁơƽȍơƩơƔơǂƳȍơȄǴǟǑơǂƬǟȏơĿǲưǸƬȇȆƟƢǔǫƔơǂƳƛȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǻƢƦǇƗƨǸǴǯǒƦǬǳơƔƢǬǳȁƗǾordmȈǴǟǒƦordmǬǳơǹƗƩƢƦƯƛȁƗƨǸǯƢƸǸǴǳǎƼǌǳơŉƾǬƫȄǴǟƨǳȁƾǳơŐŸƔơǂƳƛȂǿȁǃƢƴƬƷȏơȁƗ

ǾƷơǂǇǪǴǘȇǹƗȁƗȅǁȂƬǇƽȁƗňȂǻƢǫǂǷƗǽǃƢƴƬƷơƨȈǻƢƦǇȏƢƥƨƯƾƸƬŭơǱȁƾǳơĿƨȈǇƢǇƗƨǨǐƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǵƾƼƬǈȇȁ

ƨǬǗƢǼǳơǱȁƾǳơĿǖǬǧǲǸǠƬǈȇƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǹƗǶǣǁƶƦǐordmȇȁǱȁƾordmȈǳƱǂƻǾǻƗȏƛƨȈǻƢƦǇȋơƨǤǴǳƢƥƶǴǘǐǷǺǟǲȇƾƥtemporary protection

ƨǏȐŬơǵƢǰƷƗǾȈǴǟŘƦƫƨȈƟƢĔƝƽƢƦǷȁƩơǁƢƦǟȁǙƢǨǳƗǲǰǌȇňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗ

ƆȐưǸǧŚǤǳơǮǴǷǞȈƥIuml

ȏȂǿȁƩơǀǳƢƥƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢƠȈǋǎƼǋǝƢƥơƿƛǾǰǴŻǂƬǌǸǴǳǃƢƳȃǱƢǘƥƛƤǴǘȇǹƗǞȈƦǳơǂǷȋơǹȂǰȇȁǲƴǈȇŃȁƗƾǬǠǳơǲƴǇǁƢǬǟȄǴǟǞȈƦǳơǞǫȁȂǳȁǮǳǀǯ

ȂǿƢǼǿȆǈȈƟǂǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǹƗƾųƨǬƥƢǈǳơƧǂǬǨǳơĿǲǷƘƬǳƢƥŚǤǳơǮǴǷǞȈƥǙƢordmǨǳƗǺordmǷǹȂordmǰƫȁǲưǷƩơǁƢƦǟȁǁƢǬǟǞȈƦǳơǝƢƥƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿȄǴǟřƦȈǳŚǤǳơǮǴǷǞȈƥĿǲưǸƬȇƆƢǷƢǿƆƢǸǰƷ

ƢǘƥƛǞȈƦǳơǱ

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ϲϤϠϋϝϮϟΪϣ˯ΎτϋϲϓϱήμϤϟωήθϤϟϖϔΧΪϘϓϝϮϣϷϒϴχϮΗΔϤϳήΟΔόϴΒσϊϣϖϔϨϳϴΤλϲϧϮϧΎϗ ˺

ϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳΎϣΎ˱ΒϳήϘΗ˯ήΟϹάϫϯϭΎδϳhabeas corpusϥϭΩΔѧϤϛΎΤϤϟϦѧϫέΔѧϠϳϮσΓΪѧϤϟ˱ΰѧΠΘΤϣ˯ΎѧϘΒϟϡΪѧϋϲѧϓϢϬΘϤϟϖΣϱ

ϥϮϧΎϘϟϩέήΒϳϻϝΎϘΘϋϦϣϩΫΎϘϧϭϪΘϴπϗϲϓήψϨϟϭΔϤϜΤϤϠϟϪΒϠΟϭˬϝϮΒϘϣϲϧϮϧΎϗέήΒϣ

αΎϤΘϟϭΔΘϗΆϤϟΔϳΎϤΤϟϯϮϋΩήΒΘόΗ ΔϳΎϤΣ ΔΘϗΆϣ ϡΎϣ ΔϤϜΤϤϟ ΔϴϧΎΒѧγϻϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϲѧϓΔόΎθѧϟΕ˯ήѧΟϹϦѧϣΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϰѧϠϋήѧψϧ

ϢϗέΔϘϴΛϮϟϝΎΜϤϟϞϴΒγCCPRC95D13882005ι˾ΓήϘϔϟˬ˻˾ϫΪόΑΎϣϭΎ ˻

ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˿˿ϱήμϤϟϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϦϣ

ǲǬƬǼǻǹȉơȁƨǳƢūơƩƢǇơǁƽǺǷȃǂƻƗƨǇơǁƽńƛ

Activity 6 Translate the following sentence Civil personality is extinguished by death The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law by contract and by will

Activity 7 Translate the following sentence After giving due consideration to all relevant factors including the best interest of child and Legal Articles thereto in point Mother shall have sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor with father having visitation

ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơĿȆƷȐǘǏȏơǱƽƢǠƬǳơƨȈǳƢǰǋƛƨŦǂƬǳơǽǀǿŚưƫIcirc

ȁǎǼǳơơǀǿĿǲǷƘƬǳƢƥǹƗƾųƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǺǷǾƥƔƢƳƢǷǲȈǴŢIcircƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼǌǳơǺǟǶǴǰƬȇǾǻƗIumlƩȂŭƢƥȆȀƬǼƫƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼǌǳơǹƗETHŭơƩƢǷơǄƬǳơȁǩȂǬƷƽƾŹǥȂǇƨȈǏȂǳơȁƗƾǬǠǳơȁƗǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹƗĿȂƬ

ƾǼƦǳơǞǷȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǪǨƬȇ IumlETHƾǼƦǴǳƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƢǷƗIcircȁƗȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơĿƾƳȂȇȐǧordmƥȄǸǈȇƢǷƨȈƥǂǠǳơśǻơȂǬǳơƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼǌǳơśǐƼǋǞǷǲǷƢǠƬǳơǽƽơȂǷĿƽǂǧƗǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹȋƶǓơȁȄǸǈǷǶŮȄǘǟƗȁ

ƗƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơƨȈǐƼǌǳơNature Personality ƣƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơƨȈǐƼǌǳơjuridical personality

ƢŷȐǯƢđƤǗƢźŖǳơǾƫƢǷơǄƬǳơȁǾǷƢǰƷƗǹȂǻƢǬǳơƤƫǁǹƢǷȂȀǨŭơǹơǀǿƔȂǓȄǴǟȁƶǴǘǐǸǧ Civil Personality ǺǰǈǷŚǣƨǨǐƥȅǂǐŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈƥǂǠǳơśǻơȂǬǳơĿ

ƨǏƢƻƢǼǿǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƛǶǴǠǳơǞǷǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơǄƬǳơǺǟĿƨȈǻƾŭơƨȈǐƼǌǳơƶǴǘǐǷƽǂȇƢŠǂǧƢǷƨǳƘǈǷǂǷȋơƨȇƢǣƆȏȂƦǬǷǹȂǰȈǳƶǴǘǐŭơ ơǀǿǞǷǶƳǂƬŭơǲǷƢǠƬȇǦȈǯȁƨȈǼǗȂǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǧƢǬưǳơĿĿ

ȆǇƢǇȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǂǿȂƳƵǂŸȏƪǫȂǳơǆǨǻƨȈǳƢǰǋƛĿǞǬǻǥȂǇǾƬǷǂƥƶǴǘǐŭơǶƳǂƫơƿƜǧǳơŚǈǨƬƵȐǘǏơǹƗƾųǹȂǻƢǬǳơĿƨȈǐƼǌǳơǵȂȀǨǷńƛǝȂƳǂǳƢƥǎƼǌǳơƽƾŰňȂǻƢǫŘǠǷǾǳ

ƨǨǐǳƢƥ ȏȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ȁƗ ǭơǁƽȍƢƥ ǖƦƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƨȈǐƼǌǳƢǧ Ǫūơ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ƧǂǰǨƥ ǖƦƫǂǷƼǌǳƢǧǩȂǬūơǽǀǿǾǳƤǈǼƫǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨȇƢǟǂǳơƨƦƳơȁǩȂǬūƢƥǖƦƫǂƫƢŶƛȁƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơǂǜǻĿǎ

ƩƢǷơǄƬǳơǾȈǴǟȁǩȂǬƷǾǳǹȂǰƫǹƗƶǴǐȇǺǷǲǯȂǿǹȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭƢǼǸȀǧȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁĽǺǷȁƨȈǐƼǌǳơȄǸǈȇƢǷǺǟƭƾƸƬȇǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹƗƾųƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨȈǐƼǌǳơƨȈǐƼǌǳơƢȀǼǷǪưƦǼȇŖǳơ

ƨȇǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơ ǧ ǂǯǀǳơǦǳƢǇňȂǻƢǬǳơǎǼǴǳ ǝȂƳǂǳƢƥ ȁƶǴǘǐǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƜ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨȈǐƼǌǳơȆǴǏȋơƶǴǘǐŭơǽȂǌȇŃȁƨǟơŐƥǑǂǤǳơȃƽƗƾǫǪƥƢǈǳơǵȂȀǨǸǴǳƆƢǬƦǗ

ƶǴǘǐǷǞǓȁǝǂǌŭơƾǸǟƮȈƷ ( CivilƶǴǘǐŠǹȁǂǬǷPersonalityƢǼǿƽȂǐǬŭơǹƗǹƢȈƦǳȅǁƢƦƬǟȏơǎƼǌǳơǆȈǳȁǹƢǈǻȍơȂǿ

ļȉƢǯƨŦǂƬǳơǹȂǰƬǧƫƩȂŭƢƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨȈǐƼǌǳơȆȀƬǼƶǴǘǐǷǶƳǂƬȇƾǫǒǠƦǳơǹƗƢǼǿǽȂǼǻǹƗƤŸ

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ϦϋΎϨΜΤΑήψϧϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟϰϠϋέϮθϨϤϟΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΗ

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death ǹȋƩȂŭƢƥǥǂƬǠȇ ƢŶƛ ȁ ƧƢǧȂǳƢƥǥǂƬǠȇȏǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹȋǶȈǈƳ Ƙǘƻ ơǀǿȁ ƧƢǧȂǳƢƥǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơǄƬǳơƤƫǂȇŚƻȋơ

ƨǠƥơǂǳơƨȈǳƢǰǋȍơƤǗƢƼŭơƨǤǳĿǹǃơȂƬǳơBalance in the addressees language ǹƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǬȈƯȂǳơǢƟƢǏȆǴǟśǠƬŭơǺǷǾǻȋǮǳƿȁƨȈǴǸǠǳơƨȈƷƢǼǳơǺǷƤǠǏȋơƨǸȀŭơǽǀǿƾǠƫ

ƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥśǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǳȁƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥǅƢǼǳơƨǤǳśƥǹǃơȂƬǷƣȂǴǇƘƥƨŦǂƬŭơǾƫƽƢǷǡǂǨȇřǠŠƆƢǐȇǂƷǹȂǰȇǹƗǶƳǂƬŭơȆǴǟƤŸǾǻƗǂƻƕǂǬȈǇǺǷǹƗśǬȈǳơǶǴǟǶǴǠȇȁǾƬŦǂƫĿƗǶǿǾƟơǁȁ

ǹȂǻƢǬǳơǱƢƳǁȁǅƢǼǳơǵȂǸǟǥƾŮơǪǬŢƨǻǃơȂƬǷƨǷȂȀǨǷƨǤǴƥȁƨǘȈǈƥǾƬŦǂƫǹȂǰƫǹƗƤƴȈǧśǧǂǘǳơśƥ

ƾǼǟĿƔƾƦǳơƢǻǁƢƦƬǟơĿǀƻƘǻǹƗśǠƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƨȈǴǸǟļȉơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǪƟƢƯȂǳơǶǜǠǷǹƗoacuteǲƥŚƦǠƬǳơǃƢƳǹƛƢȀȈǠŦśȈǻȂǻƢǫǲƦǫǺǷǞƳơǂƫȁƗǂǬĄƫǥȂǇƩƢordmǧȐƻƣȂǌordmǻńƛȅƽƚordmȇƨordmȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȁňȂǻƢǬǳơƶǴǘǐŭơǶȀǧĿƘǘŬơǹƗ

ƨȈƟƢǔǫƩƢǷȂǐƻȁƩƢǟǃƢǼǷȁĿƨǸƼordmǓƨordmȈǳƢǷƧǁƢǈƻƾƦǰƫńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƨŦǂƬǳơƔȂǇǹƗƢǸǯǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥ

ǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƩƢȈǳƕƨȈƨȈǳƢƬǳơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơŀƢǠǻǹƗƤŸƢǿŚǈƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƩƢȈǳƕȄǴǟǥǂǠƫǹƗǲƦǫ

ȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology

ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳơƨǠȈƦǗ The Nature of Legal LanguageƆƢưǳƢƯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƨȈǳƢǰǋƛǁƽƢǐǷSources of Difficulty in Legal TranslationƆƢǠƥơǁȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơƨǨȈǛȁLegal Translators tasksȏȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǕƢŶƗ Legal Translation Typology

ƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƨŦǂƬǳơǕƢŶƗśƥǺǷƨȈǐǐţƨȈǸǴǟƨȈǼǬƫƨȈǼǧƨȈƥƽƗŚǣȁƨȈƥƽƗƨŦǂƬǳơǹƜǧȂǻƢǬǳơƨȈǐǐƼƬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǕƢŶƗƾƷƗƨȈǻ

ƢĔƘƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǦȇǂǠƫƢǼǰŻǮǳƿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁǼƥ ǵƢƬǳơ ƾȈǬƬǳơ ǞǷȃǂƻƗńƛ ƨǤǳ ǺǷǍȂǐǼǳơ ǲǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǵƢǜǱȂǏƗ

ǹǃơȂƬƫŖǳơƨǸȈǴǈǳơƨǣƢȈǐǳơƨȈǼǗȂǳơƩƢǠȇǂǌƬǳơȁśǻơȂǬǳơǞǷIcirc

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Deborah Cao Translating Law Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Datap8

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ǳơǹƜǧǒǠƦǳơǁȂǐƫĿȁƾǼƬǈŭơĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƤǻơȂŪơȄǴǟǄȈǯǂƬ śƷĿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨŦǂƫƾǠȇǾƬŦǂƫśƷǥƢǯŚǣǞǫơȂǳơĿǦȇǂǠƬǳơȁǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǹƗ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗƮȈƷƔƢǔǬǳơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷ

ǹȂǻƢǬǳơǱƢƳǁȁǾȈǧȆǟơǂȇƆƢǟȂǓȂǷȁƆƢǐǻƾǼƬǈǸǴǳƨǬƥƢǘǷȁƨǴȇƾƥȁƨƦǇƢǼǷƨǤȈǏƽƢŸƛȂǿ ǶƳǂƬŭơơǥȐƬƻơȅƗǹȁƽȆǴǏȋơǵȂȀǨŭơǃŐȇȁǝȂǓȂŭƢƥƨǴǐǳơƩơƿƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁǥơǂǟȋ ǑȂǸǣȁƗ

ƩƢƦƳơȂǳơƾȇƾŢƤƦǈƥƨȈŷȋơƨȇƢǣĿǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǿƨŦǂƬǳơ ƨȈǳȁƚǈǷ ƩƢǷơǄƬǳȏơȁȆȀǧƨȈȀǬǧ ƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǐǳơ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǾȈǧ ǵǄƬǴȇ Ȇǟǂǋȁ ȆȀǬǧ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơ ƤȈƫǂƫȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǧǂŞ

ơȁȆǴǏȋơǎǼǳơǵƢǬǷƨŦǂƬǳơǀƻƘƫ ƆơƾȈƳƩơǁƢƦǠǳ ǁƾǐŭơ (SOURCE) ȁƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǬȈƯȂǳơǹƗƮȈƷȁƩơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ǢȈǏ ǲǸŹ Ȇǟǂǌǳơ Ǯǐǳơ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ƩơƽǂǨǷ Ǿǳ śǠǷ ǩƢȈǇȁ ƣȂǴǇƗ

ǖǬǧǹȂȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƢȀǷƾƼƬǈȇƢȀƬŦǂƬǧ ȃƾǳƨȈǳƢǟƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨȈǧƢǬƯńƛƱƢƬŹȃǂƻƗƩƢǤǳȁƗƨǤǳńƛǵƢŭƛȁǶƳǂƬŭơ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơƩƢǤǴǳơƾǟơȂǬǳǹƢǬƫȍơǺǷƨȈǳƢǟƨƳǁƽƤǴǘƬȇƆƢǔȇƗȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥ

ƶȈǬǼƫ ǹȁƽ ǾǴƟƢǫ ǺǷ ǱȂǬǳơ ƽơǂǷ ƽƾŹǆƦǳ ǹȁƽ ǪȈǫƽ śǠǷ ŘǠǷ ƔƢǘǟȍ (ELABORATION) ȁƗǖȈǈƦƫȁƗǎȈƼǴƫ (SIMPLIFICATION

ȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǶǈǬƫǺǰŻǦȇǂǠƬǳơơǀǿȄǴǟƔƢǼƥȁńƛƨȈǻIcircIcircƨȈǳȁƾǳơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂǳơƩƢǠȇǂǌƬǳơƨŦǂƫ

translating domestic statutes and international treaties

IumlƨǏƢŬơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǪƟƢƯȂǳơƨŦǂƫtranslating private legal documents

ETHƨȈƟƢǔǬǳơǪƥơȂǈǳơƨŦǂƫtranslating case law

NtildeƨȈȀǬǨǳơƨŦǂƬǳơtranslating non enforceable law eg legal scholarly works

ƨȈǳȁƾǳơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁƨȈǼǗȂǳơƩƢǠȇǂǌƬǳơƨŦǂƫTRANSLATING DOMESTIC STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

ƨȈǇƢǇƗǶȈǿƢǨǷBasic Conceptions ƨǘǴǈǳơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐǳơƨƥȂƬǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȂǿƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơIuml

ƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǺǷǲǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǫǲǯǹȋƆơǂǜǻǹȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢǸȈǈǬƫȄǴǟǶƳǂƬŭơǥǂǠƬȇǹƗƆơƾƳǵƢŮơǺǷȁƆƢǬƷȏȃǂǼǇƢǷȂŴȄǴǟǾƥƨǏƢƻ

ǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơPublic LawIuml

1) Deborah CaoOpCitp9 ˻

ϘϟϦδΗϲΘϟΔϴόϳήθΘϟΔτϠδϟϒϠΘΨΗήѧϴϏˬϦϴϧϮѧϘϟϦѧγΔϴόϳήθѧΘϟΔτϠδѧϟϰϟϮѧΘΗϢϟΎѧόϟϝϭΩϢψόϣϲϔϓˬϯήΧϰϟΔϟϭΩϦϣϦϴϧϮ

ϥΪϠΒϟξόΑϲϓϥΔϳΩϮόδϟΔϴΑήόϟΔϜϠϤϤϟΎϛplusmnϳΎόϳήθΘϟϭϦϴϧϮϘϟϦγΔϤϬϣ˯έίϮϟβϠΠϣϰϟϮΘΕ

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ƨǳȁƾǳƢƥƽǂǨǳơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƨǟȂǸůƨȈǈȈƟǁǵƢǈǫƗƨǠƥǁƗńƛǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǈǬǼȇȁIcircȅǁȂƬǇƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơConstitutional Law

ȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȂǿȆǇƢǇȋơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƨordmǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƨǟȂǸůǺǷǲǰǌƬȇȁǒǠƦǳơƢȀǔǠƥƨǳȁƾǳơĿƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơƧǄȀƳȋơƨǫȐǟȁƨǳȁƾǳƢƥƽǂǨǳơƨȈƟƢǔordmǬǳơƨȈǠȇǂǌordmƬǳơƨȇǀȈǨǼƬǳơ

ǳơǵƢǜǼǳơȅǁȂƬǇƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƽƾŹȁƨǳȁƾǴǳȆǇƢȈǈȆǰǴǷƨȇǁȂȀŦȅǁȂƬǇƽȆǰǴǷƾordmŹƢordmǸǯƨǳȁƾǴǳȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵƢǜǼǳơ

ǞǸƬĐơĿȄũȋơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȅǁȂƬǇƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǰūǦǳƢűǹȂǻƢǫȅƗǁƾǐȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁ

ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷȁȅǁȂƬǇƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơśƥǩǂǨǳơƨǇƢȈǈǳơǶǴǟǹȐǷƢǰƬǷǹƢǸǴǟƢŷƢǨǴƬƻơǹƛȁƢǸȀǟȂǓȂǷĿƨȈǇƢȈǈǳơǂǿơȂǜǳơƨǇơǁƽȂǿƨǇƢȈǈǳơǶǴǟǝȂǓȂǷ

ơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǺǟƨǴǬƬǈǷƢŮƨǸǜǼŭǇơǁƾƥȅǁȂƬǇƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶƬȀȇȐưǷƩƢƥƢƼƬǻȏơȆǨǧǦǴƬűƨĺƢƼƬǻȏơǞȇǂǌƬǳơƤǻơȂƳơƨǧǂǠǷńƛƨǇƢȈǈǳơǶǴǟǥƾȀȇƢǸǼȈƥśƦƻƢordmǼǳơǭȂǴǇĿƧǂƯƚŭơǲǷơȂǠǳ

ȁƢǼǳǺǰŻƨǘǴǈordmǳơƨǇǁƢǸŠƨǬǴǠƬŭơƨȈǇƢȈǈǳơǂǿơȂǜǳơǅǁƾȇȅǀǳơǶǴǠǳơǾǻƘƥƨǇƢȈǈǳơǶǴǟǥǂǠǻǹƗđȅƾƟƢǬǟǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǶǰūơǹȁƽȁƢȀƬǧǂǠǷǥƾƧǁȁǂǓǺǟƲƫƢǻśǻȂǻƢǬǳơśƥǲǷƢǰƬǳơơǀǿȁ

ƢȀǐƟƢǐƻƨǧǂǠǷȁƨȇǁȂƬǇƾǳơǶǜǼǳơƨǇơǁƽǲƳơǺǷƨǇƢȈǈǳơǶǴǟǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǟǶǴǰƬǻƢǼǻƗƢŠȁǁȂƬǇƾǳơȅśǻơȂǬǳơśƥƨǠǫȂǷȁƔơǄŪơƨȈǿƢǷǥǂǠǻǹƗśǠƬȈǧ

ƗȆƟƢǼŪơƔơǄŪơȆǟȁǞǸƬƴǸǴǳƨǸǜǼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǍȂǐǼǳơǭƢȀƬǻơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǯǹȂǻƢǬǳơƢǿƽƾƷƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơǺǷƨǟȂǸů

ǵơƾǟȍơCapital punishment

Ǻƴǈǳơprison ǆƦūơjail or imprisonmentƨǷơǂǤǳơfineǂǨǳơśƥǩPrison and Jail

ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơǲƟƢǈŭơĿǶȀǼȈƥǄȈǸƬǳơśǠƬȇǾǻƗȏƛśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥȅȂǤǳǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǆȈǳǾǻƗǶǣǁƶǴǘǐǸǧprisonƨƥȂǬǠǳơƧǂƬǧǹȂǔǬȇǺȇǀǳơƔȏƚǿńƛǂǌȇȅǄǯǂǷǹȂǰȇƢǷƗJailǺordmǷǶordmǿ

ƨǸǯƢƄơǹȁǂǜƬǼȇƨǼȇƾŭơĿȁƗƨǬǘǼǷĿǹȂǰȇƆƢƦǴǣȁ

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ϖϠτϳˬΔϴϜϳήϣϮϠΠϧϷΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟΔϤψϧϷϲϓCommon LawϡˬϲϧΪϤϟϥϮϧΎϘϠϟϑΩήϤϛPublic LawΔΛϼΛϲϓϢδϘϨϴϓ

ϲΎϨΠϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέΩϹϥϮϧΎϘϟϭˬϱέϮΘγΪϟϥϮϧΎϘϟϮϫςϘϓϡΎδϗ

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ƣňƾŭơƔơǄŪơǹȐǘƦǳơnullity or invalidity

ƾǬǠǳơƺǈǧrevocation

ǒȇȂǠƬǳơcompensation or indemnityśƥǩǂǨǳơompensation and indemnityC

CompensationǵƗǱƢǸǠǳơȁśǨǛȂŭơǞǷƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫindemnity ƽȂǬǠǳơĿļƘƬǧȅǁơƽȍơƔơǄŪơƨȈƦȇƽƘƬǳơƩơƔơǄŪơDisciplinary

ƨȇǁȂƬǇƾǳơǍȂǐǼǳơǲǰǌǳƨȈƸȈǓȂƫƧǁȂǏIcircǪƷƨȈǐƼǌǳơƨȇǂūơȆǠȈƦǗȏƨǻȂǐordmǷȄordmǿȁ

ȄǴǟǒƦǬǳơǃȂŸȏǆƦǴƬǳơƨǳƢƷơƾǟƢǸȈǧȁǆŤǾƬȇǂƷƾȈȈǬƫȁƗǾǈƦƷȁƗǾǌȈƬǨƫȁƗƾƷƗȅƘƥƾȈǫ

ƧǁȁǂordmǓǾǷǄǴƬǈordmƫǂǷƘƥȏƛǲǬǼƬǳơǺǷǾǠǼǷȁƗǁƾǐȇȁǞǸƬĐơǺǷƗƨǻƢȈǏȁǪȈǬƸƬǳơǂordmǷȋơơǀǿ

ǺǷȆǓƢǬǳơǠǳơƨƥƢȈǼǳơȁƗǎƬƼŭơƢǬǧȁǮǳƿȁƨǷƢǹȂǻƢǬǳơǵƢǰƷȋ

ǆƦūơƧƾǷǹȂǻƢǬǳơƽƾŹȁȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơ

Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be touched Except in cases of a flagrant delicate no person may be arrested inspected detained or his freedom restricted or prevented from free movement except by an or necessitated by investigations and preservation of the security of the society This order shall be given by the competent judge or the Public Prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law The law shall determine the period of custody

IumlȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬǳơIumlAdministrative Law

ƨȇǁơƽȍơƨǘǴǈǳơǕƢǌǻǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƧǁơƽƛǶȈordmǜǼƫȄǴǟƧŚƻȋơǵȂǬƫƮȈƷƨǳȁƾǳơĿȅǁƢƦǰǳơȁǩǂǘǳơȁƩȐǏȂŭơȁƾȇŐǳƢǯƢȀǬǧơǂǷȁƢǿƽǁơȂŭƨǳȁƾǳơłơ

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ΓΩΎϤϟ˽˺έϮΘγΪϟϦϣϱήμϤϟ (2)Neil Hawke LLB (Hons)ˬ INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited The Glass Houseˬ Wharton Street London WC1X 9PX United Kingdom

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ETHȆƟƢǼŪơňȂǻƢǬǳơCriminal LawŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƨǟȂǸůƢŮǽǁǂǬŭơŚƥơƾƬǳơȁƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơȁǝǂǌŭơƢȀǷǂƳŖǳơǱƢǠǧȋơƽƾŢƾǟơȂǫǮǳǀǯȁ

ǾȈǴǟƣƢǬǠǳơǀȈǨǼƫȁǾƬǸǯƢŰȁǾǠǷǪȈǬƸƬǳơȁǵǂĐơƨǬƷȐǷśǟǂǧńƛȆƟƢǼŪơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǈǬǼȇȁǱȁȋơǝǂǨǳơƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫETH

ǳơǪƷǶǜǼƫŖǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƨǟȂǸůȂǿƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫǱƢǼƫŖǳơǱƢǠǧȋơȄǴǟƣƢǬǠǳơĿƨǳȁƾƮȈŞƽơǂǧȋơ ǭȂǴǈǳ ƪǠĉǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƾǟơȂǫ Ȇǿ ȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƧǂȇƾŪơ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơ ŁƢǐŭơ ǺǷ

ƨƥȂǬǠǳơĿǲưǸƬȇƢȈǻȂǻƢǫAringƔơǄƳƾǟơȂǬǳơǽǀŮƨǨǳƢűȅƗȄǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫǺǸǔƬȇǮǳǀǳȁƢǬǳơǂƯȋơȁȆȀǼƫȁǂǷƘƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǽǀǿƨǨǳƢűȄǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơňȂǻ

ňȂǻƢǫǂƯƘǯƢŮƧǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơǮǳǀǯȁǶƟơǂƳŐƬǠƫŖǳơǱƢǠǧȋơǺǸǔƬȇƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗŘǠŠǶƟơǂŪơǽǀǿƣƢǰƫǁȏƨƥȂǬǟȏȁƨƥȂǬǟȐƥƨŻǂƳȐǧǂƻȊǳȐǸǰǷśǬǌǳơǺȇǀǿǺǷǲǯŐƬǠȇȁ

ƨŻǂƳŚǤƥ

ňƢưǳơǝǂǨǳơȍơǹȂǻƢǫƨȈƟƢǼŪơƩơƔơǂƳCriminal Procedures LawƨȈǴǰǌordmǳơƨordmȈƷƢǼǳơǺǷƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫǪȈƦǘƫĿƢȀǟƢƦƫƛƤƳơȂǳơƩơƔơǂƳȍơƽƾŢŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơȂǿ

ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơȁNtildeŅƢŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơFinancial Law

ƨǳȁƾǳơƨȈǻơǄȈǷǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƨǟȂǸůơƽơǂȇȍơƮȈƷǺǷƩƩƢǬǨǼǳơȁơƢǼǓǂǟƢǷƾǠƥȁśƬǳƘǈŭȃƾǐƬǻǹƗśǠƬȇǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǴǳƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơǝȁǂǨǳ

ńȁȋơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁǞȇǂǌƬǳơśƥǩǂǨǳơƢǷlegislation amp LawƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơƨǣƢȈǐǳơĿƨǴǸǠƬǈŭơƨǷƢŮơƩƢǸǴǰǳơǒǠƥƆȏȁƗǞȇǂǌƬǳơśƥǩǂǨǳơlegislationǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁLaw

ƨǸǴǯśƥǩǂǨǳơǃŐǻǹƗśǠƬȇǬǳơǹȂǻƢƨǸǴǯȁǞȇǂǌƬǳơǹƢȈǼǠǷǞȇǂǌƬǳƢƥƾǐǬȇȁIcirc

ǱȁȋơŘǠŭơƨǳȁƾǳơľƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǵƢȈǫǞǸƬĐơǶǜǼƫ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǷǄǴǷƾǟơȂǫǞǓȂƥĿƢȀǏƢǐƬƻơƽȁƾƷǮǳǀǳƧǁǂǬŭơƩơƔơǂƳȎǳƢǬǧȁȁ

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˯ΰΠϟϥϮϧΎϘΑϥΪϠΒϟϲϓϪϴϠϋϖϠτϳPenal Law˺

ϟϊϗϮϤϟΫΎΘγϸϟϲϜΒθΎϴϠόϟΔϳέϮΘγΪϟϭξϘϨϟΎΑϲϣΎΤϤϟϲγήϣϲΤΒλ

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ƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ Ȅǿ ƢǼǿ ƨǐƬƼŭơ ƨǘǴǈǳơȁȃǂƻƗ ƩƢǘǴǇ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ǞȇǂǌƬǳƢƥ ǎƬţƨȇǀȈǨǼƬǳơƨǘǴǈǳơǹƗȁƢǸǯƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơƨǘǴǈǳơǺǷȄǴǟƗȄǿȁƨȈǈȈǇƘƬǳơƨǘǴǈǳơǺǟǁƾǐȇǁȂƬǇƾǳƢǧ

ƨǷƢǟƶƟơȂǳǁƾǐƫƢǸǯśǻơȂǬƥƩơǁơǂǫǁƾǐƫoacuteǽƢǻƽƗȐȈǐǨƫśƦŭơȂƸǼǳơȄǴǟŇƢưǳơŘǠŭơȁƬƼŭơƨǘǴǈǳơǺǟƧǁƽƢǐǳơȁƢēơƿƨƥȂƬǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬǳơǾƥƾǐǬȇȁƨǐ

ǾǻƘƥǞǷƢƳǱȂǫľǞȇǂǌƬǳơǦȇǂǠƫǺǰŻǪƦǇƢǷǝƢŦǺǷȁƨǘǴǈǳơƨǘǇơȂƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǞǓȁƢǿǂǌǻȁƢǿǁȁƾǐƥƨǧƢǰǴǳƢȀǷơǄǳƛƤǈƬǰƫƨƥȂƬǰǷƢǏȂǐǻǁƾǐƬǧƨǳȁƾǳơľƨǐƬƼŭơ

ǞȇǂǌƬǳơȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơśƥǩǂǨǳơ

ǾǻƘƥǹȂǻƢǬǳơǥǂǠȇǂůƨǷƢǟƾǟơȂǬǳơƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȂǬƫȁǞǸƬĐơľǍƢƼǋȋơǕƢǌǻǶǜǼƫƧƽƢȀǷơǂƬƷơƢȀǨǳƢźǺǷȄǴǟƔơǄŪơǞǫȂƫƨǷƢǟƨǘǴǇ

ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ śƦƬȇȁIacuteIacuteIacute ǞȇǂǌƬǳơȁ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ śƥ ǩǂǨǳơIacuteIacute ǂƻȌǳǥƽơǂǷ ǺȇŚƦǠƬǳơ ȐǯǆȈǴǧIacuteIacuteǱȁȋơǁƾǐŭơȂǿǹƢǯǹƗȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǞȇǂǌƬǳƢǧǳƾȈƷȂǳơǁƾǐŭơǆȈǳǾǻƗȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǴ

ƧǁơƾǐǳơǞǫȂǷǞȇǂǌƬǳơǲƬŹĿƽȐƦǳơŖǳơƨȈǼȈƫȐǳơƨǠȇǂǌǳƢƥǀƻƘƫǂǐǷƢȀǼǷȁIacuteIacuteǞȇǂǌƬǳơƾǠȇȁǥǂǠǳơǵƾǬƫŕǳơƨȈǻȂǈǰǇȂǴųȋơƨǠȇǂǌǳƢƥǀƻƘƫŖǳơƽȐƦǳơǥȐşǮǳƿȁƢȈǴǏƗơǁƾǐǷƨƥƢưŭơǽǀđ

ǞȇǂǌƬǳơȄǴǟƨȈƟƢǔǬǳơǪƥơȂǈǳơȁƧǁơƾǐǳơǾǳƪƸƦǏƗĽǺǷȁĿǁƾǐŭơȂȀǧǹƘǌǳơơǀǿȆǴǏȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƧƾǟƢǬǴǳ ǵƢǠǳơIacuteIacute ƢȈǴǏƗ ơǁƾǐǷǾǻȂǰƥƽơǂȇȁIacuteIacuteǹƗȆǓƢǬǳơȏȁƗ ǾȈǳƛ ƘƴǴȇǹƗ ǾȈǴǟśǠƬȇ

ȈƦǘƬǳơƨƦƳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧƾǟƢǬǳơńƛǱȂǏȂǴǳǪǁƽƢǐŭơǺǷǽŚǣńƛǾǼǟǱƾǠȇȐǧǝơŗǳơȄǴǟȏƛƧƾǟƢǫǾȈǧƾŸŃơƿƛǱƢƷƗơƿƛȁƗǂƻƕǁƾǐǷȄǴǟȂǿ

ƨǻƢǰŭơǽǀǿǞȇǂǌƬǳơƗȂƦƬȇǹƗǁŐƫŕǳơƢȇơǄŭơƢǷƢȀǼǷǂǯǀǻƧŚưǰǧǮǳǀǳƩơǁŐŭơȁƢȇơǄŭơǺǟƢǷƗļƘȇ

IcircǾǴȇƾǠƫȁǞȇǂǌƬǳơǺǇƨǳȂȀǇƾǟơȂǬǳơǞǓȁǶƬȇǹƗǺǰŻǮǳǀƥȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴǇǾǠǔƫǞȇǂǌƬǳƢǧƨǳȂȀǇȁƨǟǂǈƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơoacuteǁƢǌǳơǞȈǘƬǈȇƮȈŞƧƾȇƾŪơǝƢǓȁȋơƨȀƳơȂǷńƛǁƽƢƦȇǹƗǝ

IumlǞȇǂǌƬǳơǞǓȁĿƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨǐƬűƨǘǴǇǾǠǔƫǞȇǂǌƬǳƢǧĿǹȂǰȈǧƨƥȂƬǰǷǍȂǐǻƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧƾǟƢǬǴǳơǁƾǐǷǮǳǀƥŘǠǷȁƢǜǨǳƧƾǟƢǬǳơȄƫƘƫĽǺǷȁĿǁȁƽƢȀȈǧǂȀǜȇƨǸǰŰƨǣƢȈǏ

ơȁƾȇƾƸƬǳơǺǷ ƢŮǂǧȂƬȇȁ ƨȈǟơȂǳơ ƧƽơǁȍơǲǨǰȇ ƢǷǖƦǔǳǁơǂǬƬǇȏơƨǬưǳơȁĿƩȐǷƢǠŭơoacuteƮȈƷ ȄǟơǂȇĿ ǶǰūơȅǀǳơǺǷ ƾǯƘƬǳơǍƢƼǋȋơ ȄǴǟ ǲȀǈȇ ƢǸǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ŁƢǐŭơśƥ ǪȈǧȂƬǳơ ǽǁǂǬƫ

ǶēƢƦƳơȁȁǶȀǫȂǬƷȄǴǟƢȀǼǷǥǂǠƬǳơȁƢǿƽȂƳȁETHǵƢǜǼǳơƾȈƷȂƬǳƧơƽƗǞȇǂǌƬǳơĿƨǳȁƾǳơƧǁƾǫȁƨǐƬűƨǘǴǇƨǘǇơȂƥǞȇǂǌƬǳơǞǓȂǧȄǴǟƨǳȁƾǳơ

ǀǨǼƫƩƢǠȇǂǌƫ ǁơƾǏƛǺǷ ǹƢǼǰŻ ǾƬǟƢǗ ƨǳƢǨǯĿ ƨǳȁƾǳơ ǶȈǴǫƛ ǲǯoacuteńƛ ǞȇǂǌƬǳơȃƽƚȇǮǳǀƥȁ

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ǹȂǻƢǬǳơǵƢǜǼǳơƾȈƷȂƫĿƔơǄƳƗśƥǺǷƢǔƬǳơƧƽƢȇǃȁƨȈǷȂǬǳơƧƾƷȂǳơǪȈǬŢȄǴǟȐǷƢǟǹȂǰȈǧƨǳȁƾǳơƧƾƷȂǳơƨǷȋơ

Ntilde ǞǸƬĐơ ǂȇȂǘƬǳ ƧơƽƗ ǞȇǂǌƬǳơȏ ǞȇǂǌƬǳơ ǲǔǨƦǧƧƢȈūơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ƨǨȈǛȁ ǂǐƬǬƫƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧǁȂǐǳƢƥŖǳơƽơǂǧȋơǕƢǌǻƢȀȈǳƛǾƴƬȇĿǞǸƬĐơȃƽƢǼȇƝƽƢƦǷȁǶǜǼǳơǺǷǹơȂǳƗǭƢǼȀǧ

ǽǀǿǲưǷȁ Ƣđ ƢǓȂĔȁǶǿƽȐƦǳ ƢƷȐǏƢȀȈǧǹȁǂȇȁǶȀƬƠȈƥƱǁƢƻǺǷ ƢĔȂǈƦƬǬȇȁƗǹȂƸǴǐŭơ ƢđƢđǀƻȋơǺǰŻȏƝƽƢƦŭơȁǶǜǼǳơǞȇǂǌƬǳơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛǞǸƬĐơǂȇȂǘƬǳƧơƽƗǹȂǻƢǬǳơƶƦǐȇǮǳǀƥȁ

ƨȀƳȂǳơǾȀȈƳȂƫȁŖǳơǵƾǬƬǳơȁǑȂȀǼǳơǾǳǲǨǰƫƩƢǬƦǗśƥǩǁơȂǨǳơǲȇǄȇȄǯ ľǞǇơȁǩƢǘǻȄǴǟǝǁƢǌǳơǲƻƾƫǺǷ ǵȂȈǳơ ǽơǂǻ ƢǷǮǳƿ ƨȇƕȁ

ǿȁǞȈǸŪơǵƢǷƗǍǂǨǳơƚǧƢǰƫǪǬŹȁǶǰƸƬǳơȁǱȐǤƬǇȍơǹȁƽǱȂŹȁƤǠǌǳơȏǑơǂǣƗƢȀǴǯǽǀǞȇǂǌƬǳơǪȇǂǗǺǷȏƛƢȀȈǳƛǱȂǏȂǳơǺǰŻǹȂǻƢǬǳơǁƽƢǐǷǺǷǁƾǐǸǯǞȇǂǌƬǳơ

ǁƾǐǷƨǸǴǰƥƾǐǬȇ ƗoacuteǺǟƮƸƦǳơȃƗ ƢǼǿǽƾǐǬǻȃǀǳơŘǠŭơƩơƿȂǿȁǞƦǼŭơȁƗǲǏȋơŘǠǷƨȇȂǤǴǳơƨȈƷƢǼǳơǺǷ

ƽȂƳȂǳơľƞǋƾƳȂȇȏƮȈƷƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧƾǟƢǬǴǳƨƠǌǼŭơƣƢƦǇȋơƨƴȈƬǻƾƳȂƫȏƢǸǯǁƾǐǷȐƥƤƦǇȐƥƨȈƦƦǈǳơǹȂǻƢǫ

ƣoacuteǵƾƼƬǈȇȁƵȐǘǏơȃǂƻƗǹƢǠǷľǁƾǐǷIacuteIacuteǁƾǐŭƢǧȅƽƢŭơǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƮƸƦǳơǾƥƾǐǬȇƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơŖǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧƾǟƢǬǳơǝǂǌŭơƢȀǼǷƾǸƬǈȇIacuteIacuteǲǷơȂǟľǺǸǰƫƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơǪƟƢǬūơǮǴƫȁ

ƧƾǟƢȀǼǷƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƨȈźǁƢƬǳơȁƨȈǼȇƾǳơȁIacuteIacuteŅƢƬǳƢƥȁǲǷơȂǠǳơǽǀǿƩƢȈǔƬǬŭƢǬǧȁǁȂǘƬƫȁƘǌǼƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧƾǟƢǬǳƢǧIacuteIacuteƾǫȁǾšƗǒǠƦǳơoacuteǪŰȂǿȁ

ĿǮǳƿ ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ ǁƾǐǷ ŐƬǠƫ ȏ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥIacuteIacuteǹȂǸǔŠǖǬǧ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǼǰǳȁǹȂǰȇȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơƵȐǘǏơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ǁƾǐǷ ǁƾǐŭơȄǴǟ ơǁȂǐǬǷȆũǂǳơǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿǱȁƗȁ

ǞȇǂǌƬǳơ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ Ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƧƽƢŭơǎǼƫƮȈƷ ǂǐǷ ľ Ǿƥ ǱȂǸǠŭơ Ȃǿ ơǀǿȁ ȃǂǈƫƢǿơȂƸǧȁƗƢȀǐǻľǍȂǐǼǳơǽǀǿƢŮȁƢǼƬƫŕǳơǲƟƢǈŭơǞȈŦȄǴǟƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơǍȂǐǼǳơ

ǪƦǇƢŲśƦƬȇIacuteIacuteIacuteǁƾǐǷǞȇǂǌƬǳơǹƗǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ ƢȈũǁȁƗ ƢǈȈƟǁ ơoacuteƨǣƢȈǐǳƢƥƨȇƢǼǠǳơƪƦƳȁĽǺǷȁǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬǷ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷȁ ǪȈƦǘƬǳơ ƧǁȂǈȈǷȁ ǶȀǨǳơ ƨǴȀǇ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ŕƷ ƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơ

ƨǳȁƾǳơľŇȂǻƢǬǳơ

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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơƩƢǣƢȈǐǳơĿƩƢǸǴǰǳơǱƢǸǠƬǇơMeaning and Spelling of Words

ƆȏȁƗǱƢǸǠƬǇơ OrandAnd

śƬǸǴǰǳơǱƢǸǠƬǇơŚưȇAnd and OrǽǀordmǿǺordmǷƾordmƷƗǱƢǸǠƬǇơȄǴǟǪǴǘȇȁƧŚưǯƩƢȈǳƢǰǋƛƩƢǸǴǰǳơa high degree of precisionǵƢǰƷȍơǺǷƨȈǳƢǠǳơƨƳǁƾǳơIcirc

The basic rule therefore is that and should be used when the intention is to refer to one thing such as a husband and father

IcircƨȈǇƢǇȋơƧƾǟƢǬǳơǹƗandƾƷơȁƔȆǋńƛƧǁƢǋȎǳȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƾǼǟǵƾƼƬǈƫǹƗƤŸƣȋơȁƗƱȁǄǳƢǯśƳȁǃȁƗǺȇȂƥƗƾƳȂȇĿ

a husband and father

IumlǒǠƥǞǷśǼƯȏơńƛƧǁƢǋȍơȂǿǥƾŮơǹȂǰȇƢǷƾǼǟa husband and a father A father and a husband shall file a statement

ƪǷƢǫandśǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǺǷśǐƼǌǳơǹƗƨǳȏƾǳƢƥa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement

ǪƥƢǈǳơǱƢưŭơńƛȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǂǜǼǴǳa minister of education and a minister of health shall sign the Agreement

ǹƢǨǴƬűǹƢǻƢȈǯǶĔƗřǠƫǲǰǌǳơơǀǿȄǴǟƨǴǸŪơǹƛƢǼǳƾƦƬǇơơƿƛƢǷƗandordmƥorŅƢƬǳƢǯ

a minister of education or a minister of health shall sign the Agreement

ūơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǠƬǳơ ǂȇǃȁ ǺǷ ǲǰǳ ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ŘǠŭƢǧǺȇǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǞǫȂȇ ǹƗ ƆơƽǂǨǼǷ ǪśƬǨǴƬűśƬƠǧǺǷśǐƼǌǳơ

śƬǸǴǰǳơǲǸǠƬǈƫƢǷƾǼǟƨƥȂǠǐǳơǃŐƫAnd and OrƧƾƷơȁƨȈǠȇǂǌƫƨǴŦĿA father and husband or wife shall

ƢȈǻƢƯǄǷǂǳơǱƢǸǠƬǇơorAndǄǷǂǳơǱƢǸǠƬǇơǱơȂƷȋơǺǷǱƢƷȅƘƥǃȂŸȏandorƨȈǠȇǂǌƬǳơƨǴǸŪơĿIcirc

ƨȇǄȈǴųȍơƨǤǴǳơƔƢȀǬǧǂǬƬǈȇȁƾȇǁƽǁȂǴǳơǹƗandorƨȇǄȈǴųȏơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳơǺǷƔǄƳƪǈȈǳǱƢǸǠƬǇơƆƢưǳƢƯThe An A

ǲǸǠƬǈƫa anǲưǷƧǂǰǼǳơƔȆǌǳơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴǳ1 A person shall not stand on a bench in a public park 2 An employer shall have a right to leave from the duty every Sunday

(1Reed Dickerson The Difficulty of Choice Between And and Or [1960] ABA Journal p 310 (1) Bonitto v Fuerst Bros Co Ltd32 Viscount Simon L C

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ǪƦǘǼȇȁTheǥǂǠŭơȄǴǟńƛǑǂǠƬǻƢǷƾǼǟȃǂǼǇƢǷȂŴȄǴǟƽȂǬǠǳơĿǮǳƿǲǸǠƬǈȇȏǹƗȏƛƨǏƢŬơǪƟƢƯȂǳơƨŦǂƫ

ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǟƨǠȇǂǇƨƄƔƢǬǳȍǮǳƿƾǠƥǲǬƬǻǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơPrivate LawƆȏȁƗoacuteňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơCivil Law

ǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƨǷƢǟƽňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơŐƬǠȇǹȂǻƢǬǳơǝȁǂǧƨǧƢǯǾǼǟƪǟǂǨƫȁƪǷƢǫȅǀǳơǅƢǇȋơȁƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƗ ƽơǂǧȋơ śƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǫȐǠǳơ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗǳơ ƾǟơȂǬǳơ ƨǟȂǸů ǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇǮǳǀǳȁ ǍƢŬơ

ƷƗǱƢǸǟƛƤŸȅǀǳơǵƢǠǳơƲȀǼŭơȁƨǠȇǂǌǳơȂȀǧƢȀƬǠȈƦǗǝǂǧĿǍƢƻǎǻǾǻƘǌƥƽǂȇŃƢǸȈǧǾǷƢǰǾǼǟƪǴǬƬǇơȁƪǴǐǨǻơŖǳơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǝȁǂǧǺǷǂƻƕơǹȂǻƢǬǳƢǯȅǁƢƴƬǳȁƗȅǁƢƴƬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơ

ȅǂƸƦǳơȁƗǲǸǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫȐưǷ

ǹƢǷȁǂǳơƾǼǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơřǠȇǹƢǯƾǫȁJus civilƨǼȇƾŭơǹȂǻƢǫƢǷȁǁƨǼȇƾǷǶǰŹȅǀǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȅƗ Ǻǟ Ǿǳ ơǄȈȈŤȁ ƨǴƥƢǬŭƢƥǮǳƿȁ ƢȀȈǼǗơȂǷȁƣȂǠǌǳơ ǹȂǻƢǫJus gentiumǶǰŹ ȅǀǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ Ȃǿȁ

ňƾŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ĿǮǳƿ ƾǠƥ ƲǷƾǻơȅǀǳơȁ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂǳơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơĿƤǻƢƳȋƢƥ ǹƢǷȁǂǳơƩƢǫȐǟȐǟƢǔȇƗǶǰŢǽƾǟơȂǫƪƸƦǏƗȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧǹƢǷȁǂǳơƩƢǫ

ǁȂǗơŐǷȍơƢȀǠǓȁŖǳơƩƢǟȂǸĐơśƥǖȈǇȂǳơǂǐǠǳơĿǹƢǷȁǂǳơǄȈǷƾǫȁǹƢȈǼƬǈƳǅƽƢǈǳơǹǂǬǳơĿǴǗƗȁȅƽȐȈŭơ ǶǇơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ơȂǬCorpus juris civilis ƨǟȂǸůśƥȁȆǈǼǰǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǇƢƥƪȈũŖǳơȁ

Corpus juris canoniciśȈǈȈƟǁśǸǈǫńƛǱȁƾǳơǶǜǠǷĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǈǬǼȇȁ

IcircƨȈǐƼǌǳơǱơȂƷȋơǶǈǫStatutes LawǹȉơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇƢǸǯȁƗƧǂǇȋơǹȂǻƢǫFamily

Law ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ǱơȂƷȋơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ŀƢǠȇ ȁ ǾƫǂǇƘƥ ƽǂǨǳơ ƨǫȐǟ ǶǜǼƫ Ŗǳơ ƾǟơȂǬǳơ Ǿƥ ƾǐǬȇ ȁǳơƩƢǟȂǓȂǷǄȁƨǻƢǔūơȁƨǬǨǼǳơǵƢǰƷƗȁǩȐǘǳơȁƱơȁƧǂǇȋơǩƢǘǻĿƨǴƻơƾǳơǲƟƢǈŭơǺǷƢǿŚǣ

IumlƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷƧŚǤƥƽǂǨǳơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƨǟȂǸůƢđƾǐǬȇƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶǈǫ

ƨǸȈǫƩơƿ ƨƸǴǐǷƩȐǷƢǠŭơĿǪūơȁ ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ǂǜǻĿǱƢŭơ ȁ ǱƢŭơƨȈǳƢǷƽǂǨǴǳǹȂǻƢǬǳơƢǿǂǬȇȆǐƼǋǪƷȁƗřȈǟǪƷƢǷƛȂǿȁ

ƗřȈǠǳơǪūơ Real Right śǠǷ ƔȆǋȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼǌǳǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ƢȀȈǘǠȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǘǴǇȂǿǺǿǂǳơȁƧǁƢƳȍơȁǞȈƦǳƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢǧǂǐƬǳơƨǧƢǰƥǾǯȐǷƗĿǮǳƢŭơǥǂǐƬǯłơ

ƣȆǐƼǌǳơǪūơPersonal Right ǺƟơƾǳơǱȂźǺȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼǋśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȂȀǧǲǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗǲǸǠƥǵƢȈǬǳơȁƗƔȆǋƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦǳƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ

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ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȅǁƢƴƬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơCommercial Law ȃǂƳǾǬǨǳơǦȇǂǠƫȄǴǟ ǸǟȋơǶǰŹȅǀǳơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷ ƔǄŪơǮǳƿ ǾǻƘƥȅǁƢƴƬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǱƢ

ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ǶēǁƢšƨǇǁƢŲĿǁƢƴƬǳơǕƢǌǻȁ

ǹȂǻƢǫńƛǹȂǻƢǬǴǳȅƾȈǴǬƬǳơǶȈǈǬƬǴǳƢƆǬƦǗȁ śƥǾǻƢǰǷǀƻƘȇȅǁƢƴƬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹƜǧǍƢƻǹȂǻƢǫȁǵƢǟǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǝȁǂǧ ǱƢǸǟȋơȆǿǱƢǸǟȋơǺǷƨǼȈǠǷƨƠǧȏƛǶǜǼȇȏǦȇǂǠƬǳơơǀđȅǁƢƴƬǳơ

ȏȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ǟ ȏƛ ǪƦǘǼȇǺǷ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǪȈǓƗǮǳǀǳ Ȃǿȁ ǁƢƴƬǳơ ǶǿǍƢƼǋȋơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǨƟƢǗ ȄǴǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ƤǈŞǶǰŢŖǳơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƾǟơȂǬǴǳǺǸǔƬŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨǠȇǂǌǳơ ƨƥƢưǷŐƬǠȇȅǀǳơňƾŭơ ǲǏȋơ

ƨǠȈƦǗȁǶēƢǨǏǺǟǂǜǼǳơǥǂǐƥƽơǂǧȋơśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǖƥơȁǂǳơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ

ȅǁƢšǹȂǻƢǫŚƦǠƫȁ Commercial Law ƧǁƢšƨǸǴǯǺǷǲǏȋơĿǪƬǌǷ CommerceƨǸǴǰǳơǽǀŮǹƗȏƛǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ƢǿƢǼǠǷǺǟǦǴƬźŘǠǷňȂǻƢǬǳơǵȂȀǨŭơĿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿĿǲǸǌƫȏȆǿƿƛ

ǱȁơƾƬƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơȃȂǇŚƻȋơ ƧƽƢȇǃǱȁȋơǵȂȀǨŭơĿǲǸǌƫƢĔƗśƷĿƢȀǠȇǃȂƫȁƩơȁǂưǳơǴǸǠǳơǮǳƿȄǴǟƩƢȈ ǺǷǲſƗȁǞǇȁƗŘǠǷǹȂǻƢǬǳơǵȂȀǨǷĿƧǁƢƴƬǴǳǹƗǮǳƿƽƢǨǷȁƨǟƢǼǐǳƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơ

ƔƢǸǴǟȃƾǳƢǿƢǼǠǷƽƢǐƬǫȏơǩǂǨȇȏǾǻƗƿƛoacuteƔȏƚǿǆǰǟȄǴǟoacuteƨǟƢǼǐǳơȁƧǁƢƴƬǳơśƥ ƣǁǲǰǧƢĆǻȂǻƢǫǂƳƢƫȂǿƨǟƢǼǏ

ŷȆǇƢǇȋơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǟśǴǐǨǼǷśǷƗȂƫȅǁƢƴƬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶƷǁǺǷƱǂźȁƢȁȅǂƸƦǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬǳơ

ȅǂƸƦǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǦȇǂǠƫ Maritime Law ǶȈǈǬƬǴǳƢǬǧȁǲǸǌȇǞǇơȂǳơǽƢǼǠŠȅǂƸƦǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơordm ǹȂǻƢǬǳơǝȁǂǨǳȅƾȈǴǬƬǳơȅǂƸƦǳơǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơ

ȅǂƸƦǳơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁ

ordm ǳơȁȅǂƸƦǳơŅȁƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǲǸǌȇȅǂƸƦǳơ ǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁȅǂƸƦǳơȅǁơƽȍơǹȂǻƢǬ ȆƟƢǼŪơȅǂƸƦǳơ

ǱȐǤƬǇȏơǶǜǼȇȅǀǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȂǿȁȅǂƸƦǳơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơordm ƩƢǫȐǟǺǷǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬȇƢǷȁȅǂƸƦǳơȅǂƸƦǳơǱȐǤƬǇȏơơǀǿȅǂǋƢƦǷśƥƧǂǋƢƦǷ ȅǂƸƦǳơȅǁƢƴƬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƧƽƢǟǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇȁǾƥśǠǨƬǼŭơȁ

ǱȐǤƬǇȏơŐƬǠȇordm ƢǷȁȅǂƸƦǳơȅǂƸƦǳơǍƢŬơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǝȂǓȂǷȂǿ ƨǨǴƬűƩƢǫȐǟǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘǌǼȇǝȂǓȂǷ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾǳǞǔźƾǟơȂǫǺǷƨǷƢǟƨǘǴǇ ƢȀƬǨǐƥ ƨǳȁƾǳơ ǾǓǂǨƫ ƢǷȂǿȅǂƸƦǳơ ǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơ

ǂǋƢƦǷƧȅǂƸƦǳơǱȐǤƬǇȏơƧơƽƗȁƗǱȐǤƬǇȏơơǀǿƨǼȈǨǈǳơ IcircǝȂǓȂǷ ȅǂƸƦǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƨȇǂƸƦǳơƨƷȐŭơǦȇǂǠƫ

ǥǂǟǳơƨȇǂƸƦǳơƨƷȐŭơǹȂǻƢǬ ǺǨǈǳơƨǘǇơȂƥƨȈǴƻơƾǳơ ǽƢȈŭơĿȁǂƸƦǳơĿǅǁƢŤŖǳơƨƷȐŭơ ƢĔƘƥ

IumlƨȇǂƸƦǳơƨƷȐŭơǝơȂǻƗ

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ƢȀǓǂǟƤǈŞƨȇǂƸƦǳơƨƷȐŭơǶǈǬƫ

IcircƨƷȐǷ ƨȇǁƢšǺǷǝȂǼǳơ ơǀǿǝȂǔƻĿǥȐƻȏȁƶƥǂǳơǥƾȀƬǈƫŖǳơƨƷȐŭơƢđƾǐǬȇȁ

ƢǬǳơǵƢǰƷȋƨƷȐŭơȅǂƸƦǳơǹȂǻ

Iuml ƾȈǏ ƨƷȐǷ Ȇǿ ȁƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ƨȈƥǂƫȁ ǭƢũȋơ ƾȈǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟƢŭơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǱȐǤƬǇơȁ

ETH ƨǿŗǳơ ƨƷȐǷ Ŗǳơ ƨƷȐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈǫǂƬǳơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨȈǫǂƬǳơ ƾǐǬƥ ƨǿŗǳơ ǺǨǇ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ

NtildeƧƾǟƢǈŭơƨƷȐŭơǥƢǠǇȍơȁǂǘǬǳơȁƽƢǋǁȍƢƥƨǏƢŬơȆǿȁ ƿƢǬǻȍơȁ

Ograve ƨƷȐǷǩƢǨƫǁȏơ ƨƷȐǷȆǿȁǩƢǨƫǁȏơǺǨǈǳơ ƨǘǇơȂƥňơȂŭơȁ ǂƸƦǳơĿ ƨǇǁƢǸŭơ ƨǐǐƼŭơƨȈǷȂǸǟƨƸǴǐŭǖǬǧȅȂŪơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǦȇǂǠƫAir Law

ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƩƢǫȐǠǳơǶǰŢŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơ ƨǟȂǸůǺǷǹȂǰƬȇȅǀǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷǝǂǨǳơǮǳƿ Ǻǟ ƨƠǋƢǼǳơǱȐǤƬǇơƨƠȈƦǳơǶǜǼƫŖǳơȁƗȂŪơǵƢǟǲǰǌƥƨȇȂŪơȁǶȈǜǼƫńƛƆƢǔȇƗǾǸǰƷƾƬŻ ǁȂǏƨǧƢǯǱȐǤƬǇȏơ

ǶǴǠǳơƢȀǼǟǦǌǯŖǳơȅȂŪơƩȏƢǐƫȏƢǯƨȈǰǴǇȐǳơȁƨȈǰǴǈǳơ ƨȇǁơƽơǂǳơȁƨȈǟơƿȍơƩƢƳȂŭơȁƆƢưǳƢƯoacuteǲǸǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫLabour Law

ơǀǿǺǟƾȈƸǼǇƢǼǼǰǳȁǲǸǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳƽƾŰǦȇǂǠƫǞǓȁǱȂƷƔƢȀǬǨǳơƔơǁƗƪǼȇƢƦƫňȂǻƢǬǳơǱƾŪơȂǿǲǸǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫǹƗǱȂǬǳƢƥňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƔƢȀǬǧƢȀǠǓȁŖǳơƩƢǨȇǂǠƬǳơǎǴƼƬǈǻȁǺǷƨǟȂǸů

ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƩƢǼȈǷƘƬǳơȁǁȂƳƘŭơȆǠƦƬǳơǲǸǠǳơƩƢǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǍƢŬơŅȁƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁǵƢǠǳơŅȁƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƆơŚƻƗȁ

ĿƢǼǳȄǬƦȇŃƨȈǳƢƬǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǦȈǛȂƫƨȈǨȈǯȁƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơǩȁǂǨǳơȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǻǹƗȃȂǇƮƸƦŭơơǀǿƶǴǘǐŭơ ȅȂǤǴǳơȁňȂǻƢǬǳơǦȈǛȂƬǳơ

Ordinance ŘǠŠƶǴǘǐŭơơǀǿǲǸǠƬǈȇǹȂǻƢǫƨƠȈǿǺǟǁƾǐȇƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơĿƨȈǴŰƨȈǻơǂǸǠǳơǪǗƢǼŭơǶȈǈǬƬǯƢǷƨǳƘǈǷǶȈǜǼƬǳǂƫǺǰŻȁńƛƢȀƬŦǵȂĄǇąǂăǷ

Act ƨǳȁƾǳƢƥśǻƾŭơśǴǷƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫǹƢǰǇȍơǹȂǻƢǫǲưǷǹȂǻƢǬǳơǝȁǂǧǺǷǝǂǧ Statue ŅơǁƾȈǧǹȂǻƢǫoacuteȆǇƢǇȋơǵƢǜǼǳơǾȈǴǟǪǴǘȇ Code śǼǬƫoacuteǹȂǻƢǬƥƢȀȈǳƛǁƢǌȇȁ

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ǶƳǂƬŭơȃƾǳƨȇȂǤǴǳơȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǇƢūơǅƢȈǫȂǿǕƢǌǼǳơơǀǿǺǷǥƾŮơƨordmȈǴǸǟǲȈȀǈordmƫƨordmȈǤƥƮƸƦǳơ

Activity 8 Which Law deals with the following matters 1) Ignorance of the law does not afford any excuse for an act or omission which would otherwise constitute an offence unless knowledge of the law bythe offender is expressly declared to be an element of the offence 2) Ships of any nationality are forbidden to discharge oil or oily mixtures in the territorial sea or the exclusive economic zone of the Arab Republic of Egypt 3) An agreement by which the professional activities of a commercial agent are restricted after the cancellation of the commercial agency contract (restrictions on competition) shall be entered into in writing 4) The wages less lawful deductions earned by but not yet paid to an employee whose contract of serviceterminates in accordance with section 11(1) or of section 12 shall be paid to such employee not later than the day on which such contract of service soterminates 5) Civil servants are promoted to the immediately following uniform rank if they have completed the required time of service at their current rank and if they have the material qualifications according to the information in their personal records In particular in regard with the promotion to rank A a civil servant must undisputedly have the material qualifications required according to the information in his personal record 6) A lawsuit arising from air transport shall be under the jurisdiction of thepeoples court in the place where the transport began where it ended or wherethe contract was signed

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ƆƢȈǻƢƯƨȈǳȁƾǳơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫƨȈǳȁƾǳơƩơƾǿƢǠŭơƨŦǂƫŐƬǠƫƨȈǳȁƾǳơǪƟƢƯȂǳơƨǷƾƼƬǈordmŭơƨǤǴǳơǥȐƬƻȏƆơǂǜǻƨǫƢǌǳơƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơǺǷ

ĿƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơǮǴƫǺǟŅȁƾǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơĿƢǬƷȏǾǓǂǠƬǈǼǇƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǼǗȂǳơśǻơȂǬǳơǘǐŭơǺǷŚưǰǳƢƥƲǠƫƨȈǳȁƾǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳƢǧǹƗǶordmǣǁƨordmȇǄȈǴųȏơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǹȁƽƨȈƦǼƳȋơƩƢƸǴ

ƨȇǄȈǴųȍơƨǤǴǳƢƥƆƢǇƢǇƗƤƬǰƫǪƟƢƯȂǳơ


ǵƢǟǲƻƾǷƻƗƧǁƢƦǠƥȁƗƨǳƽƢƦƬǷƽȂǟȁȁƗƔƢȈǋƘƥǶȀǼǷǲǯǾȈǧƾȀǠƬȇǂưǯƗȁƗśǧǂǗśƥǩƢǨƫơȂǿƾǬǠǳơȂǿȃǂ

ǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơǄƬǳơƔƢǌǻƛǲǟśƫƽơǁƛA contract is an agreement by which one or several

persons bind themselves towards one or several others to transfer to do or not to do

somethingȂǿǵƢǿƗƾƦǷȄǴǟƾǬǠǳơǵȂǬȇȁƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǠȇǂǋƾǬǠǳơǺȇ pacta sunt servandaƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǫȁETHIcircǾǻƘƥŖȇȂǰǳơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟǱȂƦǬǳƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơ

ǹȂǻƢǬǳơǾƦƫǂȇƆȏȁƗoacuteƾǬǠǳơǹƢǯǁƗThe Elements of a Contract

ȃǂƻƗńƛƨǳȁƽǺǷƾǬǠǴǳƨȈǇƢǇȋơǹƢǯǁȋơǺȇƢƦƬƫňȂǻƢǬǳơǵƢǜǼǴǳƆƢǬƦǗƾƟƢǈǳơƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƾǬǧOtildeOumlļƘȇƢǷȄǴǟȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷśƫƽơǁƛǺǟŚƦǠƬǳơǹƢǧǂǗǱƽƢƦƬȇǹƗƽǂƴŠƾǬǠǳơǶƬȇ

ƾǬǠǳơƽƢǬǠǻȏǾǼȈǠǷǝƢǓȁƗǺǷǮǳƿǩȂǧǹȂǻƢǬǳơǽǁǂǬȇƢǷƧƢǟơǂǷǞǷśƬǬƥƢǘƬǷƨȈǈȈƟǁǹƢǯǁƗƨƯȐƯȄǴǟǵȂǬȇƾǬǠǳơǹƗǮǳƿǺǷǎǴƼƬǈȇȁȆǿ

IcircǱȂƦǬǳơȁƣƢŸȍơȆǓơǂƬǳơOffer amp acceptancegtIumlǲƄơObjectgtETHƤƦǈǳơConsideration gtIcircǱȂƦǬǳơȁƣƢŸȍơOffer amp acceptancegt

ȆǓơǂƬǳơƨǳƢƷǱȂƦǬǳơȁƣƢŸȍơǲǰǌȇagreementȆǨǰȇśƫƽơǁȍơśƫƢǿƽȂƳȁǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁƜǧ ƾǬǠǳơ ƽȂƳȂǳǹƢƫƽơǁȍơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƆƢƸȈƸǏ ƾǬǠǳơ ǹȂǰȇ ŕƷƤŸ ǲƥ ǾƬƸǐǳ ȆǨǰȇ ȏ ǾǻśƬƸȈƸǏǹƢƬǬǧơȂƬŭơ

ȆǓơǂƬǳơƽȂƳȁȂǿśǠǷňȂǻƢǫǂƯƗƭơƾƷȍǾƴƬƫŖǳơƧƽơǁȍơƢǼǿƧƽơǁȍƢƥƽȂǐǬŭơȁśƫƽơǁƛǪƥƢǘƫȂǿȆǓơǂƬǳơ

ǵơǄƬǳȏơƔƢǌǻƛ

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ƧƽơǁȍơǹƢǯǁƗƆƢǔȇƗƧƽơǁȍƢƥƾǐǬȇǲǸǠǳơňȂǻƢǬǳơoacuteȆǿňȂǻƢǬǳơǲǸǠǳơǹƢǯǁƘǧ

IcircƨƸȈƸǏƧƽơǁƛGENUINE CONSENTIumlƣȂȈǠǳơǺǷƨȈǳƢƻƨȈǴǿƗCAPACITYETHǝȁǂǌǷƤƦǇLEGAL OBJECT

ȆǓơǂƬǳơƨƸǏƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟȁƨȈǴǿȋơ

ƣȂƳȂǳơƨȈǴǿƗśƥǹȂǻƢǬǳơƔƢȀǬǧǩǂǨȇcapacity to enjoyment ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȁcapacity to exercise ǩȂǬūơ ƣȂƳȂǳ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ƨȈƷȐǏ ƢĔƘƥ ƣȂƳȂǳơ ƨȈǴǿƗ ȆǷȐǇȍơ ǾǬǨǳơ ǱȂǏƗ ƔƢǸǴǟ ǥǂǠȇ ȁƾǳȂȇśǼŪƢǯǮǳƿȁ ƢȀǠǷƨȈǐƼǌǳơƪǷƾǠǻơƣȂƳȂǳơ ƨȈǴǿƗƪǷƾǠǻơ ơƿƜǧ ǾȈǴǟȁǾǳ ƨǟȁǂǌŭơ

ȐǏȆǿƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƢǷƗǾǼȇƽƽơƾǇƾǠƥƪȈŭƢǯȁƢƬȈǷǪūơǱƢǸǠƬǇȏǎƼǌǳơƨȈƷǹƗǞǬȇȁǹȁƽƣȂƳȂǳơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǪūƢƥƆƢǠƬǸƬǈǷǹȂǰȈǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǹȁƽƣȂƳȂǳơƨȈǴǿƗǂǧơȂƬƫ

ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗȆǿǽǀǿȁǾǈǨǼƥǾǳƢǸǠƬǇơǞȈǘƬǈȇǹƗƢǷƢƫƆȐǐǧƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗǺǟƣȂƳȂǳơƨȈǴǿƗǲǐǧǺǰŻǾǻƗǮǳƿǺǷśƦƬȇȁǠȇȅǀǳơȁȂǿƢǼǿƢǼȈǼ

ƔơƽȋơƨȈǴǿƗƨȈǴǿȋơǑǁơȂǟ

ǄȈǸƬǳơńƛǞƳǂȇǑǂǠƥǮǳƿƾǠƥǂƯƘƬƫǾƬȈǴǿƗǺǰǳȁƾǋǂǳơǺǇǹƢǈǻȍơǢǴƦȇƾǫIcircǹȂǼĐơIumlǽȂƬǠŭơETHǾǨǈǳơȁƨǴǨǤǳơȁƿNtildeƨȈƟƢǼƳƨƥȂǬǠƥǾȈǴǟǵȂǰƄơȁƤƟƢǤǳơ

ƨǛȂƸǴǷȈƦǇȄǴǟȃǂƻƗńƛƨǳȁƽǺǷƾǋǂǳơǺǇǺȇƢƦƬȇǺǇȅƾǼǴƬǰǇȏơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƽƾƷǱƢưŭơǲordmƥƾǋǂǳơIcircOacuteǾƫƽƾƷƨȈƥǂǠǳơǱȁƾǳơǶǜǠǷǲǷƗƨǼǇIumlIcircƨǴǷƢǯƨȇƽȐȈǷƨǼǇ

ƧƽơǁȍơƣȂȈǟvices of consent

IcircǖǴǤǳơError ǞǫơȂǳơŚǣǶǿȂƫȄǴǟǲǸŢǆǨǼǳƢƥǵȂǬƫƨǳƢƷǾǻƘƥƾǫƢǠƬŭơƧƽơǁȍƤȈǠŭơǖǴǤǳơǥǂǠȇǞǫơȂǳơŚǣȁ

ȇǹƗƢǷƛƢȀƬƸǏǵƾǟǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏƨǠǫơȁȁƗƢȀƬƸǏǹƢǈǻȍơǶǿȂƬȇƨƸȈƸǏŚǣƨǠǫơȁǹȂǰIumlǆȈǳƾƬǳơFraud

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ǺȇǂǐǼǟǆȈǳƾƬǴǳIcircƣǀǰǳƢǯƨȈǳƢȈƬƷơǩǂǗǱƢǸǠƬǇơ IumlǂǐǼǟ ơǀǿ ȁ ƾǫƢǠƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ǲǸŢƢǷƔȆǋǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǦȇȂƼƬǯȆǈǨǻ

ETHǽơǂǯȍơCoercionǳơƧƽơǁƛǾƥǂƯƘƬƫǖǤǓǽơǂǯȍơƾǫƢǠƬǳơńƛǞǧƾǼȈǧǎƼǌǲƟƢǇȂǳơȆǿƪǈȈǳƔƢǓǂǳơƾǈǨȇȅǀǳơȁ

ƾǫƢǠƬŭơǆǨǻĿǞǬƫŖǳơƨƦǿǂǳơȆǿǲƥǽơǂǯȍơĿǲǸǠƬǈƫŖǳơƨȇƽƢŭơƔƢǓǂǳơƾǈǨȇȅǀǳơǹƗƢǸǯǲȈǴǔƬǳơǺǷƾǫƢǠƬŭơǆǨǻĿǩǂǘǳơǽǀǿǾƯƾŢƢǷǲƥƨȈǳƢȈƬƷȏơǩǂǘǳơȆǿƪǈȈǳǆȈǳƾƬǳơĿ

ǶǿȂǳơȁIumlǲƄơObjectgt

ǾǷƾǟǺǷƾǬǠǳơǲŰƨȈǟȁǂǌǷȃƾǷǺǟǥǂǠƬǼǳƨǳƢūơǽǀǿǅǁƾǼǳIn consideration of mutual agreements of seller and buyer to be set forth seller agrees to sell and buyer agrees to buy one kilo of Heroin

ƾǼƦǳơơǀǿĿǪȈǫƾƬǳƢƥǹƗƾųƾǬǠǳơǲŰǺȇȁŚŮơǺǷȂǴȈǯȅǂƬǌǸǴǳƢȀǠƬƦȇǹƗǞƟƢƦǳơǪǨƫơǮǳǀǳƔơǂǌǳơǲƦǫȅǀǳơȁƾǬǠǳơǲŰƶƦǏƘǧƆƢǻȂǻƢǫƧǁȂǜŰȁƨǷȁǂŰǺȇȁŚŮơƧǁƢšǹƢǯƢŭȁ

ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳĿƢǼǷǾǻȋǝȁǂǌǷŚǣƨǫȐǠǳơǵƢȈǬǳƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơǕȁǂǌǳơǾƬǨǳƢƼŭƆȐǗƢƥƾǬǠǳơǞǫȁĽǺǷȁǠƬǳơƨȇƾǫƢETHƤƦǈǳơConsideration

ǾǷơǄƬǳơƔơǁȁǺǷǾȈǳƛǱȂǏȂǳơǵǄƬǴŭơƾǐǬȇȅǀǳơǂǋƢƦŭơǑǂǤǳơȂǿƤƦǈǳơƾǬǠǳơĿƨȈƳƿȂǸǼǳơƽȂǼƦǳơContract boilerplate clauses

ǬǠǳơƿƢǨǻƛƨȇƢŧǵƢǟǲǰǌƥƢȀǼǷƾǐǬȇŖǳơȁƾǬǠǳơƨȇƢĔĿǂȀǜƫŖǳơƧƽƢƬǠŭơƽȂǼƦǳơǮǴƫƢđƾǐǬȇƾǾǧơǂǗƗǩȂǬƷȁŅƢƬǳƢǯȆǿȁƾǬǠǳơƢȀȈǴǟǲǸƬǌȇǹƗśǠƬȇƨǷƢǟƽȂǼƥǭƢǼǿǺǰǳȁ

IcircƩƢǨȇǂǠƬǳơDefinitionsǹȂǤƟƢǐǳơƤƬǰȇ ƧƽƢǟȁƾǬǠǳơǁƾǏĿƧƽǁơȂǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơȁƩƢǸǴǰǳơȁňƢǠǸǴǳ ƆƢƷǂǋȆǿȁ

ƧǁƢƦǠǳơǽǀǿňƢǠŭơƨȈǳƢƬǳơƩơŚƦǠƬǳơȁƩƢǸǴǰǳƢƥƾǐǬȇǎǼǳơǩƢȈǇǒƬǬȇŃƢǷƢǸȀǼǷǲǯǺȇǂǫƧƽȂƳȂŭơ

ǮǳƿŚǣƨȈǻǂȀǜƫȁƗThe following words and expressions have the meaning assigned to them respectively except where the context otherwise required or contrary intention appears

śǻơȂǬǳơĿȁ

ĿǱƾȇŃƢǷƢȀǼǷǲǯǺȇǂǫƨȈǼƦŭơňƢǠŭơƨȈǳƢƬǳơƩơǁƢƦǠǳơȁƩƢǸǴǰǳƢƥƾǐǬȇǹȂǻƢǬǳơơǀǿǵƢǰƷƗǪȈƦǘƫǮǳƿŚǣȄǴǟǎǼǳơǩƢȈǇ

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In application of this law the following terms shall each have the respective meaning corresponding thereto unless otherwise indicated in the text

IumlƩơŚǈǨƬǳơInterpretations ƾǬǠǳơŚǈǨƫƾǼǟȅǂǈƫƨƸǓơȁƾǟơȂǫŚǈǨƬǳơƾǼƥǞǔȇśƥśǬȈǳơǪȈǬŢńƛƾǼƦǳơơǀǿǥƾȀȇȁ

ƾǬǠǳơǪȈƦǘƫǺǟƢĔƘǌƥƢǸȀǼȈƥǥȐƻǁȂưȇȏƮȈŞƢȀǼǸǔƬȇŖǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐŭƢƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧśǧǂǘǳơƾǬǠǳƢƥȅŚǈǨƫƾǼƦǳǱƢưǷ

ǌƫƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƮǻƚŭơȁƗǂǯǀŭơƨǤȈǏǲǸǌƫƢǸǯǞǸŪơƨǤȈǏƢǿƢǼǠǷĿƽǂǨŭơƨǤȈǏǲǸƶȈƸǏǆǰǠǳơȁƾȇƢƄơ

The singular includes the plural and the masculine or feminine genders includes the neuter and vice versa

ETHƾǬǠǳơƧƾǷ

ǔƬȇǹƗƤŸƾǬǠǳơǺǸƩƢǯǂǌǳơǁƢŸȍơƩȏƢǬŭơǲǸǠǳơƾǬǠǯƗƾƦȇŖǳơƧƾǸǴǳƾȇƾŢƾǬǠǳơơǀǿƾȇƾšƨȈǨȈǯƶȈǓȂƫǞǷǾƟƢȀƬǻơƾǟȂǷȁƾǬǠǳơƢȀȈǧ

NtildeǪȈƦǘƬǳơƤƳơȂǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơApplicable lawǴǸǠƬǈƬǇȅǀǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǾƥƾǐǬȇǾǳơǝơŗǳơǒǧȁƗƾǬǠǳơŚǈǨƫƾǼǟƨǸǰƄơǲǌǨǳơƾǼǟǁȂưȇƾǫȅǀ

ǽƽȂǼƥǀȈǨǼƫĿǩƢǨƻȍơȁƗOgraveƨǐƬƼŭơƨǸǰƄơJurisdiction

ƾǬǠǳơƽȂǼƥǱȂƷǝơŗǳơǱƢƷĿǶǿơȂǟƽǂǜǼƫŖǳơƨǸǰƄơśǧǂǘǳơƽƾŹśǷƘƬǳơƽȂǬǟInsurance contracts

The insurance contract is a contract whereby the insurer will pay the insured (the person whom benefits would be paid to or on the behalf of) if certain defined events occur Subject to the fortuity principle the event must be uncertain The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (ie in a life insurance policy the time of the insureds death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (ie a fire insurance policy

ǲǐŹƨȈǴǸǟȂǿśǷƘƬǳơƾǬǟǖǈǬǳơȂǿȁǾǠǧƾȇǲƥƢǬǷŚǜǻǺǷƘƬǈŭơȂǿȁśǧǂǘǳơƾƷƗƢǿƢǔƬǬŠśǠǷǂǘƻǪǬŢƾǼǟŚǤǴǳȁƗǾǳǺǷƘƬǈŭơŁƢǐǳǢǴƦǷǞǧƾƥǺǷƚŭơȂǿȁǂƻȉơǥǂǘǳơƾȀǠƫȄǴǟ

ƔƢǐƷȍơśǻơȂǬǳƆƢǬǧȁƢǸȀǼȈƥƨǏƢǬŭơȃǂŸǂǗƢƼŭơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǾǬƫƢǟȄǴǟǺǷƚŭơǲǸƸƬȇȁơǂǏƢǼǠǳơśǷƘƬǳơƾǬǠǳƨȈǈȈƟǂǳ

ȆǿȁƨȈǈȈƟǁǂǏƢǼǟǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǺȇȂǰƬǳơƾǬǟǹƗǂƻȉơǦȇǂǠƬǳơǺǷƶǔƬȇǺǷƘƬǈŭơInsuredǺǷƚŭơInsurerǖǈǬǳơpremium

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ǂǘŬơRisk

ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǏƢǬŭơDeductibleśǷƘƬǳơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻ Caracteristics of Insurance contract

ƘƬǳơƾǬǟǄȈǸƬȇǾǻƘƥƽȂǬǠǳơǺǷǽŚǣǺǟśǷŅƢǸƬƷơƾǬǟAeatory

ƽȂǬǟǺǸǓśǷƘƬǳơƾǬǟƱǁƾǼȇǁǂǤǳơǁơƾǬǷƨǧǂǠǷƢŷƾƷơȁƗƢȀȈǧǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơǺǷǲǯǞȈǘƬǈȇȏŖǳơƾǫƢǠƬǳơƾǼǟǾǫȂǬƷȁƗǾƫƢǷơǄƬǳơȄǴǟǦǫȂƬǷǾǳǺǷƚŭơȁǺǷƚŭơǺǷǲǯǩȂǬƷȁƩƢǷơǄƬǳơǂȇƾǬƬǧȂǘƻƨƳǁƽȁƨƯǁƢǰǳơǝȂǫȁƢēǁ

ǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟAdhesionŖǳơǕȁǂǌǳơƨǌǫƢǼǷǮǴŻȏȅǀǳơǦȈǠǔǳơǥǂǘǳơȂȀǧǺǷƘƬǈǸǴǳƨƦǈǼǳƢƥǹƢǟƿƛƾǬǟśǷƘƬǳơŐƬǠȇ

ƨǬȈƯȂǳƢƥ ƨǟȂƦǘǷƽǂƫȁǺǷƚŭơ ƢȀǴȈŻ ƨǧƢǯǅƢǼǳơȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠǷȁ ǾǠǇȂƥǆȈǳǺǷƘƬǈŭơǹƗȏƛǼǳơǕȁǂǌǳơǱȂƦǫǾǳƢǷǲǯȁƨǓȁƢǨŭơȁƗƨǷȁƢǈŭơƢȀǔǧǁȁƗǺǷƚŭơƢȀȈǴŻŖǳơƨȈǘǸ

ƨȈǼǳơǺǈƷƾǬǟUtmost Good FaithUberrima fides ƧƽƢŭơǎǼǳ ƆƢǬƦǗ ƽȂǬǠǳơ ƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƽȂǈȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈǼǳơ ǺǈƷ ƗƾƦǷ ǹƗǮǋ ȏIcircNtildeOtildeȆǔǬƫ Ŗǳơ

ǀǿǹƗȏƛƨȈǼǳơǺǈƷǾƦƳȂȇƢǷǞǷǪǨƬƫƨǬȇǂǘƥȁǾȈǴǟǲǸƬǋơƢŭƆƢǬƦǗƾǬǠǳơǀȈǨǼƫƣȂƳȂƥƗƾƦŭơơǽǀȈǨǼƫƾǼǟȁƗǾǼȇȂǰƫĿƆƢũƢƷȁƢĆǷƢǿƆơǁȁƽśǷƘƬǳơƾǬǟĿƤǠǴȇ

ƨǼȈǷȋơƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơǱȐƻǺǷȏƛǾǼǷǺǷƚŭơǂǘŬơǺǟƨǬȈǫƽȁƨȈǬȈǬƷƧǂǰǧǺȇȂǰƫǞȈǘƬǈȇȏǺǷƚŭƢǧǺǷƘƬǈŭơƢđŅƾȇŖǳơ

ȆǐƼǋƾǬǟPersonal contract ǫƢǨƫơśǷƘƬǳơ ƾǬǟǀƼƬȇƤǳƢǤǳơĿƽȂǬǟĿǃȂŸȏȁ śǷƘƬǳơƤǳƢǗǎƼǌǳơ ȁ ƨǯǂǌǳơśƥ ƨȈ

ǺǷƚŭơƨǬǧơȂǷƾǠƥȏƛŚǤǴǳśǷƘƬǳơǺǟǾǳǺǷƚŭơǱǃƢǼƬȇǹƗśǷƘƬǳơśǷƘƬǳơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛ

ǒǠƦƥ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ƨȈƷƢǼǳơ ǺǷ ǄȈǸƬȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƽȂǬǠǳơ ƔƢǌǻƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ǵƢǰƷȌǳ śǷƘƬǳơ ƾǬǟ ǞǔźƩơƔơǂƳȍơ

ǼǨǳơǕȁǂǌǳơȁǽŚǣǺǟǽǄȈŤŖǳơƨȈƾǬǠǳơǥơǂǗƗParties

ǺǷƚŭơśƥśǷƘƬǳơƾǬǟǵơǂƥƛǶƬȇInsurerǾǳǺǷƚŭơȁInsuredśǷƘƬǳơƩƢǯǂǋȃƾƷƛȂǿǱȁȋơȁƭȐƯƩƢǨǏǞǸŸŚƻȋơƢǷƗśǷƘƬǴǳƨȈǻȁƢǠƬǳơƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁƗƨǨǏƾȈǨƬǈŭơƨǨǏƾǫƢǠƬŭơƨǨǏ

ǂǘŬƢƥƽƾȀŭơ

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ƢǷơǄƬǳơƩǾǳǺǷƚŭơInsured obligationsǱȁȋơǵơǄƬǳȏơƔƢǼƯƗǾǸǫƢǨƫǺǟǹȐǟȍơȁƾǫƢǠƬǳơƔƾƥƾǼǟǂǘŬƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢǻƢȈƦǳƢƥƔȏƽȍƢƥǵơǄƬǳȏơƾǬǠǳơǀȈǨǼƫňƢưǳơǵơǄƬǳȏơǖǈǬǳơǞǧƾƥǵơǄƬǳȏơƮǳƢưǳơǵơǄƬǳȏơǂǘŬơǝȂǫȂƥǁƢǘƻȍƢƥǵơǄƬǳȏơƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơƽȂǬǠǳơCommercial contracts

ƾǬǟȂǿȅǁƢƴƬǳơƾǬǠǳơǹƗǱȂǬǳƢƥǒǠƦǳơƤǿƿƾǫȁȅǁƢƴƬǳơƾǬǠǴǳƆơƽƾŰƆƢǨȇǂǠƫǹȂǻƢǬǳơǞǔȇŃǂƳƢƫƨǘǇơȂƥĻƾǬǟǲǯǹƗơȁǂȇǹȂǻƢǬǳơƔƢȀǬǧǺǷƨǸǜǠǳơƨȈƦǳƢǤǳơƢǷƗȃǁƢšǝȁǂǌǷƨƦǇƢǼŠǵŐȇ

ȅǁƢšƾǬǟȂȀǧȅǁƢšǝȁǂǌǷǍȂǐşȁƗƽȂǬǠǳơǦȈǼǐƫƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ

IcircȅǁƢƴƬǳơǲǬǼǳơȁƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơƨǳƢǯȂǳơȁǺǿǂǳơȁǞƟƢǔƦǳơǞȈƥƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơƩȐǷƢǠŭơƽȂǬǟIumlƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơƩƢǯǂǌǳơǶȈǜǼƫȁǆȈǇƘƫƽȂǬǠǳơǽǀǿǲŰȁƩƢǯǂǌǳơƽȂǬǟETHǌǳơȁƨǳƢȈƦǸǰǳơȁƨǳơȂūơǲưǷǱȁơƾƬǴǳƨǴƥƢǬǳơƩơƾǼǈǳơƢȀǴŰȁƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơǩơǁȁȋơǮȈ

ȄǴǟƨǠƥơǂǳơǲǸǠǳơƨǫǁȁƤǐǼƫǥȂǇȁƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơƩƢǯǂǌǳơƽȂǬǟgtƨǯǂǌǳơƾǬǟƨȈǿƢǷ

ǥƾȀƬǈȇǝȁǂǌǷĿǶȀǼǷǲǯǶǿƢǈȇǹƘƥǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼǋǽƢǔƬǬŠǵǄƬǴȇƾǬǟȆǿƨǯǂǌǳơ ƶƥǂǳơȁƗƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂǌŭơǺǟƘǌǼȇƾǫƢǷǵƢǈƬǫȏǲǸǟȁƗǱƢǷǺǷƨǐƷŉƾǬƬƥ ƧǁƢǈƻ

ǻƢǬǳơǱƢǰǋȋơƩƢǌǼǸǴǳƨȈǻȂƨȇƽǂǨǳơƨǈǇƚŭơ

Ǯǳƿȁ ǖǬǧ ƾƷơȁ ǎƼǋ ƢȀǰǴƬŻ Ŗǳơ ƧƘǌǼŭơ Ȇǿ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǕƢǌǻ ƨǇǁƢǸŭȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȆǟƢǼǏřȀǷȅǁƢš ƨȈǳƢŭơ ƨǷǀǳơǖƦƫǂƫȁ ǲǸƸƬȇ ǾǻƗƮȈƷ ƢȀƦƷƢǐƥ ƨǈǇƚǸǴǳ

ƨǈǇƚŭơȄǴǟƨƦƫǂƬŭơƨȈǳƢŭơƩƢǷơǄƬǳȏơƨǧƢǯIndividual Establishment It is an establishment owned by a sole proprietor to operate an economic activity (commercial professional industrial agricultural or real property) An establishments financial liability is linked to the proprietor who shall be responsible for all its financial obligations

ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơƨǯǂǌǳơǂưǯƗȁƗǹƢǐƼǋ ǽƢǔƬǬŠ ǵǄƬǴȇƾǬǟ ƨǯǂǌǳơ ǥƾȀƬǈȇȅƽƢǐƬǫơǝȁǂǌǷĿǶȀǼǷǲǯǶȀǈȇǹƢƥǲǸǟȁƗǱƢǷǺǷƨǐƷŉƾǬƬƥǮǳƿȁƶƥǂǳơ ƧǁƢǈƻȁƶƥǁǺǷǝȁǂǌŭơǺǟƘǌǼȇƢǷǵƢǈƬǫơȁǲǸǌȇȁ

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ȅǁƢšǕƢǌǻǲǯȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǝȁǂǌŭơ ȁƗȆǟƢǼǏȁƗŅƢǷȁƗǾƳȁƗǺǷǮǳƿŚǣȁƗȅǁƢǬǟȁƗȆǟơǁǃȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǕƢǌǼǳơ

Commercial Company A company is a contract by which two or more persons enter into an economic profit-generating enterprise They shall each subscribe a share either in the form of money or work effort and share an enterprises profit or loss An economic enterprise includes any commercial financial industrial agricultural real property or any other type of economic activity

ƨȈǼȀŭơƨǯǂǌǳơ

ƢŮƆƢǓǂǣƨǼȈǠǷƨǼȀǷƧǂǋƢƦǷǀƼƬƫƨǯǂǋǲǯƨȈǼȀǷƨǯǂǋŐƬǠƫĿƔƢǯǂǌǳơƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢȀǼǷǶȀƦǈǯƽơȂŭơȄǴǟƨƥǁƢǔŭơȄǴǟǶǿƽƢǸƬǟơǺǷǂưǯƗřǿƿƾȀƳǺǷǾǻȂǳǀƦȇƢǷȄǴǟ ŚǤǳơǲǸǟȁƗ

Civil Companies Civil companies are formed to practice activities which involve the use or investment of intellectual faculties acquired information or the use of skills like carpentry

ƩƢǯǂǌǴǳƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǱƢǰǋȋơLegal Forms of Commercial Companies

ƆȏȁƗǍƢƼǋȋơƩƢǯǂǋSOLE PROPRIETORSHIP COMPANIESǺǷƢǔƬǳơƨǯǂǋGeneral Partnership

ƢȀȈǧǮȇǂǋǲǯǹȂǰȇȏȂƠǈǷƨȈǳȂƠǈǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫǾǳơȂǷƗǞȈŦĿƢǸǯƨǯǂǌǳơǹȂȇƽǺǟ ǲǯƤǈƬǰȇǂƳƢƬǳơƨǨǏƢȀȈǧǮȇǂǋ

ǺǷƢǔƬǳơƨǯǂǋǎƟƢǐƻIcircƨǯǂǌǳơǹȂȇƽǺǟƨǬǴǘǷƨȈǼǷƢǔƫƨȈǳȂƠǈǷśǳȂƠǈǷƔƢǯǂǌǳơǞȈŦIuml ǂƳƢƬǳơ ƨǨǏ ǹȂƦǈƬǰȇ ƔƢǯǂǌǳơ ǞȈŦ ǅȐǧƛ ǁƢȀǋƛƤƳȁ ƨǯǂǌǳơ ǅȐǧƛ ǂȀǋƗ ơƿƛ ȁ

ƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂǌǳơETHŚǣƨǯǂǌǳơĿǮȇǂǌǳơƨǐƷŚǤǴǳȁƗƔƢǯǂǌǳơƾƷȋƔơȂǇǱǃƢǼƬǳơȁƗǱȁơƾƬǴǳƨǴƥƢǫNtildeȅǁƢƴƬǳơǶǇȏơȂǿǹơȂǼǠǳơơǀǿǹȂǰȇȁǂưǯƗȁƗƔƢǯǂǌǳơƾƷƗǶǇơǺǷǦǳƘƬȇƨǯǂǌǳơǹơȂǼǟ

ƨǯǂǌǴǳOgraveȁƗǅȐǧƛǺǷǮȇǂǌǳơĿǂƯƚȇ ƢǷǹƗŘǠŠǮȇǂǌǴǳȆǐƼǌǳơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟƨǯǂǌǳơǵȂǬƫ

ǧƣƢƸǈǻơȁƗƩȂǷǮǳƿǥȐƻȐǟƢǿƾǬǟĿǎǻơƿƛȏƛǹȂǻƢǬǳơƧȂǬƥƨǯǂǌǳơǲƸǼƬļȉơƨǯǂǌǳơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁ

IcircƾǬǠǳơǂȇǂŢƺȇǁƢƫmade and entered into this IumlśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂǌǳơƔƢũƗPartners name

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ETHƨǯǂǌǳơǹơȂǼǟCompanys name NtildeƨǯǂǌǳơǄǯǂǷprincipal office of business OgraveƨǯǂǌǳơǑǂǣCompanys object OacuteƨǯǂǌǳơǱƢǷǅƗǁCapitalOcircƨǯǂǌǳơƧƾǷCompanys term OtildeƨǯǂǌǳơƧǁơƽƛManagement OumlƨȈǳƢŭơƨǼǈǳơFiscal year IcircIacuteǂƟƢǈŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơProfits and Losses IcircIcircǎǐūơǺǟǱǃƢǼƬǳơȁƣƢƸǈǻȏơWithdrawal and assignment of shares IcircIumlƨǯǂǌǳơƺǈǧDissolution IcircETHƢȀƬǸǈǫȁƨǯǂǌǳơƨȈǨǐƫWinding-up and liquidation

ƨǘȈǈƦǳơƨȈǏȂƬǳơƨǯǂǋLimited PartnershipƔƢǯǂǌǳơǺǷśǬȇǂǧǺǷǹȂǰƬƫȁ ȅǀǳơňȂǻƢǬǳơ ǵƢǜǼǳơǆǨǼǳǹȂǠǔźśǼǷƢǔƬǷ ƔƢǯǂǋ Ǿǳ Ǟǔź

ǹȂǻȂǰȈǧ ǺǷƢǔƬǳơ ƨǯǂǋĿ ƔƢǯǂǌǳơȂƠǈǷ ƨȈǳȂƠǈǷśǳǺǟ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƨȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƨǯǂǌǳơ ǹȂȇƽĿȏƛƨǯǂǌǳơǹȂȇƽǺǟǹȂǳƘǈȇȏśǏȂǷƔƢǯǂǋȁǂƳƢƬǳơƨǨǏǹȂƦǈƬǰȇȁ ȏȁǶȀǐǐƷƽȁƾƷ

ƨǯǂǌǳơƧǁơƽƛĿǹȂǯǁƢǌȇȏȁǂƳƢƬǳơƨǨǏǹȂƦǈƬǰȇThis company consists of two teams of partners including at least a general partner liable with all their money for the companys debts and another group comprising at least of a limited partner liable for the debts of the company to the extent of their share in the corporate capital

ƨǘȈǈƦǳơƨȈǏȂƬǳơƨǯǂǋǎƟƢǐƻ

IcircǹȂǏȂŭơƔƢǯǂǌǳơǽȂǠǧƽȅǀǳơǱƢŭơǁƾǬƥȏƛƧǁƢǈŬơǺǷǶȀǷǄǴȇȏIumlȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƨƥƢǫǂǳơȁǥơǂǋȍơǪƷǾǳǺǰǳȁƢēǁơƽƛĿǲƻƾƬȇǹƗȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂǌǴǳǃȂŸȏ

ƢǿǂƫƢǧƽȁƨǯǂǌǳơƩơƾǼƬǈǷETHǲǸǠǳƢƥƨǐƷȆǏȂŭơǮȇǂǌǳơƨǐƷǹȂǰƫǹƗǃȂŸȏNtildeĿśȈǏȂŭơȁƗśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂǌǳơǎǐƷƨƯǁȂǳơńƛǱƢǬƬǻȏơȁƗǱȁơƾƬǴǳƨǴƥƢǫŚǣƨǯǂǌǳơ

ǆȈǇƘƬǳơƾǬǟĿƧƽǁơȂǳơƽȂǼƦǴǳƆƢǬƦǗƢȀǼǟǱǃƢǼƬǳơǺǰŻƢŶƛȁOgraveǖǬǧśǼǷƢǔƬŭơƔƢǯǂǌǳơǺǷǂưǯƗȁƗƾƷơȁƨǯǂǌǳơǹơȂǼǟǹȂǰȇƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂǋParticular Partnership

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ȇǂǋśƥƾǬǠǼƫŖǳơƨǯǂǌǳơȆǿƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂǋǺǟǂƟƢǈŬơȁƵƢƥǁȋơǵƢǈƬǫȏǂưǯƗȁƗśǰ ȅǁƢšǲǸǟȄǴǟƧǁȂǐǬǷƨǯǂǌǳơǹȂǰƫȁǍƢŬơǾũƢƥƔƢǯǂǌǳơƾƷƗǾƥǵȂǬȇǂưǯƗȁƗ ȏȁƔƢǯǂǌǳơśƥƨǫȐǠǳơ

ǩǂǗǲǰǳƨǏƢƄơƨǯǂǋƩƢƦƯƛǃȂŸȁŚǤǳơǪƷĿȅǂǈƫ ƩƢƦƯȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯǱơȂǷȋơƩƢǯǂǋCorporations

ǵȂǬƫƩƢǯǂǋȆǿȁƢǇƗƆƢǇǽǀǿǂƯƘƬƫȏơǀǳȁƢȀȈǧǂƯƗǮȇǂǌǳơƨȈǐƼǌǳǹȂǰƫȐǧŅƢŭơǁƢƦƬǟȏơȄǴǟǺǷǝȂǼǳơ ơǀǿȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǂƴūơ ȁƗ ǾǇȐǧƛ ȁƗ ǾƫƢǧȂǯǮȇǂǌǳơǎƼǋȄǴǟ Ɨǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƢŠƩƢǯǂǌǳơ

ǖǬǧƨǯǂǌǳơȂǿƨŷƢǈŭơƩƢǯǂǌǳơIcircƨŷƢǈŭơƨǯǂǌǳơJoint stock company

ǷǅƗǁǶǈǬǼȇŖǳơƨǯǂǌǳơȆǿƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂǌǳơǱƘǈȇȏȁǱȁơƾƬǴǳƨǴƥƢǫȁƨǸȈǬǳơƨȇȁƢǈƬǷǶȀǇƗńƛƢŮƢƨǈŨǺǟƢȀȈǧƔƢǯǂǌǳơƽƾǟǲǬȇǹƗǃȂŸȏȁǶȀǸȀǇƗƨǸȈǫǁƾǬƥȏƛ

joint stock company (JSC) is a type of business entity it is a type of corporation or partnership Certificates of ownership or stocks are issued by the company in return for each contribution and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others

IumlǶȀǇȋƢƥƨȈǏȂƫƨǯǂǋPartnership limited by shares ƨȇȁƢǈƬǷǶȀǇƗȁǂưǯƗȁƗ ƨǐƷǺǷ ƢŮƢǷǅƗǁǹȂǰƬȇ ƨǯǂǋȆǿȁƗǶǿƢǈǷ ƢȀȈǧƤƬƬǰȇƨǸȈǬǳơ

ǂưǯƗǹȂǻƢǬǳƢƥśƦŭơǾƳȂǳơȄǴǟƢŮȁơƾƫǺǰŻȁ

ETHƧƽȁƾŰƨȈǳȂƠǈǷƩơƿƨǯǂǋLimited liability company ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈǳȂƠǈŭơƩơƿ ƨǯǂǌǳơǹȂȇƽǺǟśǳȂƠǈǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗśǰȇǂǋǺǷǹȂǰƬƫŖǳơ ƨǯǂǌǳơȆǿ

ǄȇȏȁǱƢŭơǅƗǁĿǶȀǐǐƷǁƾǬƥƨǯǂǌǳơƔƢǯǂǌǳơƽƾǟƾȇƆƢǰȇǂǋśǈŨǺǟƨǯǂǌǳơǽǀǿĿLimited Liability Company is a company that consists of two or more partners liable for the companys debts to the extent of their shares in the corporate capital Number of partners in this company shall not exceed 50

ƽȁƾƄơƨȈǳȂƠǈŭơƩơƿƨǯǂǌǳơƾǬǟǺǸǔƬȇȁƧļȉơIcircƨǯǂǌǳơǶǇơoacuteƢȀǓǂǣoacuteƢēƾǷoacuteǵƢǠǳơƢǿǄǯǂǷ

Companys name Object Term and Head OfficeIumlƨǯǂǌǳơǱƢǷǅƗǁoacuteǎǐūơ

Capital Shares ETHƨǯǂǌǳơƧǁơƽƛ

Directors NtildeƨȈǷȂǸǠǳơƨȈǠǸŪơ

The general Meeting OgraveƵƢƥǁȋơǞȇǃȂƫȆǗƢȈƬƷȏơǱƢŭơǅƗǁȆǷƢƬŬơƣƢǈūơƽǂŪơƨȈǳƢŭơƨǼǈǳơ

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Companys fiscal year inventory closing account reserves and distribution of dividends OacuteňȂǻƢǬǳơǁƢǌƬǈŭơȁƩƢƥƢǈūơƤǫơǂǷ

Auditor and Counsel OcircƢǼŭơƩƢǟǃ

Disputes OtildeƢȀƬȈǨǐƫȁƨǯǂǌǳơǲƷ

Dissolution and liquidation ƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠǳơAdministrative contracts

ǾǻƘƥȅǁơƽȍơƾǬǠǳơǥǂǠȇǾƫǁơƽƛȁƗǵƢǟǪǧǂǷŚǈƬǳȅȂǼǠǷǎƼǋśƥǵŐȇƾǬǟƨȇǁơƽȍơƽȂǬǠǳơǝơȂǻƗ

IcircƨǷƢǠǳơǱƢǤǋȋơƽȂǬǟContract of public works

ȁƗƽǂǧňƢưǳơǥǂǘǳơȁǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǍƢƼǋƗǺǷǎƼǋǾǴưŻǱȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƨǳȁƢǬǷƾǬǟȂǿƣƢǈūƨǻƢȈǐǳơȁƗƔƢǼƦǳơǱƢǸǟƗǺǷǲǸǠƥǵƢȈǬǳơƨǷƢǠǳơǱƢǤǋȋơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇƨǯǂǋ

ƨǷƢǠǳơƨƸǴǐŭơǪȈǬŢȁǱȁȋơǥǂǘǳơIumlƾȇǁȂƬǳơƽȂǬǟSupply contracts

ƨǯǂǋȁƗƽǂǧňƢưǳơǥǂǘǳơȁǵƢǠǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǍƢƼǋƗǺǷǎƼǋǾǴưŻǱȁȋơśǧǂǗśƥƾǬǟȂǿǱȁȋơǥǂǘǳơƣƢǈūƩȏȂǬǼǷƾȇǁȂƬƥǵƢȈǬǳơƾȇǁȂƬǳơƾǬǟƤƳȂŠŚƻȋơƾȀǠƬȇ

ETHǃƢȈƬǷȏơƽȂǬǟConcession Agreement ƛƾǬǟȂǿȁƨǷƢǠǳơǪǧơǂŭơǵơǄƬǳơƾǬǟƆƢǔȇƗȄǸǈȇȁƩƢǯǂǌǳơȁƗƽơǂǧȋơƾƷơǽƢǔƬǬŠƾȀǠƬȇȅǁơƽ

ǺǷƧƽƾŰƧƾŭǝȁǂǌŭơǱȐǤƬǇƢƥǾǳƶȇǂǐƬǳơǲƥƢǬǷǮǳƿȁǁȂȀǸƴǴǳŉƾǬƬƥƨǳȁƾǳơǾǠǔƫƢŭ ƆƢǬǧȁǺǷǄǳơ

ƨȈǐƼǌǳơǱơȂƷȋƢƥƨǬǴǠƬŭơƽȂǬǠǳơ

ƨȈǷȐǇȍơƨǠȇǂǌǳƢƥƢȀǷƢǰƷƗǕƢƦƫǁȏƆơǂǜǻƨȈǟǂǌǳơƽȂǬǠǳơǱȁƾǳơǒǠƥĿƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘȇǹƗƢǼȇƗǁĿȁȁňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǴǳƢȀǸȈǜǼƫĿǞǔţƢĔƗȏƛƨȈǷȐǇȍơƨǠȇǂǌǳơƾǟơȂǬƥǾǷȂǰŰƢĔƗǶǣǁƽȂǬǠǳơǽǀǿ

ƢŮňȂǻƢǬǳơǲǰǌǳơǺǷǱƢǼȇƢȀȈǴǟƨȈǟǂǌǳơƽȂǬǠǳơȄǸǈǷǩȐǗƜǧĽǺǷńƛƽȂǬǠǳơǽǀǿǶǈǬǼƫȁ

IcircƱơȁǄǳơƾǬǟMarriage contract ơȁǄǳơƾǬǟǾǬǨǳơǥǂǟǾǻƘƥƱǶǔǳơȁǲȈƦǬƬǳơȁƧǂǋƢƦŭơȁƔǕȂǳƢƥƧƗǂŭƢƥǝƢƬǸƬǇȏơƨƷƢƥƛǺǸǔƬȇƾǬǟ

ƱơȁƽǃơȁǵƢǸǔǻơƾǬǟȂǿȁƗǾǷǁƢŰǺǷǺǰƫŃǹƘƥƢȀȈǴǟƾǬǠǴǳƆȐŰƧƗǂŭơƪǻƢǯơƿƛǮǳƿńƛƢǷȁƧƗǂŭơȁǲƳǂǳơśƥ

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The marriage contract is the formal bond that turns two individuals from strangers to husband and wife

ƱơȁǄǳơƾǬǟǎƟƢǐƻIcircśǧǂǘǳơƨȈǴǿƗƧƗǂŭơȁǲƳǂǳơEligibility of Bride and GroomIumlƧƗǂŭơƨǬǧơȂǷBrides PermissionETHŅȂǳơThe Womans WaliNtildeƽȂȀǌǳơThe WitnessesOgraveǂȀŭơThe Mahr (Dower)OacuteƨǏƢŬơǕȁǂǌǳơspecial conditions IumlƨȈǏȂǳơƾǬǟWill

ETHƨǯǂƬǳơƨǸǈǫƾǬǟDistribution of estate contract

ƨȈǳƢǸǠǳơƽȂǬǠǳơIcircǲǸǠǳơƾǬǟEmployment contract

ǲǸǠǳơƾǬǟǞǔƼȈǧƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơƨȈƷƢǼǳơǺǷƢǷƗƨȈǴǰǌǳơƨȈƷƢǼǳơǺǷǲǸǠǳơƾǬǟňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǶǜǼȇȁǾǸȈǜǼƫĿǲǸǠǳơǹȂǻƢǫńƛǽƽȂǼƥ

ǵơǄƬǳȏƢƥǦȇǂǠƬǳơĿ Obligations śǸǈǫńƛǶǈǬǼȇȁƆƢǨǴǇƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈǇƢǇȋơƽơǂǧȋơƩƢǫȐǟǶȈǜǼƫƨǸȀǷňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơȅƽƚȇ

śȈǈȈƟǁIcirc ǾƫǂǇƘƥƽǂǨǳơƨǫȐǟǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǮǴƫȆǿȁƨȈǐƼǌǳơǱơȂƷȋơǶǈǫIuml ǟǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǮǴƫȆǿȁƩȐǷƢǠŭơǶǈǫǱƢŭơƮȈƷǺǷƽơǂǧȋơǺǷǽŚǤƥƽǂǨǳơƨǫȐ

ǩȂǬƷǺǷǹȂǰƬȇǹȂǻƢǬǳơǂǜǻĿǱƢŭơȁRightsńƛǶǈǬǼƫ

Ɨ ǾȈǼȈǟǩȂǬƷReal rightsƔȆǋȄǴǟśǠǷǎƼǌǳǹȂǻƢǬǳơƢȀȈǘǠȇǾǼȈǠǷƨǘǴǇȆǿȁśǠǷ

ƨȈǐƼǋǩȂǬƷPersonal rightsȇƾǷȁǺƟơƽśǐƼǋśƥƢǷƨǘƥơǁȆǿȁǺƟơƾǳơǱȂźǺǲǸǟǺǟǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥȁƗǲǸǠƥǵƢȈǬǳƢƥȁƗƔȆǋƔƢǘǟƜƥǺȇƾŭơƨƦǳƢǘǷƢǿƢǔƬǬŠ

ƧƽƢŭơƪǧǂǟƾǬǧ ơǀǿȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁIcircIumlIcircļȉơ ǾƳȂǳơȄǴǟ ǵơǄƬǳȏơȅǂǐŭơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷ ǠƥǵȂǬȇǹƗȁƗƆƢȈǼȈǟƆƢǬƷǲǬǼȇǹƗǎƼǌǳơȄǴǟƤŸƢǿƢǔƬǬŠƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǳƢƷǵơǄƬǳȏơǺǟǞǼƬŻǹƗȁƗǲǸ

ǲǸǟ

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ǦȇǂǠƫǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƤǐȇřǠŭơǹƗȏƛȃǂƻȋơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬǳơĿǵơǄƬǳȐǳƢȈǬȇǂǧƗƣȂǼƳĿňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷƨȈǻƢưǳơƧƽƢŭơǾȈǴǟƪǐǻƢǷǂǐūơȏǱƢưŭơǲȈƦǇȄǴǠǧƧƾƷơȁ

ǾǻƘƥƢǫǞȈǓơȂǷśƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǘƥơǁȂǿƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǬȈǬūƨƴȈƬǻƩǂȀǛŖǳơȁǹȂǻƢǬǳơƢđǥǂƬǠȇƨȈǻȂǻȃǂƻƗƨȈƷƢǻǺǷǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ƢđǥǂƬǠȇŖǳơƩƢƦƳơȂǳơȁǩȂǬūơśƥȁƨȈƷƢǻǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǝȂǼƫǶǣǂǧƨǳƽƢƦƬǷƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǺōǰĄǷƤƫǂƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƨǳƢƷƔƢǌǻƛřǠȇǵơǄƬǳȏơǹƗȏƛƨǸǜǻȋơȁśǻơȂǬǳơ

ǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐǷSource of Obligations

ƆƢǬƦǗǾǳ ƘȈǿȁǮǳƿǝǂǌŭơƤƫǁƢǸƦǈƷȁƧƾƟƢǈǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǷȂǜǼǸǴǳ ƆƢǬƦǗǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐǷǝȂǼƬƫƨǷƢǟƨǨǐƥƨȈǧƢǬưǳơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơǲǷơȂǠǴǳǹȂǻƢǬǳơƤƦǈǳơȂǿǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƾǐŠƽȂǐǬŭơȁ

ǵơǄƬǳȏơƘǌǻƗȅǀǳơǐǷǺǸưǳơǞǧƾƥȅǂƬǌŭơǵơǄƬǳƢǧƢǸȀǼȈƥǵŐŭơǞȈƦǳơƾǬǟǽǁƾĿƤƦǈƬŭơǵơǄƬǳơȁ ǝȁǂǌŭơ Śǣ ǲǸǠǳơ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾǔȇȂǠƬƥ ǁǂǓ Ŀǎǻ ǽǁƾǐǷ ǾƬǬǴǘǷ ƨǬǨǻ Ǟǧƾƥ ƱȁǄǳơ ǵơǄƬǳơ ȁ

ǹȂǻƢǬǳơňƾŭơśǼǬƬǳơǺǷǱȁȋơƣƢƦǳơĿǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐǷŖȇȂǰǳơǝǂǌŭơǂǐƷƾǬǧǪƥƢǈǳơƶȈǓȂƬǴǳƆƢǬǧȁȁ

ļȉƢǯIcircƾǬǠǳơContract

IumlƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơFree Volition

ETHǁƢǔǳơǲǠǨǳơDamages NtildeŚǤǳơƣƢǈƷȄǴǟƤƦǇȐƥƔơǂƯȍơIllicit gainOgraveǹȂǻƢǬǳơLaw

ƧƽƢŭơƪǐǻƆȐưǸǧƨǳȁƽǲǰǳƆƢǬƦǗǝȂǼƬƫǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƗƆƢǬƥƢǇƢǼƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯIcircETHǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷǳȏơǁƽƢǐǷǹƘƥȆǷƢǼƬȈǨǳơňƾŭơȆǿǵơǄƬ

1 Legally valid civil intercourse

IcircƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨȈǻƾŭơƩƢǫȐǠǳơ2 Decisions of the Court or other competent State authorities

IumlƨǳȁƾǳơĿƨǐƬƼŭơƩƢȀŪơȁǶǯƢƄơǵƢǰƷƗ3 Legal occurrences which are stipulated by the law

ETHǳơǞƟƢǫȂǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƢȀȈǴǟǎǼȇŖǳơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ4 Creation of spiritual values which are objects of intellectual property ownership

NtildeƨȇǂǰǨǳơƨȈǰǴŭơǹȂǻƢǫǞǔţŖǳơƨȈƷȁǂǳơǶȈǬǳơǝơƾƥƛ5 Possession of property with a legal basis

OgraveƨȈǰǴǸǴǳƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧǃƢȈūơ 6 Causing of damages due to acts contrary to the law

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OacuteǹȂǻƢǬǳơǦǳƢţǱƢǠǧƗǺǟƨŦƢǼǳơǁơǂǓȋơ7 Performance of works without authorization

OcircǎȈƻǂƫǹȁƾƥǱƢǸǟȋơƔơƽƗ8 Possession or use of property for ones benefits without a legal basis

OtildeƧƔƢǇƛňȂǻƢǫƾǼǇǹȁƾƥƢēǃƢȈƷȁƗŚǤǳơƨȈǰǴǷǱƢǸǠƬǇơ9 Other bases which are stipulated by law

OumlȃǂƻƗƾǟơȂǫǺǷǹȂǻƢǬǳơǾȈǴǟǎǼȇƢǷȁ ǺǷ Ǳȁȋơ ǲǐǨǳơǎǻ ƾǬǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȁ ƽȂǬǠǳơ ȁƩƢǷơǄƬǳȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ĺǂǤŭơ ƘǌǼƫȋơƩƢŹǂǐƬǳơȁƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǟƩƢǷơǄƬǳȏơǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂǬǠǳơ ǽƢƦǋƗ Ǻǟȁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ Ǻǟ ƧŐǠŭơȃǂƻ

ǶƟơǂŪơǽƢƦǋƗǺǟȁǾǻƘƥǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷǱȁȋơǲǐǨǳơĿȅǂǐŭơǝǂǌŭơǹƜǧơŚƻƗȁƾǬǠǳơƧƽǂǨǼŭơƧƽơǁȍơǝȁǂǌŭơŚǣǲǸǠǳơƤƦǇȐƥƔơǂƯȍơǹȂǻƢǬǳơ

ƨǨǴƬűƩȏƢū ǂǐƬƼŭơǑǂǠǳơ ơǀǿ ƾǠƥǁȂưȇ ǵơǄƬǳȏơ ǁƽƢǐŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śǻơȂǬǳơ ƢȀȈǴǟƪǐǻǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơǝȐǗƛƨǇơǁƽƨȈŷƗȃƾǷǱȂƷǱƙƢǈƫ

ǺǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǬȈƯȂǴǳȆǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐǳơǞǷǺǷƢǔƬŭơǮȇǂǌǳơȂǿȆǫȂǬūơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗƆƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯǴǏȋơǢƟƢǐǳơǂǰǨǳǶƳǂƬŭơǎǸǬƫǹƜǧǾƳȂǳơǽǀǿǾǠǷƨȈǳȂƠǈŭơǵƾǫȄǴǟǾǠǔƫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǬȈƯȂǴǳȆ

ƧǂǷƕƨȈǻȂǻƢǫƾǟƢǫȆǇǂȇǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹƢǯơƿƛƆȐưǸǧƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơǵơƾƼƬǇơȁƨǬȈƯȂǳơƨǣƢȈǐƥǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧǶƳǂƬŭơ ǲǸǠƬǈȇ ǹƗ śǠƬȈǧ ǾǷǄǴǷ ȁ

isŘǠŭơȁƗƧƾǟƢǬǳơǽǀǿƪȈƦưƫǁȁƾƥƽȂǬƬǳƧƽƢŭơǎǼǳǂǜǼǳIcircNtildeIacuteǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷƨȈǰǴŭơƤǈǯƣƢƦǇƗƾȇƾŢǍȂǐşňơǂȇȍơňƾŭơ

Causes of Ownership Article 140- Ownership is acquired 1- By the rehabilitation of waste land and the annexation of the allowable properties 2- By means of contracts and obligations 3- By acquisition in virtue of a right of pre-emption 4- By inheritance

ĿǶƳǂƬŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇȁƧǂƟơƾǳơǽǀǿǺǟƱȁǂƼǴǳǍƢǼǷȏȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤǈǯǁƽƢǐǷƽƾƷƢǼǿǝǂǌŭơƨȈǟǂǌǳƢǷƽƢǿŐƬǠȇȏƛȁǾǼǟƱǂţȏȁƾȇƾƸƬǳơơǀǿƾȈǨƫƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǙƢǨǳƗǱƢǸǠƬǇơƨǳƢūơǽǀǿ

ǎǼǳơ

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ƦƬȇ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂǳơ ǺǸǧ Ȃǿ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƗ ǶƳǂƬŭơ Ǻǿƿ ńƛ ǁƽƢ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƣƢǈƬǯơ ǶƳǂƬȇ ȁ Ownership is acquiredńƛǪȇǂǗǺǟƨȈǰǴŭơƤǈƬǰƫgtƢŭƆƢǸȈǈƳƆƢȈǻȂǻƢǫƘǘƻơǀǿȁ

ǹƗřǠƫńȁȋƢǧƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢǈƬǯơȁƨȈǰǴŭơƤǈǯśƥǩǁƢǧǭƢǼǿǹƗǮǳƿƨǴǟȁǎǼǴǳǵƾǿǾȈǧƣƢƦǇƗǭƢǼǿƨȈǰǴŭơƤǈƬǰĄƫƢȀƦƳȂŠǾǼȈǠǷƪƸƦǏƗǹȂǻƢǬǳơƢǿƽƾƷŖǳơƣƢƦǇȋơǹƜǧƨȈǻƢưǳơƢǷƗ

ƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢǈƬǯȏǾƦƳȂǷśǧǂǘǳơǞȈǫȂƫƾǠƥƨȈǰǴŭơƤǈǯǁƽƢǐǷƾƷơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƾǬǠǳơƆȐưǸǧ ƾǬǠǳơ ǲŰ ǞȈƦŭơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǪƷȅǂƬǌŭơƤǈƬǯƗ ǞȈƦǳơ ƾǬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƭǯ ƧǁƢƦǠǳơ ƨǣƢȈǏƪǻƢǯ ơƿƜǧŅƢ

Ownership shall be acquiredǪȇǂǗǺǟǹȂǰƬǇƨȈǰǴŭơƣƢǈƬǯơǩǂǗǹƗřǠȇơǀȀǧƨƠȈƦǳơǾǳƞȈēƢȀǷƢǰƷƗȄǴǟǝȐǗȍơȁƆơƾȈƳƢȀƬǧǂǠǷȁǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐŠǶƳǂƬŭơƨǗƢƷƛǹƗǮǳƿƽƢǨǷ

ǾǴǸǟƢȀȈǧƤǐȇŖǳơƨȇȂǤǴǳơơƨǣƢȈǏȁƨŦǂƫȄǴǟǄǯǂƫƢǼƬǇơǁƽƪǻƢǯƢŭȁȄǴǟǄǯǂǻȁǵơǄƬǳȏơǁƽƢǐǷȆǫƢƥǲȈŴǥȂǈǧƽȂǬǠǳ

ƾǬǠǳơ

ƾǬǠǳơǦȇǂǠƫǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠǳơśƥǩǂǨǳơ) Agreement ( ȁ) Contract (

ǥǂǟƾǬǳ ǩƢǨƫȏơǹȂǻƢǬǳơƔƢȀǬǧ ( Agreement ) ǾǻƗȄǴǟƔƢǌǻƛȄǴǟǂưǯƗȁƗśƫƽơǁƛǪǧơȂƫ ǵơǄƬǳơǾƟƢĔƛȁƗǾǴǬǻȁƗǻƛȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏƢǧƞǌǼȇǞȈƦǳơƾǬǟǾǴưǷǵơǄƬǳơƔƢǌ ǞƟƢƦǳơǺǷǲǯƤǻƢƳĿƩƢǷơǄƬǳơ

ȅǂƬǌŭơȁƨǳơȂūơǾǴưǷǵơǄƬǳơǲǬǻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺǷȁƗǂƻƕǺƟơƾǳǺƟơƽǺǷǺȇƾǳơȁƗǪūơǲǬǼƫǂƻƕǺȇƾŭǺȇƾǷǲȇƾǠƫȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǕǂǋƨǧƢǓƛȁƗǵơǄƬǳȏƢƥǲƳƗǹơǂƬǫơȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǾǴưǷǵơǄƬǳơ

ǾǳȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơȁ ǺȇƾǳơǾƥȆȀƬǼȇƔƢǧȂǳơǾǴưǷǵơǄƬǳơƔƢĔƛ

ƾǬǠǳơ ƢǷƗ ( Contract ) ǺǷǎƻƗȂȀǧ ƧƽƢŭơǾƬǧǂǟƾǫȁǩƢǨƫȏơIcircIcircIacuteIcircȆǈǻǂǨǳơňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǺǷǾǻơȄǴǟǪǧơȂƫ ǾǴǬǻȄǴǟȁƗǵơǄƬǳơƔƢǌǻƛǲǟśƫƽơǁƛƆƢǫƢǨƫơǹȂǰȇƾǬǟǲǯǹƗƶǔƬȇǮǳƿǺǷȁ

ƢǷƗ ȐǧǩƢǨƫȏơǬǟǹȂǰȇƾǾǳƆȐǫƢǻȁƗǵơǄƬǳȏƆƢƠǌǼǷǹƢǯơƿƛȏƛƆơǱƾǠȇǹƢǯǹƜǧ ǾȈȀǼȇȁƗǵơǄƬǳȏơƆơƾǬǟ ǆȈǳ ȂȀǧ

ȂǿśƸǴǘǐŭơśƥƨǫǂǨƬǳơǁƢȈǠǸǧ ǵơǄƬǳȏơƔƢĔƛȁƗǲȇƾǠƫ ǾǻƘƥƾǬǠǳơǥǂĄǟƾǫȁƢǿƿƢǨǻƛǹȂǻƢǬǳơǲǨǰȇƽȂǟȂǳơǺǷƨǟȂǸůȁƗƾǟȁƾǬǠǳơǹƜǧƆƢǔȇƗȁ

ȂǿǹȂǻƢǬǳơǾƦƫǂȇǂƯƗƭơƾƷƛȄǴǟǱȂƦǬǳƢƥƣƢŸȍơǕƢƦƫǁơȂǿƾǬǠǳơƾƷȂŭơȆǰȇǂǷȋơȅǁƢƴƬǳơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǄȈǷƾǫȁUniform Commercial CodeǩƢǨƫȏơȁƾǬǠǳơśƥ

ƧƽƢŭơĿƾǬǠǳơǥǂǟƾǬǧIcircIumlIacuteIcircIcircIumlǾǻƘƥ

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ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƘǌǼȇ ȅǀǳơ ňȂǻƢǬǳơ ǵơǄƬǳȏơ ǲǸůȁǥơǂǗȋơƨȇƗ ȁ ƾƷȂŭơ ȅǁƢƴƬǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ ƆƢǬǧ

ǪȈƦǘƬǳơƨƦƳơȁǾǳƨǬƸǴǷśǻơȂǫ

Contract as distinguished from agreement means the total legal obligation that results from the parties agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws

ƧƽƢŭơĿǩƢǨƫȏơǂǯǀǳơǦǳƢǇǹȂǻƢǬǳơǥǂǟȁIcircIumlIacuteIcircETHǾǻƘƥǺǷƢȀȈǴǟǱƾƬǈȇǞǫơȂǳơĿǥơǂǗȋơśƥƨǴǷƢǠǷ

ƻȋơƩȏƢūơǺǷȁƗǶȀǼȈƥǲǷƢǠƬǳơƨǤǳĿƢŠȃǂƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈǇȁƗƨǸƟƢǬǳơƩȐǷƢǠŭơǩƢȈǇǮǳƿ

ƨȇǁƢƴƬǳơ ƩơƽƢǠǳơ ǩƢȈǇ ȁƗ ƨǬƥƢǈǳơȂƸǼǳơ ȄǴǟ

ǾȈǴǟǍȂǐǼŭơOgrave

Agreement as distinguished from contract means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances including course of performance course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in

ƗȏƛƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǸǜǻȋơĿƾǬǠǳơƨȈǿƢǷǱȂǳƾǷǺȇƢƦƫǶǣǁȁƔƢȀǬǧśƥƽƾŰǾƦǋǩƢǨƫơǭƢǼǿǹơǄƬǳȏƘǌǼǷƾǬǠǳơǹƗňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơǵśǧǂǘǳơśƥƨǳƽƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơǄƬǳơƢȀǼǟǒƼǸƬȇƨȈǻȂǻƢǫǁƢƯƗǾǳȁśǠǷ

ƽȂǬǠǳơƨŦǂƫƨǣƢȈǏĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐǳơǱƢǸǠƬǇơǵơǄǳȍơ ƨǤǳ ƔƢǨǓƛ Ŀ ǝǂǌŭơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬǈȇ Ŗǳơ ƨȇȂǤǴǳơ ƧȂǬǳơ ƧǂǷȉơ ǢȈǐǳơ ƾǠĄƫ

ǴǟǾǗƢǌǻƽǂǨǳơǅǁƢŻŖǳơƨȈǇƢǇȋơƩơƽƾƄơƢȀƸǼǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǍȂǐǼǳơȄ ȁƢŮȐƻǺǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȀƬǤȈǏǪǧȁƩƢȈǏȂǐƻǶǿƗƾƷƘǯƨǴǸǰŭơƧƾǟƢǬǳơȁƧǂǷȉơƧƾǟƢǬǳơƗƾƦǷǹȂǻƢǬǳơƔƢȀǬǧŘƦƫƾǫȁ

ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧƾǟƢǬǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơƔƢȀǬǧǥǂǟƾǬǧ ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƧƾǟƢǬǳơ imperative rule ǃȂŸȏŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǦȇǂǠƫƢĔƘƥ

ǵƢǰƷƗǺǷƢȀȈǧƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơƽơǂǧȌǳǹȂǰȇƢȀǧȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫơǲǯȁ ǱƢưǷAringȐǗƢƥƨǠǨǌǳơȁƮȇǁơȂŭơǵƢǰƷƗǮǳƿƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǝơȂǻƗ

ƧǂǷƕ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ǂǷƗǂƳƗ Ǟǧƾƥ ǲǸǠǳơ ƣǁ ǂǷƘƫ Ŗǳơ ƧƾǟƢǬǳơǲǷƢǠǳơ Ƨ

ƨȈƦǴǇƧǂǷƕƾǟơȂǫ ȆĔňƾŭơǹȂǻƢǬǳơĿƾƟơȂǨǳơȆǓƢǬƫǺǟȄȀǼƫŖǳơƧƾǟƢǬǳơ)ƾǟơȂǬǴǳƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ

ƧǂǷȉơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǴưǷƗǁǂǬŭơƩƢƥȂǬǠǳơȁǶƟơǂŪơƽƾŢŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơ ƢŮ

ƢȀȈǧǶǰūơǵƢǜǻȁƨǳȁƾǳơǲǰǋƽƾŢŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǶǰŢŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơ ƨǳȁƾǳơƨǫȐǟƢȀȈǨǛȂŠ

ƨȇǂǰǈǠǳơƨǷƾŬơǶǜǼƫŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơ ƨȈǷơǄǳȍơ

˼

ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƔƢƦǟȋơ Ŀ ƨȈǳƢŭơ ƨǯǁƢǌŭơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨƫ Ŗǳơ ƾǟơȂǬǳơ ( ƤƟơǂǔǳơ ǭǁƢǸŪơ

ƨǴǸǰŭơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơƢǷƗ supplementary rules ȆȀǧ ƔƢƳƢǷǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸŖǳơƾǟơȂǬǳơǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ Ǹǈƫ ȁƢĔȂǰǳ ƨǴǸǰǷ Ȅ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǺȇƾǫƢǠǴǳ ƨǯǂƬǌŭơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ǲǸǰƫ

ĿƢŮǑǂǠƬǳơơȂǴǨǣƗŖǳơǲƟƢǈŭơ ǶǿƽȂǬǟǪȈǬŢĿƽơǂǧȋơƨǻȁƢǠǷńƛƾǟơȂǬǳơǽǀǿƨȈŷƗǞƳǂƫȁǾȈǳƛ ǾƴƬƫ ƢǷ ƾǇńƛ ƾǐǬƫ ǱȂǴƷ ŉƾǬƫ ǱȐƻǺǷ ǶēƽơǁƛǶȀƦǼŸ ƢŲ ǶēƢǧǂǐƫĿ ǽȂǴǨǣƗ ƢǷ

ǹƢȈƥńƛǁơǂǘǓȏơǲȈǏƢǨƬǳơǞȈŦǶǿƽȂǬǟĿ

ƾordmǟơȂǬǳơȁƧǂordmǷȉơƾordmǟơȂǬǳơǺordmȈƥƨordmǫǂǨƬǳơǁƢordmȈǠǷ ƨordmǴǸǰŭơȏȁƗoacuteȅƽƢordmŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȆordmǴǰǌǳơȆordmǜǨǴǳơ

ŐǠȇ ƢǷ Aring ƧƽƢǠǧ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƧƾǟƢǬǳơǎǻ ƨǣƢȈǏ ńƛ ǝȂƳǂǳơ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǝǂǌŭơƧƾǟƢǬǳơ ǹȂǯ ǺǟǪȇǂǗǺǟƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ

ƗǂǏ ǎǼǳơǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Aring ƨƷơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢŭƢƥ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǥȐƻ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǃơȂƳ

ȁƗ

ƣȄǴǟƱȁǂŬơǹƗȄǴǟǎǼǳơ ƆȐǗƢƥǞǬȇƧƽƢŭơ ȅƽƢŭơǁƢȈǠŭơƨǣƢȈǏƧǂordmordmǷƕƾordmordmǟơȂǫƾordmordmǟơȂǫ ƨordmordmǴǸǰǷ

ǮǳƿǥȐƻȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏǥȐşȆǔǬȇǩƢǨƫơƾƳȂȇŃƢǷ ǮǳƿȐƻȄǴǟǥơǂǗȋơǪǨƫơȂǳȁǮǳƿǥǮǳƿǥȐşǥǂǟƾƳȂȇŃƢǷǞǬȇ ǮǳƿǦǳƢźǩƢǨƫơǲǯƆȐǗƢƥ

ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteȆordmǟȂǓȂŭơǁƢordmȈǠŭơȂǿ Ǿƥ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǽƢǼǠǷȁǎǼǳơ ǹȂǸǔǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏƢƥǪƦǘȇȅǀǳơ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ńƛ ǂǜǼȇȏ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀȀǧ

ƢǿǂǿȂƳȁ ƧƾǟƢǬǳơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ńƛ ǲƥ ƧƾǟƢǬǳơ ƨǣƢȈǏ Ŀ ƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơ ǙƢǨǳȋơ

ơƿƛƪǻƢǯ ƧǂǷƕ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠǳơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƧƾǟƢǬǳơǃȂŸ ȏ ƢȀƬǨǳƢű

ȆȀǧ ƣơƽȉơ ȁ ǵƢǠǳơ ǵƢǜǼǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƧƾǟƢǬǳơƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǴǸǰǷ ƧƾǟƢǫƢȀƬǨǳƢű ǃȂŸ

ȏǾǻƗȏƛƽơǂǧȋơśƥƾǫƢǠƬǳơƨȇǂƷȂǿǲǏȋơ ǜǼǳơƨǨǳƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸƶƦǐȇȁƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠǳơǵƢƆȐǗƢƥ ǦǳƢƼŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ȏȁ ǾǷơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƆƢǬǴǘǷ ƆƢǻȐǘƥ

śȈǠƫĿŚƦǯǁȁƽƔƢǔǬǴǳ ƣơƽȉơȁǵƢǠǳơǵƢǜǼǳơļǂǰǧƽȁƾƷ

˼

ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǣƢȈǐǳơȁƨŦǂƬǳơĿƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐǳơǱƢǸǠƬǇơƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐǳơǦȇǂǠƫ

ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐǳƢƥƾǐǬȇ ( Words of authorities ) ƩƢǷơǄƬǳȏơȁǩȂǬūơƾȇƾƸƬǳǵƾƼƬǈƫŖǳơǢȈǐǳơǮǴƫȁ ƩơǁȂǜƄơƾȇƾŢȁƨȇǂȇƾǬƬǳơƩƢǘǴǈǳơǲȇȂţ

ǱƢǸǟȋơǺǷƣƗƽƾǫȁ ƧǂǷȉơǢȈǐǳơǺǟŐǠƬǳƨȇȂǤǳǙƢǨǳƗǱƢǸǠƬǇơȄǴǟǹȂȈǫȂǬūơ

ǲǠǳȁ ( shall ) ǺǷ ŦǂƬǳơǱƢůĿƆȏƢǸǠƬǇơǢȈǐǳơǂưǯƗƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨ

ƨȈǿƢǷƨǤȈǏǲǰǳƽǂǨǼǇȁ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơǱƢůĿƢȀƬǨȈǛȁ

ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǱƢůĿĽǺǷȁ

IcircƨǤȈǏǱƢǸǠƬǇơShallŖǳơƧǃǁƢƦǳơƩƢǷȐǠǳơȃƾƷƛƾǠƫ ƨǤȈǐǳơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬǈƫȁƨȇǄȈǴųȍơƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳơǄȈŤ ( shall ) ŚǌƬǳ

ǹƗŅƛ ƢȈǬǳơƤƳơȁǾȈǴǟǲǟƢǨǳơƢǷǲǸǠƥǵ

ơƿƛƢǸȈǇȏȁǲǸǠǳơơǀđǵƢȈǬǳƢƥǵǄǴǷȁƗ ǎƼǌǳơơǀǿǹƢǯƗƔơȂǇƆƢǐƼǋƢȀǬƦǈȇȅǀǳơǲǟƢǨǳơǹƢǯƩƢǯǂǌǳƢǯƆƢȇǁƢƦƬǟơȁƗƆƢȈǠȈƦǗ ƩƢƠȈŮơȁ

ǵƢȈǬǳƢƥǂǷȋơřǠŠƽȂǬǠǳơȁƩƢǠȇǂǌƬǳơĿƨǤȈǐǳơǽǀǿǵƾƼƬǈƫȁ ƢǷǲǸǠƥ

ƟơƽƢŮȁǲǸǠǳơơǀđǵƢȈǬǴǳǵơǄƬǳơǑǂǧȁƗƾȈǨȇȅǁƢƦƳƛřǠǷƆƢǸ ƧǂǰǧƆƢǷƢŤƾǠƦƬǈƫƢĔƛƢǸǯǵơǄǳȍơƨȇǂȇƾǬƬǳơƨǘǴǈǳơȁƗǥǂǐƬǳơƨȇǂƷ

ƨǤȈǏǱƢǸǠƬǇơƽȁƾƷ ( shall ) ǹȂǻƢǬǳơǱƢůĿ

IcircǭƢǼǿǹƗǺǟŚƦǠƬǴǳ ƾǫƢǠƬǳơĿǂǗƾƷƗȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƆƢȈǷơǄǳƛƆƢƠȈǋ The lease shall pay the rent on the first of each month

ǹƗƢǼǿƾų ( Shall ) ȁǂƳƘƬǈŭơȄǴǟƆƢǷơǄƬǳơƪǓǂǧ ƢǼǿǱƙƢǈƫǁȂưȇƾǫǵƾƼƬǈǻŃơƿƢŭ ( must )

ǺǷǂưǯƗƨȈǷơǄǳƛƢĔƗǁƢƦƬǟơȄǴǟ ( shall ) ȁƧǂƳȋơǞǧƾƥǂƳƘƬǈŭơǵǄǳƗǹȂǻƢǬǳơǹƗƨƥƢƳȍơȁƾȇƾŢǭǂƫǾǼǰǳ ƢǫǞǷǲǷƢǠƬǻƢǼƸƦǏƘǧǥơǂǗȌǳǞǧƾǳơǵȂȇƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫǺǷƪǬưƦǻơƨǴǸǰǷƧǂǷƕƧƾǟ

ǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟĿƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơǁȂǷȋơƾƷƗǁƢŸȍơǹƗƢǿơƽƚǷ IumlƢǷƢƠȈǋǲȇȂţȁƗƶǼǷǺǟŚƦǠƬǴǳ

The employee shall be reimbursed reasonable expenses

ƪǷƾƼƬǇơShallǺǟŚƦǠƬǴǳƆƢǼǸǓƢǼǿentitlementƢǠǳơȁƗǦǛȂŭơƶǼǷƤǇƢǼǷǒȇȂǠƫǲǷƢǸǟETHǲƦǬƬǈŭơĿƭƾŹǥȂǇƢǷƔȆǋǺǟŚƦǠƬǴǳ

The lease shall terminate on December 31 200Otilde

˼

ƢǼǿƩƔƢƳShallȆȀƬǼȇǥȂǇǁƢŸȍơƾǬǟǹƘƥǲƦǬƬǈŭơǺǷǃǺǟŚƦǠƬǴǳȆǠȈƦǘǳơƢȀǷƾƼƬǇơĿĿETHIcircŐǸǈȇƽNtildeƢƼŭơǵǄǟǹƢȈƦǳƢǔȇƗǲǸǠƬǈƫƔȆǋǲǠǧĿƤǗ

The Tenant shall do every effort to keep the premises in its previous conditions

ordmǧShallǽƾȀƳȃǁƢǐǫǱǀƥĿǂƳƘƬǈŭơƨȈǻǺǟǦǋƢǯȆǿƢǷǁƾǬƥǵơǄǳƛƨǤȈǏƪǈȈǳƢǼǿǁƢǬǠǳơȄǴǟǚǧƢƸȈǳ

OgraveƨȈǸƬūơǺǟŚƦǠƬǴǳinevitabilityWhen the Coliseum falls Rome shall fall

řǠǷƢēơƿƾƷĿƾȈǨƫƨȇǄȈǴųȍơƨǤǴǳơĿƨȈǈȈƟǁǱƢǠǧƗǭƢǼǿȁǵǄƬǴȇȆǿȁabide by comply with adhere to

ǱƢưǷThe licensee to abide by the following

ǲǠǨǳơƾȈǨȇabide byƢǷƔȆǌƥǎƻǂŭơƾȈǬƫȅƗǞǷļƘƫƆƢƦǳƢǣȁƢȀǴǠǨǳǥơǂǗȋơƾƷƗƢđƾȈǬƬȇƢȀǼȈǠƥƔƢȈǋƗƽƾŢǥȂǇƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠǳơǹƗ

ƨȈƟƢǔǬǳơǵƢǰƷȋơƨǧƢǓƛƾǠƥȃǂƻƗƧǂǷǱƢưŭơơǀǿǲǷƘƬǼǳȁshall

The licensee shall abide by the following

ƪǧƢǓƗơƿƢǷshallǎǼǴǳƪǷƢǫshallǞǷabide byĿǂǗśƥƧǂǷƕƧƾǟƢǫƾǼƦǳơǺǷǲǠƴǧśǧǂǘǳơƾƷƗǵơǄƬǳơƾȈǬƬƥ

ƢȀƬǨǳƢűȄǴǟǩƢǨƫȏơǃȂŸȏƾǫƢǠƬǳơSubject to paragraphs (c) and (d) a lawyer shall abide by a clients decisions concerning the objectives of representation

ǪƥƢǈǳơǱƢưŭơȆǨǧơǁơǂǬǳǱƢưƬǷȏơȂǿȁśǠǷǵơǄƬǳƢƥƾȈǬƬǷȆǷƢƄơǹƗƾųƩǲȈưǸƬǳơǲƟƢǈǷĿǾǴȈǯȁƢŮǾǴȈưŤƽȁƾƷȆǷƢƸǸǴǳƽƾŹǲȈǸǠǳơǹƗŘǠŠ

ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǀƻƘƫȏȁǖȈǈƦǳơǝǁƢǔŭơƨǤȈǏĿƆƢǸƟơƽļƘƫĽǺǷȁƢȀƬǠȈƦǘƥƨȈǷơǄǳƛǢȈǏǭƢǼǿshall ȆǿȁƢȀǴƦǫ

ǂǬȇdeclare acknowledge represent ǲƦǬȇaccept

ǪǧơȂȇagreeǱȂǬǻǹƗƨǣƢȈǐǳơǱȂǏƗĿǃȂŸȐǧ

The Company shall agree to

˽˹

ȂǿƶȈƸǐǳơƢŶƛȁ The Company agrees to

ƆƢȈǻƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏMust ơȁǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇȏƢǷƾǼǟƨȈǈȈƟǁƨǨǐƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨǤǴǳơĿǵƾƼƬǈƫǲǟƢǨǳơȄǴǟƆƢǓȁǂǨǷƢǷơǄƬǳơȁƆƢƦƳ

ǾƥǵƢȈǬǳơƤŸƢǷǲǸǟǭƢǼǿƢŶƛȁƨǴǸŪơĿMust means is required to Use must to show that the subject of the sentence is obligated to do something The employee must send notice within 30 days

ǵơƾƼƬǇơǹƗȅƗmustǽƔơƽƗȁƗǾǴǠǧƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơȁƗƾǬǠǳơĿǂǗƾƷƗǵǄƬǴȇƢǷǲǸǟƽȂƳȁǺǿǁǱƢưǷ

The employee must apply in writing to hisher supervisor for leave without pay

śǠǷǵơǄƬǳơǦǛȂŭơȁƗǲǷƢǠǳơȄǴǟǎǼǳơƤƳȁơƢǼǿǂǋƢƦŭơǾǈȈƟǁńƛƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǗŉƾǬƫȂǿȁǟǱȂǐūơƤǴǘǳƤƫǂǷǹȁƾƥƧǃƢƳƛȄǴ

ǱƢǸǠƬǇơƨǳƢūơǽǀǿĿǃȂŸȏshallǺǷǱƾƥmustƽƾŹŃȁǵơǄƬǳȏơƪƸƬǧńȁȋơǹȋǲǠǨǳơǺǷǑǂǤǳơƆƢƥȂƬǰǷƤǴǘǳơŉƾǬƬƥǵơǄƬǳȏơƩƽƾƷƧŚƻȋơƢǷƗ

ƆƢưǳƢƯoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬǇơwill ǴƬŰƩƢǷơƾƼƬǇơƨƯȐƯǭƢǼǿǹƘƥǒǠƦǳơƤǿƿƨǤȈǐǳƨǸwill ƽȂǬǠǳơĿ

IcircƾǬǠǳơĿȃȂǫȋơǥǂǘǳơƩƢǷơǄƬǳơǺǟŚƦǠƬǳơIumlƨƠǧƢǰƬŭơǥơǂǗȋơƩƢǷơǄƬǳơǺǟŚƦǠƬǳơETHƪŞȆǴƦǬƬǈǷƭƾƷǺǟŚƦǠƬǳơ

ǵƾƼƬǈƫǹƗǞǓơȂƬŭơƢǼȇƗǁĿȁshallƨǨȈǛȂƥǵȂǬƫwillǂǯǀǳơƨǨǳƢǈǳơƩȏƢūơĿǞǷǪǨƫơȁřȇȁǆȈƬȈǇoacuteǩȂǬūơƨȈǴǰƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨƥƢƬǰǳơǶǈǫǂȇƾǷoacuteǅƢǈǰƫƨǠǷƢƳƾȇƾŢĿǱƢǸǠƬǇơwillȆǴȇƢǸȈǧ

ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬǳơƨǫȐǠǳơĿǱȂƻƾǴǳǪƥƢǈǳơƾȈȀǸƬǳơĿǮǳƿƾŸȁȅƾǫƢǠƫǵơǄƬǳơǪǴƻĿƾǟȂǳơƆƢǠƥơǁoacuteƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬǇơmay

ǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴǇňȂǻƢǬǳơǲǟƢǨǳơƔƢǘǟȍǵƾƼƬǈƫǱȂǳƾǷǦǴƬźȁňȂǻƢǬǳơǲǠǨǳơǲǠǨȇȏȁƗǲǠǨȇǹȋƨȇƨǸǴǯshall ƨǸǴǯǱȂǳƾǷǺǟmay ƾȈǨƫƨȈǻƢưǳơƢǷƗǲǟƢǨǳơȆǴǟƆƢǷơǄƬǳơȁƗƆƢƦƳơȁǑǂǨƫŅȁȋơǹƗĿ

ǲǠǨȇȏȁƗǲǠǨȇǹƗĿňȂǻƢǬǳơǲǟƢǨǳơƨȇǂƷǃȂŸƨǷŐŭơśǻơȂǬǳơȁƽȂǬǠǳơȁƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȐǳƆƢǬǧȁǱƢưǷ

If a labor certification is denied the employer may make a request for reconsideration in writing and within 30 days of the date of the determination to the Certifying Officer who made the determination

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ơƽȍơƨȀƳǒǧǁƨǳƢƷĿǲǸǠǳơƣǂǳǎǼǳơơǀǿȄǘǟƗǵƾǬƬȇǹƗǲǷƢǠǴǳǲǸǟƧƽƢȀǋƶǼǷƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁǲǷƢǠǳơơǀǿǂǷƗĿǂǜǼǳơƧƽƢǟȍƣȂƬǰǷƤǴǘƥƧƽƢǟƛǃơȂŝǲǷƢǠǳơƣǂǳǪƷȄǘǟƗǹȂǻƢǬǳơƢǼǿ

ǂǜǼǳơƨǛȂƸǴǷ

ǺǷƽȂǐǬŭơǪƥƢǈǳơǎǼǳơǶȀǨǳlabor certificationĿƨǐƬƼŭơƧǁơƽȍơƨȀƳƢȀƸǼŤƧƽƢȀǋȆǿƩƢȇȏȂǳơȏǾǴƳȋƣȂǴǘŭơǲǸǠǳơǹƘƥƾȈǨƫǲǷƢǠǳơƣǂǳƢȀǷƾǬȈǳœǼƳȋơǲǷƢǠǴǳƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơ

ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơśǼǗơȂǷǺǷǾǴŰǲŹǺǷƾƳȂȇǱȂǏȂǴǳǾǷƢǰƷƗĿƮƸƦȇȁƨǬȈǫƽȁƨǐƷƢǧƨǫǂǘƥǎǼǳơƗǂǬȇǺǷȂǿǥǂƬƄơǶƳǂƬŭơǹƗȁǂǣȏȁ

ƨǳȂƦǬǷȁƨǸȈǴǇƨŦǂƫńƛǜūơǢȈǏǂ

IcircƨǤȈǏshall not śǠǷǲǸǟǲǠǧȁƗƢǷƔȆǋƔơƽƗǺǷƨǴǸŪơĿňȂǻƢǬǳơǲǟƢǨǳơǂǜƷřǠǷƾȈǨƬǳǵƾƼƬǈƫ

ǱƢưǷƨǯǂǌǳơŁƢǐǷǞǷǑǁƢǠƬȇǲǸǟȅƗǂǋƢƦȇǹƗǲǷƢǠǴǳǆȈǳ

Employee shall not perform any work inconsistent with the Companys interests IumlƨǤȈǏ not may

ǲǠǨǳơǲǠǨȇǹƗǾǳƵȂǸǈǷŚǣǾǻƘƥƾȈǨƫȁňȂǻƢǬǳơǲǟƢǨǳơǺǷƨȇǂȇƾǬƬǳơƨǘǴǈǳơƤǴǈǳǵƾƼƬǈƫǾȈǳƛǁƢǌŭơ

ǱƢưǷ

ǮǳƢŭơƨǬǧơȂǷǹȁƾƥǺǗƢƦǳơǺǷǽŚƳƘƬƥǵȂǬȇȁƗǁƢǬǠǳơǺǟǱǃƢǼƬȇǹƗǂƳƘƬǈǸǴǳǃȂŸȏTenant may not assign or sublet the Premises without Landlord s consent

ƨǷƢǿƨǛȂƸǴǷǺǷǲǯǀƻƘƫMust not May notǱƢǸǠƬǇơĿǵƢƬǳơǁǀūơǞǷǶǰūơǆǨǻMay not

ǱƢưǷThe clerk may not accept papers for filing after 500 pm

ƨǈǷƢŬơƨǟƢǈǳơƾǠƥǩơǁȁȋơǱȂƦǫǃȂŸȏǦǛȂŭơǹƗřǠȇơǀǿȁǾƥȂǌȇȁǶƟƢǟƢǼǿŘǠŭơǦǛȂǸǴǳȅǂȇƾǬƫȁǑȂǸǤǳơǍȂǐŬơơǀǿĿƢđǱȂǸǠŭơśǻơȂǬǳơȁƶƟơȂǴǳơǞǷǪǨƬȇȏȁ

ŅƢƬǳƢǯƨǴǸŪơƨǣƢȈǏȂǿƶȈƸǐǳơĽǺǷȁThe clerk is not authorized to accept papers for filing after 500 pm

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ƸǼŶŃȁǦǛȂŭơƔơƽƗƢǻƾȈǫƢǼǿƢǼǠǧǁȁśǻơȂǬǳơȁƶƟơȂǴǳƆƢǬƥƢǘǷǾǏƢǐƬƻơǞǫȂǧƨȇǂȇƾǬƫƨǘǴǇǾƽȂǐǬŭơŘǠŭơǺǟǆƦǴǳơȁǑȂǸǤǳơ

ŢļƢȈȅǂȇƾǬƫȁ

ǺŻƗȆǟƢƦǈǳơǱƢǸǯ

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ǵƢǟǲƻƾǷǒǠƦǳơƣǂǤƬǈȇƾǫƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƨȈǳƢǰǋƛǹƗƩƗƾƥǵƢǟǀǼǷIcircIumlOtildeIacuteƽȐȈŭơǲƦǫƩƾordmǬǟƢǷƾǼǟ

śȈưȈūơȁƨǼǟơǂǨǳơśƥƨƥȂƬǰǷǵȐǇƧƾǿƢǠǷǱȁƗƿƛƢĔƗśǻơȂordmǬǳơǪȈƦǘƫśƥƪǠŦƩƢǠȇǂǌordmƬǳơƾȈǯƘƫȁƣȂǠǌǳơǪƷǹƢǸǓȁƨǷƢǫƛǄordmȇǄǠƫȁǲǷƢordmǋȁǱƽƢǟǵȐǇǂordmǏơȁƗƨȇǂǰǈordmǠǳơƩƢordmǫȐǠǳơ

ȁƨȈǇƢǷȂǴƥƾǳơǱƽƢƦƫĿƩƢȈǳƢǰǋȍơƩǁȂǴƦƫƾǫȁƢǸƦǈƷȁǥȁǂǠŭơǺǸǧśƬǳȁƾǳơśƥƨǣƢȈǐǳơȁƩƢƸǴǘǐŭơƢordmǷ

ȁƧǂǬƬǈŭơƝƽƢƦǸǴǳƆƢǬǧȁƨȈǳȁƾǳơƩƢȈǫƢǨƫȏơȄǴǟǩƾǐƫǱȁƾǳơǹƗǥǂǠǳơǾȈǴǟǂǬƬǇơĿƢordmđǱȂǸǠŭơǞordmǷƢȀordmǓǁƢǠƬǳƨȇǁƢǇȁƧƾǧƢǻŚǣƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơƪƸƦǏȋǮǳǀǯŚǣǂǷȋơǹƢǯǹƜǧƨȈǼǗȂǳơƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ

ƨȇǁȂƬǇƾǳơƝƽƢƦŭơƨǳȁƾǴǳǹȂǻƢǬǳƢǧƨǳȁƾǴǳƨȈƴȀǼŭơƨǴǰȈŮơȁǵƢǠǳơǁƢǗȍơǲǰǌȇǲǬƬǈǷǶǴǠǯǱȁƾordmǳơǺǈordmƫǹƗǶȈǬƬǈȇȏȁ

ǞǸƬƴǸǴǳƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƨǷȂǜǼŭơǦǳƢţƩƢǠȇǂǌƫȁƗśǻơȂǫƧƾordmȈǳȁƩƢǠȇǂǌordmƬǳơȁśǻơȂǬǳƢǧĽǺǷȁǲƳƗǺǷƨȈŭƢǠǳơƩơŚǤƬŭơǮǳǀǯȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨǼƟƢǰǳơƨȈǧƢǬưǳơƩƢƯǁȂŭơƨƸǴǐǷǪŹǹǃơȂƫńƛǱȂǏȂǳơ

ƽǂǨǳơȁƨǳȁƾǳơƩƢƸǴǘǐordmǷǮordmǳƿǞƦƫƘordmǧśǻơȂǬǳơȁƩƢǠȇǂǌƬǴǳȆƟƢȀǼǳơƲƬǼŭơĿǂȇƢǤƫǲǰǋƩƢǧƢǬưǳơĿǂȇƢǤƬǳƢǧ

ȃǂƻȋƨǳȁƽǺǷŚǤƬƫǱȂǏƗȁǶȈǿƢǨǷȁƝƽƢƦǷȁǵȂordmȀǨŭơǺordmǷǱȂŢȁŖȈǧȂǈǳơƽƢŢȏơǁƢĔơƢǷƾǼǠǧǂǌŭơƾƳȁǂūơǩȂǈǳơńƛȆǯơǂƬǋȏơƧȂƳǂŭơǥơƾǿȋơǪǬŢȁƗȄǌǸƬƫȏśǻơȂǫśƥƆơǂƟƢƷǾǈǨǻǝ

ǞǸƬĐơĿǲǏƢūơŚǤƬǳơǞǷǪǨƬƫȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơƨȈŷƗ

ƩƢƦǇƢǼǷĿƩǂǯƿƢǸǯIcircƧƾȇƾǟƆȐǸȀǷƆƢǟǂǧƪǻƢǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗƧǂordmǏƢǫƨŦǂƬǳơƪǻƢǯȁǌǳơǒǠƥƨȈǸǴǠǳơȁƨȈƥƽȋơȁƨȈǧƢǬưǳơƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơȄǴǟǲǰǌordmƫŖordmǳơȆǿƽơȂŭơǽǀǿǹƗǪǴǘǼǷǺǷƔȆ

ȃǂƻȋơƩƢǧƢǬưǳơȄǴǟǝȐǗȏơǹƘƥǹƢŻȍơȁƨǬȈǬƷƨǔĔǪǴƻńƛƧȂǟƾǳơȁǞǸƬĐơĿƨȈǧƢǬưǳơƨǳƢūơƾȈƷȂǳơǲȈƦǈǳơȆǿƨŦǂƬǳơƪǻƢǯȁƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁǂȇȂǘƬǳơǲǷơȂǟƾƷƗśordmƥśordmǷȋơǲordmǫƢǼǳơǁȁƽƤǠǴǳ

ƩƢǧƢǬưǳơƨŦǂƬǳơǹƗǺǷǶǣǂǳƢƥȁƢȀȈǳƛǹȁǂǜǼȇơȂǻƢǯŚưǰǳơǹƗȏƛǝȁǂǨǳơǵƾǫƗǺǷƪǻƢǯƢǻǂǯƿƢǸǯƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơƱƿƢŶȁƤǳơȂǬǯƽǂƴǸǯƧǄǿƢƳƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơǪƟƢƯȂǳơǺǷƽƾŰƽƾǠǳoacuteǢordmȇǂǨƬǳơȁǺƸǌǴǳŚƦǠƬǳơǃƢƳǹƛ

ƪǫȁȅƗĿƨordmŭȂǠǳơȁǹƢǈǻȍơǩȂǬƷńƛƩơȂǟƾǳơȁǁǂƸƬǳơƩƢǯǂƷǁȂȀǛȁȆǓƢŭơǹǂǬǳơƩƢȇơƾƥǞǷȁŖordmǳơ

ǶordmƴƷƧƽƢordmȇǃȄordmǴǟƧȁȐǟƢēƢǠȇǂǌƫƨȈǫǂƫȁƮȇƾŢńƛǱȁƾǳơǾƴƬƫǹƗńƛŚƦǯǁȁƾƥƪǸȀǇƗ

˺ΩϮϘόϟΔϏΎϴλϭΔϤΟήΘϟϞΧΪϤϟϲϋΎΒδϟϝΎϤϛϦϤϳϦϴϳήμϤϟϦϴϳϮϐϠϟϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟΔϴόϤΠϟϲϜΒθϟϊϗϮϤϟ

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ورشة ترجمة قانونية محمد يوسف وسوسن عبود