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+00 +00 -00 NaN NaN +00 -00 NaN

00 00 + NaN NaN -00 + o o NaN

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

(I) . int, uint, long, ulong, float, double decimal. , .

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1 . ,

.

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51

.

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+ + Z - z + - 0 0 +0 -0 NaN

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+0 +0 -0 NaN NaN +0 -0 NaN

-0 -0 +0 NaN NaN -0 +0 NaN

+00 +0 0 - + o o 00 NaN NaN NaN

-

00 +0 0 oo + o o NaN NaN NaN


( decimal) 0 , 0.

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+ + Z z NaN NaN X X NaN

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+0 +0 +0 NaN NaN +0 +0 NaN

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+00 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

- 0 0 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN


( decimal) ,

0. .

52 3. ,

,

3.4.

3 . 4 . ,

using System; namespace Consol eApplicationl { class Classl


int x = 11, = 4; float z = 4; Console.WriteLineC z * ) ; // 16 Console.WriteLineC z * le308 ); // " Console.WriteLineC x / ) ; // 2 Console. WriteLineC x / z ) ; // 2.75 Console.WriteLineC x I ) : // 3 Console.WriteLineC le-324 / le-324 ); // NaN

} }

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decimal

,

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1 . ,

.

53

. 3.5. , z

.

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3 . 5 .

+

+0 -0 +00 - o o NaN

X z X X +00 -00 NaN

+0

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-0

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00

00 00 NaN -00 NaN

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

( - ) . int, ui nt, long, ulong, float, double decimal.

,

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decimal

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. 3.6. , z .

, .

,

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0 , - .

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-

+0 -0 +00 00 NaN

X X X 00 +00 NaN

+0 -

+0 +0 -00 +00 NaN

-0 -

-0 +0 -00 +00 NaN

+00 +00 +00 +00 NaN + o o NaN

00 00 00 00 00 NaN NaN

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

54 3. ,

( ) .

,

1.

( ) . ( ) , ( ), ( ). .

int, ui nt, long ulong.

3.5.

3 . 5 .


{ static void MainO

(=, ==, ! = ) .

, true false. . 3.7

3 . 7 .

== true, , fal se

! = true, , fal se

< true, , fal se

> true, , fal se

= true, , fal se

1 , 5 , int ui nt, 6 , long ulong.

byte = 3, b = 9; sbyte = 9, d = -9; Console.WriteLineC a 1 ) Console.WriteLineC a 2 ) Console.WriteLineC b 1 ) Console.WriteLineC 1 ) Console.WriteLineC d 1 )

// 6 // 12 // 4 // 4 // -5

55

,

, .

. , NaN, , !=, false ( != true). , ! = ! ( == ) , NaN, , = . ,

NaN, < false, ! ( >= ) true. :

+0 -0 ;

- - ;

+ + .

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( , . . ) . int, ui nt, long ulong.

, ( &), 1 , 1.

, ( | ) , 1 , 1.

( ) 1 , 1.

3.6.

3 . 6 .

using System: namespace ConsoleApplicationl { class Classl

{ static void MainO

Console.WriteLineC 6 & 5) Console.WriteLineC 6 | 5 ) Console.WriteLineC 6 A 5 )

// 4 // 7 // 3

56 3. , !

(&&) (11) one . true

false. .

true, ;

true. true

true.

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3.7.

3 . 7 .



Console WriteLineC true & & true ) ; // true Console WriteLineC true & & false ) ; // false Console WriteLineC true 1 1 true ); // true Console WriteLineC true J 1 false ) ; // true

} }

}

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int a = 11. b = 4; int max = b > a ? b : a; Console.WriteLineC max ); // 11

}

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59

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3.1. 3.9.

3 . 9 . using System: namespace ConsoleApplicationl { class Classl


int i = 3; double = 4.12: decimal d = 600m: string s = "";

Console WriteLineC "i - " + i ) ; // 1 Console WriteLineC "y = {0} \nd - { 1 } " . y. d ) ; // 2 Console WriteLineC "s = " + s ) : // 3

} }

}

60 3. , :

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WriteLine . ,

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61

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2. .

Convert, System, Parse, . 3.10 .

3 . 1 0 .

using System; namespace ConsoleApplicationl

class Classl { static void MainO

Console.WriteLineC " string s = Console.ReadLineO: Console.WriteLineC "s = " + s );

) ; // 1

Console.WriteLineC " " ); char = (char)Console.ReadO; // 2 Console.ReadLineC); // 3 Console.WriteLineC "c = " + ); string buf; // - Console.WriteLineC " " ); buf = Consol.ReadLineC); int i = Convert.ToInt32( buf ); 1/4 Console.WriteLineC i ) ;

Console.WriteLineC " " ); buf = Console.ReadLineO: double x = Convert.ToDouble buf ); // Console.WriteLineC x );

// 5

Console.WriteLineC " " ); buf = Console.ReadLineO; double - double.ParseC buf ); // Console.WriteLineC );

//

Console.WriteLineC " " ); buf - Console.ReadLineO; decimal z = decimal.ParseC buf ); // Console.WriteLineC z );

// 7

} }

62 3. ,

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1. ,

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Read, ( 2) . int, , - 1 , (, Enter). int, a char, int char , ,

(. . 49).

2 3, . ,

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Enter . Read, ReadLine, , , .

4 5 Convert, 6 7 Parse Double Decimal .NET, # double decimal.

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63

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11,

. 3.11 3.9, , output.txt. ,

, ...\ConsoleApplication1\bin\Debug.

3 . 1 1 .

using System; using System.10: namespace ConsoleApplicationl { class Classl


StreamWriter f = new StreamWriterC "output.txt" ) int i = 3; double = 4.12; decimal d = 600m; string s = "";

f.WriteLineC "i = " + i ); / /3 f.WriteLineC "y = {0} \nd = { 1 } " . y, d ); / / 4 f.WriteLineC "s = " + s ): l i b

f .CloseO; // 6

} }

} , :

1. ,

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3. - ( 3-5) .

4. ( 6 ) .

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. 3.12 , 3.10, input.txt, D:\C#. , .

// 1

// 2

64 3. ,

,

Visual Studio.NET. File New File... Text File.

3 . 1 2 .

using System; using System.10; namespace ConsoleApplicationl { class Classl


StreamReader f = new StreamReader( "d:\\C#\\input.txt" ); string s = f.ReadLineC); Console.WriteLineC "s = " + s );

char = (char)f.ReadO; f.ReadLineC); Console.WriteLineC "c = " + );

string buf; buf = f.ReadLineC); int i = Convert.ToInt32( buf ); Console.WriteLineC i ) ;

buf = f.ReadLineC); double x = Convert.ToDoubleC buf ); Console.WriteLineC x );

buf = f.ReadLineO; double = double.ParseC buf ); Console.WriteLineC );

buf = f.ReadLineO; decimal z = decimal.ParseC buf ); Console.WriteLineC z ); f.CloseC);

Math ,

. Math, System. :

: Sin, Cos, Tan;

: ASin, ACos, ATan, ATan2;

65

: Tanh, Sinh, Cosh;

: Exp, Log, LoglO;

( ), , : Abs, Sqrt, Sign;

: Ceiling, Floor, Round;

, : Mi n, Max;

, : Pow, IEEEReminder;

: BigMul;

: Di vRem.

, : .

. 3.8.

3 . 8 . Math

Abs

1 |x| Abs(x) Acos 2 double Acos(double x) Asin

double Asin(double x) Atan

double Atan(double x) Atan2

double Atan2(double x, double ) ,

BigMul long BigMul (int , int )

Ceiling

double Ceiling(double )

Cos double Cos(double )

Cosh double CoshCdouble )

DivRem

DivRem(x, , rem) E.

( ) double 2,71828182845905

Exp double ex ()

Floor

double Floor(double )

IEEERemainder double IEEERemainder(double ,

double ) Log double \ogex

Log(x) &

, .

2 .

66 3. ,

3.13 Math. .

3 . 1 3 . Math

u s i n g System; namespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n l { c l a s s C l a s s l

{ s t a t i c v o i d M a i n O {

C o n s o l e . W r i t e ( " x: " ); s t r i n g b u f = C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e ( ) ; d o u b l e x = d o u b l e . P a r s e ( b u f ); C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " s i n ; " + M a t h . S i n ( x ) ) ;

C o n s o l e . W r i t e ( " ; " ) ; b u f = C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e ( ) ; d o u b l e = d o u b l e . P a r s e b u f ); C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " : " + M a t h . M a x ( x , y ) ) ;

} }

}

= Vtv*-'2" + 2 tg2a + l,6103 log10x2 .

67

, -

1 . ->i, d o u b l e . 3.14.

1 3 . 1 4 .

i n g System: mespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n l

c l a s s C l a s s l { s t a t i c v o i d M a i n ( )

( s t r i n g b u f :

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " x" ) : b u f = C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e O : d o u b l e x = C o n v e r t . T o D o u b l e ( b u f ):

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " a i f a " ) ; b u f = C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e O : d o u b l e a = double.ParseC b u f );

d o u b l e = M a t h . S q r t ( M a t h . P I * x ) -Math.ExpC 0 . 2 * M a t h . S q r t ( a ) ) + 2 * Math.TanC 2 * a ) + 1.6e3 * M a t h . L o g ]0 i ' Math.PowCx. 2) );

Console.WriteLineC " x {0} a!fa - { ! ) " , x. a }; C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " = " + );

} }

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71

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3 , . 4.2.

72 4.

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4 . 1 .


{ static void MainO

Console.WriteLineC " x" ); string buf = Console.ReadLineO; double x = Convert.ToDoubleC buf );

Console.WriteLineC " " ); buf = Console.ReadLineO: double = double.ParseC buf );

int kol = 0: i f ( x * x + y * y < l ) k o l = 2 ; else if ( x * x + * < 4 ) kol = 1; Console.WriteLineC " = {0} ", kol );

,

, if:

73

-f ( temp < 1 ) k o l = 2; T o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C - " = { 0 } " , k o l ) ;

, i f

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f ( Math.AbsCa - b) 

. 4 . 3 . switch

:

switch ){ case __1: [ __1 ] case __2: [ __2 ]

case : [ ] [ default: ]

74 4. |

.

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d e f a u l t ( ? s w i t c h ).

, b r e a k , g o t o r e t u r n :

break s w i t c h , f o r , w h i l e do (. break, . 84);

g o t o , case s w i t c h (. goto, . 83);

r e t u r n , ( return, . 87).

g o t o ,

, .

4.2 , .

4 . 2 .

u s i n g System; namespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n ! : c l a s s C l a s s l

{ s t a t i c v o i d M a i n ( ) i

s t r i n g b u f ; d o u b l e . b. r e s ,

Cor isole. W r i t p i j n e ' " : " ) : buf" = Console ReadLineC): a = d o u b l e . P a r s e f b u f i ;

C o n s o l e . W r i i e L i n e C " " ); c h a r op - ( c h a r ) C o n s o l e . R e a d O : C o n s o l e . R e a c i L m e c ) ;

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " :" ) . b u f = C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e O ; b = d o u b l e . P a r s e C b u f );

,

, .

75

bool ok = t r u e : s w i t c h ( o p ) I i

case ' + 1 : res = a + b; b r e a k : case ' - 1 : r e s = a - b: b r e a k ; case ' * ' : res - a * b: b r e a k : case ' / ' : res = a / b: b r e a k : d e f a u l t : res = d o u b l e . N a N : ok = f a l s e : b r e a k :

i i f ( o k ) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C ". " + r e s ) : e l s e Console W r i t e L i n e C " "

d e f a u l t , , .

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switch if ,

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{ double Xn = -2, Xk = 12, dX = 2, t = 2. y; Console.WriteLineC "| x | |" ); //

double x = Xn; // 1 while ( x

78 4. /

4 , 3 () i f ( X >= X < 10 ) = t * ; i f ( >= 10 ) = 2 * t ; C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C "| { 0 . 6 } j { 1 . 6 += dX:

{ 1 . 6 } I", x . ) :

// 2 11 2 //' 3 // 4

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u s i n g System; namespace C o n s o l 1 i c a t i o n l { c l a s s C l a s s !

{ s t a t i c v o i d M a i n O

s t r i n g b u f : w h i l e ( t r u e ) {

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C "1 - _ 1 . 2 - __2. 3 - " ): b u f = C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e O : s w i t c h b u f )

case " 1 " " : // 1 C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " - _ 1 " ) :

79

b r e a k :

case "2 C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C b r e a k ;

// n y i K i a 2 ne( "oi;idaxa - _ 2 " ),

case " 3 " r e t u r n ;

d e f a u l t : C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " !" b r e a k ;

do , . 4.4, ,

do while ;

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c l a s s C l a s s l { s t a t i c v o i d M a i n O

c h a r answer: do

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " , a?" ) : answer = ( c h a r ) Console.Read ; C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e O ;

w h l i e ( answer != ' );

80 4.

,

cos(x) = 0,0001.

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1. .

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2.

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using System; namespace ConsoleApplicationi { class Classl

{ static void MainO

x = ( lef t + right ) / 2; if ( ( Math.Cos(x) - x ) * ( Math.Cos(left) - lef t ) < 0 )

right = x; else left = x;

} while ( Math.Abs( right - lef t ) < le-4 ); Console.WriteLineC " " + x );

double x, lef t = 0, right = 1; do

.

81

for :

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.

f o r ( !). 1 100:

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4.7 ,

4.3.

4 . 7 . , for

. 51n g System: -amespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n l


d o u b l e Xn = - 2 , Xk = 12. dX = 2. t = 2, y; C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C "| x | |"; //

f o r ( d o u b l e x = Xn; x = 0 && x < 10 ) = t * x ;

// 2 // 2

&

82 4.

4 . 7 ()

w h i l e f o r . , :

f o r :

f o r ( b l ; 2: ) ;

whi 1:

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;

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4.8 .

4 . 8 .

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{ s t a t i c v o i d M a i n O {

d o u b l e e = l e-6 ; c o n s t i n t M a x l t e r = 500; // C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " : " ) ; s t r i n g b u f = C o n s o l e . R e a d L i n e O ; d o u b l e x = Convert .ToDoubleC b u f );

bool done = t r u e ; // d o u b l e ch = 1, = c h : f o r ( i n t n = 0: M a t h . A b s ( c h ) > e; n++ ) {

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9 . 1 ()

{ Monster temp = (Monster) obj; if ( this.health > temp.health ) return 1; if ( this.health < temp.health ) return -1; return 0;

} string name; int health, ammo;

} class CI ass 1 { static void MainO

{ const int n = 3; Monster[] stado = new Monster[n];

stado[0] = new Monster( 50, 50, "" ); stado[l] = new Monster( 80, 80, "" ); stado[2] = new Monster( 40, 10, "" ) ' ;

Array.Sort( stado ); // foreach ( Monster el em in stado ) elem.Passport();

} }

} :

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{ int Compare ( object obi, object ob2 )

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9 . 2 .

. s i n g System;

. s i n g System.Col l e c t i o n s ; 'amespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i

c l a s s Monster {

p u b l i c M o n s t e r ( i n t h e a l t h , i n t ammo, s t r i n g name ) {

t h i s . h e a l t h = h e a l t h ; t h i s . a m m o = ammo; t h i s . n a m e = name;

}

p u b l i c i n t Ammo {

g e t { r e t u r n ammo; } s e t

{ i f ( v a l u e > 0) ammo = v a l u e ; e l s e ammo = 0;

} } p u b l i c s t r i n g Name {

g e t { r e t u r n name; } } v i r t u a l p u b l i c v o i d P a s s p o r t O {

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C "Monster { 0 } \ t h e a l t h = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } " , name, h e a l t h , ammo );

} p u b l i c c l a s s SortByName : IComparer // {

i n t IComparer.Compare( o b j e c t o b i , o b j e c t ob2 ) ^

202 9.

9 . 2 ()

Monster ml = ( M o n s t e r ) o b i : Monster m2 = ( M o n s t e r ) o b 2 ; r e t u r n S t r i n g . C o m p a r e ( m1.Name, m2.Name );

i n t . IComparer.Compare( o b j e c t o b i , o b j e c t ob2 ) {

Monster ml - ( M o n s t e r ) o b i : Monster ni2 - ( M o n s t e r ) o b 2 ; if ( ml.Ammo > m2.Ammo ) r e t u r n 1; i f ( ml.Ammo < m2.Ammo ) r e t u r n - 1 ; r e t u r n 0 .

c o n s t i n t n = 3 . Monster3 s t a d o new M o n s t e r ] ,

s t a d o [ 0 ] = new M o n s t e r ( 50. 5 0 . "" ); s t a d o [ l ] = new M o n s t e r ( 8 0 . 8 0 . "" ); s t a d o [ 2 ] = new M o n s t e r ( 4 0 . 10. "" ):

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " :" ) ; A r r a y . S o r t ( s t a d o , new Monster SortByName j ; f o r e a c h ( Monster el em in s t a d o ) el em. P a s s p o r t ' , ' ) .

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " " %:: A r r a y . S o r t ( s t a d o . new Monster.SortByAmmoO ); f o r e a c h ( M o n s t e r e lem in s t a d o ) e l e m . P a s s p o r t ( ) ;

p u b l i c c l a s s SortByAmmo : IComparer

s t r i n g name: m t h e a l t h , ammo;

Class C lass1 { s t a t i c void Mam()

:

:

Monster h e a l t h 50 ammo Monster h e a l t h = 40 ammo Monster h e a l t h = 80 ammo

50 10 30

.NET 203

:

Monster h e a l t h Monster h e a l t h Monster h e a l t h

h e a l t h = 40 ammo h e a l t h = 50 ammo h e a l t h = 80 ammo

10 50 80

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9.3 Monster .

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u s i n g System; namespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i

c l a s s Monster : IComparable {


t h i s . h e a l t h = h e a l t h ; t h i s . a m m o = ammo; t h i s . n a m e = name;

p u b l i c o v e r r i d e b o o l E q u a l s ( o b j e c t o b j ) {

i f ( o b j = = n u l l I I G e t T y p e O ! = o b j . G e t T y p e ( ) ) r e t u r n f a l s e ;

Monster temp = ( M o n s t e r ) o b j ; r e t u r n h e a l t h == t e m p . h e a l t h &&

ammo == temp.ammo && name == temp.name;

p u b l i c o v e r r i d e i n t GetHashCode() iP

204 9.

9 . 3 ()

{ return name.GetHashCode();

} public static bool operator == ( Monster a. Monster b ) {

return a.Equals( b ); }

// : // public static bool operator == ( Monster a, Monster b ) // { // return ( a.CompareTo( b ) == 0 j; // }

public static bool operator != ( Monster a, Monster b ) {

return ! a.Equals( b ); }

// : // public static bool operator != ( Monster a, Monster b ) // { // return ( a.CompareTo( b ) !- 0 ); // }

public static bool operator < ( Monster a, Monster b )

return ( a.CompareTo( b ) < 0 );

public static bool operator > ( Monster a. Monster b )

return ( a.CompareTo( b ) > 0 );

public static bool operator = 0 );

public int CompareTo( object obj )

.NET 205

Monster temp = ( M o n s t e r ) o b j ; i f ( t h i s . h e a l t h > t e m p . h e a l t h ) r e t u r n 1 ; i f ( t h i s . h e a l t h < t e m p . h e a l t h ) r e t u r n - 1 : r e t u r n 0 ;

} s t r i n g name; i n t h e a l t h , ammo;

} c l a s s C l a s s l { s t a t i c v o i d M a i n ( )

{ Monster = new M o n s t e r ( 7 0 , 8 0 , "" ); Monster = new M o n s t e r ( 8 0 , 8 0 , "" );

if ( > ) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " " ); e l s e if ( = ) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " " ); e l s e C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " " );

} }

:

( ICIoneable) .

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. 9 . 1 .

206 9.

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9 . 4 .

u s i n g System: namespace C o n s o l e A p p l I c a t i o n i {

c l a s s Monster : I C l o n e a b l e {


t h i s . h e a l t h = h e a l t h : t h i s . a m m o = ammo: t h i s . n a m e = name;

} p u b l i c Monster S h a l l o w C l o n e ( ) // {

r e t u r n ( M o n s t e r ) t h i s , M e m b e r w i s e C l o n e ( ) ; } p u b l i c o b j e c t C l o n e O / / {

r e t u r n new M o n s t e r ( t h i s . h e a l t h , t h i s . a m m o . " " + t h i s . n a m e ); }

v i r t u a l p u b l i c v o i d P a s s p o r t O {

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C "Monster { 0 } \t h e a l t h = { 1 } ammo = {2}", name, h e a l t h , ammo );

}

s t r i n g name; i n t h e a l t h , ammo;

}


.NET

{ Monster = new Monster( 70. 80. "" ); Monster X = ; Monster Y = .ShallowClone(); Monster Z = (51).CIone();

} }

} X , . , , .

Y Z, , .

( I Enumerable)

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207

208 9.

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9 . 5 .

using System; using System.Col lections; namespace ConsoleApplicationi

{ class Monster { . . . } class Daemon { . . . } class Stado ; IEnumerable // 1

{ private Monster[] mas; private int n;

public StadoO {

mas = new Monster[10]; n = 0;

}

public IEnumerator GetEnumeratoK) {

for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i ) yield return mas[i]; // 2 }

public void Add( Monster m ) {

if ( n >= 10 ) return; mas[n] = m: ++n;


{ Stado s = new StadoO; s.Add( new Monster() ); s.Add( new Monster("") ): s.Add( new Daemon );

foreach ( Monster m in s ) m.Passport();

.NET 209

, 2.0 , , IEnumerable ( 1), ( 2) . MoveNext Current IEnumerator.

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9 . 6 .

using System; using System.Collections; namespace ConsoleApplicationi

{ class Num : IEnumerable

{ public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() {

yield return "one"; yield return "two"; yield return "three"; yield return "oops";

} } class Classl { static void MainO

{ foreach ( string s in new NumO ) Console.WriteLineC s );

} :

one

two

three oops

( 1 5 ) :

using System; using System.Col lections;

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public IEnumerable MonstersOnlyO //

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a = 4 4 ; b = 3 3 : C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " { 0 } { 1 } " . a, b ) ;

} s t a t i c v o i d M a i n O

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{ p u b l i c Demo( i n t a, d o u b l e ) // {

t h i s . = ; t h i s . = :

} p u b l i c d o u b l e G e t y O // {

r e t u r n ;

} i n t ; d o u b l e ;

} c l a s s C l a s s l { s t a t i c v o i d M a i n O

{ Demo a = new Demo( 300, 0.002 ) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C a . G e t y O ) : Demo b = new Demo( 1, 5 . 7 1 ); C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C b . G e t y O ) ;

} }

}

// // ; 0,002 // // : 5 , 7 1

116 5. :

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{ public DemoC int a ) // 1 {

this.a = a: this. = 0.002;

} public Demo( double ) // 2 {

this.a = 1: this. = ;

}

Demo x = new Demo( 300 ); // 1 Demo = new DemoC 5.71 ); // 2

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{ public DemoC int a ) // 1 {

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Documents

Павловская Т.А - C#. Программирование на языке высокого уровня