2011 5 Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2011

http://cmr.ba.ouhk.edu.hk

1

0.670.600.560.54 0.53

______________________________________

2

Tallman & Wang

(1994)

(Spencer & Spencer, 993)

(Spencer & Spencer, 1993; Parry, 1998 )

(Cooper,

2000; Spencer & Spencer, 1993)

(Tao et al., 2006)

(Lado & Wilson, 1994; Tao

et al., 2006)

3

2000

(Feng & Wang, 2000; Chen & Ting, 2002)

(Wu, 2002; Chen & Ting, 2002)GRA

e.g. Feng & Wang, 2000; Ho

& Wu, 2006; Chang, 2006; Ho, 2006

e.g. Chen & Ting, 2002 )e.g.

Chang et al., 2000

GRA

GRA

(Mirabile, 1997)

(Boyatzis,

1982)

(Dianasari, 2001)

(Dalton, 1997)

(Wu & Lee, 2007)

4

(Robbins, 1994)

(Bateman & Snell, 1998)

Drucker (1988)

(Miborrow, 1988); Constable (1988)

Management Charter Initiative (MCI)

Spencer &

Spencer (1993)

(1) (

)(2) ()(3)

()(4) (

)(5) ()

5

Grey SystemDeng, 19821982

2003

Deng,

1989 (GRA) 1979 (Deng,

1982)

(Wu, 2002; Chen & Ting, 2002)

GRA

GRA

6

18 101

Likert

50 48 44 88%

Cronbach

Cronbach

Nunnally (1978) Alpha 0.7

0.7

1

(Cooper & Schindler, 1998)

( 25) ( 25)

t

(P

7

6

160 130 124 77.5%

(Construct Validity)

(Principal

components analysis) (factor-loading)

0.4; (varimax)

62.864 %

2

47

3

GRA

1

Alpha

0.8915 3 9

0.8336 1 6

0.9372 0 13

0.8521 4 5

0.9354 0 14

8

2

19.785 46.011% 46.011%

2.166 5.037% 51.048%

1.855 4.314% 55.362%

1.629 3.787% 59.149%

1.598 3.715% 62.864%

3

Alpha

1 4.2742 0.447 0.9157

2 4.2566 0.4784 0.9210

3 4.189 0.4582 0.8765

4 4.2369 0.4588 0.9050

5 4.2222 0.4551 0.9021

4.2417 0.4648 0.9722

2000

1515

Wu, 2002

2005

Step1. DA0Ai

A0 = (01 x , 0 2 x ,, j x0 ,,

9

n x0)jj = 1, 2, , nAi

Ai = (xi1 , xi2 ,xij ,, xin)i = 1, 2, , m

Step2. D

(1) Xnxijxij*

j j

(2) xob(j)

xob(j)

(3)

*ojx

Step3. 0ij0ij

Step4. (Grey Relational Coefficient) 0ij

(Distinguished Coefficient)

Step5. (Grey Relational Grade) 0i

0i

10

w j

Step6. (Grey Relational Ordinal)

101

GRG 0.670.600.560.54 0.53

A. :

(1)

GRG 0.750.71 0.69

,

(2)

GRG 0.700.670.65 0.54

11

;

;

(3) GRG

0.650.640.63 0.51

(4) GRG

0.870.830.81 0.64

(:)

(5) GRG

0.840.70 0.53

;

,,

12

B.

1.

2. (1999)

()

3.

;

13

Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective

performance. New York: John Wiley Publishing.

Chang, C. P. (2006). Managing business attributes and performance for

commercial banks. Journal of American academy of business, 9(1), 104109.

Chang, W. C., Wen, K. L., & Raiffa, H. (2000). The grey relation grade and its

application, Gulai Publisher.

Chen, C. N., & Ting, S. C. (2002). A study using the grey system theory to

evaluate the importance of various service quality factors. The International

Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(7), 838861.

Constable, J. (1988). The making of managers. New York: Longman.

Cooper, K. C. (2000). Effective competency modeling & reporting: A step-by-step

guide for improving individual & organizational performance. New York: AMA

Publication.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (1998). Business research methods

(International Ed.). Irwin: McGraw-Hill.

Dalton, M. (1997). Are competency models a waste? Training and Development,

51(10), 4649.

Deng, J. (1982). Control problems of grey systems. Systems and Control Letters,

1(5), 288294.

Deng, J. (1989). Introduction to grey system. The Journal of Grey System, 1(1),

124.

Dianasari, F., & Antariksa, Y. (2001, August 11). Using competency to source

future leaders. Jakarta Post. Retrieved from

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/08/11/using-competency-source-future

-leaders.html.

Drucker, P. F. (1988). The coming of the new organization. Harvard Business

Review, January-February.

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/08/11/using-competency-source-future-leaders.htmlhttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/08/11/using-competency-source-future-leaders.html

14

Feng, C. M., & Wang, R. T. (2000). Performance evaluation for airlines including

the consideration of financial ratios. Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(3),

132144.

Ho, C. T. (2006). Measuring bank operations performance: an approach based on

Grey Relation Analysis. Journal of the operational research society, 57(4),

337349.

Ho, C. T., & Wu, Y. S. (2006). Benchmarking performance indicators for banks.

Benchmarking, 13(1/2), 147159.

Lado, A. A., & Wilson, M. C. (1994). Human resource systems and sustained

competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of

Management Review, 19(4), 699727.

Miborrow, G. (1988). Crafty management. Management Today, 12, 322351.

Mirabile, R. J. (1997). Everything you wanted to know about competency

modeling. Training & Development, 51(8), 7377.

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.

Parry, S. B. (1998). Just what is a competency? (And why should you care?)

Training, 35(6), 5862.

Robbins, S. P. (1994). Organizational behavior (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Prentice hall International.

Snell S., & Bateman, T. S. (1998). Management - building competitive advantage,

(International Edition). Boston, MA: Irwin / McGraw Hill.

Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for

superior performance. UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Tallman, E. W., & Wang, P. (1994). Human capital and endogenous growth:

Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(1), 101124.

Tao, Y. H., Yeh, C. R., & Sun, S. I. (2006). Improving training needs assessment

processes via the internet: system design and qualitative study. Internet Research,

16(4), 427449.

15

Wu, H. H. (2002). A comparative study of using grey relational analysis in

multiple attribute decision making problems. Quality Engineering, 1(2), 209217.

Wu, W. W., & Lee, Y. T. (2007). Developing global managers competencies

using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Expert Systems with Applications, 32,

499507.

(2005)

2 1 1733

(2000)

(2003)