- ( , , ). " . . , () , . 40 , . ( , , ). 1. LDL : -CHD (Coronary Heart Disease). -LDL .2. Dyslipidemia: ( Demia ). , HDL -VLDL . -LDL, . .3. : 2-3. 1 10 , .4. : , (Widened Pulse Pressure) -CHD. ( , , ). , , , . 1. (Left Ventricular Hypertropi): . LVH , , , .2. : 3-4 ( ). (-47 ) , . .3. : , 65% . .4. : . , , , HDL, , , , , () ( ). Myocardial Infraction (MI - ) -20-25%. -200 " .5. : -CHD " -American Heart Association. , , II, , HDL , , LDL, -CRP ( ), , -LVU. -BMI. 1. .2. .3. .4. . (Obesity) ( ) . , . 50 -Obesity . -BMI. , . . -BMI -30. . , -BMR (Bazel Metabolic Rate), . -BMI . () (, , ) ( ). . . 24.2%, . ( -50% 28.1% ) (4.8% 18.7% ). 50% . , , . . , , , , - ( ), ( ) . , . , . :1. : .2. : .3. : . , .4. : . 8 -18 4.5 . , (, , ). , .5. : . , . . , . -, - (-) - ( ). -CAD ' -1950. ( ) ( ). , . , . (AHA, ACSM, CDC) : AHA (American Heart Association)1. 1 " (35%).2. , .3. -24% -18 .4. -12 .5. 30 .6. , , . , - ( ), , . - :1. ( ).2. .3. .4. ( ).5. ( ). , : 1. : Q = VO2 * A-VO2dif: , ( ) .2. : . ( ) -Cardiac Index, ( 3 ). . :1. .2. .3. (Cardiac Cycle). :1. Ejection Fraction ( ): ( ). , . 55-80% 67%. -55% .2. EchoCardioGrpahy: (Echo = ). . .3. ElectroCardioGram (ECG): .4. ECG Exercise Test: . 20 6 ( , , , , ). .5. Acute Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise: - . , .6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): . , , . , .7. Cardiac Cateterization ( ): ( ) . , Cardiac Angiography .

, , Myocardical Infraction, . , . . . . . . :1. ( ).2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .7. / .8. .9. . . , . , . , , . ( ): . .: . . .: 5-20 . . , .: . .: . , , . .

Pressure = Cardiac Output * Resistance. . , , . , . , . ( ) (). - :1. ( ).2. ( -CO2, , , ' -PH).

( , ). CO2.

/ -PH . -Compliance , .3. , . ( ).4. .Atherosclerosis ( ) ( ) . -50% ( , ). () () () ( ). , , , , .

LDL ( ). Glycosaminoglycans ( ) . ( ) '' . LDL (oxLDL) . -LDL / (Adhesion Molecules). (/ ) . . ' -LDL . ' (Foam Cells). - Fattey Streak. . -Intima -Media -IEM (Iternal Elastic Membrane), . , () . , , ( ). (-) . () , . ( NO). . . , ( ) . . . . . . Angiogenesis. ( ) , . , . . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCYAOeEe6-w&feature=related

, . . '' . . . . . C, E . (SOD): ( ) (H2O2) . , . , . . ' . . HDL, (Bile Acid). ' , (Lipid Rich Center). ( ) () '. ( ' ), NO ( - Vasso Dilatation) Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) ( ). . ( = ) . ( ) :1. -75% ( ). (Myocardial Infraction).2. .3. . .4. - .5. . 1. -LDL .2. .3. ( ).4. : CO .5. : II .6. : .7. , .8. . Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) . . ( ) ( , ). (Myocardial Oxygen Demand) :1. : ( ) .2. : .3. : . , . , , . , . , CHD:1. .2. .3. .4. (Myocardial Infraction MI) .-2002 7.2 -CHD. -40 CHD. , CHD (40%) (10-20%). , 10 . 75 , . , . , . " 13,000,000 -CHD, . . -CHD . ( ), . , , , . -CHD :1. .2. ().3. .4. .5. .6. .7. .8. .9. .10. .11. . ( ). , . . ( , , ) , . () . ( ) :1. .2. .3. .4. . ( ). . (Left Main) (Left Anterior Descending) . , . . :1. ElectroCardioGram (ECG): 12 (/). " . " , .2. Radionuclide Test: . . ". .3. Coronary Angiogram (Arteriography): . .4. EchoCardioGraph: , .5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): . (Ischemic Heart Diseases IHD) : , , ( ). . . , . . ( ), , . , , , . :1. .2. .3. .4. : . . . 90% , 50%. , . . , , , . -60 . . 40-60 ( ). ( ) ." T , ST Q . , , . . () , " ST . . . , , . Myocardial Infraction ( ) . . . . . . . ." -565,000 -300,000 . 65 , 1.4 , ( , ). , . . AHA (American Heart Association) 40% . , . . , . (). : Left Main, Left Anterior Descending, Right Coronary Artery, Circumflex, . (85%) -75%. . , . . : (T,I), . , . Aneurysm. - . . , . 10, .1. , .2. (, , ).3. .4. ( ).5. .6. .7. .8. .9. . . . ( ). , . , .-7.8% , . . (Pulsatile) ( 70 "/"). () . (GLUT4) . . , , . . . . . : , . Type 15-10% , . ( ) . Type 1 . Type 1 . . . -80% . . , . ( " ") : ( ), ( ), ( ), , . Type II 90-95% . , , , . -80% 2 . , . . . , . ( ) . , , , . . , ( ). , . . () . . , . ( ), . , , . , . / . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnIWDxuZKUo&feature=related . 50% Type II . : Type 1. . ( ). , , , . .: . , . . :1. : .1. .2. .3. ( ).2. : , . , , . , . :1. .2. Aldose Reductase. .3. .4. . Cardiac Cycle - . . 80% . ( ). -120 ". . Isovolumetric Contraction ( ). , . ( 120 " ). . ( ). . Isovolumetric Relaxation ( ). ( ) . . . . Primary/Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension. -10-20 . 65 20. 2003 -277,000 ". 90% 50. 120/80 110/70. -20 " ( , ). , . , 50-60 , (Pulse Pressure, ) . ( ). -140/90 " . . , . 1. .2. ().3. ( , ).4. ( ).5. .6. .7. .8. .9. .10. . ( ' '). ():1. MI (Myocardial infraction)2. CHF (Cogestive Heart Failure) 3. Thrombotic & Hemorrhagic Strokes4. Hypertensive Encephalopathy5. Renal Failure , -After Load ( ). . , -Ischemia . . Shock ( - ) . . :1. : (, , ).2. .3. ( ).4. Cardiac Tamponda: .5. ( MI ).6. ( ).7. Aortic Dissection: . .8. .Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) ( ) ( ) . . ( ) (Ejection Fraction). , , , , .60% ( ). ( ) . , . " -CHF, -290,000 , -550,000 . . 65 . 1. 50% -Ejection Fraction: -ESV (End Systolic Volume) -EDV (End Dyastolic Volume).2. .3. ( ) -. 2 : 1. 1 .2. 1 2 Angiotensine Converting Enzyme, ACE. . 2 . (Compliance, ). , 2 (Vicious Cycle).4. . (Remodelling) , . . . LVF (Left Ventricular Failure - ): ( ), . , , , ( ). . . , :1. , ( ). -(End Diastolic Pressure) EDP.2. , () .3. ( ) . . . , . . , . . , , .RVF (Right Ventricular Failure - ): : , . :1. -Afterload .2. . . , .3. . LVF: , . Valvular Heart Disease AtrioVentricular (AV) Valves () . -Tricuspid Valve , -Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve , . . , . , ( ) , . Prolapse, Papillary Muscle. Chordae Tendiae. . Semilunar Valves () . -Pulmonary Valve , -Aortic Valve . , . , ( ) ( ) . . . . . . . . :1. (Stenosis): . .2. (Regurgitation): . () . .

(Stenosis) 1. .2. ().3. .4. . -Afterload . , ( ) . -EDP ( ). (Regurigation) : , - ( -), . ( ) ( , ).: /, , , , . , . 1. ( ), . , (Ejection Fraction ).2. : ( ), , . -Afterload , ( ). , , . -Afterload . , .3. -Afterload . . , . . . . , . ( ) . , .

Stenosis () : , ( ). ( ): , . ( ). . , .Regurigation () . . . , ( ). . ( ). : , ( ) . . , ( ). 1967 . , ( ).-1981 . 1985 . -3 75%, -3,000-4,000 . 1. .2. 55, .3. (, 1, ) ( ). . ( ) 90-110 . . , , .Cardiomyopathies -1957. , . :1. Primary Cardiomyopathies: () .2. Secondary Cardiomyopathies: .Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) -Primary. , . . Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR). : , . , . .Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) . . . CMR. , . . : , , , , , , , ( ), 20-25% -DCM .Myocarditis (Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy) ( ). (, IL-6) (, ). , . , . , . : , , , , , , , , ST ". . . , Dilated Cardiomipathy -ESV -EDV -45%.1. .2. .3. ( ).4. - ( ).5. ( ). , . ( ) .Ischemic Cardiomyopathy ( 70% ), . 15-40% 12-24 ( ). , . ( , ), . . -65 -3 . 2020 .Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - . , COPD . : , , , , , , . . -COPD . . / ( CT): . . . . ( , Parenchyma) . -COPD , . . -COPD , ( ) . a-Antitrypsin ( ). , ( ). , ( ) . Dyspenea ( ) , . -a-Antitrypsin , . ( , ). (Bronchi), (Bronchiole) (). , . ( ) . , . ( ), ( ). . , . . FEV1 ( ). -COPD ( ). (). , . . . , . , . , . , . Dynamic Hyperinflation ( ), . . Dynamic Hyperinflation. - . ( ), . . , .1. ( ).2. (Hemoptysis), ( ).3. Tachypnea .4. , .5. .6. , .7. .8. .9. .10. .11. .12. . (FEV1 -1 ):1. ( ) , ( ).2. CO2 .3. .1. FEV1 -80%.2. FEV1/FVC -0.7.3. , . ( ), , . COPD , .1. : COPD, . 2. : . , .3. : .4. ( ): . . : Branchioles, Alveoli, Alveolar Ducts , . ' . , ( ) "" . , . () ( ) ( ). V/Q , ( ). , V/Q . () V/Q . , Physiological Shunt ( , ).COPD . -COPD , . , -COPD . :1. Polychythemia ( ).2. Hypoxic VasoConstriction ( ).3. Systemic Inlfamation ( ).4. Endothelial Dysfunction ( , ). :1. Muscularization: () , . .2. Intima Fibrosis: . . , NO . COPD Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR). . , . COPD V/Q . Hyperinflation ( ) -Exertional Hyopxemia. , .29