2 주차 Listening Skills

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학습내용

Listening Strategies

Listening Skills

Listening Process

학습목표

What is the difference between

listening skills and listening strategies?

What kinds of listening skills do second

language learners need to develop?

What are listening processes?

To answer to the following questions:

2 주차 Listening Skills

학습하기 1. Listening Process

What are

listening processes?

1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes

Bottom-up

Top-down

1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes

Focuses on individual components of oral

discourse

Bottom-up processes

Comprehension is a process of decoding

message (phonemes words phrases

clauses sentences).

1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes

Richards(1990): bottom-up processes

①Scanning: “thebookwhichIlentyou”

②Segmenting: “the book which I lent you”

(6 words)

③Using phonological cues:

“lent you” [lenʧu] ④Using grammatical cues:

[the book which I] [lent you] (X)

[the book] [which I lent you] (O)

1. Listening Processes

Useful Internet Sites for facilitating

bottom-up processes

①Listen & Write

http://www.listen-and-

write.com/audio/showt/11218

1. Listening Processes

② Lyricstraining

http://lyricstraining.com/search?

genre=soundtrack&sort=hits

1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes

Focuses on the macro-features of

discourse such as speaker‟s purpose and

the discourse topic.

Top-down processes

Comprehension is a process of activating

the listener‟s background information and

schemata for a global understanding of

the message.

1. Listening Processes

E.g.

① Understanding the kind of „candle‟

“I forgot to buy candles at the

grocery store.”

Candles

birthday candles for friend‟s

birthday

Candles for power outrage

1. Listening Processes

E.g.

② Understanding “for here to go” in a

fast food restaurant.

1. Listening Processes

Useful Internet Sites for facilitating

top-down processes

① ESL-Lab

http://www.esl-lab.com/

1. Listening Processes

Useful Internet Sites for facilitating

top-down processes

② ELLLO

http://www.elllo.org/

2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)

Psycholinguistic Processes (Bottom-up)

Social Features

(Top-down)

Levelt’ Model(1993) CONCEPTUALIZER

monitoring message

generation

communicative

intention

FORMULATOR

grammatical

encoding

surface

structure

phonological

encoding

Phonetic/articulatory plan

(internal speech)

message

ARTICULATOR

overt speech

discourse

processing

inferred

intention

PARSER

grammatical

decoding

lexical –prosodic

representation

phonological

decoding &

lexical selection

phonetic

representation

Parsed speech/

derived message

ACOUSTIC –

PHONETIC

PROCESSOR

speech

LEXICON

lemmas

lexsmec

2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)

Acoustic phonetic processor: analyzing

the speech signal and processing a

representation of its sound not easy

because of the speed and clarity of what

is being said, the amount of background

noise, and the speaker‟s dialect

ACOUSTIC –

PHONETIC

PROCESSOR

speech

2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)

Parser: separating

the stream of speech

into separate words

by using syntactic,

phonological, and

lexical knowledge

of the language

PARSER

grammatical

decoding

lexical –prosodic

representation

phonological

decoding &

lexical selection

phonetic

representation

Parsed speech/

derived message

2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)

Conceptualizer: enabling the listener to

understand the speaker‟s intended

meaning, by activating and using the

listener‟s knowledge of the situation, both

of the world and of previous experience of

discourse

CONCEPTUALIZER

monitoring message

generation

communicative

intention

message

discourse

processing

inferred

intention

Parsed speech/

derived message

Levelt’ Model(1993) CONCEPTUALIZER

monitoring message

generation

communicative

intention

FORMULATOR

grammatical

encoding

surface

structure

phonological

encoding

Phonetic/articulatory plan

(internal speech)

message

ARTICULATOR

overt speech

discourse

processing

inferred

intention

PARSER

grammatical

decoding

lexical –prosodic

representation

phonological

decoding &

lexical selection

phonetic

representation

Parsed speech/

derived message

ACOUSTIC –

PHONETIC

PROCESSOR

speech

LEXICON

lemmas

lexsmec

2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)

Psycholinguistic aspects(bottom-up):

more stressed in the acoustic-phonetic

and parsing stages

Social aspects(top-down): more

prominent in the conceptualizing stage

2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)

Both bottom-up and top-down processes

happen in parallel at the same time.

Psycholinguistic Processes (Bottom-up)

Social Features

(Top-down)

2 주차 Listening Skills

학습하기 2. Listening Skills

What kinds of listening

skills do L2 learners

need to develop

Listening Skills

Perception

Matching sounds to language

Interpreting meaning

using knowledge of the world

Dealing with information

Interacting with the speaker

1. Listening Skills

These skills operate in conjunction with

each other rather than separately.

1. Listening Skills

Recognizing individual sounds

Perception

1. Listening Skills

Discriminating between sounds

Identifying reduced sounds in connected

speech

Identifying stressed syllables

Identifying changes in intonation

Identifying individual word boundaries

Matching sounds to language

items in an effort to move towards

understanding meaning

1. Listening Skills

Identifying words

Activating grammatical and semantic

information about the words

Identifying „key‟ words which give an idea

about the topic(proposition) of the

message

1. Listening Skills

Identifying discourse markers

Inferring the meaning of unknown words

Using knowledge of the topic to guess

what the speaker might be saying about it

(content schemata)

Interpreting meaning using

knowledge of the world

1. Listening Skills

Connecting groups of words to non-

linguistic features in the context, such as

expressions, gestures, and objects

Using knowledge about the patterns that

particular oral interactions typically take

(formal schemata)

1. Listening Skills

Understanding the overall idea of what

you hear (gist)

Dealing with information

1. Listening Skills

Understanding the main points

Understanding details

Inferring information which is not explicitly

stated, or which the listener has missed

Coping with variations among speakers,

e.g. in speed or accent

Interacting with the speaker

1. Listening Skills

Recognizing the speaker‟s intention

Identifying the speaker‟s mood/attitude

Predicting what the speaker will say next

If the speaker expects a reply, recognizing

turn-taking signals

1. Listening Skills

Formulating a response to what the

speaker has said

2 주차 Listening Skills

학습하기 3. Listening Strategies

What is the difference

between listening skills

and listening strategies

1. Listening Strategies

Listening strategies are efforts to

overcome problems and

uncertainties in understanding a

spoken message

1. Listening Strategies

Guessing the meaning of words the

listener is uncertain about, or has missed,

from clues in the linguistic or non-

linguistic context

Inferring

Getting the speaker to repeat something

which the listener has missed

Seeking clarification

1. Listening Strategies

Rehearsing in your mind what speakers

are likely to be going to say, in order to

help you to understand better when they

actually start speaking

Predicting

1. Listening Strategies

Concentrating and persevering despite

problems with understanding

Focusing

Trying to get the main idea and not

worrying about understanding every word

2 주차 Listening Skills

정리하기

1. Listening Processes

01 Bottom-up and Top-down Processes

Bottom-up processes: focuses on

individual components of oral

discourse

Top-down processes: focuses on the

macro-features of discourse

1. Listening Processes

02 Psycholinguistic Processes &

Social Features

Psycholinguistic aspect: acoustic-

phonetic and parsing stages

Social aspect: conceptualizing stage

→ Both are processed in parallel.

2. Listening Skills

01 Perception

Recognizing and identifying sounds,

syllables and intonation

02 Matching sounds into language items

Identifying words, activating

grammatical and semantic

information, identifying key words

and discourse markers, and inferring

the meaning of unknown words

2. Listening Skills

03 Interpreting meaning using

knowledge of the world

using content schemata, and formal

schemata

04 Dealing with information

understanding the overall idea, the

main idea and details, and inferring

information

2. Listening Skills

05 Interacting with the speaker

copying with variations, identifying

the speaker‟s attitude, predicting

what will be said next, recognizing

turn-taking signals, and formulating a

response

3. Listening Strategies

01 Inferring

guessing the meaning of words

02 Seeking clarification

asking for repetition

3. Listening Strategies

03 Predicting

rehearsing in mind

04 Focusing

concentrating and persevering, and

trying to get the main idea not every

word