物流英语物流英语Logistics EnglishLogistics English

科学出版社科学出版社

Unit 1 Elements of LogisticsUnit 1 Elements of Logistics

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions

What does logistics mean to you?What does logistics mean to you? What made logistics a well-recognized What made logistics a well-recognized

business?business? Work with your partner and try to tell Work with your partner and try to tell

the class what aspects logistics include.the class what aspects logistics include.

Words and ExpressionsWords and Expressions

maneuverability n. maneuverability n. maneuver v. /n. 1maneuver v. /n. 1 1.[countable] a skilful or careful movement that you 1.[countable] a skilful or careful movement that you

make, for example in order to avoid something or make, for example in order to avoid something or go through a narrow spacego through a narrow space

► egeg. . A careful driver will often stop talking before A careful driver will often stop talking before carrying out a complex maneuver. carrying out a complex maneuver.

2.[uncountable and countable] a skilful or carefully 2.[uncountable and countable] a skilful or carefully planned action intended to gain an advantage for planned action intended to gain an advantage for yourselfyourself

► eg.They tried by diplomatic maneuvers to eg.They tried by diplomatic maneuvers to obtain an agreement.obtain an agreement.

flexibility n. flexibility n. 适应性适应性 , , 机动性机动性 flexible adj. flexible adj.

eg. Flexible plastic tubingeg. Flexible plastic tubing

eg. Our plans are quite flexble.eg. Our plans are quite flexble.

integrated adj. integrated adj. 综合的综合的 ,, 完整的完整的 integration n. integration n.

eg. An integrated transport plan/ an integrated eg. An integrated transport plan/ an integrated personalitypersonality

eg. The integration of black children into the school eg. The integration of black children into the school system in the Southern States of Americasystem in the Southern States of America

containment n. containment n. 阻止阻止 , , 遏制遏制 contain v. contain v. 包含包含 ; ; 控制控制 ; ; 阻止阻止 eg. Until we’d built up sufficient forces to drive the eg. Until we’d built up sufficient forces to drive the invaders back, we pursued a policy of containment.invaders back, we pursued a policy of containment.

eg. Her statement contains several inaccuracies.eg. Her statement contains several inaccuracies.

eg. I was so furious that I couldn’t contain myself.eg. I was so furious that I couldn’t contain myself.

eg. Has the revolt been contained ?eg. Has the revolt been contained ?

overlook v.overlook v.

1.1.to not notice something, or not see how important it isto not notice something, or not see how important it is ￚￚ synonym synonym missmiss

eg. eg. It is easy to overlook a small detail like that.It is easy to overlook a small detail like that.

Nobody could overlook the fact that box office sales were Nobody could overlook the fact that box office sales were down.down.

2. to forgive someone's mistake, bad behaviour etc and take no action2. to forgive someone's mistake, bad behaviour etc and take no action

eg. She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults.eg. She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults.

3. if a house, room etc overlooks something, it has a view of it, usually 3. if a house, room etc overlooks something, it has a view of it, usually from above from above eg. Our room overlooks the ocean.eg. Our room overlooks the ocean.

Proceed v.Proceed v.

1.formal to continue to do something that has already been planned or 1.formal to continue to do something that has already been planned or startedstartedproceed withproceed with eg. The government was determined to proceed with the election.eg. The government was determined to proceed with the election. Before proceeding further, we must define our terms.Before proceeding further, we must define our terms.

2. proceed to do something, to do something after doing something 2. proceed to do something, to do something after doing something else first - used sometimes to express surprise or annoyanceelse first - used sometimes to express surprise or annoyance eg. Sammy took off his coat and proceeded to undo his boots.eg. Sammy took off his coat and proceeded to undo his boots.

3. proceed against somebody : to begin a legal case against someone3. proceed against somebody : to begin a legal case against someone proceed from something :to happen or exist as a result of proceed from something :to happen or exist as a result of somethingsomething eg. ideas that proceed from a disturbed state of mindeg. ideas that proceed from a disturbed state of mind

adapt v.adapt v.

1.[intransitive and transitive] to gradually change your behaviour 1.[intransitive and transitive] to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situationand attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation

adapt toadapt to eg.The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new eg.The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. flowers which are well adapted to harsh wintersschool. flowers which are well adapted to harsh winters The ability to adapt is a definite asset in this job.The ability to adapt is a definite asset in this job.

adapt yourself/itself etc (to something)adapt yourself/itself etc (to something) eg.How do these insects adapt themselves to new eg.How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments?environments?

2.[transitive] to change something to make it suitable for a different 2.[transitive] to change something to make it suitable for a different purposepurpose eg. adapt something to do somethingeg. adapt something to do something The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas.The car has been adapted to take unleaded gas. adapt something for somebodyadapt something for somebody These teaching materials can be adapted for older children.These teaching materials can be adapted for older children.

3.[transitive usually passive] if a book or play is adapted for film, 3.[transitive usually passive] if a book or play is adapted for film, television etc, it is changed so that it can be made into a film, television television etc, it is changed so that it can be made into a film, television programme etcprogramme etc eg.be adapted for somethingeg.be adapted for something Many children buy books after they have been adapted for Many children buy books after they have been adapted for television.television.

4.adapted adj.4.adapted adj. eg. She lives in a specially adapted flat.eg. She lives in a specially adapted flat.

humble humble adj. adj.

1.not considering yourself or your ideas to be as important as other 1.not considering yourself or your ideas to be as important as other people's (opposite proud)people's (opposite proud) eg. modest and humble maneg. modest and humble man

2.having a low social class or position2.having a low social class or position eg. He started his career as a humble peanut farmer. eg. He started his career as a humble peanut farmer. humble background/origins etc humble background/origins etc Iacocca rose from humble beginnings to become boss of Ford.Iacocca rose from humble beginnings to become boss of Ford.

3. in my humble opinion, spoken used humorously to give your 3. in my humble opinion, spoken used humorously to give your opinion about something.opinion about something.

4.my humble apologies, British English spoken used humorously to 4.my humble apologies, British English spoken used humorously to say you are sorrysay you are sorry

5.[only before noun] simple and ordinary, but useful or effective5.[only before noun] simple and ordinary, but useful or effective eg. The humble potato may be the key to feeding the world's eg. The humble potato may be the key to feeding the world's population.population.

6. eat humble pie, to admit that you were wrong about 6. eat humble pie, to admit that you were wrong about somethingsomething

7. your humble servant, British English old use a formal way of 7. your humble servant, British English old use a formal way of ending a letterending a letter

8. somebody's humble abode8. somebody's humble abode someone's house or apartment - ussomeone's house or apartment - us

Ultimate adj.Ultimate adj.

1.someone's ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that 1.someone's ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the futurethey hope to achieve in the future ￚￚ synonym finalsynonym final eg. ultimate goal/aim/objective etc.eg. ultimate goal/aim/objective etc. Complete disarmament was the ultimate goal of the Complete disarmament was the ultimate goal of the conference.conference. Our ultimate objective is to have as many female members of Our ultimate objective is to have as many female members of parliament as there are male.parliament as there are male.

2.the ultimate result of a long process is what happens at the end of 2.the ultimate result of a long process is what happens at the end of itit eg. The ultimate outcome of the experiment cannot be eg. The ultimate outcome of the experiment cannot be predicted. predicted. eg. The ultimate fate of the tribe was even sadder. the ultimate eg. The ultimate fate of the tribe was even sadder. the ultimate failure of the projectfailure of the project

3. if you have ultimate responsibility for something, you 3. if you have ultimate responsibility for something, you are the person who must make the important final are the person who must make the important final decisions about itdecisions about it eg. The ultimate responsibility for policy lies with the eg. The ultimate responsibility for policy lies with the President. President. The ultimate decision rests with the Public Health The ultimate decision rests with the Public Health Service.Service.

4. better, bigger, worse etc than all other things or people 4. better, bigger, worse etc than all other things or people of the same kindof the same kind eg. 'The Rolling Stones' is the ultimate rock and roll eg. 'The Rolling Stones' is the ultimate rock and roll band. band. The female nude is surely the ultimate test of artistic The female nude is surely the ultimate test of artistic skill.skill.

Unit 2 Global LogisticsUnit 2 Global Logistics

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions

► Say as much as you can about Schneider Say as much as you can about Schneider National MexicoNational Mexico

► Name three big names in logistics flowsName three big names in logistics flows

EntangleEntangle

1.to make something become twisted and caught 1.to make something become twisted and caught in a rope, net etcin a rope, net etc entangle in/withentangle in/with Small animals can get entangled in the net.Small animals can get entangled in the net.

2.to involve someone in an argument, a 2.to involve someone in an argument, a relationship, or a situation that is difficult to relationship, or a situation that is difficult to escape fromescape from entangle somebody in somethingentangle somebody in something fears that the US could get entangled in fears that the US could get entangled in another waranother warbe entangled with somebodybe entangled with somebody I didn't want to become entangled with my best I didn't want to become entangled with my best friend's wife.friend's wife.

Hook v.Hook v.

1 ▶FISH◀1 ▶FISH◀to catch a fish with a hookto catch a fish with a hook I hooked a 20-pound salmon last week.I hooked a 20-pound salmon last week.

2 ▶FASTEN◀2 ▶FASTEN◀[always + adverb/preposition] to fasten or hang [always + adverb/preposition] to fasten or hang something onto something elsesomething onto something else hook something onto/to somethinghook something onto/to something Just hook the bucket onto the rope and lower it Just hook the bucket onto the rope and lower it down.down.

3 ▶BEND YOUR FINGER/ARM ETC◀3 ▶BEND YOUR FINGER/ARM ETC◀[always + adverb/preposition] to bend your finger, [always + adverb/preposition] to bend your finger, arm, or leg, especially so that you can pull or hold arm, or leg, especially so that you can pull or hold something elsesomething else Ruth hooked her arm through Tony's. He tried to Ruth hooked her arm through Tony's. He tried to hook his leg over the branch.hook his leg over the branch.

Unify v.Unify v.

past tense and past participle unified present past tense and past participle unified present participle unifying third person singular unifiesparticiple unifying third person singular unifies[intransitive and transitive]if you unify two or [intransitive and transitive]if you unify two or more parts or things, or if they unify, they are more parts or things, or if they unify, they are combined to make a single unitcombined to make a single unitￚￚ synonym unitesynonym uniteￚￚ opposite divideStrong support for the war has opposite divideStrong support for the war has unified the nation.His music unifies traditional and unified the nation.His music unifies traditional and modern themes.modern themes.

Ambitious adj.Ambitious adj.

1.determined to be successful, rich, powerful etc1.determined to be successful, rich, powerful etc Alfred was intensely ambitious, obsessed with Alfred was intensely ambitious, obsessed with the idea of becoming rich.the idea of becoming rich. ambitious forambitious for mothers who are highly ambitious for their mothers who are highly ambitious for their children (=who want their children to be children (=who want their children to be successful)successful)

2. an ambitious plan, idea etc shows a desire to 2. an ambitious plan, idea etc shows a desire to do something good but difficultdo something good but difficult an ambitious engineering project an over-an ambitious engineering project an over-ambitious health reform programambitious health reform program

Consolidate v.Consolidate v.

1. to strengthen the position of power or success that 1. to strengthen the position of power or success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longercontinues for longer The company has consolidated its position as the The company has consolidated its position as the country's leading gas supplier. country's leading gas supplier. The team consolidated their lead with a third goal.The team consolidated their lead with a third goal.

2. to combine things in order to make them more 2. to combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal witheffective or easier to deal with We consolidate information from a wide range of We consolidate information from a wide range of sources. sources. They took out a loan to consolidate their debts. They took out a loan to consolidate their debts. The company is planning to consolidate its business The company is planning to consolidate its business activities at a new site in Arizona.activities at a new site in Arizona.

Retain v.Retain v.

1 .to keep something or continue to have something1 .to keep something or continue to have something You have the right to retain possession of the You have the right to retain possession of the goods. goods. The state wants to retain control of food imports.The state wants to retain control of food imports.

2. to store or keep something inside something else2. to store or keep something inside something else A lot of information can be retained in your A lot of information can be retained in your computer. computer.

3. to remember information3. to remember information I find it very difficult to retain facts.I find it very difficult to retain facts.

4. if you retain a lawyer or other specialist, you pay 4. if you retain a lawyer or other specialist, you pay them to work for you now and in the futurethem to work for you now and in the future He has retained a lawyer to challenge the court's He has retained a lawyer to challenge the court's decision. decision.

Tremendous adj.Tremendous adj.

1. very big, fast, powerful etc1. very big, fast, powerful etc Suddenly, there was a tremendous bang, and the Suddenly, there was a tremendous bang, and the whole station shook. whole station shook. She was making a tremendous effort to appear She was making a tremendous effort to appear calm. calm. She praised her husband for the tremendous She praised her husband for the tremendous support he had given her. support he had given her. Sales have been tremendous so far this year. Sales have been tremendous so far this year. This plan could save us a tremendous amount of This plan could save us a tremendous amount of money.money.

2 .excellent2 .excellent She's got a tremendous voice, hasn't she?She's got a tremendous voice, hasn't she?

tremendously adverb tremendously wealthytremendously adverb tremendously wealthy

Boom v.Boom v.

1. if business, trade, or a particular area is booming, 1. if business, trade, or a particular area is booming, it is increasing and being very successfulit is increasing and being very successful Business was booming , and money wasn't a Business was booming , and money wasn't a problem.problem. Tourism on the island has boomed.Tourism on the island has boomed.

2. also boom (something ↔) out2. also boom (something ↔) out[transitive] to say something in a loud deep voice[transitive] to say something in a loud deep voice 'Ladies and gentlemen,' his voice boomed out.'Ladies and gentlemen,' his voice boomed out.

3. also boom out3. also boom out[intransitive] to make a loud deep sound[intransitive] to make a loud deep sound Guns boomed in the distance.Guns boomed in the distance.

booming adjective a booming economybooming adjective a booming economy

Unit 3 Inventory ManagementUnit 3 Inventory Management

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions

► Describe the types of decisions within an Describe the types of decisions within an organization, beginning with a mission.organization, beginning with a mission.

► How do you think decisions should be made How do you think decisions should be made now? Why?now? Why?

► What is Just-in-Time inventory What is Just-in-Time inventory management?management?

Collapse v.Collapse v.

1. if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down 1. if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damagedsuddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged Uncle Ted's chair collapsed under his weight. The Uncle Ted's chair collapsed under his weight. The roof had collapsed long ago.roof had collapsed long ago.

2. to suddenly fall down or become unconscious 2. to suddenly fall down or become unconscious because you are ill or weakbecause you are ill or weak He collapsed with a heart attack while he was He collapsed with a heart attack while he was dancing.dancing. Marion's legs collapsed under her.Marion's legs collapsed under her.

3. if a system, idea, or organization collapses, it 3. if a system, idea, or organization collapses, it suddenly fails or becomes too weak to continuesuddenly fails or becomes too weak to continue The luxury car market has collapsed. I thought that The luxury car market has collapsed. I thought that without me the whole project would collapse.without me the whole project would collapse.

Offset v.Offset v.

past tense and past participle offset present past tense and past participle offset present participle offsettingparticiple offsetting

1. if the cost or amount of something offsets 1. if the cost or amount of something offsets another cost or amount, the two things have an another cost or amount, the two things have an opposite effect so that the situation remains the opposite effect so that the situation remains the samesame Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.be offset by direct payments to farmers. offset something against somethingoffset something against something He was able to offset his travel expenses He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax.against tax.2. to make something look better by being close 2. to make something look better by being close to it and differentto it and different His blonde hair offset a deep tan.His blonde hair offset a deep tan.

Impose v.Impose v.

1. if someone in authority imposes a rule, 1. if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept itpunishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it The court can impose a fine or a prison sentence.The court can impose a fine or a prison sentence.

2. to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs 2. to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as youetc as you impose something on somebodyimpose something on somebody parents who impose their own moral values on parents who impose their own moral values on their childrentheir children

3. formal to expect or ask someone to do something 3. formal to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for themfor you when this is not convenient for them impose on/uponimpose on/upon We could ask to stay the night, but I don't want to We could ask to stay the night, but I don't want to impose on them.impose on them.

Sustain v.Sustain v.

1. to make something continue to exist or happen 1. to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of timefor a period of time She found it difficult to sustain the children's She found it difficult to sustain the children's interest.interest. He was incapable of sustaining close relationships He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.with women. the policies necessary to sustain economic growththe policies necessary to sustain economic growth

2. formal to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of 2. formal to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of moneymoney Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries. Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries. Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage. Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage.

3. formal if food or drink sustains a person, animal, 3. formal if food or drink sustains a person, animal, or plant, it makes them able to continue livingor plant, it makes them able to continue living They gave me barely enough food to sustain me.They gave me barely enough food to sustain me.

Luxury n.Luxury n.

plural luxuriesplural luxuries1. very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get 1. very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get from expensive food, beautiful houses, cars etcfrom expensive food, beautiful houses, cars etcin luxuryin luxury She stole to keep her boyfriend in luxury.She stole to keep her boyfriend in luxury. He was leading a life of luxury in Australia. He was leading a life of luxury in Australia.

2. something expensive that you do not need, but 2. something expensive that you do not need, but you buy for pleasure and enjoymentyou buy for pleasure and enjoyment luxuries like chocolate and perfumeluxuries like chocolate and perfume

3. to have something that is very pleasant or 3. to have something that is very pleasant or convenient, that you are not always able to haveconvenient, that you are not always able to have For the first time in three years, they actually had For the first time in three years, they actually had the luxury of a whole day together.the luxury of a whole day together.

Embrace v.Embrace v.

1.to put your arms around someone and hold them 1.to put your arms around someone and hold them in a friendly or loving wayin a friendly or loving way Jack warmly embraced his son.Jack warmly embraced his son. Maggie and Laura embraced.Maggie and Laura embraced.

2.formal to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, 2.formal to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religionreligion We hope these regions will embrace democratic We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.reforms. Most West European countries have embraced Most West European countries have embraced the concept of high-speed rail networks with the concept of high-speed rail networks with enthusiasm.enthusiasm.

3. formal to include something as part of a subject, 3. formal to include something as part of a subject, discussion etcdiscussion etc This course embraces several different aspects This course embraces several different aspects of psychology.of psychology.

Senior adj.Senior adj.

1. having a higher position, level, or rank1. having a higher position, level, or rank the senior Democrat on the House the senior Democrat on the House committee White men hold most of the jobs in committee White men hold most of the jobs in senior management . senior management . the senior partner in a law firmthe senior partner in a law firm senior tosenior to He is also a diplomat, but senior to me.He is also a diplomat, but senior to me.2. [only before noun] British English a senior 2. [only before noun] British English a senior competition is for older people or for people at competition is for older people or for people at a more advanced levela more advanced level I won the 60 metre race, my first senior I won the 60 metre race, my first senior success.success.

Constraint n.Constraint n.

1. something that limits your freedom to do what 1. something that limits your freedom to do what you wantyou want Constraints on spending have forced the Constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans.company to rethink its plans. financial/environmental/political etc constraints financial/environmental/political etc constraints There have been financial and political There have been financial and political constraints on development. constraints on development. impose/place constraints on impose/place constraints on somebody/something constraints imposed on somebody/something constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizesteachers by large class sizes

2.control over the way people are allowed to 2.control over the way people are allowed to behave, so that they cannot do what they wantbehave, so that they cannot do what they wantfreedom from constraintfreedom from constraint

Rigid adj.Rigid adj.

1. rigid methods, systems etc are very strict and 1. rigid methods, systems etc are very strict and difficult to changedifficult to change rigid and authoritarian methods of educationrigid and authoritarian methods of education

2. someone who behaves in a rigid way is very 2. someone who behaves in a rigid way is very unwilling to change their ideas or behaviourunwilling to change their ideas or behaviour rigid adherence to old-fashioned ideasrigid adherence to old-fashioned ideas

3 stiff and not moving or bending3 stiff and not moving or bending rigid plasticrigid plastic

4. used to describe someone who cannot move, 4. used to describe someone who cannot move, especially because they are very frightened, especially because they are very frightened, shocked, or angryshocked, or angry

Unit 4 WarehousingUnit 4 Warehousing

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions► In what aspect can manufacturers and In what aspect can manufacturers and

customers benefit from strategic customers benefit from strategic warehousing?warehousing?

► Talk about the function of information Talk about the function of information technology in achieving maximum flexibility technology in achieving maximum flexibility in warehousingin warehousing

► Why do web firms find it necessary to build Why do web firms find it necessary to build warehouses?warehouses?

Evolve v.Evolve v.

1. if an animal or plant evolves, it changes 1. if an animal or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of timegradually over a long period of time Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures. Animals have evolved camouflage to protect Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.themselves from predators.

2. to develop and change gradually over a long 2. to develop and change gradually over a long period of timeperiod of time The school has evolved its own style of teaching.The school has evolved its own style of teaching. Businesses need to evolve rapidly.Businesses need to evolve rapidly. The idea evolved out of work done by British The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists.scientists.evolve intoevolve into The group gradually evolved into a political The group gradually evolved into a political party.party.

Engineer v.Engineer v.

1. to make something happen by skilful secret 1. to make something happen by skilful secret planningplanning powerful enemies who engineered his powerful enemies who engineered his downfaldownfal Perhaps she could engineer a meeting Perhaps she could engineer a meeting between them?between them?

2. to change the genetic structure of a plant, 2. to change the genetic structure of a plant, animal etcanimal etc the dangers of engineering native plants the dangers of engineering native plants genetically engineered cropsgenetically engineered crops

3.technical to design and plan the building of 3.technical to design and plan the building of roads, bridges, machines, etc roads, bridges, machines, etc

Associate v.Associate v.

1. to make a connection in your mind between 1. to make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and anotherone thing or person and another associate somebody/something with associate somebody/something with somethingsomething I don't associate him with energetic sports.I don't associate him with energetic sports.

2. be associated (with somebody/something)2. be associated (with somebody/something)a) to be related to a particular subject, activity a) to be related to a particular subject, activity etcetcproblems associated with cancer treatmentproblems associated with cancer treatmentb) also associate yourself with b) also associate yourself with somebody/somethingsomebody/somethingto show that you support someone or to show that you support someone or somethingsomethingHe did not associate himself with the pro-He did not associate himself with the pro-democracy movement.democracy movement.

Payoff n.Payoff n.

1. an advantage or profit that you get as a result 1. an advantage or profit that you get as a result of doing somethingof doing something With electric cars there is a big environmental With electric cars there is a big environmental payoff.payoff.

2. a payment that is made to someone, often 2. a payment that is made to someone, often illegally, in order to stop them from causing you illegally, in order to stop them from causing you troubletrouble Union leaders allegedly received huge payoffs Union leaders allegedly received huge payoffs from the company's bosses.from the company's bosses.

3. a payment made to someone when they are 3. a payment made to someone when they are forced to leave their jobforced to leave their jobThe average payoff to staff was about £2000.The average payoff to staff was about £2000.

Recruit v.Recruit v.

1. to find new people to work in a company, join 1. to find new people to work in a company, join an organization, do a job etcan organization, do a job etc We're having difficulty recruiting enough We're having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff. qualified staff.

2. to get people to join the army, navy etc2. to get people to join the army, navy etc Most of the men in the village were recruited Most of the men in the village were recruited that day.that day.

3.to persuade someone to do something for you3.to persuade someone to do something for you recruit somebody to do somethingrecruit somebody to do something I recruited three of my friends to help me I recruited three of my friends to help me move.move.

Steep adj.Steep adj.

1. a road, hill etc that is steep slopes at a high 1. a road, hill etc that is steep slopes at a high angleangleThe road became rocky and steep. a steep climb The road became rocky and steep. a steep climb to the topto the top

2. steep prices, charges etc are unusually 2. steep prices, charges etc are unusually expensiveexpensiveopposite low steep rentsopposite low steep rents

3. involving a big increase or decrease3. involving a big increase or decrease steep cuts in benefits steep increase/rise a steep cuts in benefits steep increase/rise a steep increase in house prices steep steep increase in house prices steep decrease/drop a steep drop in ordersdecrease/drop a steep drop in orders

Integral adj.Integral adj.

1. forming a necessary part of something1. forming a necessary part of something Vegetables are an integral part of our diet.Vegetables are an integral part of our diet. integral tointegral to Statistics are integral to medical research.Statistics are integral to medical research.

2. [usually before noun] provided as part of 2. [usually before noun] provided as part of something, rather than being separatesomething, rather than being separate a TV and integral video recordera TV and integral video recorder

Dedicate v.Dedicate v.

1. to give all your attention and effort to one 1. to give all your attention and effort to one particular thingparticular thing dedicate yourself/your life to somethingdedicate yourself/your life to something The actress now dedicates herself to The actress now dedicates herself to children's charity work.children's charity work.

2. to say at the beginning of a book or film, or 2. to say at the beginning of a book or film, or before a piece of music, that it has been before a piece of music, that it has been written, made, or performed for someone that written, made, or performed for someone that you love or respectyou love or respect dedicate something to somebodydedicate something to somebody The book was dedicated to her husband.The book was dedicated to her husband.

3. to state in an official ceremony that a building 3. to state in an official ceremony that a building will be given someone's name in order to show will be given someone's name in order to show respect for themrespect for them

4. to use a place, time, money etc only for a 4. to use a place, time, money etc only for a particular purposeparticular purpose

dedicate something to/for somethingdedicate something to/for something

The company dedicated $50,000 for the study.The company dedicated $50,000 for the study.

Unit 5 PackagingUnit 5 Packaging

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions► What are the advantages of using a What are the advantages of using a

standardized master carton in the case of standardized master carton in the case of the shoe retailer?the shoe retailer?

► Give definitions to primary and secondary Give definitions to primary and secondary packaging and tell the class the function of packaging and tell the class the function of eacheach

► What problems has globalization of products What problems has globalization of products brought about?brought about?

CubeCube

1.a solid object with six equal square sides1.a solid object with six equal square sidesa sugar cube an ice cube Cut the meat into small a sugar cube an ice cube Cut the meat into small cubes.cubes.

2.the cube of something2.the cube of somethingthe number you get when you multiply a number by the number you get when you multiply a number by itself twice, for example 4 x 4 x 4 = 64, so the cube itself twice, for example 4 x 4 x 4 = 64, so the cube of 4 is 64 of 4 is 64

Overall adj.Overall adj.

[only before noun][only before noun]considering or including everythingconsidering or including everythingThe overall cost of the exhibition was £400,000. The The overall cost of the exhibition was £400,000. The overall result is an increase in population. An overall result is an increase in population. An overall winner and a runner-up were chosen. We overall winner and a runner-up were chosen. We don't want all the details now, just the overall don't want all the details now, just the overall picture.picture.

Objective n.Objective n.

1. something that you are trying hard to achieve, 1. something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or politicsespecially in business or politicssynonym goal :He vowed to achieve certain synonym goal :He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of his presidency.objectives before the end of his presidency.the best way to accomplish your objectives The the best way to accomplish your objectives The degree program has two main objectives .degree program has two main objectives .Managers should set specific performance Managers should set specific performance objectives for their teams. objectives for their teams. A clear objective was set and adhered to.One of A clear objective was set and adhered to.One of your first business objectives should be to get your your first business objectives should be to get your own office.own office.

2. a place that you are trying to reach, especially in 2. a place that you are trying to reach, especially in a military attacka military attackThe 4th Division's objective was a town twenty The 4th Division's objective was a town twenty miles to the east.miles to the east.

Generate v.Generate v.

1.to produce or cause something1.to produce or cause somethingsynonym create a useful technique for synonym create a useful technique for generating new ideasgenerating new ideasThe program would generate a lot of new jobs. The program would generate a lot of new jobs. generate revenue/profits/income etc generate revenue/profits/income etc Tourism generates income for local Tourism generates income for local communities. generate communities. generate excitement/interest/support etc excitement/interest/support etc The project generated enormous interest.The project generated enormous interest.

2. to produce heat, electricity, or another form 2. to produce heat, electricity, or another form of energyof energyWind turbines generate electricity for the local Wind turbines generate electricity for the local community.community.

Justify v.Justify v.

1. to give an acceptable explanation for something 1. to give an acceptable explanation for something that other people think is unreasonablethat other people think is unreasonableMinisters must appear before parliament and justify Ministers must appear before parliament and justify their actions.their actions.justify doing somethingjustify doing somethingHow can we justify spending so much money on How can we justify spending so much money on arms?arms?justify yourselfjustify yourself

2. to be a good and acceptable reason for 2. to be a good and acceptable reason for somethingsomethingNothing justifies murdering another human being.Nothing justifies murdering another human being.

3.technical to arrange lines of words on a page or 3.technical to arrange lines of words on a page or computer screen so that they form a straight edge computer screen so that they form a straight edge on both the right and left sides on both the right and left sides

Temper v.Temper v.

[transitive][transitive]1. formal to make something less severe or 1. formal to make something less severe or extremeextremetemper something with/by somethingtemper something with/by somethingThe heat in this coastal town is tempered by The heat in this coastal town is tempered by cool sea breezes.cool sea breezes.

2. to make metal as hard as is needed by 2. to make metal as hard as is needed by heating it and then putting it in cold waterheating it and then putting it in cold watertempered steeltempered steel

Disperse v.Disperse v.

[intransitive and transitive][intransitive and transitive]1. if a group of people disperse or are 1. if a group of people disperse or are dispersed, they go away in different directionsdispersed, they go away in different directionsPolice used tear gas to disperse the crowd.Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.

2. if something disperses or is dispersed, it 2. if something disperses or is dispersed, it spreads in different directions over a wide spreads in different directions over a wide areaareaThe clouds dispersed as quickly as they had The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.gathered.

Potential adj.Potential adj.

[only before noun][only before noun]likely to develop into a particular type of likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the futureperson or thing in the futuresynonym :possiblesynonym :possible

potential customer/buyer/client new ways of potential customer/buyer/client new ways of attracting potential customers potential attracting potential customers potential benefit/problem the potential benefits of benefit/problem the potential benefits of the new system potential danger/threat/risk the new system potential danger/threat/risk the potential risks to health associated with the potential risks to health associated with the drugthe drug

Dynamic n.Dynamic n.

1. dynamics1. dynamicsa) [plural] the way in which things or people a) [plural] the way in which things or people behave, react, and affect each otherbehave, react, and affect each otherdynamics ofdynamics ofthe dynamics of the familythe dynamics of the familyHe did research on group dynamics and leadership He did research on group dynamics and leadership styles.styles.b) [uncountable] the science relating to the b) [uncountable] the science relating to the movement of objects and the forces involved in movement of objects and the forces involved in movementmovementc) [plural] changes in how loudly music is played or c) [plural] changes in how loudly music is played or sungsung

2.[singular] formal something that causes action or 2.[singular] formal something that causes action or changechangedynamic ofdynamic ofShe regards class conflict as a central dynamic of She regards class conflict as a central dynamic of historical change.historical change.

Unit 6 Transportation: Air, Marine and Unit 6 Transportation: Air, Marine and GroundGround

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions► Compared to rail, water and pipeline, why is Compared to rail, water and pipeline, why is

the fixed cost of air transport low?the fixed cost of air transport low?► What are the advantages and disadvantages What are the advantages and disadvantages

of air croft?of air croft?► Why is an effective transportation system Why is an effective transportation system

very important?very important?

Schedule v.Schedule v.

[transitive usually passive][transitive usually passive]to plan that something will happen at a to plan that something will happen at a particular timeparticular timebe scheduled for June/Monday etc The be scheduled for June/Monday etc The elections are scheduled for mid-June. be elections are scheduled for mid-June. be scheduled for scheduled for release/publication/completion etc Her release/publication/completion etc Her first album is scheduled for release in first album is scheduled for release in September.September.be scheduled to do somethingbe scheduled to do somethingMeetings are scheduled to take place all Meetings are scheduled to take place all over the country.over the country.scheduled flight/service (=a plane service scheduled flight/service (=a plane service that flies at the same time every day or that flies at the same time every day or every week)every week)

Erratic adj.Erratic adj.

something that is erratic does not follow something that is erratic does not follow any pattern or plan but happens in a any pattern or plan but happens in a way that is not regularway that is not regularHis breathing was becoming erratic. She His breathing was becoming erratic. She found it hard to cope with his erratic found it hard to cope with his erratic behavior.behavior.

erratically / -kli / adverb He always erratically / -kli / adverb He always drives erraticallydrives erratically

Via prep.Via prep.

1. travelling through a place on the way to 1. travelling through a place on the way to another placeanother placeWe flew to Athens via Paris.We flew to Athens via Paris.

2. using a particular person, machine etc to 2. using a particular person, machine etc to send somethingsend somethingI sent a message to Kitty via her sister. You can I sent a message to Kitty via her sister. You can access our homepage via the Internet.access our homepage via the Internet.

Inventory n.Inventory n.

plural inventoriesplural inventories1. [countable] a list of all the things in a 1. [countable] a list of all the things in a placeplaceinventory ofinventory ofWe made an inventory of everything in We made an inventory of everything in the apartment.the apartment.

2.[uncountable and countable] American 2.[uncountable and countable] American English all the goods in a shopEnglish all the goods in a shopￚￚ synonym stocksynonym stock

Moderate adj.Moderate adj.

1. not very large or very small, very hot 1. not very large or very small, very hot or very cold, very fast or very slow etcor very cold, very fast or very slow etcEven moderate amounts of alcohol can Even moderate amounts of alcohol can be dangerous. a moderate degree of be dangerous. a moderate degree of success a student of only moderate success a student of only moderate ability Moderate exercise, such as ability Moderate exercise, such as walking or swimming, is recommended. walking or swimming, is recommended. Bake the pie for 30 minutes in a Bake the pie for 30 minutes in a moderate oven. moderate to strong moderate oven. moderate to strong windswinds

2. having opinions or beliefs, especially 2. having opinions or beliefs, especially about politics, that are not extreme and about politics, that are not extreme and that most people consider reasonablethat most people consider reasonableopposite extremeopposite extremethe more moderate members of the the more moderate members of the partypartya moderate politiciana moderate politician

3. staying within reasonable or sensible 3. staying within reasonable or sensible limitslimitsopposite immoderate opposite immoderate a moderate smoker a moderate smoker moderate wage demandsmoderate wage demandsￚￚ see also moderatelysee also moderately

Counteract v.Counteract v.

[transitive][transitive]to reduce or prevent the bad effect of to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has something, by doing something that has the opposite effectthe opposite effectThey gave him drugs to counteract his They gave him drugs to counteract his withdrawal symptoms.withdrawal symptoms.

Tandem n.Tandem n.

[countable][countable]1. a bicycle built for two riders sitting one 1. a bicycle built for two riders sitting one behind the otherbehind the other

2. in tandem2. in tandemdoing something together or at the same time doing something together or at the same time as someone or something elseas someone or something elseThe two companies often work in tandem.The two companies often work in tandem.

in tandem within tandem withThe group operated in tandem with local The group operated in tandem with local criminals.criminals.

Unit 7 Essentials of Supply Chain Unit 7 Essentials of Supply Chain ManagementManagement

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions► Why is performance cycle longer now than Why is performance cycle longer now than

before?before?► What is the features of international What is the features of international

transportation?transportation?► Could you explain what systems integration Could you explain what systems integration

is?is?

Merger n.Merger n.

[countable][countable]the joining together of two or more the joining together of two or more companies or organizations to form one companies or organizations to form one larger onelarger onemerger of/betweenmerger of/betweena proposed merger between two of the a proposed merger between two of the largest software companieslargest software companies

merger withmerger withThere has been a lot of talk about a There has been a lot of talk about a merger with another leading bank.merger with another leading bank.merger negotiationsmerger negotiations

Lag v.Lag v.

1.[intransitive and transitive] to move or 1.[intransitive and transitive] to move or develop more slowly than othersdevelop more slowly than otherslag behindlag behindShe stopped to wait for Ian who was lagging She stopped to wait for Ian who was lagging behind. Britain is lagging behind the rest of behind. Britain is lagging behind the rest of Europe.Europe.

2.[transitive] British English to cover water 2.[transitive] British English to cover water pipes etc with a special material to prevent pipes etc with a special material to prevent the water inside them from freezing or the the water inside them from freezing or the heat from being lostheat from being lostWe've had the hot-water tank lagged.We've had the hot-water tank lagged.

Alignment n.Alignment n.

1.[uncountable] the state of being arranged in a 1.[uncountable] the state of being arranged in a line with something or parallel to somethingline with something or parallel to somethingalignment ofalignment ofthe geometrical alignment of the Sun, Moon and the geometrical alignment of the Sun, Moon and Earth at the eclipseEarth at the eclipseout of/into alignmentout of/into alignmentThe wheels were out of alignment.The wheels were out of alignment.

2.[uncountable and countable] support given by 2.[uncountable and countable] support given by one country or group to another in politics, one country or group to another in politics, defense etcdefense etcalignment withalignment withtheir military alignment with the UStheir military alignment with the US

Agile adj.Agile adj.

1. able to move quickly and easily1. able to move quickly and easilyDogs are surprisingly agile.Dogs are surprisingly agile.

2. someone who has an agile mind is able to 2. someone who has an agile mind is able to think very quickly and intelligentlythink very quickly and intelligentlyHe was physically strong and mentally agile.He was physically strong and mentally agile.

ￚￚ agility / noun [uncountable] With surprising agility / noun [uncountable] With surprising agility, Karl darted across the road.agility, Karl darted across the road.

Impetus n.Impetus n.

[uncountable][uncountable]1. an influence that makes something happen or 1. an influence that makes something happen or makes it happen more quicklymakes it happen more quicklyimpetus forimpetus forThe report may provide further impetus for The report may provide further impetus for reform.reform.The discovery gave fresh impetus to the The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.research.

2. technical the force that makes an object start 2. technical the force that makes an object start moving, or keeps it movingmoving, or keeps it moving

Unit 8 Organizing for Effective Unit 8 Organizing for Effective LogisticsLogistics

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions

► What is supply chain management?What is supply chain management?► What does logistics management process What does logistics management process

mean?mean?► Could you tell the difference between Could you tell the difference between

vertical and horizontal organization?vertical and horizontal organization?

Appealing adj.Appealing adj.

1. attractive or interesting1. attractive or interestingￚￚ opposite unappealingopposite unappealingThe city offers an appealing combination of The city offers an appealing combination of sporting and cultural events.sporting and cultural events.It creates an atmosphere which visitors find so It creates an atmosphere which visitors find so appealing .appealing .

2. appealing look/expression/voice etc2. appealing look/expression/voice etca look etc that shows that someone wants help or a look etc that shows that someone wants help or sympathysympathy'Are you sure it's okay?' she said with an 'Are you sure it's okay?' she said with an appealing smile.appealing smile.

ￚￚ appealingly adverb She looked appealingly at appealingly adverb She looked appealingly at Ben.Ben.

Radical adj.Radical adj.

1. ▶CHANGE/DIFFERENCE◀1. ▶CHANGE/DIFFERENCE◀a radical change or difference is very big and a radical change or difference is very big and importantimportantThey are proposing radical changes to the way They are proposing radical changes to the way the company is run. a radical reform of the tax the company is run. a radical reform of the tax system There are radical differences between system There are radical differences between the two organizations.the two organizations.

2. ▶OPINIONS◀2. ▶OPINIONS◀radical ideas are very new and different, and radical ideas are very new and different, and are against what most people think or believeare against what most people think or believeHe has put forward some very radical ideas . He has put forward some very radical ideas . I was shocked by her radical views. a radical I was shocked by her radical views. a radical approach to educationapproach to education

3. ▶PEOPLE◀3. ▶PEOPLE◀someone who is radical has ideas that are someone who is radical has ideas that are very new and different, and against what very new and different, and against what most people think or believemost people think or believea radical left-wing politician a radical a radical left-wing politician a radical feministfeminist

4. ▶GOOD◀4. ▶GOOD◀American English informal very good or American English informal very good or enjoyableenjoyableThat was one radical party last night!That was one radical party last night!

ￚￚ radically adverb a radically different radically adverb a radically different method of production a radically new method of production a radically new approach to the problemapproach to the problem

Distinguishing adj.Distinguishing adj.

1. [intransitive and transitive] to recognize and 1. [intransitive and transitive] to recognize and understand the difference between two or more understand the difference between two or more things or peoplethings or peopleￚￚ synonym differentiatesynonym differentiatedistinguish betweendistinguish betweenHis attorney argued that Cope could not distinguish His attorney argued that Cope could not distinguish between right and wrong.between right and wrong.distinguish somebody/something fromdistinguish somebody/something froma method of distinguishing cancer cells from normal a method of distinguishing cancer cells from normal tissuetissue

2. [transitive not in progressive] to be the thing that 2. [transitive not in progressive] to be the thing that makes someone or something different or specialmakes someone or something different or specialdistinguish somebody/something fromdistinguish somebody/something fromThe factor that distinguishes this company from the The factor that distinguishes this company from the competition is customer service.competition is customer service.

distinguishing feature/mark/characteristic distinguishing feature/mark/characteristic The main distinguishing feature of this The main distinguishing feature of this species is the leaf shape.species is the leaf shape.

3.[transitive not in progressive] written to be 3.[transitive not in progressive] written to be able to see the shape of something or hear a able to see the shape of something or hear a particular soundparticular soundThe light was too dim for me to distinguish The light was too dim for me to distinguish anything clearly.anything clearly.

4. distinguish yourself4. distinguish yourselfto do something so well that people notice to do something so well that people notice and remember youand remember youHe distinguished himself on several He distinguished himself on several occasions in the civil war.occasions in the civil war.

Guarantee v.Guarantee v.

1 a) to promise to do something or to promise that 1 a) to promise to do something or to promise that something will happensomething will happenguarantee (that)guarantee (that)I guarantee you'll love this film.I guarantee you'll love this film.guarantee somebody somethingguarantee somebody somethingIf you send the application form in straight away, I If you send the application form in straight away, I can guarantee you an interview.can guarantee you an interview.guarantee to do somethingguarantee to do somethingI cannot guarantee to work for more than a year.I cannot guarantee to work for more than a year.The law guarantees equal rights for men and The law guarantees equal rights for men and women.women.b) to make a formal written promise to repair or b) to make a formal written promise to repair or replace a product if it breaks within a specific period replace a product if it breaks within a specific period of timeof timeAll our products are fully guaranteed .All our products are fully guaranteed .guarantee something against somethingguarantee something against somethingThe stereo is guaranteed against failure for a year.The stereo is guaranteed against failure for a year.

▶▶LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE◀ LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE◀

2 ▶LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE◀2 ▶LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE◀to promise that you will pay back money that to promise that you will pay back money that someone else has borrowed, if they do not pay it someone else has borrowed, if they do not pay it back themselvesback themselvesThe bank will only lend me money if my parents The bank will only lend me money if my parents guarantee the loan.guarantee the loan.

3 ▶CERTAIN◀3 ▶CERTAIN◀to make it certain that something will happento make it certain that something will happenIn movies, talent by no means guarantees success.In movies, talent by no means guarantees success.guarantee thatguarantee thatThe built-in thermostat guarantees that the water The built-in thermostat guarantees that the water remains at the same temperature all the time.remains at the same temperature all the time.be guaranteed to do somethingbe guaranteed to do somethingThis latest incident is guaranteed to make the This latest incident is guaranteed to make the situation worse.situation worse.be guaranteed somethingbe guaranteed somethingEven if you complete your training, you aren't Even if you complete your training, you aren't guaranteed a job.guaranteed a job.

Divert v.Divert v.

[transitive][transitive]1. to change the use of something such as time 1. to change the use of something such as time or moneyor moneydivert something into/to/(away) from etc divert something into/to/(away) from etc somethingsomethingThe company should divert more resources The company should divert more resources into research. Officials diverted revenue from into research. Officials diverted revenue from arms sales to the rebels.arms sales to the rebels.

2. to change the direction in which something 2. to change the direction in which something travelstravelsdivert a river/footpath/road etc Canals divert divert a river/footpath/road etc Canals divert water from the Truckee River into the lake.water from the Truckee River into the lake.The high street is closed and traffic is being The high street is closed and traffic is being diverted .diverted .

3. if you divert your telephone calls, you 3. if you divert your telephone calls, you arrange for them to go directly to another arrange for them to go directly to another number, for example because you are not able number, for example because you are not able to answer them yourself for some timeto answer them yourself for some timeRemember to divert your phone when you are Remember to divert your phone when you are out of the office.out of the office.

4. to deliberately take someone's attention from 4. to deliberately take someone's attention from something by making them think about or something by making them think about or notice other thingsnotice other thingsdivert (somebody's) attention (away from divert (somebody's) attention (away from somebody/something) The crime crackdown is somebody/something) The crime crackdown is an attempt to divert attention from social an attempt to divert attention from social problems.He'd been trying to divert suspicion problems.He'd been trying to divert suspicion away from himself.away from himself.

5. formal to amuse or entertain someone 5. formal to amuse or entertain someone

Unit 9 Logistics Information Unit 9 Logistics Information ManagementManagement

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions

► What are the benefits of EDI?What are the benefits of EDI?► How do we run EDI?How do we run EDI?► Talk about the importance of information Talk about the importance of information

technologytechnology

Edit v.Edit v.

1. [intransitive and transitive] to prepare a book, 1. [intransitive and transitive] to prepare a book, piece of film etc for printing or broadcasting by piece of film etc for printing or broadcasting by removing mistakes or parts that are not removing mistakes or parts that are not acceptableacceptableThe newspaper edits letters before printing them.The newspaper edits letters before printing them.

2.[transitive] to prepare a book or article for 2.[transitive] to prepare a book or article for printing by deciding what to include and in what printing by deciding what to include and in what orderordera collection of essays edited by John Gaya collection of essays edited by John Gay

3[transitive] to prepare a film by deciding what to 3[transitive] to prepare a film by deciding what to include and in what orderinclude and in what order

4[transitive] to be responsible for the information 4[transitive] to be responsible for the information that is included in a newspaper, magazine etcthat is included in a newspaper, magazine etcShe used to edit the Observer.She used to edit the Observer.

Substitute v.Substitute v.

1.[transitive] to use something new or different 1.[transitive] to use something new or different instead of something elseinstead of something elsesubstitute something for somethingsubstitute something for somethingThe recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.sour cream.

2. [intransitive] to do someone's job until the person 2. [intransitive] to do someone's job until the person who usually does it is able to do it againwho usually does it is able to do it againsubstitute forsubstitute forBill substituted for Larry, who was off sick.Bill substituted for Larry, who was off sick.

3. [transitive] to replace someone with another 3. [transitive] to replace someone with another person especially another playerperson especially another playerMichael Owen had to be substituted after 20 minutes Michael Owen had to be substituted after 20 minutes on the field.on the field.

Paramount adj.Paramount adj.

formalformalmore important than anything elsemore important than anything elseDuring a war the interests of the state are During a war the interests of the state are paramount, and those of the individual come paramount, and those of the individual come last. Women’s role as mothers is of last. Women’s role as mothers is of paramount importance to society.paramount importance to society.

Virtual adj.Virtual adj.

[only before noun][only before noun]1. very nearly a particular thing1. very nearly a particular thingCar ownership is a virtual necessity when you Car ownership is a virtual necessity when you live in the country. Finding a cheap place to live in the country. Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area.rent is a virtual impossibility in this area.

2. made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a 2. made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the real worldcomputer, rather than in the real worldThe website allows you to take a virtual tour of The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery. constructing virtual worldsthe art gallery. constructing virtual worlds

Perceive v.Perceive v.

1. written to understand or think of something or 1. written to understand or think of something or someone in a particular waysomeone in a particular wayￚￚ see also perceptionsee also perceptionperceive something/somebody as somethingperceive something/somebody as somethingEven as a young woman she had been perceived as Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive.a future chief executive.perceive something/somebody to be somethingperceive something/somebody to be somethingOften what is perceived to be aggression is simply Often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear. Children who do badly in school tests often fear. Children who do badly in school tests often perceive themselves to be failures.perceive themselves to be failures.

2. formal to notice, see, or recognize something2. formal to notice, see, or recognize somethingￚￚ see also perceptive That morning, he perceived a see also perceptive That morning, he perceived a change in Franca's mood. Cats are not able to change in Franca's mood. Cats are not able to perceive colour.perceive colour.

Audit n.Audit n.

[uncountable and countable][uncountable and countable]1. an official examination of a company's 1. an official examination of a company's financial records in order to check that they are financial records in order to check that they are correctcorrectthe annual audit internal audit (=an audit the annual audit internal audit (=an audit carried out by a company's own staff)carried out by a company's own staff)

2. formal a detailed examination of something 2. formal a detailed examination of something in order to check if it is good enoughin order to check if it is good enoughStart with an audit of existing services within Start with an audit of existing services within the community.the community.

Unit 10 Logistics Engineering and Unit 10 Logistics Engineering and ManagementManagement

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions

► How do people minimize logistic cost?How do people minimize logistic cost?► How can we confirm logistical strategy?How can we confirm logistical strategy?► What is threshold service?What is threshold service?► How can we get competitive advantages?How can we get competitive advantages?

Compress v.Compress v.

1. [intransitive and transitive] to press something or 1. [intransitive and transitive] to press something or make it smaller so that it takes up less space, or to make it smaller so that it takes up less space, or to become smallerbecome smallerLight silk is best for parachutes, as it compresses Light silk is best for parachutes, as it compresses well and then expands rapidly. well and then expands rapidly.

compress something into somethingcompress something into somethingSnow falling on the mountainsides is compressed Snow falling on the mountainsides is compressed into ice.into ice.

2.[intransitive and transitive] to make a computer 2.[intransitive and transitive] to make a computer file smaller by using a special computer program, file smaller by using a special computer program, which makes the file easier to store or send, or to which makes the file easier to store or send, or to become smaller in this waybecome smaller in this wayThe program compresses any data saved to the disk.The program compresses any data saved to the disk.

3[transitive]to write or express something using 3[transitive]to write or express something using fewer wordsfewer wordsￚￚ synonym condensesynonym condensecompress something into somethingcompress something into somethingIn this chapter we compress into summary form In this chapter we compress into summary form the main issues discussed so far.the main issues discussed so far.

4. [transitive ]to reduce the amount of time that 4. [transitive ]to reduce the amount of time that it takes for something to happen or be doneit takes for something to happen or be donecompress something into something Many compress something into something Many couples want to compress their childbearing into couples want to compress their childbearing into a short space of time in their married life.a short space of time in their married life.

Rehash v.Rehash v.

[transitive][transitive]1. to use the same ideas again in a new form 1. to use the same ideas again in a new form that is not really different or better - used to that is not really different or better - used to show disapprovalshow disapprovalHe simply rehashed the same story.He simply rehashed the same story.

2. to repeat something that was discussed 2. to repeat something that was discussed earlier, especially in an annoying wayearlier, especially in an annoying wayThis issue has been rehashed so many times This issue has been rehashed so many times already.already.

ￚￚ rehash noun [countable] It was just a rehash noun [countable] It was just a rehash of last year's show.rehash of last year's show.

Tailor v.Tailor v.

to make something so that it is exactly right for to make something so that it is exactly right for someone's particular needs or for a particular someone's particular needs or for a particular purposepurpose

tailor something to somethingtailor something to somethingTreatment is tailored to the needs of each Treatment is tailored to the needs of each patient.patient.

tailor something to meet/suit somebody's tailor something to meet/suit somebody's needs/requirements needs/requirements The classes are tailored to suit learners' needs.The classes are tailored to suit learners' needs.

tailor something for somebodytailor something for somebodyWe tailored the part specifically for her.We tailored the part specifically for her.

Amid prep.Amid prep.

1. while noisy, busy, or confused events are 1. while noisy, busy, or confused events are happening - used in writing or news reportshappening - used in writing or news reportsThe dollar has fallen in value amid rumors of The dollar has fallen in value amid rumors of weakness in the US economy. Demonstrators weakness in the US economy. Demonstrators ripped up the national flag amid shouts of ripped up the national flag amid shouts of 'Death to the tyrants!''Death to the tyrants!'

2.literary among or surrounded by things2.literary among or surrounded by thingsHe sat amid the trees.He sat amid the trees.

Paradigm n.Paradigm n.

[countable][countable]1.technical a model or example that shows how 1.technical a model or example that shows how something works or is producedsomething works or is producedparadigm ofparadigm ofthe basic paradigm of the family treethe basic paradigm of the family tree

2.formal a very clear or typical example of 2.formal a very clear or typical example of somethingsomethingparadigm ofparadigm ofPius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope Pius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope should be.should be.

paradigmatic adjectiveparadigmatic adjectiveparadigmatically adverbparadigmatically adverb

Marginal adj.Marginal adj.

1. a marginal change or difference is too small to 1. a marginal change or difference is too small to be importantbe importanta marginal increase in the unemployment figures a a marginal increase in the unemployment figures a marginal improvement in profitsmarginal improvement in profits

2. technical relating to a change in cost, value etc 2. technical relating to a change in cost, value etc when one more thing is produced, one more dollar when one more thing is produced, one more dollar is earned etcis earned etcmarginal revenuemarginal revenue

3. marginal seat/constituency3. marginal seat/constituencyBritish English a seat in a parliament or similar British English a seat in a parliament or similar institution, which can be won or lost by a small institution, which can be won or lost by a small number of votes number of votes

Thank you!Thank you!