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50 (X)

( 2 )1. 101 kPa 760 mm.Hg

. 120 kPa. 1,000,000 kPa. 780 mm.Hg.

2. 100

. 1,000,000 kPa (g). 100,000 kPa (g). 10,000 kPa (g). 1,000 kPa (g)

3.

30OC 101 kPa ?

. 201 kPa (abs). 101 kPa (abs). 4 kPa (abs).

4. . (Critical

Pressure) . 101 kPa () 90OC

30 OC

. H2O ()

. H

2O

30

oC

1000 kg/m3

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5. 100 m3 30OC 200 kPa

60O

C ?. 0.1 m3. 1 m3. 3 m3. 3 m3

6. .

. 1 . 1.

2 0.1 kg/s7. 1 kg (Boiler) 200 kPa (2 )

30OC 200 kPa 110OC

. 336 kJ. 379 kJ. 2,566 kJ. 2,581 kJ

8. (Electric resistant heater) 1 kW ?

. 1 kW. 1 kW. 1 kW. 1 kW

9. (Turbine) 1,500 kPa (g) 40 m3/s(.) (Generator) 100%

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. 600 MW

. 80 MW. 60 MW. 6 MW

10. (Carnotcycle) 60%

. 100%

. 100% . 99.9%.

11. 15 101.3 17.6 x 10

-6 - /2

R 259.8 /( -)

. 51.5 10 2/. 51.3 10 2/. 51.1 10 2/. 49 10 2/

12. 300 x 1200 0.90 -/2

0.5 1.0 /

0.5

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. 0.0648

. 6.48 . 64.8 . 648

13. 5 0.8 2 1,000/3

. 6,600 . 68,670 . 166,046 . 64,746

14. 1 1.5

1 1000 /3

. 24,525 . 25,751 . 17,167 . 14,715

15. 1

0.10A = 2

20.05A = 2

30.10A = 2,

40.15A = 2

15V i=

r r

/,2

10V j= r r

/,3

3V j= r r

/4

Vr

x

y

45

1

2

4

3

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. 8.67 /

. 8.67 / . 4.67 / . 4.67 /

16. 10 / 0.01

Vj

. 1,000 . 100 . 10,000

. 100,000

17. 50 1.8 / 498.7 30 20

. 28.8 . 78.8 . 18.8 . 48.8

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18. commercial steel 150 0.03 / 1.5 61 10 2/

. 375,000

. 252,200 . 37,500 . 835,860

19. 1 1.2 14 / 13

0.75LC =

1.23 /3

. 73.5 . 108.5 . 217 . 7.7

20. 1 1.2

14 / 13 0.20DC =

1.23 /3

. 5,670 . 3,293 . 28.93

. 405

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21.

t = 0 (V) 50 m/s 500 m. 10 m/s (a) a = kV2 k

. 25 . 28 . 21.3 . 41.2

22. Transformer Transformer Cabin 80 ../ = 0.3

. 63.2

. 71.4 . 78.5 . 83.9

23. 5% () 120 kg 9 m/s

. 241.1 W. 359.5 W. 473.9 W. 528.9 W

24. A Slider AB 1 m/s = 30 AB

A

B

= 30

0.3 m.

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. 18.7 rad/s

. 11.3 rad/s. 3.85 rad/s. 2.45 rad/s

25. Conveyer 40 kg 3 m/s 15 0.25 4 m.

. 3.22 m/s. 1.89 m/s. 4.65 m/s. 3.89 m/s

26. Jet 6,000 kg 15 70 m/s 45 kN

. 19 kN. 17 kN. 15 kN. 22 kN

27. 12 kg 40 500 m/s

0.45 m.

0.45 m.

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. 3.25 rad/s

. 9.12 rad/s. 8.15 rad/s. 2.77 rad/s

28. Jet 20 kg/s 192 m/s 0.4 kg/s Jet 670 m/s Jet

. 11.14 kN

. 9.83 kN. 7.48 kN. 5.43 kN

29. 300 kg 2 m. = 200 kg

. 3.76 m/s

. 2.84 m/s. 1.53 m/s. 3.97 m/s

30. 36,000 kN 3106 kg

. 7.81 m/s2. 5.61 m/s2. 2.96 m/s2. 2.19 m/s2

31.

25 mm.

B

25 mm.25 mm.

10 kN 10 kN

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Knuckle joint 2 A B A

B 25 mm. 25 mm. B 25 mm.

1.1 A B1.2 1.3

A

FA

F

A

Ftc

=

==

,

1.1 ,1.2 ,1.3 . 19.67 MN /m2 , -16.14 MN /m2 , 8.63 MN /m2

. 20.42 MN /m2 , -17.34 MN /m2 , 10.19 MN/m2. 20.47 MN/m2 , -16.14 MN/m2 , 11.21 MN/m2. 21.24 MN /m2 , -17.13 MN /m2 , 12.64 MN /m2

* 20.37 MN/m2 , -16.00 MN /m2 , 10.19 MN /m2

32. 10 mm. E 205 GN/m2

EA

LFL

= 1

. 1.85 mm.. 1.98 mm.. 2.32 mm.. 2.85 mm.

A B C8 kN10 kN

2 m. 2 m. 2 m.

3 kN5 kN

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20

60 mm.mm.

100 mm.

2 mm.

20 mm.

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33. 400 mm.

250 mm. 480 KNm. Shear stress G 92.5 GN/m2 7.50 m.. 39.67 MN /m2 , 0.86

. 40.46 MN /m2 , 1.04

. 35.63 MN /m2 , 1.04 . 45.07 MN /m2 , 1.05

34. Maximum Shear force Maximum Bending Moment Simple

Supported . 20 kN , 22.5 kN-m

. 35 kN , 20.5 kN-m. 37 kN , 23.8 kN-m. 39.6 kN , 26.4 kN-m

* 30 kN , 22.5 kN-m35. C Bending Moment 200 kNm. Bending stress

I

YMb

=

. 10.05 MN/m2. 5.67 GN/m2. 40.38 MN/m2. 12.47 MN/m2

* 1.053 GN/m2

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60 mm. 80 mm.

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36. Maximum Shear stress 65

kN

bI

yaV

=

. 230 kN/m2

. 360 MN/m2

. 420 MN/m2

. 380 MN/m2

* 440 kN/m2

37. 3 mm. 4 MN/m2 300 mm.

Combined stress

( )21max

2

1 =

. 30 MN/m2

. 37 MN/m2

. 50 MN/m2

. 61 MN/m2

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38. Slope Deflection 2.50 m.

E= 205 GN/m2

I=90x106

mm4

Macaulays

. Slope 0.86 rad , Deflection = 16.32 mm.. Slope 1.04 rad , Deflection = -18.31 mm.. Slope 1.86 rad , Deflection = -20.32 mm.. Slope 2.64 rad , Deflection = 20.62 mm.

39. Boiler

4.5 m.

42 mm.

Tensile

strength 495 MN/m2 85% 60% 5 Boiler bar.

. 12.5 bar

. 15.6 bar. 18.48 bar

. 20 bar

40. D (d) =2

D

150 kW 650 rpm

41 MN/m2

60

2 TNP

= ,

L

G

J

T

r

==

50 kN

2 m2 m

BA

60 kN/m

C

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. D = 60 mm. , d = 30 mm.

. D = 82 mm. , d = 41 mm.. D = 102 mm. , d = 51 mm.. D = 108 mm. , d = 54 mm.

* D = 78.65 mm. , d = 39.32 mm.41.

. .

. .

42. 15 CrV53. 0.05 %. 0.53 %. 0.15 %. 0.30 %

43. AISI E 1050 . 0.01 %. 0.10 %. 0.50 %. 0.00 %

44. . Pt + Cu. Cu + Zn. Cu + Ag. Cu + Fe

45. . .

.

.

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46.

. 0.30.4 %. 0.40.5 %. 2%.

47. . 40 g/cm 3

. 40 g/cm 3

. 40 g/cm3

. 48.

. 10% . 1018 %. 10 %. 10 %

49. (Hot Working)

. 600 C. 700 C

. 1,370 C. 1,500 C

50.

. Slab

. Bloom. Billets. Ingots