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학술원논문집 (자연과학편) 제55집 1호 (2016) 75-97 量子論: 神은 주사위를 던지는가? * 이익춘 ** Quantum Theory: Does God Play Dice? * Ikchoon Lee ** . Copenhagen 定說 . 粒子-波動 2重性 . EPR 逆說 . Entanglement(얽힘현상) . Bell定理 . Schrödinger의 고양이 . 測定 문제 . 多重世界理論 . 超傳導와 터널링 현상 . 量子点 . 量子計算 참고문헌 20세기에 이르기까지는 물질은 어떤 크기이건 다를 바 없다고 생각해 왔다. 그러 量子論은 우리의 생각을 뒤집어 놓았다. Photon(光量子)이나 electron(電子)같은 微小세계를 추구할 때 그들은 모두 우리들의 감각으로 직접 경험하는 것과는 동 떨어진 행동을 한다. 양자론은 相對論보다도 훨씬 더 큰 뜻과 직접적인 실용성을 * 李益春 博士 遺稿 ** 大韓民國學術院 自然科學部 第1分科 會員

量子論: 神은 주사위를 던지는가?* 이익춘** Quantum Theory: Does

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  • () 551 (2016) 75-97

    : ?*

    **1)

    Quantum Theory: Does God Play Dice?*

    Ikchoon Lee**

    . Copenhagen

    . - 2

    . EPR

    . Entanglement()

    . Bell

    . Schrdinger

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    20 .

    . Photon() electron()

    .

    *

    ** 1

  • 2

    .

    Einstein Schrdinger

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    laser MRI ,

    .

    , DNA , . ,

    . string Big Bang

    .

    . .

    . .

    GDP 35% .

    .

    Niels Bohr

    .

    .

    . Copenhagen

    1927 Italy, Como Bohr Born, de

    Broglie, Compton, Heisenberg, Lorentz, Pauli, Sommerfeld

    . Bohr

    Complementarity() , Heisenberg Uncertainty

    Principle()

    Schrdinger

  • : ? 3

    . ,

    Copenhagen Interpretation( ) . Bohr

    Copenhagen

    . .

    Bohr

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    superposition of states(

    ) .

    . ()

    collapse() .

    decoherence .

    .

    Gttingen Born .

    , 2,

    . .

    (

    ) .

    Heisenberg

    .

    .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

  • 4

    .

    , causality()

    . Heisenberg

    .

    Bohr .

    .

    .

    . Born

    . Copenhagen

    , , ,

    system() .

    . - 2

    , .

    de Broglie - 2

    p =h/p=h/mv .

    . 2 holes(2

    ) 2 slits(2 ) . Richard Feynman

    - 2

    .

    1 A B

    peak(), A B .

    . intensity

  • : ? 5

    () . intensity(

    ), I A, B H J H2+J2 ,

    I=(H+J)2=H2+J2+2HJ

    .

    1. A, B.

    ( ) ( )

    ( ) .

    .

    . ,

    .

    .

    . (

    ) .

    .

    .

    .

    (

    ) .

    .

  • 6

    . Born

    .

    .

    .

    .

    de Broglie

    .

    2012 University of Vienna Vienna Center for Quantum Science and

    Technology 0.1 mm phthalocyanine

    .

    . D2+H

    HD , , D2 H

    .

    .

    ( )

    ,

    () .

    . Schrdinger Born

    .

    .

    ,

    . , ,

    laser computer

    .

    , ,

  • : ? 7

    .

    , .

    .

    .

    . .

    Schrdinger (2) .

    ( )

    ( )

    .

    ( )

    . Einstein

    .

    . Bohr Einstein

    .

    (

    )

    ( ) () .

    .

    , . -

    2 () (observationcreated

    reality), .

    . EPR

    1927 1930 Solvay conference Einstein

    . Bohr

    Heisenberg, Pauli Einstein

  • 8

    . Einstein

    Bohr . Einstein

    . 1935 Einstein Princeton Boris Podolsky

    Nathan Rosen

    ? (Physical Review, 1935, 47, 777-780) ,

    EPR paradox(EPR ) .

    ( )

    . Einstein

    ?.

    . EPR,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    . EPR,

    . A B

    . A B

    . A B

    . EPR B

    . A B

    A B B

    . A

    , B

    . EPR B

    . A A B B

    B . EPR

    . EPR B B

  • : ? 9

    A .

    EPR B

    , B .

    EPR

    . EPR B ,

    . B B (

    ) B ()

    . B . EPR

    ,

    . B A

    , A B .

    EPR . EPR

    Einstein (spooky action at a

    distance) , .

    . Einstein , A

    B

    .

    EPR A, B

    , .

    Bohr A B

    entangle()

    . A B

    B .

    . Entanglement()

    A B

  • 10

    Bohr .

    . B A

    . A

    B locality()

    A B separability() .

    Einstein EPR

    . Bohr A B

    . Einstein

    . Spooky action at a distance

    locality , Bohr quantum entanglement(nonlocality)

    .

    , pion

    . pion zero charge( ) zero spin( ) .

    .

    vector .

    .

    .

    teleportation() .

    .

    .

    Superposition of

    States 2 . 2012

    97 km

    . (Austria, Canada, Germany, Norway)

    143 km .

    Bell ( )

  • : ? 11

    .

    Einstein . .

    EPR

    .

    .

    . Bell

    1935 EPR 30

    .

    . 1964 Queen's University(Belfast, UK) John Bell

    . Bell

    .

    .

    1/2 positron() (

    ) .

    up() down()

    . - .

    - 50% - 50% - -

    ( ). 2 ( 20)

    EPR( ) ( )

    - - . -

    . 2 2(40)

    . EPR - 2

    . Bells Theorem(Bell ) Bell

    Inequality(Bell ) . 2 -

    ? .

    2 - 4 -

  • 12

    . 2 4 Bell . 4

    ? amplitude()

    . 2 4 . Bell

    EPR EPR

    .

    Bell .

    . 1972 John Clauser

    (Stuart Freedman and John Clauser, Physical Review

    Letters) 1982 Alain Aspect Vienna, Geneva

    . Bell

    , .

    Einstein

    . Bell 1990 62 .

    Clauser, Aspect Nobel . Bell Einstein

    Bell Einstein

    .

    . Schrdinger

    EPR

    (Naturwissenschaften, 1935, 23, 812). EPR

    . Schrdinger

    .

    ( Geiger ), cyanide ,

    . 50 50

    .

    .

  • : ? 13

    .

    .

    superposition()

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    . Schrdinger

    .

    .

    . .

    EPR .

    .

    system() 2

    . ()

    time-dependent() Schrdinger

    .

    .

    . reduction()

    collapse() . fk F

  • 14

    fk gk .

    . , ,

    .

    postulate(

    ) postulate

    .

    .

    .

    Schrdinger

    .

    . ,

    .

    Nobel Eugene Wigner ( )

    ( )

    . von Neumann superposition

    .

    superposition ,

    .

    Hugh Everett III

    (many world) .

    . .

    .

    Many-world theory() 1950 Princeton

  • : ? 15

    Hugh Everett .

    John Wheeler

    Ph. D. .

    . superspace()

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Schrdinger

    .

    . Everett

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    A

    B

    . .

    ?

    " ".

    . A B

    . .

  • 16

    .

    . .

    .

    Everett

    .

    .

    1911 Leiden University Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 4

    .

    superconductivity()

    Leon Cooper .

    (Cooper pair)

    .

    .

    Cooper fermion exclusion principle()

    boson .

    .

    .

  • : ? 17

    2. (a) , (b) .

    tunneling() . , , , scanning

    tunneling microscope(STM) .

    ( 2a). .

    . ( )

    ( 2b).

    .

    1962 Cambridge 22 Brian Josephson

    (Josephson junction) tunneling

    .

    tunneling .

    Cooper ( )

    .

    tunneling

    . Josephson AC()

    . frequency()

    Planck h . Josephson junction loop

  • 18

    SQUID(superconducting quantum interference device) ,

    . Josephson

    junction

    superposition

    .

    Scanning Tunneling Microscope(STM) 1982 Zurich IBM

    Gerd Binning Heinrich Rohrer .

    (nanometer, 10-9m )

    .

    .

    .

    , , .

    ,

    .

    .

    X.

    10-40 quantum dot()

    .

    doped semiconductor( ) 10

    valence band() conduction band() .

    .

    . 1 10 100

    .

    .

    .

  • : ? 19

    ( ) ( )

    . .

    .

    nanotechnology() TV,

    .

    .

    , ,

    Schrdinger

    .

    ,

    . 10

    .

    .

    ( ) bits

    . switch on-off - .

    switch 0 1 , switch

    . 8 bits 1 byte 210=1,024 bytes 1 kilobytes, 1,024 kbytes

    1 megabyte, 1,024 mbytes 1 gigabyte .

    . Schrdinger

    on off

    . spin - 0, 1 switch

    0 1 (0), (1), -(0,1) switch

    . switch quantum bit qubit() . 0,

    1 bits 00, 01, 10, 11 0 3

    . 0, 1, 2, 3, (0,1) 8

  • 20

    bits=1 byte . 2 qubits

    . 8 qubits, 1 qubyte 28 256

    . 1 qubyte

    256 256 ,

    256

    256 . 30-qubits

    10000 .

    ? ,

    .

    . .

    1. Josephson junction, SQUID

    SQUID

    . SQUIDs phase()

    . qubits SQUIDs

    . chip processor

    processor 2 3 qubits .

    SQUIDs .

    chip

    . , decoherence

    . D-Wave

    NASA, Google . 1,000 qubits D-Wave-2X

    quantum annealing( )

    . 0( 273) 0.8K

    decoherence 5 1

    , 100 1 .

    server 25kW .

  • : ? 21

    .

    2.

    qubits

    qubit .

    .

    .

    . (L)

    (R) 0 1 2 qubits . 2 qubits

    aluminium-gallium-arsenide gallium arsenide

    . decoherence time .

    . ,

    . qubit ,

    0 1

    . decoherence time 4-6

    .

    3. NMR

    NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) . neutron()

    proton() 1/2 . , 0 1

    . NMR

    , 1020 .

    ,

    . .

  • 22

    . NMR

    .

    qubit 0 1 .

    4.

    .

    .

    . Rydberg (rubidium)

    . Rydberg 100

    . Rydberg

    Rydberg entangle.

    Rydberg

    decoherence .

    Rydberg decoherence .

    feedback qubit

    .

    qubits

    . Collosus smartphone

    70-80 ,

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • : ? 23

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