图书情报专题研究

最新学科研究热点与前沿2011年第 1期

西北工业大学图书馆2011年 4月

前 言

《图书情报专题研究》的宗旨是为我校师生开展学术研究提供有价值的参考信息。此项工作由图书馆信息咨询与情报研究部承担，根据学校所购买的数字资源，通过分析其深层次的功能，从数据库中组织整理出了与我校学科领域相关的最新学科热点研究论文、最新研究前沿及最新国际会议信息等，以期能对我校师生开展学术研究、项目立项、开题等学术研究活动提供帮助。

本期，我们收集整理了如下八个方面的热点文献和前沿信息： 1.快速突破研究论文（Fast Breaking Papers），由汤姆森科技公司统计的 22

个学科 1997 至 2010 年引用率最高的高被引论文列表，是由每年各领域中被引用率最高的前 1％的文献构成，每两个月按照当前引文数据进行更新，包括新进入前 1%的论文。这些文献描述了新近在科学研究上有价值的发现和进展，并开始引起学术界的关注。 2.最新研究前沿（Emerging Research Fronts），由汤姆森科技公司统计的 22

个学科的最新研究领域，一个新的研究领域是由那些并没有在之前任何领域出现过的核心论文组成，所列举出来的研究领域都是取决于其所包含的这些核心论文的数量以及相关的引证率。 3. Elsevier Science Direct Top 25，Elsevier 数据库下载最多的 25 篇论文。 4. IEL Top20，IEL 数据库下载最多的 20 篇论文。 5. ACM 最新会议。根据 ACM 主页所提供的最新会议信息整理所得，可供研究者参考未来将要召开的会议内容等信息。

6. AIAA 最新会议，由 AIAA 主站提供的最新会议信息，以供研究者参考所用。 7.IEEE 最新会议，由 IEEE 主站提供的最新会议信息，供相关研究者参考使用。 8. Nature Advance Online Publication，Nature 周刊预先提供浏览未出版的最新文章。

如果您对我们的栏目设置、内容编排、出版方式等有好的意见和建议，欢迎与我们联系，我们将积极采纳，使这份电子刊物以臻完善。

图书馆

2011 年 4 月

II

目 录

一、快速突破研究论文（来源：http://www.sciencewatch.com/）.......1

二、最新研究前沿（来源：http://www.sciencewatch.com/）...............3

三、Elsevier Science Direct Top 25..........................................................4

（来源：http://www.sciencedirect.com/）...............................................4

四、IEL Top20（来源：http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/）............................14

五、ACM 最新会议（来源：http://www.acm.org/）...........................22

六、AIAA 最新会议（来源：http://www.aiaa.org/）..........................23

七、IEEE 最新会议（来源：http://www.ieee.org/index.html）...........25

八、Nature Advance Online Publication.................................................27

(来源：http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html).................................27

一、快速突破研究论文（来源：http://www.sciencewatch.com/）

1.学科领域：生物学和生物化学（Biology & Biochemistry）题目：Cell type of origin influences the molecular and functional properties of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells作 者 ： Authors: Polo, JM;Liu, S;Figueroa, ME;Kulalert, W;Eminli, S;Tan, KY;Apostolou, E;Stadtfeld, M;Li, YS;Shioda, T;Natesan, S;Wagers, AJ;Melnick, A;Evans, T;Hochedlinger, K出处：NAT BIOTECHNOLVolume: 28, Issue: 8, Page: 848-U130, Year: AUG 2010作者单位：* Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.* Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.* Harvard Univ, Dept Stem Cell & Regenerat Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.

2. .学科领域：化学（Chemistry）题目：Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing作者：Krebs, FC;Tromholt, T;Jorgensen, M出处：Journal: NANOSCALEVolume: 2, Issue: 6, Page: 873-886, Year: 2010作者单位：* Tech Univ Denmark, Riso Natl Lab Sustainable Energy, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.* Tech Univ Denmark, Riso Natl Lab Sustainable Energy, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.

3.学科领域：计算机科学（Computer Science）题目：A Survey of Spectrum Sensing Algorithms for Cognitive Radio Applications作者：Yucek, T;Arslan, H出处：IEEE COMMUN SURV TUTORVolume: 11, Issue: 1, Page: 116-130, Year: 2009作者单位：* Atheros Commun Inc, 5480 Great Amer Pkwy, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.* Atheros Commun Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.* Univ S Florida, Dept Elect Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.

4.学科领域：经济和商业(Economics & Business)题目：A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments作者： Roodman, D出处：OXFORD BULL ECON STATVolume: 71, Issue: 1, Page: 135-158, Year: FEB 2009作者单位：* Ctr Global Dev, Washington, DC USA.

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* Ctr Global Dev, Washington, DC USA.

5. 学科领域：材料科学(Materials Science)题 目 ： Large-area spatially ordered arrays of gold nanoparticles directed by lithographically confined DNA origami作者：Hung, AM;Micheel, CM;Bozano, LD;Osterbur, LW;Wallraff, GM;Cha, JN出处：NAT NANOTECHNOLVolume: 5, Issue: 2, Page: 121-126, Year: FEB 2010作者单位：* Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Nanoengn, 9500 Gilman Dr M-C 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.* Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Nanoengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.* IBM Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.

6. 学科领域：数学（Mathematics）题目：Variational identities and applications to Hamiltonian structures of soliton equations作者：Ma, WX出处：NONLINEAR ANAL-THEOR METH APPVolume: 71, Issue: 12, Page: E1716-E1726, Year: DEC 15 2009作者单位：* Zhejiang Normal Univ, Dept Math, Jinhua 321004, Peoples R China.* Zhejiang Normal Univ, Dept Math, Jinhua 321004, Peoples R China.

7. 学科领域：微生物学（Microbiology）题 目 ： Acquired carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens: detection and surveillance issues作 者 ： Miriagou, V;Cornaglia, G;Edelstein, M;Galani, I;Giske, CG;Gniadkowski, M;Malamou-Lada, E;Martinez-Martinez, L;Navarro, F;Nordmann, P;Peixe, L;Pournaras, S;Rossolini, GM;Tsakris, A;Vatopoulos, A;Canton, R出处： CLIN MICROBIOL INFECTVolume: 16, Issue: 2, Page: 112-122, Year: FEB 2010作者单位：* Hellenic Pasteur Inst, Bacteriol Lab, Athens, Greece.* Hellenic Pasteur Inst, Bacteriol Lab, Athens, Greece.* Univ Verona, Dept Pathol, I-37100 Verona, Italy.* Smolensk State Med Acad, Inst Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk, Russia.

8. 学科领域：物理学（Physics）题目：Evidence for an anomalous like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry作者：Abazov, VM;Abbott, B;Abolins, M;Acharya, Bs,etc.出处：PHYS REV DVolume: 82, Issue: 3, Page: art., Year: no.-032001 AUG 16 2010作者单位：* Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna, Russia.* Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna, Russia.* Univ Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.* Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, LAFEX, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.* Univ Estado Rio de Janeiro, BR-20550011 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.

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9. 学科领域：社会科学（Social Sciences, general）题 目 ： The "Blurring" of Special Education in a New Continuum of General Education Placements and Services作者：Fuchs, D;Fuchs, LS;Stecker, PM出处：EXCEPT CHILDVolume: 76, Issue: 3, Page: 301-323, Year: Sp. Iss. SI SPR 2010作者单位：* Vanderbilt Univ, Peabody Coll, Dept Special Educ, Peabody 228,230 Appleton Pl, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.* Vanderbilt Univ, Peabody Coll, Dept Special Educ, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.* Clemson Univ, Dept Special Educ, Clemson, SC 29631 USA.

10. 学科领域：社会科学（Social Sciences, general）题 目 ： Cosmological constraints from the clustering of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7 luminous red galaxies作者：Reid, BA;Percival, WJ;Eisenstein, DJ;Verde, L,etc.出处： MON NOTIC ROY ASTRON SOCVolume: 404, Issue: 1, Page: 60-85, Year: MAY 1 2010作者单位：* UAB, IEEC, CSIC, Inst Space Sci, Barcelona 08193, Spain.* UAB, IEEC, CSIC, Inst Space Sci, Barcelona 08193, Spain.* Univ Barcelona, Inst Sci Cosmos ICC, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.etc.

11. 学科领域：多学科（Multidisciplinary）题目：Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome作者：Gibson, DG;Glass, JI;Lartigue, C;Noskov, VN;Chuang, RY;Algire,,etc.出处：SCIENCEVolume: 329, Issue: 5987, Page: 52-56, Year: JUL 2 2010作者单位：* J Craig Venter Inst, 9704 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.* J Craig Venter Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.* J Craig Venter Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.

二、最新研究前沿（来源：http://www.sciencewatch.com/）

1.学科领域：Biology & Biochemistry

研究前沿名称：Expression Array Profiles; Clinically Relevant Molecular Subtypes;

Molecular Subclasses; Integrated Array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization; High-

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Grade Glioma Predict Prognosis; Resemble Stages

2. 学科领域：Chemistry

研 究 前 沿 名称： Heterogeneous Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation; Manganese-

Salen Promoted Epoxidation; Heterogeneous Catalysts; Reusable Homogeneous; Chiral Salen Complexes

3. 学科领域：Computer Science

研究前沿名称：Botany Array Resource; Comprehensive Systems-Biology Database;

Expression Angling; Promoter Analyses; E-Northerns

4. 学科领域：Economics & Business

研 究 前 沿 名 称 ： Monitoring Corruption; Community-Based Monitoring;

Randomized Field Experiment; Evidence; Cross-National Empirical Research

5. 学科领域：Engineering

研究前沿名称：Organoselenium Chemistry; Toxicology; Exotic Metalloids; Organic

Synthesis; Speciation Studies

6. 学科领域： Materials & Science

研 究 前 沿 名称： Free-Standing Nanoparticle Superlattice Sheets; Highly Ordered

Nanoparticle Monolayers; Nanoparticle Stripe Patterns; Close-Packed Nanoparticle Arrays; Kinetically Driven Self Assembly

7. 学科领域：Mathematics

研 究 前 沿 名称： Coupled Cell Networks; Multiple Arrows; Nonlinear Dynamics;

Groupoid Formalism; Patterns

8. 学科领域：Physics

研究前沿名称：Mesoscopic Graphite Devices; Quasi-2d Graphite Quantum Dots;

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Electric Field Modulation; Electric-Field-Dependent Transport Measurements; Galvanomagnetic Properties

9. 学科领域：Space Science

研 究 前 沿 名称： Herschel Space Observatory View; Herschel Hi-Gal Milky Way;

Herschel Gould Belt Survey; Herschel Atlas; Herschel-Spire Instrument

10. 学科领域：Microbiology

研 究 前 沿 名称： Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Genome Evolution; Cystic Fibrosis

Patients; Genetic Adaptation; Dynamics; Airways

三、Elsevier Science Direct Top 25 (工程类)

（来源：http://www.sciencedirect.com/）

1. 题名：A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks • Article 出处：Computer Communications, Volume 30, Issue 14-15, October 2007, Pages 2826-2841作者：Abbasi, A.A.; Younis, M. 摘要：The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in applications such as disaster management, combat field reconnaissance, border protection and security surveillance. Sensors in these applications are expected to be remotely deployed in large numbers and to operate autonomously in unattended environments. To support scalability, nodes are often grouped into disjoint and mostly non-overlapping clusters. In this paper, we present a taxonomy and general classification of published clustering schemes. We survey different clustering algorithms for WSNs; highlighting their objectives, features, complexity, etc. We also compare of these clustering algorithms based on metrics such as convergence rate, cluster stability, cluster overlapping, location-awareness and support for node mobility.

2. 题名：Evolutionary hidden information detection by granulation-based fitness approximation • Article 出处：Applied Soft Computing, Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2010, Pages 719-729

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作者：Davarynejad, M.; Ahn, C.W.; Vrancken, J.; van den Berg, J.; Coello Coello, C.A. 摘要：Spread spectrum watermarking (SSW) is one of the most powerful techniques for secure audio or image watermarking. SSW hides information by spreading the spectrum. The hidden information is called the ‘watermark’ and is added to a host signal, making the latter a watermarked signal. The spreading of the spectrum is carried out by using a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence. In conventional SSW approaches, the receiver must know both the PN sequence used at the transmitter and the location of the watermark in the watermarked signal for detecting the hidden information. This method has contributed much to secure audio watermarking in that any user, who is not able to access this secrete information, cannot detect the hidden information. Detection of the PN sequence is the key issue of hidden information detection in SSW. Although the PN sequence can be reliably detected by means of heuristic approaches, due to the high computational cost of this task, such approaches tend to be too computationally expensive to be practical. Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) belong to a class of such approaches. Most of the computational complexity involved in the use of EAs arises from fitness function evaluation that may be either very difficult to define or computationally very expensive to evaluate. This paper proposes an approximate model, called Adaptive Fuzzy Fitness Granulation with Fuzzy Supervisor (AFFG-FS), to replace the expensive fitness function evaluation. First, an intelligent guided technique via an adaptive fuzzy similarity analysis for fitness granulation is used for deciding on the use of exact fitness function and dynamically adapting the predicted model. Next, in order to avoid manually tuning parameters, a fuzzy supervisor as auto-tuning algorithm is employed. Its effectiveness is investigated with three traditional optimization benchmarks of four different choices for the dimensionality of the search space. The effect of the number of granules on the rate of convergence is also studied. The proposed method is then extended to the hidden information detection problem to recover a PN sequence with a chip period equal to 63, 127 and 255 bits. In comparison with the standard application of EAs, experimental analysis confirms that the proposed approach has an ability to considerably reduce the computational complexity of the detection problem without compromising performance. Furthermore, the auto-tuning of the fuzzy supervisor removes the need of exact parameter determination.

3. 题 名 ： Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications • Review article 出处：Biomaterials, Volume 26, Issue 18, June 2005, Pages 3995-4021作者：Gupta, A.K.; Gupta, M. 摘要：Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) with appropriate surface chemistry have been widely used experimentally for numerous in vivo applications such as magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement, tissue repair, immunoassay, detoxification of biological fluids, hyperthermia, drug delivery and in cell separation, etc. All these biomedical and bioengineering applications require that these nanoparticles have high magnetization values and size smaller than 100 nm with overall narrow particle size distribution, so that the particles have uniform physical and chemical properties. In addition, these applications need special surface coating of the magnetic particles, which has to be not only non-toxic and biocompatible but also allow a targetable delivery with particle localization in a specific area. To this end, most work in this field has been done in improving the biocompatibility of the materials, but only a few scientific investigations and developments have been carried out in improving the quality of

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magnetic particles, their size distribution, their shape and surface in addition to characterizing them to get a protocol for the quality control of these particles. Nature of surface coatings and their subsequent geometric arrangement on the nanoparticles determine not only the overall size of the colloid but also play a significant role in biokinetics and biodistribution of nanoparticles in the body. The types of specific coating, or derivatization, for these nanoparticles depend on the end application and should be chosen by keeping a particular application in mind, whether it be aimed at inflammation response or anti-cancer agents. Magnetic nanoparticles can bind to drugs, proteins, enzymes, antibodies, or nucleotides and can be directed to an organ, tissue, or tumour using an external magnetic field or can be heated in alternating magnetic fields for use in hyperthermia. This review discusses the synthetic chemistry, fluid stabilization and surface modification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, as well as their use for above biomedical applications.

4. 题名：Development of an electrical power take off system for a sea-test scaled offshore wave energy device • Article 出处：Renewable Energy, Volume 36, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 1236-1244作者：O\'Sullivan, D.; Griffiths, J.; Egan, M.G.; Lewis, A.W. 摘要：This paper details the design, deployment and operation of a power take off system for a 1:4 scale offshore Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Wave Energy Converter (WEC). Ocean energy device prototypes at this scale present a unique set of challenges in that the integration of prime movers and generators typically begins to take place at this particular development stage, which may also represent first deployment at sea.The presence of electrical equipment and rotating machinery in the offshore environment brings its own engineering and operational difficulties. Moreover, such devices are typically not grid connected, necessitating the development of custom power conversion and control equipment. The paper describes the design considerations, details of design, deployment experiences, operational experiences of such a system and concludes with recommendations for future projects in the area.

5. 题名 ：Artificial neural networks based on principal component analysis, fuzzy systems and fuzzy neural networks for preliminary design of rubble mound breakwaters • Article 出处：Applied Ocean Research, Volume 32, Issue 4, October 2010, Pages 425-433作者：Balas, C.E.; Koc, M.L.; Tur, R. 摘要 ： The new artificial intelligence models proposed for the preliminary design of rubble mound breakwaters consist of (1) multi layer feed forward artificial neural networks, (2) hybrid artificial neural networks with principal component analysis, (3) fuzzy systems, and (4) fuzzy neural networks. These models are applied for the stability analyses of Mersin yacht harbor main breakwater, as a case study in Turkey. A better agreement between the predicted stability numbers of hybrid artificial neural networks and measurements is obtained when compared to the stability equations. The Hybrid Artificial Neural Network model that is trained by the pre-processed database of measurements obtained from the Principal Component Analysis is considered as a robust technique in handling uncertainties inherent in the preliminary design. The fuzzy system and fuzzy neural network models have the advantages of incorporating flexible reasoning as expert systems when compared to hybrid neural networks; however, they require the development of new prediction enhancement techniques for the improvement of their forecasts.

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6. 题名：Wireless sensor networks: a survey • Article 出处：Computer Networks, Volume 38, Issue 4, March 2002, Pages 393-422作者：Akyildiz, I.F.; Su, W.; Sankarasubramaniam, Y.; Cayirci, E. 摘要：This paper describes the concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics. First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications are explored, and a review of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored. Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed.

7. 题 名 ： Graphene and graphite nanoribbons: Morphology, properties, synthesis, defects and applications • Review article 出处：Nano Today, Volume 5, Issue 4, August 2010, Pages 351-372作者：Terrones, M.; Botello-Mendez, A.R.; Campos-Delgado, J.; Lopez-Urias, F.; Vega-Cantu, Y.I.; Rodriguez-Macias, F.J.; Elias, A.L.; Munoz-Sandoval, E.; Cano-Marquez, A.G.; Charlier, J.C.; Terrones, H. 摘要 ： Carbon is a unique and very versatile element which is capable of forming different architectures at the nanoscale. Over the last 20 years, new members of the carbon nanostructure family arose, and more are coming. This review provides a brief overview on carbon nanostructures ranging from C60 to graphene, passing through carbon nanotubes. It provides the reader with important definitions in carbon nanoscience and concentrates on novel one- and two-dimensional layered carbon (sp2 hybridized), including graphene and nanoribbons. This account presents the latest advances in their synthesis and characterization, and discusses new perspectives of tailoring their electronic, chemical, mechanical and magnetic properties based on defect control engineering. It is foreseen that some of the structures discussed in the review will have important applications in areas related to electronics, spintronics, composites, medicine and many others.

8. 题名：Wireless sensor network survey • Article 出处：Computer Networks, Volume 52, Issue 12, August 2008, Pages 2292-2330作者：Yick, J.; Mukherjee, B.; Ghosal, D. 摘 要 ： A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application’s design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) communication protocol stack, and (3) network services,

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provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.

9. 题名：Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass • Review article 出处：Applied Energy, Volume 88, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 17-28作者：Demirbas, A. 摘要 ： The cost of biodiesels varies depending on the feedstock, geographic area, methanol prices, and seasonal variability in crop production. Most of the biodiesel is currently made from soybean, rapeseed, and palm oils. However, there are large amounts of low-cost oils and fats (e.g., restaurant waste, beef tallow, pork lard, and yellow grease) that could be converted to biodiesel. The crop types, agricultural practices, land and labor costs, plant sizes, processing technologies and government policies in different regions considerably vary ethanol production costs and prices by region. The cost of producing bioethanol in a dry mill plant currently totals US$1.65/galon. The largest ethanol cost component is the plant feedstock. It has been showed that plant size has a major effect on cost. The plant size can reduce operating costs by 15–20%, saving another $0.02–$0.03 per liter. Thus, a large plant with production costs of $0.29 per liter may be saving $0.05–$0.06 per liter over a smaller plant. Viscosity of biofuel and biocrude varies greatly with the liquefaction conditions. The high and increasing viscosity indicates a poor flow characteristic and stability. The increase in the viscosity can be attributed to the continuing polymerization and oxidative coupling reactions in the biocrude upon storage. Although stability of biocrude is typically better than that of bio-oil, the viscosity of biocrude is much higher. The bio-oil produced by flash pyrolysis is a highly oxygenated mixture of carbonyls, carboxyls, phenolics and water. It is acidic and potentially corrosive. Bio-oil can also be potentially upgraded by hydrodeoxygenation. The liquid, termed biocrude, contains 60% carbon, 10–20 wt.% oxygen and 30–36 MJ/kg heating value as opposed to <1 wt.% and 42–46 MJ/kg for petroleum.

10. 题名：Heat transfer-A review of 2005 literature • Review article 出处：International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 53, Issue 21-22, October 2010, Pages 4397-4447作者：Goldstein, R.J.; Ibele, W.E.; Patankar, S.V.; Simon, T.W.; Kuehn, T.H.; Strykowski, P.J.; Tamma, K.K.; Heberlein, J.V.R.; Davidson, J.H.; Bischof, J.; Kulacki, F.A.; Kortshagen, U.; Garrick, S.; Srinivasan, V.; Ghosh, K.; Mittal, R. 摘要：The present review is intended to encompass the heat transfer literature published in 2005. While of a wide-range in scope, some selection is inevitable. We restrict ourselves to papers published in English through a peer-review process, with selected translations from journals published in other languages. Papers from conference proceedings generally are not included, though the Proceeding itself may be cited in the introduction. A significant fraction of the papers reviewed herein relates to the science of heat transfer, including experimental, analytical and numerical studies. Other papers cover applications where heat transfer plays a major role, not only in man-made devices but in natural systems as well. The papers are grouped into major subject areas and then into subfields within these areas. In addition to reviewing the literature, we mention major conferences held in 2005, major awards related to heat transfer presented in 2005, and books on heat transfer published during the year.

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11. 题名：Combining multiple clusterings using similarity graph • Article 出处：Pattern Recognition, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 694-703作者：Mimaroglu, S.; Erdil, E. 摘要 ：Multiple clusterings are produced for various needs and reasons in both distributed and local environments. Combining multiple clusterings into a final clustering which has better overall quality has gained importance recently. It is also expected that the final clustering is novel, robust, and scalable. In order to solve this challenging problem we introduce a new graph-based method. Our method uses the evidence accumulated in the previously obtained clusterings, and produces a very good quality final clustering. The number of clusters in the final clustering is obtained automatically; this is another important advantage of our technique. Experimental test results on real and synthetically generated data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our new method.

12. 题名：Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources • Review article 出处：Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Volume 37, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 52-68作者：Nigam, P.S.; Singh, A. 摘要 ： This article is an up-to-date review of the literature available on the subject of liquid biofuels. In search of a suitable fuel alternative to fast depleting fossil fuel and oil reserves and in serious consideration of the environmental issues associated with the extensive use of fuels based on petrochemicals, research work is in progress worldwide. Researchers have been re-directing their interests in biomass based fuels, which currently seem to be the only logical alternative for sustainable development in the context of economical and environmental considerations. Renewable bioresources are available globally in the form of residual agricultural biomass and wastes, which can be transformed into liquid biofuels. However, the process of conversion, or chemical transformation, could be very expensive and not worth-while to use for an economical large-scale commercial supply of biofuels. Hence, there is still need for much research to be done for an effective, economical and efficient conversion process. Therefore, this article is written as a broad overview of the subject, and includes information based on the research conducted globally by scientists according to their local socio-cultural and economic situations.

13. 题名：Wireless sensor networks: A survey on the state of the art and the 802.15.4 and ZigBee standards • Review article 出处：Computer Communications, Volume 30, Issue 7, May 2007, Pages 1655-1695作者：Baronti, P.; Pillai, P.; Chook, V.W.C.; Chessa, S.; Gotta, A.; Hu, Y.F. 摘要：Wireless sensor networks are an emerging technology for low-cost, unattended monitoring of a wide range of environments. Their importance has been enforced by the recent delivery of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the physical and MAC layers and the forthcoming ZigBee standard for the network and application layers. The fast progress of research on energy efficiency, networking, data management and security in wireless sensor networks, and the need to compare with the solutions adopted in the standards motivates the need for a survey on this field.

14. 题 名 ： A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites • Article

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出处：Composites Science and Technology, Volume 63, Issue 15, November 2003, Pages 2223-2253作者：Huang, Z.-M.; Zhang, Y.-Z.; Kotaki, M.; Ramakrishna, S. 摘要 ： Electrospinning has been recognized as an efficient technique for the fabrication of polymer nanofibers. Various polymers have been successfully electrospun into ultrafine fibers in recent years mostly in solvent solution and some in melt form. Potential applications based on such fibers specifically their use as reinforcement in nanocomposite development have been realized. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on the researches and developments related to electrospun polymer nanofibers including processing, structure and property characterization, applications, and modeling and simulations. Information of those polymers together with their processing conditions for electrospinning of ultrafine fibers has been summarized in the paper. Other issues regarding the technology limitations, research challenges, and future trends are also discussed.

15.题名：Heat transfer-A review of 2004 literature • Review article 出处：International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 53, Issue 21-22, October 2010, Pages 4343-4396作者：Goldstein, R.J.; Ibele, W.E.; Patankar, S.V.; Simon, T.W.; Kuehn, T.H.; Strykowski, P.J.; Tamma, K.K.; Heberlein, J.V.R.; Davidson, J.H.; Bischof, J.; Kulacki, F.A.; Kortshagen, U.; Garrick, S.; Srinivasan, V.; Ghosh, K.; Mittal, R. 摘要 ： The present review covers the heat transfer literature published in 2004 in English language, including some translations of foreign language papers. Though extensive, some selection is necessary. Only articles published by a process of peer review in archival journals are reviewed. Papers are grouped into subject-oriented sections and further divided into sub-fields. Many papers deal with the fundamental science of heat transfer, including experimental, numerical and analytical work; others relate to applications or natural systems. In addition to reviewing journal articles, this Review also takes note of important conferences and meetings on heat transfer and related areas, major awards presented in 2004, and relevant books published in 2004.

16. 题 名 ： Texture segmentation using independent-scale component-wise Riemannian-covariance Gaussian mixture model in KL measure based multi-scale nonlinear structure tensor space • Article 出处：Pattern Recognition, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 503-518作者：Han, S.; Tao, W.; Wu, X. 摘要 ： This paper proposes a novel texture segmentation approach using independent-scale component-wise Riemannian-covariance Gaussian mixture model (ICRGMM) in Kullback–Leibler (KL) measure based multi-scale nonlinear structure tensor (MSNST) space. We use the independent-scale distribution and full-covariance structure to replace the covariant-scale distribution and 1D-variance structure used in our previous research. To construct the optimal full-covariance structure, we define the full-covariance on KL, Euclidean, log-Euclidean, and Riemannian gradient mappings, and compare their performances. The comparison experiments demonstrate that the Riemannian gradient mapping leads to its optimum properties over other choices when constructing the full-covariance. To estimate and update the statistical parameters more accurately, the component-wise expectation-maximization for mixtures (CEM2) algorithm is

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proposed instead of the originally used K-means algorithm. The superiority of the proposed ICRGMM has been demonstrated based on texture clustering and Graph Cuts based texture segmentation using a large number of synthesis texture images and real natural scene textured images, and further analyzed in terms of error ratio and modified F-measure, respectively.

17. 题名：A Riemannian scalar measure for diffusion tensor images • Article 出处：Pattern Recognition, September 2010作者：Astola, L.; Fuster, A.; Florack, L. 摘要：We study a well-known scalar quantity in Riemannian geometry, the Ricci scalar, in the context of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which is an emerging non-invasive medical imaging modality. We derive a physical interpretation for the Ricci scalar and explore experimentally its significance in DTI. We also extend the definition of the Ricci scalar to the case of high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) using Finsler geometry. We mention that the Ricci scalar is not only suitable for tensor valued image analysis, but it can be computed for any mapping .

18. 题名：Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications • Review article 出处：Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 23, Issue 3, February 2003, Pages 251-283作者：Zalba, B.; Marn, J.M.S.T.; Cabeza, L.F.; Mehling, H. 摘要：Thermal energy storage in general, and phase change materials (PCMs) in particular, have been a main topic in research for the last 20 years, but although the information is quantitatively enormous, it is also spread widely in the literature, and difficult to find. In this work, a review has been carried out of the history of thermal energy storage with solid–liquid phase change. Three aspects have been the focus of this review: materials, heat transfer and applications. The paper contains listed over 150 materials used in research as PCMs, and about 45 commercially available PCMs. The paper lists over 230 references.

19. 题名：3D video and free viewpoint video-From capture to display • Article 出处：Pattern Recognition, September 2010作者：Smolic, A. 摘要：This paper gives an end-to-end overview of 3D video and free viewpoint video, which can be regarded as advanced functionalities that expand the capabilities of a 2D video. Free viewpoint video can be understood as the functionality to freely navigate within real world visual scenes, as it is known for instance from virtual worlds in computer graphics. 3D video shall be understood as the functionality that provides the user with a 3D depth impression of the observed scene, which is also known as stereo video. In that sense as functionalities, 3D video and free viewpoint video are not mutually exclusive but can very well be combined in a single system. Research in this area combines computer graphics, computer vision and visual communications. It spans the whole media processing chain from capture to display and the design of systems has to take all parts into account, which is outlined in different sections of this paper giving an end-to-end view and mapping of this broad area. The conclusion is that the necessary technology including standard media formats for 3D video and free viewpoint video is available or will be available in the future, and that there is a clear demand from industry and user for such advanced types of visual media. As a consequence we are witnessing these days how such technology enters our everyday life

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20. 题名：Real-time lip reading system for isolated Korean word recognition • Article 出处：Pattern Recognition, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 559-571作者：Shin, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, D. 摘要：This paper proposes a real-time lip reading system (consisting of a lip detector, lip tracker, lip activation detector, and word classifier), which can recognize isolated Korean words. Lip detection is performed in several stages: face detection, eye detection, mouth detection, mouth end-point detection, and active appearance model (AAM) fitting. Lip tracking is then undertaken via a novel two-stage lip tracking method, where the model-based Lucas–Kanade feature tracker is used to track the outer lip, and then a fast block matching algorithm is used to track the inner lip. Lip activation detection is undertaken through a neural network classifier, the input for which being a combination of the lip motion energy function and the first dominant shape feature. In the last step, input words are defined and recognized by three different classifiers: HMM, ANN, and K-NN. We combine the proposed lip reading system with an audio-only automatic speech recognition (ASR) system to improve the word recognition performance in the noisy environments. We then demonstrate the potential applicability of the combined system for use within hands free in-vehicle navigation devices. Results from experiments undertaken on 30 isolated Korean words using the K-NN classifier at a speed of 15 fps demonstrate that the proposed lip reading system achieves a 92.67% word correct rate (WCR) for person-dependent tests, and a 46.50% WCR for person-independent tests. Also, the combined audio-visual ASR system increases the WCR from 0% to 60% in a noisy environment.

21. 题名：A review of recent research on mechanics of multifunctional composite materials and structures • Review article 出处：Composite Structures, Volume 92, Issue 12, November 2010, Pages 2793-2810作者：Gibson, R.F. 摘要：In response to the marked increase in research activity and publications in multifunctional materials and structures in the last few years, this article is an attempt to identify the topics that are most relevant to multifunctional composite materials and structures and review representative journal publications that are related to those topics. Articles covering developments in both multiple structural functions and integrated structural and non-structural functions since 2000 are emphasized. Structural functions include mechanical properties like strength, stiffness, fracture toughness, and damping, while non-structural functions include electrical and/or thermal conductivity, sensing and actuation, energy harvesting/storage, self-healing capability, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, recyclability and biodegradability. Many of these recent developments are associated with polymeric composite materials and corresponding advances in nanomaterials and nanostructures, as are many of the articles reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion of recent applications of multifunctional materials and structures, such as morphing aircraft wings, structurally integrated electronic components, biomedical nanoparticles for dispensing drugs and diagnostics, and optically transparent impact absorbing structures. Several suggestions regarding future research needs are also presented.

22. 题名：Multi-label classification and extracting predicted class hierarchies • Article 出处：Pattern Recognition, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 724-738

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作者：Brucker, F.; Benites, F.; Sapozhnikova, E. 摘要：This paper investigates hierarchy extraction from results of multi-label classification (MC). MC deals with instances labeled by multiple classes rather than just one, and the classes are often hierarchically organized. Usually multi-label classifiers rely on a predefined class hierarchy. A much less investigated approach is to suppose that the hierarchy is unknown and to infer it automatically. In this setting, the proposed system classifies multi-label data and extracts a class hierarchy from multi-label predictions. It is based on a combination of a novel multi-label extension of the fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Associative Map (ARAM) neural network with an association rule learner.

23. 题名：Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review • Article 出处：Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Volume 54, Issue 1-2, January 1999, Pages 3-15作者：Homola, J.; Yee, S.S.; Gauglitz, G. 摘要 ： Since the first application of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon for sensing almost two decades ago, this method has made great strides both in terms of instrumentation development and applications. SPR sensor technology has been commercialized and SPR biosensors have become a central tool for characterizing and quantifying biomolecular interactions. This paper attempts to review the major developments in SPR technology. Main application areas are outlined and examples of applications of SPR sensor technology are presented. Future prospects of SPR sensor technology are discussed.

24. 题名 A global averaging method for dynamic time warping, with applications to clustering • Article 出处：Pattern Recognition, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 678-693作者：Petitjean, F.; Ketterlin, A.; Gancarski, P. 摘要：Mining sequential data is an old topic that has been revived in the last decade, due to the increasing availability of sequential datasets. Most works in this field are centred on the definition and use of a distance (or, at least, a similarity measure) between sequences of elements. A measure called dynamic time warping (DTW) seems to be currently the most relevant for a large panel of applications. This article is about the use of DTW in data mining algorithms, and focuses on the computation of an average of a set of sequences. Averaging is an essential tool for the analysis of data. For example, the K-means clustering algorithm repeatedly computes such an average, and needs to provide a description of the clusters it forms. Averaging is here a crucial step, which must be sound in order to make algorithms work accurately. When dealing with sequences, especially when sequences are compared with DTW, averaging is not a trivial task.Starting with existing techniques developed around DTW, the article suggests an analysis framework to classify averaging techniques. It then proceeds to study the two major questions lifted by the framework. First, we develop a global technique for averaging a set of sequences. This technique is original in that it avoids using iterative pairwise averaging. It is thus insensitive to ordering effects. Second, we describe a new strategy to reduce the length of the resulting average sequence. This has a favourable impact on performance, but also on the relevance of the results. Both aspects are evaluated on standard datasets, and the evaluation shows that they compare favourably with existing methods. The article ends by describing the use of averaging in clustering. The last section also introduces a new application domain, namely the analysis of

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satellite image time series, where data mining techniques provide an original approach.

25. 题名 Enterprise information systems project implementation: - A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce • Article 出处：International Journal of Production Economics, Volume 87, Issue 3, February 2004, Pages 251-266作者：Yusuf, Y.; Gunasekaran, A.; Abthorpe, M.S. 摘要 ： Economic globalisation and internationalisation of operations are essential factors in integration of suppliers, partners and customers within and across national borders, the objective being to achieve integrated supply chains. In this effort, implementation of information technologies and systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) facilitate the desired level of integration. There are cases of successful and unsuccessful implementations. The principal reason for failure is often associated with poor management of the implementation process. This paper examines key dimensions of implementation of ERP system within a large manufacturing organisation and identifies core issues to confront in successful implementation of enterprise information system. A brief overview of the application of ERP system is also presented and in particular, ERP software package known as SAP R/3, which was the ERP software package selected by Rolls-Royce plc. The paper takes an in-depth look at the issues behind the process of ERP implementation via a case study methodology. It focuses on business and technical as well as cultural issues at the heart of the Rolls-Royce implementation. The case study also looks at the implementation time scales and assesses the benefits from the project both tangible and intangible.

四、IEL Top20（来源：http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/）

1. 题名：Contour Detection and Hierarchical Image Segmentation作者：Arbelaez, P. Maire, M. Fowlkes, C. Malik, J. 出处：Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 33 Issue: 5 Date: May 2011 Page(s):898 - 916 摘要：This paper investigates two fundamental problems in computer vision: contour detection and image segmentation. We present state-of-the-art algorithms for both of these tasks. Our contour detector combines multiple local cues into a globalization framework based on spectral clustering. Our segmentation algorithm consists of generic machinery for transforming the output of any contour detector into a hierarchical region tree. In this manner, we reduce the problem of image segmentation to that of contour detection. Extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that both our contour detection and segmentation methods significantly outperform competing algorithms. The automatically generated hierarchical segmentations can be interactively refined by user-specified annotations. Computation at multiple image resolutions provides a means of coupling our system to recognition applications.

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2. 题名：Green Cloud Computing: Balancing Energy in Processing, Storage, and Transport作者：Baliga, J. Ayre, R.W.A. Hinton, K. Tucker, R.S. 出处：Proceedings of the IEEE Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Date: Jan. 2011 Page(s):149 - 167 摘要 ： Network-based cloud computing is rapidly expanding as an alternative to conventional office-based computing. As cloud computing becomes more widespread, the energy consumption of the network and computing resources that underpin the cloud will grow. This is happening at a time when there is increasing attention being paid to the need to manage energy consumption across the entire information and communications technology (ICT) sector. While data center energy use has received much attention recently, there has been less attention paid to the energy consumption of the transmission and switching networks that are key to connecting users to the cloud. In this paper, we present an analysis of energy consumption in cloud computing. The analysis considers both public and private clouds, and includes energy consumption in switching and transmission as well as data processing and data storage. We show that energy consumption in transport and switching can be a significant percentage of total energy consumption in cloud computing. Cloud computing can enable more energy-efficient use of computing power, especially when the computing tasks are of low intensity or infrequent. However, under some circumstances cloud computing can consume more energy than conventional computing where each user performs all computing on their own personal computer (PC).

3. 题名：Top 11 technologies of the decade作者：Ross, P.E. 出处：Spectrum, IEEE Volume: 48 Issue: 1 Date: Jan. 2011 Page(s):27 - 63 摘要 ： The most powerful technologies take a while to mature. But when they do, they can rapidly retire mainstays that are decades old. Given in this paper are the top 11 technologies of the decade which are smartphones, social networking, voice over IP, LED lighting, multicore CPU, cloud computing, drone aircraft, planetary rovers, flexible AC transmission, digital photography and class-D audio.

4. 题名：LTE-advanced: next-generation wireless broadband technology [Invited Paper]作者：Ghosh, A. Ratasuk, R. Mondal, B. Mangalvedhe, N. Thomas, T. 出处：Wireless Communications, IEEE Volume: 17 Issue: 3 Date: June 2010 Page(s):10 - 22 摘要：LTE Release 8 is one of the primary broadband technologies based on OFDM, which is currently being commercialized. LTE Release 8, which is mainly deployed in a macro/microcell layout, provides improved system capacity and coverage, high peak data rates, low latency, reduced operating costs, multi-antenna support, flexible bandwidth operation and seamless integration with existing systems. LTE-Advanced (also known as LTE Release 10) significantly enhances the existing LTE Release 8 and supports much higher peak rates, higher throughput and coverage, and lower latencies, resulting in a better user experience. Additionally, LTE Release 10 will support heterogeneous deployments where low-power nodes comprising picocells, femtocells, relays, remote radio heads, and so on are placed in a macrocell layout. The LTE-Advanced

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features enable one to meet or exceed IMT-Advanced requirements. It may also be noted that LTE Release 9 provides some minor enhancement to LTE Release 8 with respect to the air interface, and includes features like dual-layer beamforming and time-difference- of-arrival-based location techniques. In this article an overview of the techniques being considered for LTE Release 10 (aka LTEAdvanced) is discussed. This includes bandwidth extension via carrier aggregation to support deployment bandwidths up to 100 MHz, downlink spatial multiplexing including single-cell multi-user multiple-input multiple-output transmission and coordinated multi point transmission, uplink spatial multiplexing including extension to four-layer MIMO, and heterogeneous networks with emphasis on Type 1 and Type 2 relays. Finally, the performance of LTEAdvanced using IMT-A scenarios is presented and compared against IMT-A targets for full buffer and bursty traffic model.

5.题名：A Wideband Receiver for Multi-Gbit/s Communications in 65 nm CMOS作者：Vecchi, F. Bozzola, S. Temporiti, E. Guermandi, D. Pozzoni, M. Repossi, M. Cusmai, M. Decanis, U. Mazzanti, A. Svelto, F. 出处：Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of Volume: 46 Issue: 3 Date: March 2011 Page(s):551 - 561 摘要：High-rate communications technology leveraging the unlicensed spectrum around 60 GHz is almost ready for deployment with several demonstrations of successful wireless links. One key aspect of the transceiver is the ability to handle analog fractional bandwidths in the order of 20%, challenging for both the linear processing chain and the frequency reference generator. In classical LC loaded stages bandwidth trades with gain making them unsuitable for wide band amplifiers at millimeter-waves where the available device gain is relatively low. In this work, we exploit inter-stage coupling realizing higher order filters where wider bandwidth is achieved at the expense of in-band gain ripple only. The receiver adopts a sliding IF architecture employing an integer-N type-II synthesizer, with a three state phase frequency detector charge pump combination, a switched tuned LC VCO followed by a low power wide range divider chain. By judicious choice of charge pump current and filter components integrated phase noise, critical for signal constellation integrity at high rate, is kept low. This paper inspects the inter-stage coupling technique, providing design formulas, and discusses the design of each receiver block. Experiments performed on 65 nm prototypes provide: 6.5 dB maximum noise figure over >;13 GHz bandwidth, -22.5 dBc integrated phase noise while consuming 84 mW.

6.题名：Emerging cognitive radio applications: A survey作者：Jianfeng Wang Ghosh, M. Challapali, K. 出处：Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume: 49 Issue: 3 Date: March 2011 Page(s):74 - 81 摘要：Recent developments in spectrum policy and regulatory domains, notably the release of the National Broadband Plan, the publication of final rules for TV white spaces, and the ongoing proceeding for secondary use of the 2360-2400 MHz band for medical body area networks, will allow more flexible and efficient use of spectrum in the future. These important changes open up exciting opportunities for cognitive radio to enable and support a variety of emerging applications, ranging from smart grid, public safety and broadband cellular, to medical applications. This article presents a high-level view on how cognitive radio (primarily from a dynamic spectrum access

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perspective) would support such applications, the benefits that cognitive radio would bring, and also some challenges that are yet to be resolved. We also illustrate related standardization that uses cognitive radio technologies to support such emerging applications.

7.题名：The Characteristics of Cloud Computing作者：Chunye Gong Jie Liu Qiang Zhang Haitao Chen Zhenghu Gong 出处：Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW), 2010 39th International Conference on Page(s):275 - 279 摘要：Cloud computing emerges as one of the hottest topic in field of information technology. Cloud computing is based on several other computing research areas such as HPC, virtualization, utility computing and grid computing. In order to make clear the essential of cloud computing, we propose the characteristics of this area which make cloud computing being cloud computing and distinguish it from other research areas. The cloud computing has its own conceptional, technical, economic and user experience characteristics. The service oriented, loose coupling, strong fault tolerant, business model and ease use are main characteristics of cloud computing. Clear insights into cloud computing will help the development and adoption of this evolving technology both for academe and industry.

8.题名：Data Security in the World of Cloud Computing作者：Kaufman, L.M. 出处：Security & Privacy, IEEE Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Date: July-Aug. 2009 Page(s):61 - 64 摘要：Today, we have the ability to utilize scalable, distributed computing environments within the confines of the Internet, a practice known as cloud computing. In this new world of computing, users are universally required to accept the underlying premise of trust. Within the cloud computing world, the virtual environment lets users access computing power that exceeds that contained within their own physical worlds. Typically, users will know neither the exact location of their data nor the other sources of the data collectively stored with theirs. The data you can find in a cloud ranges from public source, which has minimal security concerns, to private data containing highly sensitive information (such as social security numbers, medical records, or shipping manifests for hazardous material). Does using a cloud environment alleviate the business entities of their responsibility to ensure that proper security measures are in place for both their data and applications, or do they share joint responsibility with service providers? The answers to this and other questions lie within the realm of yet-to-be-written law. As with most technological advances, regulators are typically in a "catch-up" mode to identify policy, governance, and law. Cloud computing presents an extension of problems heretofore experienced with the Internet. To ensure that such decisions are informed and appropriate for the cloud computing environment, the industry itself should establish coherent and effective policy and governance to identify and implement proper security methods.

9.题名：Cloud Computing Research and Development Trend作者：Shuai Zhang Shufen Zhang Xuebin Chen Xiuzhen Huo 出处：Future Networks, 2010. ICFN '10. Second International Conference on Page(s):93 - 97

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摘要：With the development of parallel computing, distributed computing, grid computing, a new computing model appeared. The concept of computing comes from grid, public computing and SaaS. It is a new method that shares basic framework. The basic principles of cloud computing is to make the computing be assigned in a great number of distributed computers, rather then local computer or remoter server. The running of the enterprise's data center is just like Internet. This makes the enterprise use the resource in the application that is needed, and access computer and storage system according to the requirement. This article introduces the background and principle of cloud computing, the character, style and actuality. This article also introduces the application field the merit of cloud computing, such as, it do not need user's high level equipment, so it reduces the user's cost. It provides secure and dependable data storage center, so user needn't do the awful things such storing data and killing virus, this kind of task can be done by professionals. It can realize data share through different equipments. It analyses some questions and hidden troubles, and puts forward some solutions, and discusses the future of cloud computing. Cloud computing is a computing style that provide power referenced with IT as a service. Users can enjoy the service even he knows nothing about the technology of cloud computing and the professional knowledge in this field and the power to control it.

10.题名：The comparison between cloud computing and grid computing作者：Shuai Zhang Xuebin Chen Shufen Zhang Xiuzhen Huo 出处：Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM), 2010 International Conference on Volume: 11 Page(s):V11-72 - V11-75 摘要：It is a great idea to make many normal computers together to get a super computer, and this computer can do a lot of things. This is the concept of cloud computing. Cloud computing is an emerging model of business computing. And it is becoming a development trend. This article compares cloud computing and grid computing. Internet has connected all the computers in the world. Grid computing has been put forward under this background. Its core concept is to complete computing based on compute grid, in it every computer will devote power. In recent years a new concept cloud computing has been put forward, it can connect millions of computers to a super cloud. This article also introduces the application field the merit of cloud computing, such as, it do not need user's high level equipment, so it reduces the user's cost. It provides secure and dependable data storage center, so user needn't do the awful things such storing data and killing virus, this kind of task can be done by professionals. It can realize data share through different equipments. The users need not know how the cloud runs. In this paper I describe the concept of cloud computing and grid computing and compare them.

11.题名：Compressed sensing作者：Donoho, D.L. 出处：Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 52 Issue: 4 Date: April 2006 Page(s):1289 - 1306 摘要：Suppose x is an unknown vector in Ropfm (a digital image or signal); we plan to measure n general linear functionals of x and then reconstruct. If x is known to be compressible by transform coding with a known transform, and we reconstruct via the nonlinear procedure defined here, the number of measurements n can be dramatically smaller than the size m. Thus, certain

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natural classes of images with m pixels need only n=O(m1/4log5/2(m)) nonadaptive nonpixel samples for faithful recovery, as opposed to the usual m pixel samples. More specifically, suppose x has a sparse representation in some orthonormal basis (e.g., wavelet, Fourier) or tight frame (e.g., curvelet, Gabor)-so the coefficients belong to an lscrp ball for 0<ples1. The N most important coefficients in that expansion allow reconstruction with lscr2 error O(N1/2-1p/). It is possible to design n=O(Nlog(m)) nonadaptive measurements allowing reconstruction with accuracy comparable to that attainable with direct knowledge of the N most important coefficients. Moreover, a good approximation to those N important coefficients is extracted from the n measurements by solving a linear program-Basis Pursuit in signal processing. The nonadaptive measurements have the character of "random" linear combinations of basis/frame elements. Our results use the notions of optimal recovery, of n-widths, and information-based complexity. We estimate the Gel'fand n-widths of lscrp balls in high-dimensional Euclidean space in the case 0<ples1, and give a criterion identifying near- optimal subspaces for Gel'fand n-widths. We show that "most" subspaces are near-optimal, and show that convex optimization (Basis Pursuit) is a near-optimal way to extract information derived from these near-optimal subspaces

12.题名：Evolution of LTE toward IMT-advanced作者：Parkvall, S. Furuska r, A. Dahlman, E. 出处：Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume: 49 Issue: 2 Date: February 2011 Page(s):84 - 91 摘要：This article provides a high-level overview of LTE Release 10, sometimes referred to as LTE-Advanced. First, a brief overview of the first release of LTE and some of its technology components is given, followed by a discussion on the IMT-Advanced requirements. The technology enhancements introduced to LTE in Release 10, carrier aggregation, improved multi-antenna support, relaying, and improved support for heterogeneous deployments, are described. The article is concluded with simulation results, showing that LTE Release 10 fulfills and even surpasses the requirements for IMT-Advanced.

13.题名：Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared作者：Foster, I. Yong Zhao Raicu, I. Lu, S. 出处：Grid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. GCE '08 Page(s):1 - 10 摘要：Cloud computing has become another buzzword after Web 2.0. However, there are dozens of different definitions for cloud computing and there seems to be no consensus on what a cloud is. On the other hand, cloud computing is not a completely new concept; it has intricate connection to the relatively new but thirteen-year established grid computing paradigm, and other relevant technologies such as utility computing, cluster computing, and distributed systems in general. This paper strives to compare and contrast cloud computing with grid computing from various angles and give insights into the essential characteristics of both.

14. 题 名 ： A 1-V Process-Insensitive Current-Scalable Two-Stage Opamp With Enhanced DC Gain and Settling Behavior in 65-nm Digital CMOS作者：Taherzadeh-Sani, M. Hamoui, A.A. 出处：Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of

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Volume: 46 Issue: 3 Date: March 2011 Page(s):660 - 668 摘要：A pseudo-cascode compensation technique is proposed to enable a process-insensitive and current-scalable design of the classical two-stage opamp at low supply voltages, without requiring any additional power dissipation. Furthermore, a bulk-biasing technique is proposed to enhance the dc gain of the two-stage opamp, without affecting its output-voltage swing and without requiring any additional power dissipation. To compare the performance advantages of the proposed pseudo-cascode compensation technique versus classical Miller compensation in a two-stage opamp with/without applying the proposed bulk-biasing technique, four opamps were fabricated on the same die in a 1-V 65-nm CMOS process. The corresponding transistors in all four opamps had equal sizes. Furthermore, all four opamps had equal total compensation capacitance and the same total power dissipation. Accordingly, compared to using Miller compensation, by applying the proposed pseudo-cascode-compensation and bulk-biasing techniques in a two-stage opamp, the opamp's dc gain is increased by a factor of 4 (12 dB), its unit-gain frequency is increased by 40%, and its phase margin is maintained over a factor of 100 scaling in its bias current. Furthermore, the overshoot in its large-signal step response is eliminated and the rise/fall settling times are improved by 33%. The trade-off is a minimal decrease in the opamp's phase margin. Importantly, this is all achieved without affecting the opamp's output-voltage swing and without requiring any additional power dissipation.

15.题名：A 300-GHz Fundamental Oscillator in 65-nm CMOS Technology作者：Razavi, B. 出处：Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of Volume: 46 Issue: 4 Date: April 2011 Page(s):894 - 903 摘要 ： Fundamental oscillators prove the existence of gain at high frequencies, revealing the speed limitations of other circuits in a given technology. This paper presents an oscillator topology that employs feedback from an output stage to the core, thus achieving a high speed. The behavior of the proposed oscillator is formulated and simulations are used to compare it with the conventional cross-coupled pair circuit. Three prototypes realized in 65-nm CMOS technology operate at 205 GHz, 240 GHz, and 300 GHz, each drawing 3.7 mW from a 0.8-V supply.

16.题名：Cognitive radio: Ten years of experimentation and development作者：Pawelczak, P. Nolan, K. Doyle, L. Ser Wah Oh Cabric, D. 出处：Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume: 49 Issue: 3 Date: March 2011 Page(s):90 - 100 摘要 ： The year 2009 marked the 10th anniversary of Mitola and Maguire Jr. introducing the concept of cognitive radio. This prompted an outpouring of research work related to CR, including the publication of more than 30 special issue scientific journals and more than 60 dedicated conferences and workshops. Although the theoretical research is blooming, with many interesting results presented, hardware and system development for CR is progressing at a slower pace. We provide synopses of the commonly used platforms and testbeds, examine what has been achieved in the last decade of experimentation and trials relating to CR, and draw several perhaps surprising conclusions. This analysis will enable the research community to focus on the key technologies to enable CR in the future.

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17.题名：Focus on Compressive Sensing [Special Reports]作者：Edwards, J. 出处：Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE Volume: 28 Issue: 2 Date: March 2011 Page(s):11 - 13 摘要 ： A unique single-pixel camera in spires a new generation of faster, cheaper imaging technologies. Compressive sensing provides an entirely new approach to MRI image reconstruction. Compressed sensing uses the fact that images are compressible, or that they can be represented expressly after applying some mathematical transformation.

18.题名：Differential Evolution: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art作者：Das, S. Suganthan, P.N. 出处：Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 15 Issue: 1 Date: Feb. 2011 Page(s):4 - 31 摘要：Differential evolution (DE) is arguably one of the most powerful stochastic real-parameter optimization algorithms in current use. DE operates through similar computational steps as employed by a standard evolutionary algorithm (EA). However, unlike traditional EAs, the DE-variants perturb the current-generation population members with the scaled differences of randomly selected and distinct population members. Therefore, no separate probability distribution has to be used for generating the offspring. Since its inception in 1995, DE has drawn the attention of many researchers all over the world resulting in a lot of variants of the basic algorithm with improved performance. This paper presents a detailed review of the basic concepts of DE and a survey of its major variants, its application to multiobjective, constrained, large scale, and uncertain optimization problems, and the theoretical studies conducted on DE so far. Also, it provides an overview of the significant engineering applications that have benefited from the powerful nature of DE.

19. 题名：Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing: A Survey作者：Minqi Zhou Rong Zhang Wei Xie Weining Qian Aoying Zhou 出处：Semantics Knowledge and Grid (SKG), 2010 Sixth International Conference on Page(s):105 - 112

摘要：Cloud Computing is becoming a well-known buzzword nowadays. Many companies,

such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft and so on, accelerate their paces in developing Cloud Computing systems and enhancing their services to provide for a larger amount of users. However, security and privacy issues present a strong barrier for users to adapt into Cloud Computing systems. In this paper, we investigate several Cloud Computing system providers about their concerns on security and privacy issues. We find those concerns are not adequate and more should be added in terms of five aspects (i.e., availability, confidentiality, data integrity, control, audit) for security. Moreover, released acts on privacy are out of date to protect users' private information in the new environment (i.e., Cloud Computing system environment) since they are no longer applicable to the new relationship between users and providers, which contains three parties (i.e., Cloud service user, Cloud service provider/Cloud user, Cloud provider). Multi located data storage and services (i.e., applications) in the Cloud make privacy issues even worse. Hence, adapting released acts for new scenarios in the Cloud, it will result in more users to step

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into Cloud. We claim that the prosperity in Cloud Computing literature is to be coming after those security and privacy issues having be resolved.

20.题名：In-Car Positioning and Navigation Technologies—A Survey作者：Skog, I. Handel, P. 出处：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Date: March 2009 Page(s):4 - 21

摘要：In-car positioning and navigation has been a killer application for Global Positioning

System (GPS) receivers, and a variety of electronics for consumers and professionals have been launched on a large scale. Positioning technologies based on stand-alone GPS receivers are vulnerable and, thus, have to be supported by additional information sources to obtain the desired accuracy, integrity, availability, and continuity of service. A survey of the information sources and information fusion technologies used in current in-car navigation systems is presented. The pros and cons of the four commonly used information sources, namely, 1) receivers for radio-based positioning using satellites, 2) vehicle motion sensors, 3) vehicle models, and 4) digital map information, are described. Common filters to combine the information from the various sources are discussed. The expansion of the number of satellites and the number of satellite systems, with their usage of available radio spectrum, is an enabler for further development, in combination with the rapid development of microelectromechanical inertial sensors and refined digital maps.

五、ACM 最新会议（来源：http://www.acm.org/）

1.会议名称：ACM international conference on computing frontiers会议时间：May 03 - May 05 2011会议地点：Ischia Italy会议简介：The increasing complexity and performance needs of current and future applications require novel and innovative approaches for design of various types of computing systems: embedded, mobile, high-performance, and more. Boundaries between state of the art and revolutionary innovation constitute the computing frontiers that must be pushed forward to provide the computational support required for the advancement of science and engineering. The Computing Frontiers conference focuses on a wide spectrum of advanced technologies and radically new solutions relevant to development of computer systems.

2. 会议名称：GLSVLSI'11会议时间：May 02 - May 04 2011

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会议地点：Lausanne Switzerland会议简介：The 21st edition of GLSVLSI will be held in EPFL Campus, Lausanne, Switzerland, on May 2-4, 2011. Original, unpublished papers, describing research in the general area of VLSI are solicited. Both theoretical and experimental research results are welcome. Proceedings will be published electronically and will be accessed by ACM Digital library.

3.会议名称：ICMR'11会议时间：April 18 - April 20 2011会议地点：Trento Italy会议简介： The First ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR), puts together the long-lasting experience of former ACM CIVR and ACM MIR. It is the ideal forum to present and encounter the most recent developments and applications in the area of multimedia content retrieval. Originally set up to illuminate the state-of-the-art in image and video retrieval, ICMR aims at becoming the world reference event in this exciting field of research, where researchers and practitioners can exchange knowledge and ideas.

4. 会议名称：NOCS'11会议时间：May 01 - May 04 2011会议地点：Pittsburgh PA USA会议简介：The International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip (NOCS) is the premier event dedicated to interdisciplinary research on on-chip and in-package communication technology, architecture, design methods and applications. NOCS aims at bringing together scientists and engineers working on NoC innovations from inter-related research communities, including computer architecture, networking, circuits and systems, embedded systems, and design automation.

六、AIAA最新会议（来源：http://www.aiaa.org/）

1. 会议名称：21st AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conference and Seminar会议时间：23 - 26 May 2011 会议地点：Trinity CollegeDublin, Ireland

2. 会议名称：17th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference

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会议时间：11 - 14 Apr 2011 会议地点：Grand Hyatt San Francisco, California会议简介：The objective of the 17th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technology Conference is to provide a forum for international discussion and exchange of information about leading-edge research and development activities associated with space planes and hypersonic atmospheric flight vehicles and the technologies underpinning these capabilities. The conference will consist of overviews of national programs from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America, programmatic summaries of major ongoing activities, invited lectures by distinguished researchers, technical oral and poster presentations, and panel discussions on current issues and future directions.

3.会议名称：2011 Inside Aerospace会议时间：11 May 2011 会议地点：Capitol Visitors Center SVC212-10Washington, DC会议简介：The 2011 Inside Aerospace : A Forum for Policy Leadership will bring together key decision makers in our Nation’s Capitol for candid conversations on Cyber-security and Technology Advancements in Aerospace.

4. 会议名称：2011 Aerospace Spotlight Awards Gala会议时间：11 May 2011 会议地点：Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade CenterWashington, DC会议简介： The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics cordially invites you to participate in a night dedicated to honoring achievements in aerospace. Join us, along with the most influential and inspiring individuals in the industry, as they are recognized during this momentous celebration.Reserve a place for your organization and support this year’s featured guests of honor, including the newly elected AIAA Fellows and Honorary Fellows, as well as recipients of some of the industry’s most prestigious awards.This black-tie occasion provides you with the unique opportunity to invite officials and constituents from the DoD, NASA, FAA, and other government agencies to attend this distinguished event. As honored guests, these representatives will be afforded with exceptional opportunities for networking and information sharing. Please note that the Awards Gala is organized according to government directives. Government guest selection, invitation, and seating will be administered solely by AIAA in accordance with government policy.

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七、IEEE最新会议（来源：http://www.ieee.org/index.html）

1.会议名称：2011 IEEE/IAS Industrial & Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS) 会议时间：Dates01 May - 05 May 2011 会议地点：LocationHyatt Regency Newport BeachNewport Beach, CA, USA 会议 简介 ： Technical conference on industrial and commercial power systems including engineering, protection, grounding, reliability and standards.

2. 会议名称：2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) 会议时间：Dates19 Jun - 24 Jun 2011 会议地点：LocationWashington State Convention CenterSeattle, WA, USA 会议简介：Discuss the latest technology in the field of Photovoltaics.

3. 会议名称：2011 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting 会议时间：Dates24 Jul - 29 Jul 2011 会议地点：LocationDetroit Renaissance CenterDetroit, MI, USA 会议简介： IEEE Power & Energy Annual Meeting --Papers --Awards --Plenary --Committee Meetings --Governing Board --Receptions --Tech tours --Tutorials --Companions Program

4.会议名称： 2011 International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering (ICEICE) 会议时间：Dates15 Apr - 17 Apr 2011 会议地点：LocationTBDWuhan, China会议 简介 ： instrument and measurement technology, information processing, control and automation engineering

5. 会议名称： 2011 IAJC-ASEE International Joint Conference on Engineering and Related Technology (IAJC-ASEE) 会议时间：Dates15 Apr - 16 Apr 2011 会议地点：LocationUniversity of HartfordWest Hartford, CT, USA会议简介： The 2011 IAJC-ASEE Conference Committee is pleased to invite researchers, educators, and practitioners to present their latest accomplishments, innovations, and future directions in Engineering, Engineering Technology, Industrial Technology, Engineering Education, Applied Science, University-Industry Collaboration, and Academic/Private Entrepreneurship and

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Innovation.

6. 会议名称：INTERMAG 2011 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference 会议时间：Dates25 Apr - 29 Apr 2011 会议地点：Taipei, TaiwanTaipei, Taiwan 会 议 简 介 ： The Conference is about new developments in magnetism and associated technologies.

7. 会议名称：I 2011 IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics and Electron Devices (WMED) 会议时间：Dates22 Apr - 22 Apr 2011 会议地点：Boise State University, Student Union BuildingBoise, ID, USA 会议简介：The ninth Annual IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics and Electron Devices will provide a forum for reviewing and discussing all aspects of microelectronics including processing, electrical characterization, design and new device technologies. This symposium will consist of both invited and contributed talks and papers as well as a poster session. Faculty, students, and researchers in industry are encouraged to contribute presentations on either completed research or work -in-progress.

8. 会议名称：2011 5th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) 会议时间：Dates27 Apr - 01 May 2011 会议地点：Fiesta Americana Grand Coral BeachCancun, Mexico会议简介：highlight the emerging field, Neural Engineering that unites engineering, physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science with molecular, cellular, cognitive and behavioral neuroscience and encompasses such areas as replacing or restoring lost sensory and motor abilities, defining the organizing principles and underlying mechanisms of neural systems, neurorobotics, neuroelectronics, brain imaging and mapping, cognitive science and neuroscience.

9. 会议名称： 2011 International Conference on Applied Physics and Mathematics (ICAPM 2011) 会议时间：Dates29 Apr - 30 Apr 2011 会议地点：Chennai Convention CenterChennai, India会议简介： ICAPM 2011, aims to bring together researchers, scientists, engineers, and scholar students to exchange and share their experiences, new ideas, and research results about all aspects of Applied Physics and Mathematics, and discuss the practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted.

10. 会议名称： IEEE EUROCON 2011 - International Conference on Computer as a Tool (EUROCON) 会议时间：Dates27 Apr - 29 Apr 2011 会议地点：ST Congress CenterLisbon, Portugal

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会 议 简 介 ： Main topics: Telecommunications and Multimedia Systems; Information Technologies and Intelligent Systems; CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS; POWER SYSTEMS AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES; EDUCATION; ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT To promote interaction between industry and academia contributions of recent industrial developments will be accepted and published in a maximum 1-page of abstract and 1-page of figures.

八、Nature Advance Online Publication

(来源：http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html)

1.题名：Quantum simulation of antiferromagnetic spin chains in an optical lattice 作者：Jonathan Simon, Waseem S. Bakr, Ruichao Ma, M. Eric Tai, Philipp M. Preiss, Markus Greiner 摘要：Understanding exotic forms of magnetism in quantum mechanical systems is a central goal of modern condensed matter physics, with implications for systems ranging from high-temperature superconductors to spintronic devices. Simulating magnetic materials in the vicinity of a quantum phase transition is computationally intractable on classical computers, owing to the extreme complexity arising from quantum entanglement between the constituent magnetic spins. Here we use a degenerate Bose gas of rubidium atoms confined in an optical lattice to simulate a chain of interacting quantum Ising spins as they undergo a phase transition. Strong spin interactions are achieved through a site-occupation to pseudo-spin mapping. As we vary a magnetic field, quantum fluctuations drive a phase transition from a paramagnetic phase into an antiferromagnetic phase. In the paramagnetic phase, the interaction between the spins is overwhelmed by the applied field, which aligns the spins. In the antiferromagnetic phase, the interaction dominates and produces staggered magnetic ordering. Magnetic domain formation is observed through both in situ site-resolved imaging and noise correlation measurements. By demonstrating a route to quantum magnetism in an optical lattice, this work should facilitate further investigations of magnetic models using ultracold atoms, thereby improving our understanding of real magnetic materials.

2.题名：Hungry judges dispense rough justice 作者：Zoë Corbyn 摘要：A prisoner's chance of parole depends on when the judge hearing the case last took a break, say researchers who have studied decisions in Israeli courts. As judges tire and get hungry, they slip towards the easy option of denying parole, say the researchers.The bias could apply in any situation in which people make sequential decisions, such as doctor's

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consultations, university admissions or grant-review panels.Jonathan Levav of Columbia Business School in New York and his colleagues analysed 1,112 parole hearings for inmates of four Israeli prisons, made by eight judges over a ten-month period.Judges' days were divided into three sessions broken by two meal breaks — a morning snack and lunch. Judges decided when to break, but had no control over the ordering of cases, which was determined by when a prisoner's attorney arrived.At the beginning of a session, a prisoner had a 65% chance of being parolled, the authors found. This declined to almost zero by the end of a session, and leaped back to 65% after a break. The severity of the crime, the time served in prison, any previous incarcerations, and the availability of rehabilitation programmes were not enough to explain the effect on the probability of parole, and the nationality or sex of a prisoner made no difference. The findings are published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1."The work shows the consequences of mental fatigue on really important decisions even among excellent decision-makers," says Levav. "It is really troubling and quite jarring — it looks like the law isn't exactly the law."

3.题名：Vaccination would curb Haitian cholera 作者：Vicki Brower 摘要 ： Vaccination would help to address the current cholera epidemic in Haiti, say US researchers. They believe the measure should be deployed alongside efforts to provide clean drinking water and improved sewage treatment.At present, no such vaccination is planned. Experts disagree over whether vaccinating against cholera during an outbreak is effective. There is also a worldwide shortage of vaccine.But using a mathematical model, epidemiologist Dennis Chao of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, Washington, and his colleagues found that, combined with basic public-health measures, vaccinating the 5% of Haitians most at risk of the disease would reduce the number of cholera cases by 11%. Vaccinating 30% of the population could cut cases by 55%, preventing 3,320 deaths.

4.题名：Cleaner, greener fireworks 作者：James Mitchell Crow 摘要：Call it a flash of inspiration. A US Army team of pyrotechnics experts has discovered that a compound long dismissed as inert could replace the toxic metal currently used in green-coloured fireworks.Chemist Jesse Sabatini and his colleagues at Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey, found that boron carbide matches the green-light-emitting performance of the barium-based compounds used in today's fireworks.Replacing the barium with boron would cut the amount of toxic material released by fireworks. This is particularly important in places where displays take place every day, such as at theme parks, where the compounds can accumulate. However, it is army personnel who look set to benefit the most from the discovery. Pyrotechnics are used heavily by the military, in signal flares on the battlefield as well as on the training ground to simulate the explosions and gunfire of combat.

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5.题名：Carbon-rich mangroves ripe for conservation 作者：Janelle Weaver 摘要：Mangrove forests in tropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans store more carbon than previously recognized, according to a study published today in Nature Geoscience1. The findings indicate that much of the carbon in such forests is found in the surrounding soil, which is rich in organic material. Cutting down mangrove forests, which occupy less than 1% of tropical forest area, could therefore contribute up to 10% of global carbon emissions from deforestation.Although carbon reserves in other types of tropical wetland forest have been assessed, the amount of carbon in mangroves has been largely ignored, even though they are present in more than 100 countries. For example, it is estimated that clearing of tropical peatlands, which also contain carbon-rich soils, produces about a quarter of all deforestation emissions. The extent of mangrove forests has declined by as much as 50% over the past half century because of development, over-harvesting and aquaculture, so estimating their carbon reserves will be important for future strategies to reduce climate change.To estimate the abundance of carbon in mangroves, lead investigator J. Boone Kauffman, an ecologist at the Northern Research Station of the US Forest Service in Durham, New Hampshire, and his team sampled 25 mangrove sites across a broad territory that included Micronesia, Indonesia and Bangladesh. This area spans 30 degrees of latitude and 73 degrees of longitude and represents about 40% of the global area covered by these trees.

6.题名：Crashing comets make rings ripple 作者：Zeeya Merali 摘要：The rings of Saturn and Jupiter contain ripples caused by comets that hit them decades ago. Monitoring how the rings wobble could reveal how common comet impacts are – and may also help astronomers map the planets' cores.Matthew Hedman, an astronomer at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and his colleagues spotted the ripple in one of Saturn's rings in images taken by the Cassini spacecraft in 2009. Sunlight striking the rings edge-on revealed previously unseen bright and dark bands in the planet's C ring, which lies between about 74,600 and 92,000 kilometres from the planet's centre. "It's the same thing you see when sunlight races across a corrugated tin roof," says Hedman.The undulations appear because particles in the rings are moving up and down, like people in a Mexican wave. The ripple formed when part of the ring was knocked out of kilter. As time passed, this tilt has become a progressively tighter spiral, meaning that the shorter the ripple's wavelength, the longer ago it was formed. Using this relationship, Hedman and his colleagues calculated that the ripple began in 1983 and reasoned that it was caused by an unseen comet impact. As the comet broke up, they argue, its cloud of debris – with a total mass between 1011 and 1013 kilograms – bashed into the ring particles, making the ring tilt and wobble. Earlier Cassini images also showed signs of a ripple in the adjacent D Ring, probably caused during the same strike, Hedman says.

7.题名：Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical centres 作者：Dara L. Sosulski, Maria Lissitsyna Bloom, Tyler Cutforth, Richard Axel, Sandeep Robert Datta

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摘要 ： Sensory information is transmitted to the brain where it must be processed to translate stimulus features into appropriate behavioural output. In the olfactory system, distributed neural activity in the nose is converted into a segregated map in the olfactory bulb1, 2, 3. Here we investigate how this ordered representation is transformed in higher olfactory centres in mice. We have developed a tracing strategy to define the neural circuits that convey information from individual glomeruli in the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex and the cortical amygdala. The spatial order in the bulb is discarded in the piriform cortex; axons from individual glomeruli project diffusely to the piriform without apparent spatial preference. In the cortical amygdala, we observe broad patches of projections that are spatially stereotyped for individual glomeruli. These projections to the amygdala are overlapping and afford the opportunity for spatially localized integration of information from multiple glomeruli. The identification of a distributive pattern of projections to the piriform and stereotyped projections to the amygdala provides an anatomical context for the generation of learned and innate behaviours.

8.题名:Sensory maps in the olfactory cortex defined by long-range viral tracing of single neurons 作 者 ： Sulagna Ghosh, Stephen D. Larson, Hooman Hefzi, Zachary Marnoy, Tyler Cutforth, Kartheek Dokka, Kristin K. Baldwin 摘要 ：Sensory information may be represented in the brain by stereotyped mapping of axonal inputs or by patterning that varies between individuals. In olfaction, a stereotyped map is evident in the first sensory processing centre, the olfactory bulb (OB), where different odours elicit activity in unique combinatorial patterns of spatially invariant glomeruli1, 2. Activation of each glomerulus is relayed to higher cortical processing centres by a set of ~20–50 ‘homotypic’ mitral and tufted (MT) neurons3. In the cortex, target neurons integrate information from multiple glomeruli to detect distinct features of chemically diverse odours4, 5, 6. How this is accomplished remains unclear, perhaps because the cortical mapping of glomerular information by individual MT neurons has not been described. Here we use new viral tracing and three-dimensional brain reconstruction methods to compare the cortical projections of defined sets of MT neurons. We show that the gross-scale organization of the OB is preserved in the patterns of axonal projections to one processing centre yet reordered in another, suggesting that distinct coding strategies may operate in different targets. However, at the level of individual neurons neither glomerular order nor stereotypy is preserved in either region. Rather, homotypic MT neurons from the same glomerulus innervate broad regions that differ between individuals. Strikingly, even in the same animal, MT neurons exhibit extensive diversity in wiring; axons of homotypic MT pairs diverge from each other, emit primary branches at distinct locations and 70–90% of branches of homotypic and heterotypic pairs are non-overlapping. This pronounced reorganization of sensory maps in the cortex offers an anatomic substrate for expanded combinatorial integration of information from spatially distinct glomeruli and predicts an unanticipated role for diversification of otherwise similar output neurons.

9.题名：Virus-eater discovered in Antarctic lake 作者：Virginia Gewin 摘要：A genomic survey of the microbial life in an Antarctic lake has revealed a new virophage — a virus that attacks viruses. The discovery suggests that these life forms are more common, and have a larger role in the environment, than was once thought.

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An Australian research team found the virophage while surveying the extremely salty Organic Lake in eastern Antarctica. While sequencing the collective genome of microbes living in the surface waters, they discovered the virus, which they dubbed the Organic Lake Virophage (OLV). The OLV genome was identified nestling within the sequences of phycodnaviruses — a group of giant viruses that attack algae. Evidence of gene exchange, and possible co-evolution, between the two suggests that OLV preys on the phycodnavirus. Although OLV is the dominant virophage in the lake, the work suggests others might be present.By killing phycodnaviruses, the OLV might allow algae to thrive. Ricardo Cavicchioli, a microbiologist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, and his colleagues found that mathematical models of the Organic Lake system that took account of the virophage's toll on its host showed lower algal mortality and more blooms during the lake's two ice-free summer months.

10.题名：Research sans frontières 作者：Natasha Gilbert 摘要：Scientists used to interact with colleagues based abroad mainly at conferences. These days they are increasingly meeting at the lab bench, says a report by the Royal Society, Britain's national academy of science. More than 35% of all articles published in international journals are now the product of such collaboration, an increase of 10% in 15 years, says the study, Knowledge, Networks and Nations: Global Scientific Collaboration in the 21st Century.Collaboration can boost citation impact, spread costs and broaden research horizons. It has, for example, enabled researchers at the International Rice Research Institute in Los Baños, the Philippines, to tackle scientific questions on a scale once thought impossible, says Robert Zeigler, director-general of the institute, which is part of the developing world's network of agricultural research centres — known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).The CGIAR used to be "physically isolated from the advanced research institutes" in developed countries, says Zeigler. Today, the centres have partnerships with world-leading labs in Europe and the United States, working on challenging projects such as re-engineering photosynthesis in rice to be more efficient. "This would have been unheard of a decade ago," says Zeigler.Click for larger imageThe Royal Society's study, published on 28 March, finds that collaboration involving US scientists has grown the most during the past 15 years. The number of papers published with lead authors based in the United States and collaborators abroad has risen from about 50,000 in 1996 to around 95,000 in 2008. But the new total represents just 29% of the US research output. By contrast, almost half of all Germany's research output in 2008 involved international collaborations

11.题名：The 8,000-year-old climate puzzle 作者：Jeff Tollefson 摘要 ： Scientists have come up with new evidence in support of the controversial idea that humanity's influence on climate began not during the industrial revolution, but thousands of years ago. Proposed by palaeoclimatologist William Ruddiman in 2003, the theory says that human influences offset the imminent plunge into another ice age and helped create the relatively stable climate that we are familiar with today. It has been repeatedly panned as implausible by

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palaeoclimate researchers, but eight years on, Ruddiman and others say that they have the data to support early anthropogenic climate change.

12.题名：Frightened birds grow longer wings 作者：Matt Kaplan 摘要 ： It seems that the constant threat of predation could have a more subtle effect on prey animals than first thought.Female birds that are exposed to predators while they are ovulating produce smaller offspring than unexposed females, researchers have found. The chicks may be smaller, but surprisingly, their wings grow faster and longer than those of chicks from unexposed mothers — an adaptation that might make them better at avoiding predators in flight.The mere presence of a predator can change the behaviour of prey animals. Numerous studies show that birds which are frequently presented with predators increase their nest-defence behaviours and usher their youngsters out of the nest faster, presumably to stop them from being sitting ducks. Yet a new study by Swiss ecologists suggests that predator effects could go beyond behaviour, to physiology.

13.题名: Early Europeans unwarmed by fire 作者：Matt Kaplan 摘要 ： The logical argument that ancient human ancestors had to have mastered fire before departing balmy Africa for the often freezing climes of Europe is being challenged by a review revealing that there is no evidence to support the idea. Exactly when fire became a tool in the hominin toolbox is a thorny issue. Unlike stone tools, which hold together reasonably well over the course of time and can be dated as having been in hominin hands for at least 2.6 million years, the ash and charcoal that are often the only remains from ancient fires are rare in the fossil record as they are easily destroyed by the elements.Yet because fire makes food so much more energy efficient to consume and has such a key role in providing warmth, most anthropologists have agreed that hominins had to have mastered fire before they headed into Europe.

14.题名：Rats wake up for behavioural research 作者：Tiffany O'Callaghan 摘要：A miniaturized positron emission tomography (PET) scanner has opened a fresh window for research into behaviour and brain function simultaneously. The 'wearable' PET, known as the RatCAP, was developed by a team of researchers led by physicist Paul Vaska at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, and allows scans on animals that are awake and moving around. The findings are published online today in Nature Methods1. PET uses radioactive tracers to show the metabolism of chemicals in the body in real time. It is a key tool for examining organ function, evaluating blood flow, diagnosing cancer early and researching neurological conditions from Alzheimer's disease to epilepsy. But PET use for behavioural research in animals has been limited — whereas humans can lie still during a PET scan, enabling analysis while they are awake, it is a lot trickier to get animals to do as they're told.

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That largely limits the use of PET to anaesthetized animals, ruling out simultaneous behavioural studies. The tiny PET developed by the team attaches to the rat's head using a bracket screwed onto the skull, has an inner diameter of 38 mm and weighs just 250 g. For a rat, that is still pretty heavy — nearly the weight of an adult male rat — so to optimize the rat's movement while wearing the RatCAP, the team attached the device to a system of long springs and motion stabilisers fastened to the top of the observation chamber to reduce the weight and allow rat movement.

15. 题 名 ：Collapse of long-range charge order tracked by time-resolved photoemission at high momenta 作者：Timm Rohwer, Stefan Hellmann, Martin Wiesenmayer, Christian Sohrt, Ankatrin Stange, Bartosz Slomski, Adra Carr, Yanwei Liu, Luis Miaja Avila, Matthias Kalläne, et al. 摘要：Intense femtosecond (10−15 s) light pulses can be used to transform electronic, magnetic and structural order in condensed-matter systems on timescales of electronic and atomic motion1, 2, 3. This technique is particularly useful in the study4, 5 and in the control6 of materials whose physical properties are governed by the interactions between multiple degrees of freedom. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is in this context a direct and comprehensive, energy- and momentum-selective probe of the ultrafast processes that couple to the electronic degrees of freedom7, 8, 9, 10. Previously, the capability of such studies to access electron momentum space away from zero momentum was, however, restricted owing to limitations of the available probing photon energy10, 11. Here, using femtosecond extreme-ultraviolet pulses delivered by a high-harmonic-generation source, we use time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to measure the photoinduced vaporization of a charge-ordered state in the potential excitonic insulator 1T-TiSe2 (refs 12, 13). By way of stroboscopic imaging of electronic band dispersions at large momentum, in the vicinity of the edge of the first Brillouin zone, we reveal that the collapse of atomic-scale periodic long-range order happens on a timescale as short as 20  femtoseconds. The surprisingly fast response of the system is assigned to screening by the transient generation of free charge carriers. Similar screening scenarios are likely to be relevant in other photoinduced solid-state transitions and may generally determine the response times. Moreover, as electron states with large momenta govern fundamental electronic properties in condensed matter systems14, we anticipate that the experimental advance represented by the present study will be useful to study the ultrafast dynamics and microscopic mechanisms of electronic phenomena in a wide range of materials.

16.题名：Somatic coding mutations in human induced pluripotent stem cells 作 者 ： Athurva Gore, Zhe Li, Ho-Lim Fung, Jessica E. Young, Suneet Agarwal, Jessica Antosiewicz-Bourget, Isabel Canto, Alessandra Giorgetti, Mason A. Israel, Evangelos Kiskinis, et al. 摘要 ：Defined transcription factors can induce epigenetic reprogramming of adult mammalian cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Although DNA factors are integrated during some reprogramming methods, it is unknown whether the genome remains unchanged at the single nucleotide level. Here we show that 22 human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell lines reprogrammed using five different methods each contained an average of five protein-coding point mutations in the regions sampled (an estimated six protein-coding point mutations per exome).

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The majority of these mutations were non-synonymous, nonsense or splice variants, and were enriched in genes mutated or having causative effects in cancers. At least half of these reprogramming-associated mutations pre-existed in fibroblast progenitors at low frequencies, whereas the rest occurred during or after reprogramming. Thus, hiPS cells acquire genetic modifications in addition to epigenetic modifications. Extensive genetic screening should become a standard procedure to ensure hiPS cell safety before clinical use.

17.题名：Adding a twist to radio technology 作者：Edwin Cartlidge 摘要 ： The bandwidth available to mobile phones, digital television and other communication technologies could be expanded enormously by exploiting the twistedness as well as wavelength of radio waves. That is the claim being made by a group of scientists in Italy and Sweden, who have shown how a radio beam can be twisted, and the resulting vortex detected with distant antennas.The simplest kind of electromagnetic beam has a plane wavefront, which means that the peaks or troughs of the beam can be connected by an imaginary plane at right angles to the beam's direction of travel. But if a beam is twisted, then the wavefront rotates around the beam's direction of propagation in a spiral, creating a vortex and leaving the beam with zero intensity at its centre.Physicists have been able to create twisted beams of visible light for about 20 years, having initially noticed that such beams were being produced inside some laser cavities. These twisted beams of light are useful in nanotechnology, as optical 'tweezers' or 'spanners' to manipulate tiny particles. To date, however, no-one has attempted to do the same thing at the radio wavelengths used in telecommunication.

18.题名： Filamentous figments in the Apex Cherts 作者：Matt Kaplan摘要 ： Twenty years ago the palaeontological community gasped as geoscientists revealed evidence for the oldest bacterial fossils on the planet. Now, a report in Nature Geoscience1 shows that the filament structures that were so important in the fossil descriptions are not remnants of ancient life, but instead composed of inorganic material.Found in the 3.5-billion-year old Apex Chert rock formation in Western Australia, the fossils were initially accepted as being oxygen-producing cyanobacteria, but debates have raged over whether they are really fossils at all. A key argument against is that the formation, originally thought to represent an ancient shallow sea floor, is now thought to be a hydrothermal site. Hydrothermal sites often host complex inorganic chemical interactions, and the remains of these processes have sometimes been mistaken for biological fossils.

19.题名：Structural basis for the subunit assembly of the anaphase-promoting complex 作者：Anne Schreiber, Florian Stengel, Ziguo Zhang, Radoslav I. Enchev, Eric H. Kong, Edward P. Morris, Carol V. Robinson, Paula C. A. da Fonseca, David Barford摘要 ： The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is an unusually large E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for regulating defined cell cycle transitions. Information on how its 13 constituent proteins are assembled, and how they interact with co-activators, substrates and regulatory proteins is limited. Here, we describe a recombinant expression system that allows the

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reconstitution of holo APC/C and its sub-complexes that, when combined with electron microscopy, mass spectrometry and docking of crystallographic and homology-derived coordinates, provides a precise definition of the organization and structure of all essential APC/C subunits, resulting in a pseudo-atomic model for 70% of the APC/C. A lattice-like appearance of the APC/C is generated by multiple repeat motifs of most APC/C subunits. Three conserved tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) subunits (Cdc16, Cdc23 and Cdc27) share related superhelical homo-dimeric architectures that assemble to generate a quasi-symmetrical structure. Our structure explains how this TPR sub-complex, together with additional scaffolding subunits (Apc1, Apc4 and Apc5), coordinate the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module (Apc2, Apc11 and Apc10 (also known as Doc1)), and TPR-phosphorylation sites, relative to co-activator, regulatory proteins and substrates.

20.题名：Brain implants have long-lasting effect on depression 作者：Alison Abbott摘要：Depressed patients who are resistant to other therapies can be helped long term by deep-brain stimulation. The effects can still be seen six years after implanting stimulating electrodes deep inside the brain, according to a follow-up of patients published online in the American Journal of Psychiatry. The study was carried out by a team led by psychiatrist Sidney Kennedy and neurosurgeon Andres Lozano at the University Health Network in Toronto, Canada. They show that, within a year of implantation, depression lifted in 12 of 20 patients — and that the benefits were sustained for up to six years. But two of the patients died by presumed suicide.The good news is that those who showed an early response to deep-brain stimulation maintained that response, says Kennedy. "However the suspected suicides indicate that we have not been able to prevent the course of illness," he adds.According to Thomas Schläpfer, a psychiatrist at the University of Bonn, Germany, the study shows that deep-brain stimulation does actually seem to modify the disease, something that no other treatment has done. "Medication studies in depression always show patients relapsing, even if they respond at first — but responders in this study did not relapse." In the paper, response is defined as a decrease by 50% or more in scores on the Hamilton rating scale for depression.

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