1. B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG LM TP H CH MINH KHA LUN TT NGHIPNGHIN CU THC TRNG V GII PHP TRONG QUN L CC LOI LM SN NGOI G QU TI X KON PNE KBANG TNH GIA LAITHUC VN QUC GIA KON KA KINHH v tn sinh vin: NGUYN TNG LAINgnh: LM NGHIPNin kha: 2005 - 2009 TP H Ch MinhThng 7/2009

2. NGHIN CU THC TRNG V GII PHP TRONG QUN L CC LOI LM SN NGOI G QU TI X KON PNE KBANG TNH GIA LAITHUC VN QUC GIA KON KA KINHTc gi NGUYN TNG LAI Kha lun c trnh p ng yu cu cp bng K s ngnhLM NGHIP Gio vin hng dn: Th.S Nguyn Quc BnhTP H Ch Minh i 3. Thng 7/2009 ii 4. LI CM N hon thnh Lun vn tt nghip ny, Ti xin chn thnh gi li cm n susc n:Ba m nui ln v dng dc ti c ngy hm nay.Thy Nguyn Quc Bnh tn tnh ch dy v hng dn chng tihon thnh lun vn ny.Thy c ti Phn Hiu i Hc Nng lm TP.HCM ti Gia Lai v ccthy c ti Khoa Lm Nghip Trng i Hc Nng Lm TP.HCM ch dy tn tnh v gio dc chng ti qua bn nm i hc.Tt c bn b c bit l cc bn cng lp DH05LNGL ng vin vgip ti trong nhng lc kh khn khi thc hin lun vn.Ban lnh o VQG Kon Ka Kinh to iu kin cho chng ti v aim thc tp v thu thp s liu.Cc anh trm kim lm s 6 Kon Pne gip to iu kin chochng ti n , sinh hot v gip chng ti tip xc ngi dn, thu thps liu.UBNN x v ngi dn Kon Pne gip chng ti thu thp s liu vcho ti thm hiu bit v cng ng ngi dn tc thiu s ni y. iii 5. MC LC TrangTRANG TA ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.LI CM N .................................................................................................... iiiMC LC.......................................................................................................... ivDANH SCH CC HNH ............................................................................... viiDANH SCH CC BNG.............................................................................. viiDANH SCH CC T VIT TT.................................................................. ixChng 1 M U............................................................................................ 1UChng 2 TNG QUAN .................................................................................... 32.1. Tng quan v LSNG .................................................................................... 32.1.1. Gi tr ca LSNG ...................................................................................... 32.1.2. Tng quan v qun l LSNG Vit Nam ................................................ 42.2. Khi qut v h thng thng tin a l GIS ................................................. 62.2.1. nh ngha................................................................................................. 62.2.2. Cc ng dng ca GIS .............................................................................. 62.3. Tng quan v vn nghin cu ................................................................. 8Chng 3 MC TIU, NI DUNG, PHNG PHP................................... 10V A IM NGHIN CU ....................................................................... 10U3.1. Mc tiu nghin cu .................................................................................. 103.2. Ni dung nghin cu.................................................................................. 103.3. Phng tin nghin cu ............................................................................. 113.4. Phng php nghin cu ........................................................................... 123.4.1. Ngoi nghip ........................................................................................... 123.4.2. Ni nghip............................................................................................... 153.5.a im nghin cu ................................................................................... 163.5.1.V tr v ranh gii..................................................................................... 163.5.2. iu kin t nhin................................................................................... 173.5.2.1. a hnh................................................................................................ 173.5.2.2. a cht v th nhng ........................................................................ 18 iv 6. 3.5.2.3. Kh hu, thi tit .................................................................................. 193.5.2.4. Ngun nc, thy vn.......................................................................... 193.5.2.5. Ti nguyn rng v a dng sinh hc .................................................. 203.5.3.Tnh hnh dn sinh kinh t - x hi ....................................................... 232.3.1 Thc trng sn xut nng nghip............................................................. 232.3.1.1 Trng trt .............................................................................................. 232.3.2 Thc trng sn xut ngnh ngh v dch v ............................................ 242.3.2.1 Tiu th cng nghip, ngnh ngh nng thn....................................... 242.3.2.2 Thng mi dch v ........................................................................... 242.3.3 Thc trng x hi ..................................................................................... 242.3.3.1 Dn s, lao ng, vic lm.................................................................... 242.3.3.2 Tnh hnh vn ha-x hi ...................................................................... 252.3.3.3. nh canh nh c thu nhp v i sng .......................................... 26Chng 4 KT QU V THO LUN ......................................................... 274.1. Thc trng s dng v qun l LSNG ti x Kon Pne .............................. 274.1.1. Tng quan v tnh hnh s dng, mc ch s dng v cch thc thu hi,ch bin, bo qun LSNG ca ngi dn ti a phng ................................ 274.1.2 Cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin c c ngi dn khai thc...... 294.1.2.1. LSNG nm trong ngh nh 32/2006/N-CP ...................................... 304.1.2.2. LSNG c gi tr kinh t cao ................................................................. 314.1.2.3. LSNG qu him c gi tr lm dc liu............................................. 324.1.3. Tnh hnh ti sinh sau khai thc ca cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin............................................................................................................................ 334.2. Cch thc qun l v bo v cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin hin tica ngi dn a phng................................................................................. 354.3. Thc trng qun l LSNG hin nay ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh .................... 364.3.1. Tin trnh qun l LSNG ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh ................................. 364.3.2. Thun li v kh khn trong vic qun l LSNG hin nay ca VQG KonKa Kinh ni chung v ti x Kon Pne ni ring ............................................... 384.4. Tiu ch ca cc loi LSNG c u tin qun l bo v ti x Kon Pne,thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh ................................................................................. 39v 7. 4.4.1. Cc tiu ch xut pht t li ch ca ngi dn ...................................... 394.4.2. Cc tiu ch theo s qun l ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh ............................. 404.4.3. Cc tiu ch qun l nhm LSNG c u tin kh thi ti x Kon Pne,thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh ................................................................................. 404.5. Nhng tim nng v nhn lc, ti chnh ci thin phng thc qun lLSNG hin ti ................................................................................................... 424.5.1 H thng t chc qun l ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh.................................... 424.5.2.Cc nhm lin quan trong h thng t chc qun l LSNG ti VQG KonKa Kinh. ............................................................................................................ 444.5.3. Tnh kh thi ca vic a cc loi LSNG u tin vo qun l bng GIS464.6. ng dng GIS trong qun ly LSNG thuc nhm u tin theo cc tiu chphn tch............................................................................................................ 484.6.1. Cc ni dung c a vo ng dng qun l bng GIS cho nhm LSNGu tin................................................................................................................ 484.6.2. Kt qu ng dng qun ly cc loi LSNG u tin bng MapInfo .......... 494.6.2.1. Bn phn b cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin v c s d liuca cc loi LSNG ............................................................................................ 494.6.2.2. Mt s ng dng trong qu trnh qun l v bo v LSNG ti VQGKon Ka Kinh ..................................................................................................... 504.6.3. Nhng u vit khi ng dng MapInfo c th ng dng qun l LSNGti VQG Kon Ka Kinh ...................................................................................... 51Chng 5 KT LUN V NGH.............................................................. 545.1. Kt lun ...................................................................................................... 545.2. Kin ngh.................................................................................................... 55TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 56PH LC.......................................................................................................... 57vi 8. DANH SCH CC BNG TrangBng 3.1. Khung phn tch phng php tin hnh nghin cu....................... 13Bng 4.1. Bng dng sng ca tng loi LSNG c khai thc ..................... 28Bng 4.2. Bng xc nh s quan tm ca ngi dn n tng nhm loiLSNG. ............................................................................................................... 30Bng 4.3. Danh mc cc loi LSNG c gi tr kinh t cao.............................. 31Bng 4.4. Danh mc cc loi LSNG c gi tr lm dc liu .......................... 32Bng 4.5. Lch thi v ca mt s loi LSNG.................................................. 34Bng 4.6. Danh mc cc loi LSNG c u tin cn c qun l............... 41Bng 4.7. Cc tiu ch qun l nhm LSNG c u tin ............................... 42Bng 4.8. Ma trn quan h cc bn lin quan n qun l LSNG.................... 45Bng 4.9. im mnh, im yu, c hi, thch thc ca cch thc qun lLSNG hin ti ................................................................................................... 46Bng 4.10. im mnh, im yu, c hi, thch thc ca cch thc qun lLSNG sau khi c a vo qun l bo v bng GIS .................................... 47 vii 9. DANH SCH CC HNHTrangHnh 4.1. Biu th hin s quan tm ca ngi dn n cc nhm LSNG 30Hnh 4.2. Phn b ca cc loi LSNG u tin ti Kon Pne v bng c s dliu ni dung qun l ca cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin. ........................ 49Hnh 4.3. Phn b ca cc loi c mc u tin I cn c bo v nghimngt v cc thng tin lin quan ......................................................................... 50Hnh 4.4. Phn b ca loi Nm Linh Chi v cc thng tin lin quan.............. 51 viii 10. DANH SCH CC T VIT TTLSNG:Lm sn ngoi gUBND:U ban nhn dnTBXH:Thng binh x hiVQG :Vn quc giaQH&TKNN :Quy hoch v thit k nng nghipIUCN:T chc bo tn thin nhin th giiWHO :T chc y t th giiQ:Qui nhTTg :Th tng chnh phHBT:Hi ng b trng.CP:Chnh phFAO :T chc nng lng Lin Hp Qucix 11. Chng 1 M UT lu, con ngi bit s dng cc sn phm t rng, khng phi g lm thc n, dc liu, dng sinh hot trong gia nh. Nhng sn phm c gi chung l lm sn ngoi g (LSNG). LSNG gn lin vi cccng ng dn c sng gn rng. Ngy nay, LSNG khng nhng c gi tr png nhu cu cuc sng hng ngy ca ngi dn m cn l hng ha c gi trkinh t cao. Chnh v nhng gi tr lm cho cng ng, cc c quan qunl ti nguyn rng ngy cng ch trng v LSNG.Thc trng hin nay, ti nguyn rng ni chung v LSNG ni ringang ngy mt b mt i nhanh chng do khai thc, s dng ti nguyn rng vt rng mt cch qu mc, thiu tnh bn vng. Cc c quan qun l tinguyn rng thin nhin ang gng sc qun l v bo v ti nguyn rng,trong c cc loi cy LSNG c gi tr cao v y t, ngun gen. Do vy, cccng ng sng gn rng b hn ch kh nng tip cn cc loi thc vt qu giny do bi s qun l, s khan him ca chng. Nh vy, quyn li ca cngng mu thun ngy mt gay gt vi nhim v qun ly LSNG ca cc c quanqun ly ti nguyn thin nhin. Do vy, vic tm kim mt gii php qun lmt cch hiu qu cc ngun LSNG gip cho chng pht trin, p ng nhucu ca cng ng v gi tr trn vn ca rng cn c ch .Vi s pht trin khng ngng tm kim cc gii php qun l tinguyn rng, trong c ti nguyn l LSNG, cc gii php hng n stham gia ca ngi dn, ng qun l trong qun l ti nguyn c xut.Tuy nhin, trong nghin cu ny, gii php hng n l cng ngh thng tin,c bit l h thng thng tin a l (Geographic Information System - GIS)1 12. ngy cng c nhng tnh nng u vit trong nhiu lnh vc, trong c c lmnghip. Vic ng dng GIS vo qun l LSNG, trong ch trng n cc loithuc nhm quan tm qun l v s phn b, tr lng, cc c tnh ca ccloi LSNG mt cch nhanh chng v c th cp nhp lin tc. T , cc ccloi LSNG c xc nh, bo v v bo tn mt cch hiu qu. Do vy, vicng dng cng ngh GIS qun l LSNG s gp phn lm tng thm tnhhiu qu trong qun l, c bit l cc loi qu, him, c nguy c mt ngungen cao.Vn quc gia Kon Ka Kinh c din tch 41.710 ha, tri rng trn 03huyn k oa, Mang Yang, KBang ca tnh Gia Lai. S a dng ca ahnh, din tch qun l rng, LSNG a dng, c nhiu loi quy him. Mt khc,ti y cha c mt chnh sch c th qun l LSNG nn cn gp rt nhiukh khn nn vic qun l cha ch trng vo cng tc bo v, bo tn c bitl cc loi LSNG thuc nhm quy him, c trong sch Vit Nam. Do vy,ni y c chn cho vic ng dng GIS trong qun l LSNG. Do gii hn vmt thi gian, nghin cu ch c thc hin ti x Kon Pne, huyn Kbang,tnh Gia Lai thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh.2 13. Chng 2TNG QUAN 2.1. Tng quan v LSNG LSNG c vai tr rt quan trng i vi sinh k ca cc h dn sng gnrng. H s dng LSNG lm lng thc, thc n chn nui gia sc v chngl ngun thc phm cha nhiu m, cht bo, nng lng, vitamin v khongcht. Ngoi ra LSNG cn c s dng lm dc liu, vt liu xy dng, trangtr v cc tiu dng khc, mt s khc cn c em bn tng thm thunhp cho gia nh hoc i ly cc mt hng thit yu khc nh go, qun o.Cc kin thc v s dng LSNG ca ngi c hnh thnh rt lu i vrt phong ph. Ngoi ra LSNG cn ng gp nhiu cho nn kinh t ca tnc. V d nh tre na, cng ty xut khu my tre (Batotex) ch 5 thng unm 2001 xut khu hng bn gh my tre t gi tr 2 triu USD. Vi mthng mt ong, tnh ng Nai 5 thng u nm xut khu 1600 tn t 1,6triu USD. Mt hng qu, tnh Qung nam ch t thng 2 n thng 4 nm 2001 xut sang i loan t kim ngch 200.000 USD. Theo nh ngha ca T chc Nng Lng th gii (FAO) nm 1999,LSNG l cc sn phm ngun gc sinh vt (khng k g cng nghip) c rng, t rng v c cc cy ci bn ngoi rng.2.1.1. Gi tr ca LSNG- Gi tr v mt kinh t: trn th gii c khong 150 loi LSNG c gi trkinh t, gi tr trao i nm khong 5 n 10 t la (1990). Gi tr v mtkinh t ca LSNG khng nhng th hin gi tr trao i hng ho m LSNGcn l ngun thu nhp, ngun sng ca cc gia nh, cng ng sng gn rng 3 14. v ph thuc vo rng. LSNG khng nhng gp phn vo ba n ca ngidn m cn c ch bin lm thuc cha bnh, l mt ngun dc liuhiu qu v r tin. Theo nh gi ca c quan y t th gii (WHO) th 80%dn s cc nc ang pht trin dng LSNG cha bnh v lm thc phm.- Gi tr v mt x hi: LSNG gp phn vo n nh v an ninh cho isng ngi dn ph thuc vo rng. LSNG to ra thu nhp thng xuyn chongi dn, to cng n vic lm ti ch, gii quyt i v thiu thc phm.- Gi tr v mt mi trng: LSNG gp phn vo bo tn a dng sinhhc, cn bng sinh thi. Khng nhng th LSNG cn gp phn vo gin tipbo v rng, ngun nc.2.1.2. Tng quan v qun l LSNG Vit Nam nc ta, kiu rng ch yu l nhit i m quanh nm nn rt a dngv h ng thc vt. Do ngun ti nguyn LSNG rt a dng v phong ph.Hin nay cc nh thc vt hc thng k c trn 12.000 loi cy, trong 7.000 loi c m t, 5.000 loi cn cha c bit cng dng, phn ln lcc loi cy di tn rng khng cho g. Trong s nhng loi bit c 113loi cy cho cht thm; 800 loi cho tannin; 93 loi cha cht lm thucnhum; 458 loi c tinh du; 473 loi cha du v 1863 loi cy dc liu. LSNG ngy nay c s dng khng nhng trong nhn dn, cng ngsng gn rng m cn c gi tr rt cao trong hng ha xut khu v nguynliu cng nghip ng gp vo pht trin kinh t t nc. Tuy nhin cho n nay vic khai thc v s dng theo hng bo tn vpht trin bn vng vn cha c quan tm t c 2 gc ngi dn v chnhquyn a phng. Hin nay nh nc ch ban hnh cc chnh sch khai thc,tiu th v hng li ch cha c mt ngh nh no quy nh vic qun l bov v x pht cc hnh vi vi phm v khai thc LSNG. Cc chnh sch, quytnh lin quan n qun l LSNG c nh nc ban hnh nh: ngh nh32/2006/N-CP quy nh cc loi thc vt ng vt cm khai thc v hn ch 4 15. khai thc; quyt nh 661/TTg ngy 29/07/1998 c quy nh mi sn phmkhai thc t rng trng, tre, na v lm sn ph khai thc t rng t nhin ct do lu thng trn th trng; ngoi ra cn c cc quyt nh 664/TTG quynh v vic xut khu mt s LSNG c gi tr; ngh nh s 18/HBT v victn thu cc loi LSNG.Nhn chung cng tc qun l bo v cc loi LSNG trong c cc loiLSNG c gi tr cao v mt kinh t v khoa hc gp rt nhiu kh khn. Vickhai thc khng c tnh bn vng ang dn n nguy c l mt i ngun gen vsuy thoi s lng loi. Vic bo tn LSNG ang gp nhng kh khn v thchthc sau:- Cc loi LSNG di tn rng cha c coi trng bo tn.- Vit Nam mi c cc khu bo tn chung v h sinh thi hay loi,LSNG cha c coi l i tng bo v quan trng ca cc khu bo tn.Trong chng trnh theo di din bin ti nguyn rng, i tng LSNG cngcha c kim k, thng k y .- Do mt mi trng sng cng vi nhu cu ca th trng, nhiu loicy v con LSNG b suy gim nghim trng, nhiu loi trc y l hngha xut khu vi khi lng ln, nay tr nn cn kit v c kh nng b tiudit ngoi thin nhin nh: Song Bt, Song Mt, ng Sm, Hong Tinh, CBnh Vi, Lan Thch Hc, Lan Kim Tuyn.- S ngho i ca mt s cng ng dn c sng da vo rng, mt bphn ngi dn vn thng xuyn vo rng thu hi lm sn nn ngun tinguyn ny ngy mt cn kit, khu phn b b thu hp, sn lng gim dn, edo vic bo tn LSNG.ng trc tnh hnh chng ta cn a ra gii php qun l s dngcc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin trong c LSNG mt cch lu di. Trcmt l iu tra, xc nh, khoanh vng cc loi nguy cp, qu him cnc bo v sau nhn ging, gy trng i vi tng loi, nghin cu phng 5 16. 2.2. Khi qut v h thng thng tin a l GIS2.2.1. nh nghaGIS - Geographic Information System hay h thng thng tin a l c hnhthnh t ba khi nim a l (geographic), thng tin (information) v h thng(system). GIS l mt h thng c ng dng rt ln. T nm 1980 n nay crt nhiu cc nh ngha c a ra, tuy nhin khng c nh ngha no khiqut y v GIS v phn ln chng u c xy dng trn kha cnh ngdng c th trong tng lnh vc.Theo Nguyn Th Thn v Trn Cng Yn (2000), GIS l mt tp hp t chcca phn cng my tnh, phn mm, d liu a l v cc th tc ca ngi sdng nhm tr gip vic thu thp, lu tr, qun l, x l, phn tch v hin thcc thng tin khng gian t th gii thc gii quyt cc vn tng hpthng tin cho cc mc ch ca con ngi t ra.2.2.2. Cc ng dng ca GISCng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin th cng nghGIS ngy cng c s dng rng ri v thit thc vi i sng hng ngy.GIS c kh nng s dng d liu khng gian v thuc tnh (phi khng gian) tcc ngun khc nhau khi thc hin phn tch khng gian tr li cc cu hica ngi s dng. Mt s ng dng c th ca GIS thng thy trong thc tl: - Qun l h thng ng ph, bao gm cc chc nng: tm kim a chkhi xc nh c v tr cho a ch ph hoc tm v tr khi bit trc a chph. ng giao thng v s , iu khin ng i, lp k hoch lu thngxe c. Phn tch v tr, chn khu vc xy dng cc tin ch nh bi xe, ga tuxe. Lp k hoch pht trin giao thng.6 17. - Qun l gim st ti nguyn, thin nhin, mi trng bao gm ccchc nng: qun l gi v thu h, cc ngun nhn to, bnh l, vng ngpng, t nng nghip, tng ngp nc, rng, vng t nhin, phn tch tc ngmi trng. Xc nh v tr cht thi c hi. M hnh ho nc ngm vng nhim. Phn tch phn b dn c, quy hoch tuyn tnh.- Qun l quy hoch: phn vng quy hoch s dng t. Cc hin trngxu th mi trng. Qun l cht lng nc.- Qun l cc thit b: xc nh ng ng ngm, cp ngm. Xc nh titrng ca li in. Duy tr quy hoch cc thit b, s dng ng in.- Phn tch tng iu tra dn s, lp bn cc dch v y t, bu in vnhiu ng dng khc. * Mt s ng dng ca GIS trn th gii trong lnh vc Nng Lm nghip: Nh nhng kh nng phn tch v x l a dng, cng ngh GIS hin nay c ng dng ph bin trong lnh vc nghin cu qun l ti nguyn thinnhin v mi trng. GIS c ng dng :Qun tr rng (theo di s thay i, phn loi...),Qun tr ng di c v i sng ng vt hoang d,Qun l v quy hoch ng bng ngp l, lu vc sng,Bo tn t t,Phn tch cc bin ng kh hu, thu vn.Phn tch cc tc ng mi trng,Nghin cu tnh trng xi mn t,Qun tr s hu rung t,Qun l cht lng nc,Qun l, nh gi v theo di dch bnh,Xy dng bn v thng k cht lng th nhng.7 18. Quy hoch v nh gi s dng t ai. * Cc nghin cu v GIS Vit Nam: Mc d xut hin nc ta t cui nhng nm 80 nhng ch n nhngnm gn y th GIS mi thc s c c hi pht trin ti Vit Nam v cpht trin mnh theo hng phc v cho nhu cu ca x hi. Cho n nay crt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu, d n v GIS c ng dng rng ri trongcuc sng nh: ng dng h thng thng tin a l quy hoch nui trngthy sn Thanh Ha, H thng thng tin a l phc v qun l nng nghipca thnh ph Nng Hin nay, Cc ng dng ca GIS gip ch rt nhiu cho cng tc qun lv bo v ti nguyn rng. GIS c ng dng rng ri trong cc khu bo tn,lm trng, vn quc gia Sau y l mt s ng dng tiu biu ca GIStrong nng lm nghip c ng dng ti Vit Nam: ng dng GIS xydng bn hin trng, ng dng GIS xy dng bn phn nh Nng Lm, ng dng GIS phn tch din bin ti nguyn, ng dng GIS xcnh cc vng tc ng: khai thc, ta tha, chy rng, ng dng GIS tnhton din tch, tr lng, ng dng GIS cp nht v tm kim cc thng tinnh tnh, nh lng. 2.3. Tng quan v vn nghin cu Hin nay, ti cc lm trng, cc khu bo tn, cc vn quc gia u ng dng Gis vo qun l v cp nhp din bin ti nguyn rng. Kt qu chothy vic ng dng GIS vo qun l ti nguyn rng c rt nhiu mt tch cc.Gis l cng c x l chnh xc v cho kt qu nhanh va tn t cng sc m ktqu thu c li rt cao. Trc tnh hnh LSNG ngy cng b suy thoi th vic a LSNG vo qunl l mt nhu cu cp bch. Vic a ng dng GIS vo qun l LSNG sgip chng ta qun l, iu tra, xc nh, khoanh vng c cc loi nguy cp,qu him cn c bo v. T chng ta xc nh c c im, tr lng,8 19. phn b gp phn nng cao cng tc qun l bo v cc loi LSNG c bit lcc loi nguy cp, qu him, bo tn a dng sinh hc.9 20. Chng 3MC TIU, NI DUNG, PHNG PHPV A IM NGHIN CU3.1. Mc tiu nghin cu- Phn tch thc trng s dng, qun l lm sn ngoi g trong ch n cc loi LSNG qu him c nguy c cn bo tn ngun gen cao (nhm 1)ti x Kon Pne, thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh.- Phn tch kh nng ng dng nhm gii php u tin, trong d c GIS,trong vic qun l LSNG c bit l cc loi thc vt nhm I ti x Kon Pne,thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh.- Xc nh gii php u tin trong qun l LSNG v phn tch tnh uvit ca chng ti x Kon Pne, thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh.3.2. Ni dung nghin cu* ng vi mc tiu phn tch thc trng s dng, qun l LSNG, trong ch n cc loi LSNG thuc nhm I ti x Kon Pne, thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinhc cc ni dung nghin cu:- Tnh hnh khai thc v s dng LSNG ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh.- Cch thc qun l v bo v LSNG hin ti ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh.- Cch thc qun l v bo v LSNG ca ngi dn ti x Kon Pne,thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh.- Nhng thun li v kh khn trong vic qun l LSNG hin nay ti xKon Pne, thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh trong ch n nhng yu t tc ng. 10 21. * Phn tch kh nng ng dng nhm gii php u tin, trong d c GIS, trongvic qun l LSNG c bit l cc loi thc vt nhm I ti x Kon Pne, thucVQG Kon Ka Kinh:- Xc nh cc loi LSNG u tin, thuc nhm I, cn a a vo qunl.- Xc nh cc tiu ch cn qun l LSNG ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh.- Phn tch nhn lc, ti chnh, quy m v tin trnh thc hin vic qunl.* Xc nh gii php u tin trong qun l LSNG v phn tch tnh u vit cachng ti x Kon Pne, thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh:- ng dng gii php u tin trong iu tra thc a phn b.- Qun l d liu: cc c tnh ca loi v cc tiu ch qun l.- Xy dng bn phn b v bn cp bo v theo cc yu t tcng.- Phn tch tnh u vit ca ng dng GIS trong qun l LSNG trongtin trnh qun l.3.3. Phng tin nghin cuPhng tin dng trong nghin cu thc a:- My nh v (GPS)- My nh- Xe my- La bnPhng tin dng s ha bn :- My vi tnh 11 22. - My in - a CD, USB - Phn mm MapInfo Professional 7.5 - Phn mm MapSource 6.9 - Phn mm Excel, Word3.4. Phng php nghin cu3.4.1. Ngoi nghip * Thu thp cc thng tin th cp: - Thu thp cc thng tin chung v kinh t, vn ha, x hi ca a im nghin cu. Cc thng tin ny c thu thp UBND x Kon Pne. - Thu thp s liu lin quan n s lng sn lng thu hi LSNG, cc quy nh v qun l, quyt nh ngh nh, thng t ca cc cp trn a xung qun l ti nguyn rng v LSNG, cc bo co thng nin v tnh hnh s dng, khai thc ti nguyn rng ti ban qun l ca VQG v UBNN x Kon Pne. - Thu thp cc loi bn ca khu vc nghin cu: bn hnh chnh,bn hin trng, bn s ho.* Thu thp cc thng tin s cp: - iu tra tnh hnh khai thc, s dng LSNG ti a im nghin cu: + Phng vn cn b qun l VQG Kon Ka Kinh thu thp thng tin v s qun l, vng phn b, tr lng, tnh hnh khai thc. + Phng vn ngi dn a phng, cn b a phng c bit l nhng ngi c hiu bit v s phn b, sn lng ca cc loi c nguy c, nm trong sch . 12 23. + Phng vn nhng ngi thu hi, thu mua LSNG ti x Kon Pne bittnh hnh thu mua cc loi LSNG qu him, tr lng ca cc loi vcch thc qun l i vi vic thu mua cc loi LSNG.- iu tra cch thc qun l v bo v LSNG ti a im nghin cu:+ Phng vn cn b qun l VQG Kon Ka Kinh v nhn lc, ti chnh,quy nh qun l, quyn hn, yu t tc ng, cch x l cc vi phmlin quan n khai thc LSNG. Nhng thun li, kh khn trong qun lLSNG, tnh hnh ng dng GIS vo qun l ti nguyn rng ti c quan.- iu tra thc a theo tuyn: s dng my nh v xc nh v tr phnb ca tng loi LSNG. Ghi chp tr - sn lng, chp nh, o m ccthng s sinh thi hc, c tnh ca cc LSNG (chiu cao, c im l,cnh, hoa, qu).Bng 3.1. Khung phn tch phng php tin hnh nghin cuMc TiuNi Dung Nghin Cu Phong php /Cng c- Phn tch - Tnh hnh khai thc 1 Phng vn cc h gia nh theothc trng s v s dng LSNG ti bng cu hi v cc loi LSNG qudng, qun l VQG Kon Ka Kinh. him, cch thc qun l v s dngti nguyn ca h.- Cch thc qun l vthin nhinbo v LSNG hin ti 2. Phng vn cn b vn QG Kontrong ch ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh Ka Kinh v tnh hnh qun l, thunn qun lv ca ngidn li v kh khn trong cng tc qunLSNG ti xKonPne.l.KonPne,thuc VQG - Nhng thun li v Phng vn bng phng php phngKon Ka Kinh kh khn trong vic vn bn cu trc.qun l LSNG hin nayti x Kon Pne thucVQG Kon Ka Kinh13 24. trong ch n nhng yu t tc ng.- Phn tch - Xc nh cc loi 1.Phng vn h gia nh v cn bkh nng ng LSNG u tin a vo qun l v:dng GIS qun l. + Cc loi LSNG c u tin quntrongvic - Xc nh ni dung, ly v bo v.qun l tiu ch cn qun lLSNGc+ Cc ni dung v tiu ch qun l. LSNG ti VQG Konbit l cc loi Ka Kinh.2. Phn tch nhn lc, ti chnh cathc vt nhm c quan qun l, quy m qun l.I ti x Kon - Phn tch nhn lc, ti Phn tch nhng tr ngi trong vicPne, thuc chnh, quy m v tin qun l chng cho tng nhm iVQG Kon Ka trnh thc hin vic tng qun ly khc nhau. Dng ccKinh.qun l. cng c nh ma trn quan h, SWOT.- ng dng - ng dng trong iu - S dng GPS trong iu tra xcGIS trong tra thc a phn b. nh v tr ca cc loi LSNG quyqun l him trn thc t.LSNG v- Bng ghi chp v my nh ghi liphn tch tnhcc m t v loi.u vit ca - Qun l d liu: ccchng ti x- Ti liu ha cc tiu ch qun l c tnh ca loi v ccKonPne, LSNG, cc c tnh ca loi. tiu ch qun l.thuc VQG- Xy dng bn s qun l cKon Ka Kinh. - Xy dng bn s d liu v hin trng cc loi phn b v bn cpLSNG quy him. bo v theo cc yu t tc ng: con ngi, s lng, gi tr. - Tho lun vi nhm qun l v 14 25. - Phn tch tnh u vit ngi dn xc nh s u vitca ng dng GIS trong qu trnh ng dng GIS trongtrong qun l LSNG qun l so vi trc y.trong tin trnh qun l.3.4.2. Ni nghip - X l, lm sch s liu thu c: chia thng tin thu c theo nhm mc tiu, loi b nhng thng tin khng cn thit. - Thng tin thu c t phng vn v tho lun nhm t kin tholun ca cc nhm la chn ra cc thng tin ging nhau v khc nhau t mtni dung phng vn, sau tng hp li v a ra kt qu kt qu. - Phng php tnh ton tr - sn lng t s liu iu tra: Tr snlng ca tng loi LSNG c da vo mc d gp, t gp hay kh gpqua cu tr li phng vn ca ngi dn. Tng hp s kin t suy ra trlng nhiu hay t. - T nhng thng tin thu c, phn tch, nh gi tnh hnh khai thc,s dng LSNG ti a im nghin cu. Phn tch cc thun li, kh khn trongqun l LSNG t xut ra hng khc phc nhng kh khn, pht huy ccmt thun li. - T nhng kh khn trn, phn tch kh nng ng dng GIS vo qun lLSNG ti x Kon Pne, thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh: + Xc nh cc LSNG u tin a vo qun l. Loi c nguy c titchng, loi c gi tr kinh t, loi b tc ng nhiu th c u tin. + Phn tch cc ni dung cn qun l v LSNG nh: c im, phn b,gi tr, tr - sn lng. + Phn tch ngun lc v con ngi, ti chnh, quy m qun l t a cc th mnh ca GIS ng dng vo qun l LSNG ti a im nghincu.15 26. - T bn gc tin hnh xy dng bn phn b v bn cp bov theo cc yu t tc ng bng phn mm Mapinfo: + Nhp v s ha cc d liu khng gian: chuyn cc d liu trn myGPS qua my vi tnh bng phn mm Mapsource, cc bn thu c s cs ha bng cch khai bo h ta trong phn mm Mapinfo. + Cc d liu sau khi c s ha s c chuyn sang x l bng phnmm Mapinfo. + Tin hnh xy dng bn phn b, bn cp bo v. + Sau khi thnh lp xong cc loi bn chuyn th nhp cc d liuthuc tnh vo bn . T xy dng c c s d liu phc v cho vicqun l sau ny. - Phn tch tnh u vit ca ca vic ng dng GIS vo qun l LSNG ti a im nghin cu: + Kh nng cp nhp nhanh, chnh xc + Khng tn km nhiu thi gian, nhn lc, ti chnh + Phc v cho vic quy hoch bo v v bo tn.3.5.a im nghin cu3.5.1.V tr v ranh gii Kon Pne l x vng cao thuc huyn Kbang - Tnh Gia lai, nm trongthung lng thng ngun sng k Pne chy v pha Bc qua huyn KonPlong, ra sng k Pla (Kon Tum) cch th trn Kbang v pha Ty Bckhong 80km. X Kon Pne c 3 lng: Kon Hlenh, Kon Kton v Kon Kring vi272 h/1214 ngi, 100% l ng bo Bana. - Ta a l: + V Bc t 1402938 1401353. + Kinh ng t 10801747 10802410.16 27. - Phm vi ranh gii:+ Pha Bc gip x k Pne (Kon Plong Kon Tum).+ Pha ng gip x k rong v Krong.+ Pha ng gip x Krong.+ Pha Ty gip x H ng huyn k oa.Vi v tr trn Kon Pne c vai tr v cng quan trng v phng h ungun v quc phng an ninh.3.5.2. iu kin t nhin3.5.2.1. a hnhnh l dy Trng Sn (ng chia nc cp I) an chy qua Bc GiaLai c hng ng Bc Ty Nam vi cc nh cao c trng l: Kon KaKinh 1748m (Kbang), Ch T Mch 1354m (k oa), Ch H Rng 1152m(Hm Rng, Pleiku). V vy cc sng sui bt ngun t sn Ty Bc caTrng Sn u chy v pha Bc vo sng k Pne k Pla (Kontum).Sng k Pne bt ngun t sn Ty Bc dy Kon Ka Kinh Ch TMch, chy v pha Bc, vng qua th trn Tn Lp ra sng k Pla ti xk Rung (Kon Plong), x Kon Pne nm trong thung lng thng ngun sngk Pne. a hnh chung quanh l ni cao 1300 1700m, sn dc ng 35 450, din tch l 16.725ha, chim 94.7% tng din tch t nhin. Gia l thunglng hp, cao 800 900m, dc nh hn 200, din tch l 935ha, chim5.3% tng din tch. 17 28. 3.5.2.2. a cht v th nhng Theo kt qu iu tra t trn bn t l 1/50000 huyn K Bang An Khnm 1978 v iu tra b sung trn bn 1/10000 nm 2002 ca phn vinQH&TKNN min Trung, x Konpne c 3 nhm t chnh, vi 5 n v phnloi din tch, phn b, c im cc loi t ca x nh sau: t ph sa sui (Py): din tch 120ha, chim 0.7% tng din tch. Phn b ven sng k Pne, trn a hnh bng thp, dc 0 30, thuc khu vc thn 1, thn 2. t c ngun gc thy thnh, tng t dy hn 100cm, thnh phn c gii ct pha hoc tht nh, giu mn, t l NPK u cao, phn ng chua. t ph sa thch hp vi trng la nc, hoa mu. t vng trn Granit (Fa): din tch 2430ha, chim 13.7% tng din tch. Phn b trn a hnh i cao di chn ni, cao 900 1000m, dc 3- 200. t tng mt mu nu en, do tch ly nhiu mn, cc tng t di mu vng c trng. Thnh phn c gii thng l tht nh. Tng dy hn 100cm trn a hnh thoi, t dc nh hn 150, tng dy 30 40cm trn a hnh dc va hn 150. t c ph kh, ngho ln v kali, thch hp vi trng u hoa mu, cy lu nm (ch, bi li, cy n qu). t mn trn ni cao (Ha, Hs, Hk): din tch 14.925ha, chim 84.5% tng din tch. Phn b trn a hnh ni cao trn 1000m, thuc sn v nh dy Kon Ka Kinh v Kon NGouk. t tng mt c t l mn th rt cao nn c mu en hoc nu en, di tng mn l tng t mu vng c trng theo m. Trong nhm ny c 3 loi mn. t mn nu trn t bazan (Hk) din tch 1.250ha, phn b ng Bc x. t mn vng trn bin cht (Hs) din tch 2.850ha, phn b pha Ty Bc x. t mn vng trn Granit (Ha) din tch 10.825ha, phn b phn ln trn a hnh ni pha ng Nam, Nam v Ty Nam x. t mn 18 29. trn ni dc c tng dy mng nh hn 50cm. t thch hp vi trng cy dc liu (qu, sa nhn).3.5.2.3. Kh hu, thi tit Kon Pne nm trong tiu vng kh hu nhit i m ni cao trung bnhKon Ka Kinh v cao nguyn Kon H Nng. - Nhit trung bnh 210C, trung bnh cao nht 310C, trung bnh thp nht 140C. - Lng ma trung bnh 2500 2600 mm, ma ma t thng 5 - 12, ma kh ngn t thng 1 - 4 (4 thng). Do nm thung lng sn Ty ca dy ni cao Kon Ka Kinh, nn khhu ca Kon Pne chu nh hng ca kh hu Ty Trng Sn nhiu hn nhhng ca kh hu ng Trng Sn. Ma ma n sm hn v kt thc smhn v nhit trung bnh cng cao hn so vi sn ng ca Kon Ka Kinhv cao nguyn Kon H Nng. Nhn chung iu kin nhit v m thchhp cho cy trng nhit i v nhit i pht trin. Do ma ma di (8thng), ma kh ngn (4 thng) li t khc nghit, nn cy hng nm trong iukin khng c ti c th trng c 2 v/nm, cy lu nm nh ch, c phtrng y ch cn ti 1 - 2 ln/nm vi lng nc bng 30 - 40% lngnc ti vng cao nguyn Ty Trng Sn m vn cho nng sut cao.3.5.2.4. Ngun nc, thy vn - H thng sng chnh trong x Kon Pne l sng k Pne. Trong phmvi x, chiu di sng chnh 17 km, rng trung bnh 25-30 m, lng sng dcnc chy xit. Sng c 16 nhnh sui nh vi tng chiu di 56 km, din tchlu vc 176.60 km2, mt 0.4 km/km2. - Do lng ma ln v thm thc vt rng rt tt nn ngun nc casng k Pne di do quanh nm, lng dng chy ma ma chim 65-70%,ma kh 30-35%. 19 30. - H thng sui nhnh bt ngun t cc sn dc xung thung lng,nn vic xy dng cc p dng ly nc ti cho cy trng trong thung lngrt thun li. Hin nay chng trnh 135 xy dng cho x 2 p b tng,nng lc thit k 50 ha, vn t 579,1triu ng, sut u t rt thp11,6 triung/ha cho cng trnh u mi. Ngoi ra nhn dn cn t xy dng nhiucng trnh tm, mi cng trnh c th ti 0.5 3 ha, tng din tch c til 40.7 ha.3.5.2.5. Ti nguyn rng v a dng sinh hc Kon Pne c din tch rng rt ln 12.490,9 ha chim 70,7% din tch tnhin, ton b l rng t nhin. Trong : rng giu 3.000ha, rng trung bnh4.500ha, rng non 990ha, rng ngho 4.000ha. Konpne c hai kiu rng chnh l: rng nhit i m thng xanhphn b a hnh thp di chn ni v rng hn giao nhit i m phn b sn v nh ni cao. Rng Kon Pne c nhiu loi g qu nh: cm lai, hng, trcv cbit trn nh Kon Ka Kinh cao 1600-1748m a hnh bng phng, c rtnhiu g Pmu. V vy ton b din tch t rng ca x Kon Pne c quihoch thnh vn Quc gia KonKaKinh. * H thc vt rng - Thnh phn thc vt Ti Vn quc gia Kon Ka kinh bc u thng k c 687 loithc vt thuc 459 chi v 140 h. Trong ngnh thc vt cy ht kn 2 lmm chim a s (104 h, 337 chi, 528 loi). Sau l ngnh ht kn 1 l mm(15 h, 82 chi, 111 loi). Cc ngnh khuyt thc vt c 16 h, 32 chi v 40loi. Ngnh ht trn c 5 h, 8 chi, 8 loi. 20 31. H thc vt rng vn quc gia Kon Ka Kinh c 34 loi qu, him, cgi tr bo tn ngun gen v nghin cu khoa hc, c ghi trong sch Vit Nam v th gii.Trong tng s 34 loi ghi trong sch , c 24 loi ghi trong sch Vit Nam, bao gm 2 loi thuc cp E (Cp ang nguy cp, b e da tuytchng), 6 loi cp V (Cp s nguy cp, c th b e da tuyt chng), 7 loithuc cp R (Cp him), 1 loi thuc cp b e do (T), v 8 loi thuc cp K(Cp bit khng chnh xc). Theo phn loi ca IUCN 1997 c 141 loi nmtrong sch th gii gm 1 loi thuc cp E (cp ang nguy cp -Endangered), 2 loi b e da cp V (cp s nguy cp - Vulnerable), 12 loithuc cp him.- Thm thc vt rngPhn ln din tch vn Quc gia Kon Ka Kinh l rng nguyn sinh vicc kiu thm thc vt rng chnh sau:- Kiu rng kn thng xanh, ma m nhit i ni thp.- Kiu rng kn hn giao l rng, l kim ma m nhit i ni thp.y l kiu rng hn giao gia cy l kim v cy l rng. Trong loi cy lkim ch yu Vn quc gia Kon Ka Kinh chim u th. Kiu rng ny ch thyduy nht :- Kiu rng kn thng xanh, ma m nhit i ni thp- Kiu rng kn h giao l rng, l kim ma m nhit i ni thp: yl kiu rng h giao gia cy l kim v cy l rng. Trong loi cy l kimch yu l P Mu l loi cy chim u th. Kiu rng ny ch thy duy nht Vn quc gia Kon Ka Kinh.- Kiu rng kn thng xanh, ma m nhit i.- Kiu ph th sinh nhn tc. 21 32. * H ng vt rngKt qu iu tra h ng vt rng Vn quc gia Kon Ka Kinh cho thyc 428 loi ng vt. Trong c 223 loi ng vt c xng sng cn thuc34 b v 74 h khc nhau v 205 loi ng vt khng xng sng (Bm)thuc 10 h trong b Cnh Vy.- Cc loi c hu: H ng vt rng Vn quc gia Kon Ka Kinh c 16loi c hu th hin nh sau:+ Lp th: C 5 loi th ln c hu cho ng Dng v Vit Nam l:Vn m hung (Hylobates), Voc ch v Chn xm (Pygathrix nemaeus), H(Panthera tigerls), Mang Trng Sn (Muntiacus truongsonenensis) l loi thmi pht hin ln u tin Khu Bo tn sng Thanh ak Pring v Mang ln(Megamuntiacus vuquangensis) l loi th qu him pht hin ln u tin V Quang.+ Lp chim: C 7 loi chim c hu. Trong c 3 loi c hu choVit Nam: Khu u en, Khu m di, Khu Kon Ka Kinh v 4 loi chu cho Vit Nam v Lo: Khu u xm, Tro cy m vng, G li vn(Lophura nycthemra) v Thy cha t (Megalaima lagrandieri). c bit lKhu Kon Ka Kinh (Garrulax konkakinhensis) l mt loi mi c phthin cho khoa hc trong vng 30 nm tr li y khu vc chu .+ Lp B st, ch nhi: C 4 loi c hu cho vng v cho Vit Nam:Thn ln bun li (Sphenomorphus buonluoicus) l loi c hu cho vngNam Trng Sn (Lo). 3 loi c hu cho Vit Nam: Thn ln ui ,Chng Sapa (Rana chapaensis), ch gai sn (Rana verrucospinosa).Ngoi nhng loi mi pht hin v nhng loi c gi tr c hu nutrn, h ng vt rng Vn quc gia Kon ka Kinh cn c 38 loi th quhim, c gi tr bo tn ngun gien v nghin cu khoa hc, c ghi trongsch Vit Nam v Th gii. Nh sau: 22 33. Lp th c 10 loi, trong c 9 loi ghi trong sch th gii,c 7 loi ghi trong sch Vit Nam.Lp chim c 14 loi, trong c 8 loi ghi trong sch th giiv 11 loi ghi trong sch Vit Nam.Lp b st ch nhi c 14 loi ghi trong sch Vit Nam.3.5.3.Tnh hnh dn sinh kinh t - x hi2.3.1 Thc trng sn xut nng nghip2.3.1.1 Trng trt Sn xut ngnh trng trt: ch yu l sn xut lng thc v cy c btkhc p ng cc nhu cu ti ch. Nhng nm qua nh cng tc ch o stsao thng qua cc cn b tng cng c s ca huyn y v UBND huyn, ccu cy trng bt u chuyn i, sn xut lng thc i vo n nh v vngchc hn. Din tch la nc, sn, cy n qu tng, nht l la nc, ng. Snlng lng thc tng ng k 12 % / nm, cy c bt tng 40,4 %/nm, bnhqun lng thc u ngi tng t 243 kg nm 1998 ln 358 kg nm 2002. Kthut canh tc la nc v cy hng nm khc bt u chuyn bin tt, k thutcanh tc (lm t, ti nc, lm c) c ch trng. Nh cc bin phptrn m d thiu phn chung, khng c phn ha hc, nhng nng sut cytrng (nht l la nc) u tng ln ng k.2.3.1.2 Chn nuin gia sc gia cm trong nhng nm qua tng trng v chuyn dchtt theo hng li th sn xut l pht trin n gia sc c sng (tru, b, d)v gia cm. S lng n gia sc gia cm nm 2002 v tc tng (1998 -2002) nh sau:- n tru b: 217 con, tng bnh qun 5,5 % / nm.- n ln: 532 con , tng 5,6 % / nm.- n d: 340 con. 23 34. - n gia cm: 3.068 con, tng 31,1 % / nm. Sn lng tht hi nm 2002 t: 31,7 tn, tng bnh qun 14,4 % /nm.2.3.2 Thc trng sn xut ngnh ngh v dch v2.3.2.1 Tiu th cng nghip, ngnh ngh nng thn Tiu th cng nghip cha pht trin, c x mi c mt my xay st nhphc v cho thn. Ngnh ngh nng thn pht trin mc t cung t cp, mts sn phm n gin truyn thng nh: an lt my tre, rn, dt th cm.2.3.2.2 Thng mi dch v Hin nay trn a bn x c ba h ngi kinh kinh doanh tng hp vthng mi. Dch v bao gm: bn l hng ha cng ngh tng hp, thu muahng ho nng lm sn. Ngoi ra trung tm x c hot ng bu chnh vinthng ca trm bu in vn ha x.2.3.3 Thc trng x hi2.3.3.1 Dn s, lao ng, vic lm - Theo s liu thng k nm 2002, dn s trung bnh x Kon Pne c 236h, 1.084 khu trong : phi nng nghip l 3 h (1 h cha nhp khu ti aphng). Tng dn s t nhin trung bnh trong 4 nm qua 1,7 %. Dn s ldn tc Banar chim 99,5 %, l ngi kinh chim 0,5 %. Lao ng trong tui ton x c 520 ngi chim 48 % dn s. Laong ang lm vic 465 ngi, trong :+ Nng nghip: 431 ngi, chim 93 %+ Phi nng nghip: 34 ngi, chim 7 % (bao gm cn b x 23 ngi, giovin 5 ngi, y t 2 ngi, bun bn 4 ngi).24 35. - Trnh qun l, trnh lao ng thp. Trong x c 23 cn b x, trnh vn ha tiu hc, 7 / 23 ngi c bi dng s cp nghip v qun l nhnc v chnh tr. 100 % lao ng l th cng, t l m ch cao.2.3.3.2 Tnh hnh vn ha-x hi * Gio dc Hin nay ton x c 189 hc sinh tiu hc, chim 17,5% dn s, vi 5lp hc v 5 gio vin. Trong :+ Lp 1: 100 hc sinh / 3 lp.+ Lp ghp 2 + 3: 57 hc sinh / 1 lp (33 hc sinh lp 2; 24 hc sinh lp 3).+ Lp ghp 4 + 5: 32 hc sinh / 1 lp (20 hc sinh lp 4; 12 hc sinh lp 5).Qua s hc sinh tiu hc i hc cc lp ca x ta thy: t l huy nghc sinh i hc thp, t l b hc t lp 1-5 rt cao. Vi 1 x c hn 1.000 dnm hng nm ch c hn 10 hc sinh ph cp tiu hc. V vy m t l m ch Kon Pne rt cao 79,7 % (s liu tng iu tra dn s 1/4/1999).* Y tDo c s nh trm xung cp, thiu thit b y t, thiu thuc men dphng, cn b y t thiu (ch c 2 y t trung cp), trnh chuyn mn hn ch,xa trung tm huyn, i li kh khn nn cng tc chm sc sc khe ban ucho ngi dn ca trm y t x khng m bo. Cc dch bnh xut hin (strt, bu c) c t l mc bnh cao, cc bnh thng thng (cm st, ng tiuha, h hp) cha c cha tr kp thi, t l tr em suy dinh dng cao, t ltng dn s t nhin cao.*Vn ha - th thaoL x vng cao, vng su vng xa, t l i ngho cao, cha c in,cha c u t xy dng cc cng trnh vn ha - th thao, nn i sng vn 25 36. ha tinh thn ca ng bo rt thp, cc phng tin nghe nhn v n phm vnha xa l i vi ngi dn. Phong tro vn ha th thao km pht trin.2.3.3.3. nh canh nh c thu nhp v i sng* Tnh hnh nh canh nh c ca x Kon Pne nh saui tng nh canh nh c tng s: 272 h, 1.214 nhn khu. Trong:- nh canh nh c: 263 h, 1.193 khu.+ nh canh nh c n nh: 202 h, 889 khu.+ nh canh nh c cn yu: 61 h, 304 khu.- Phi cng c sp xp: 9 h, 21 khu.S h cha nh canh nh c hin nay chim 3,31 %s h ca x.* Thu nhp v i sng- Gi tr sn xut cc ngnh nm 2002 t 1.845 triu ng, thu nhpc tnh t 1.065,3 triu ng, bnh qun thu nhp u ngi t 982.749ng / nm (81.895 ng / thng). Mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ca xxp x mc thu nhp chun i vi ngi ngho (80000 ng / thng). V vyi sng ca ng bo hin nay rt kh khn, t l h ngho rt cao.- Theo s liu iu tra thng 3/2002 ca phng t chc lao ng thng binhx hi huyn, t l h ngho ca x nh sau:+ Tng s ton x: 233 h, 1065 nhn khu. Trong : h ngho 174 h, 845khu, chim 74,7 % tng s h.26 37. Chng 4KT QU V THO LUN4.1. Thc trng s dng v qun l LSNG ti x Kon Pne4.1.1. Tng quan v tnh hnh s dng, mc ch s dng v cch thc thuhi, ch bin, bo qun LSNG ca ngi dn ti a phnga s ngi dn x Kon-Pne ch trng la nc, sn v chn nui tru,b, g, vt ch khng trng cc loi rau mu phc v cho ba n. H khngbit dng phn bn nn khng bit trng rau mu, sn lng la nc thngl n, mt s h th thiu n nn hng thng ti x, nh nc thng h trgo cho cc gia nh. Do khng ch ng c ngun thc phm nn ngidn thng vo rng ly cc sn phm nh mng, nm, rau, c, t cithin ba n. Ch c mt s t h th trng cc loi rau trong vn h. Cc loithc phm c ngi dn vo rng gp u th ly . H thng dng ccvt dng th s t to khai thc nh gi, ru, dao, by. i vi cc loi c,qu, nm, mng th h ly v c th s dng ngay hoc nu tha h c th cts dng cho nhng ln sau hoc em bn. Cc loi rau th hng ngy ngi dni ly dng cho ba n. Cc thc phm l ng vt thng kh tm hn, byc con g th em v ch bin con . Cc hot ng thu hi ny din raquanh nm ch c thu hi mt ong l vo cui thng 3, thu hi mng vo uma ma.i vi cc loi LSNG dng lm dc liu, ngi dn ni y ch vorng thu hi khi c nhu cu. Ring cc thy lang th h thu hi v ch bin dng dn v cha tr cho ngi dn khi cn thit. Ngi dn thng thu hi ccloi nm, cc loi sm v ngm ru ung gip b mu, mt gan mt thn,cha au d dy. Cc loi cy cha bnh khc th khi no au th h vo rng27 38. ly. Cc dc liu c khai thc bng tay hoc bng dao, ra sau emv thi nh phi kh. a s cc kin thc v dc liu u l gia truyn nnngi dn thng t cho ngi l bit. Hin gi rt t ngi bit cch s dngch c nhng ngi ln tui v cc thy lang l cn nm r. LSNG khng nhng c ngi dn ni y phc v cho nhu cu camnh m h cn c th trao i hng ha vi cc tiu thng tng thm thunhp. Ngi dn thng bn cho cc tiu thng cc LSNG c gi tr, c khnng tiu th cao nh sm, nm, mt ong, my, t. Ngoi ra, theo iu tra cccn b kim lm th ngi dn thng ln lt bn cho cc tiu thng cc ngvt qu him nu h sn bt c. Gi thnh ca cc loi ng vt qu himcng rt cao. Ngi dn bn c th ly tin mt hoc i ly cc vt dng cnthit. Ngi dn ni y cn vo rng d ly cc cnh nhnh cy v lmvt dng trong gia nh, cht t. H dng tre v my lm vch, dng ctranh, c bu lp mi. Ci c ngi dn vo rng thu lm quanh nmnhng ch yu l ma kh. H thng chn cc loi cy g nng cho nhitlng ln ly, sau em v gn bp hoc ni thong mt khng m t.Khi no rnh ri th h i ly ci dng dn. Mt s h dn cn i xa lycnh, nhnh ca cy P mu, Thng nm l v nhen la v trong g ca cccy ny c nha nn d chy. Sau y l bng thng k v cc loi LSNG theo dng sng m ngidn Kon Pne thu hi:Bng 4.1. Bng dng sng ca tng loi LSNG c khai thcDng sng S loi Tn cyT lThn g 18Xoay, Trm en, L Bu, B Hn, Bi Li Xanh, 34%Bi Li , Trm, Chm Chm Rng, Trng G,V Sa, Ci un, Xoi Rng, i Rng, Du Da,Trm, Sung, Me Rng, Kh Rng28 39. Nm3Nm Linh Chi, Nm Mo, Nm Mi6%Cy bi7Ngh Rng, Gng, S, Rau Tu Bay, Du M, Mn 13%Ngt, Mn NcDy leo3C Mi, Dy Giang, Sa Nhn5%Thn tho13 Chui Rng, L Lan Nhung, Sm , Sm Cau, 24%Sm Nam, H Th Trng, C Tranh, Thy SngB, Rau Dn, Rau Sam, Chua L Me, a LinThn b3Rau m, Rau Dip, Cy Dang6%Thn ct 2Song My, C Bu4%Tre na4Tre, Na, L , Mng8%K sinh1Cc loi lan2%Tng 53 100% Qua bng 4.1, ta thy cc sn phm LSNG ngi dn ch yu ly t ccloi cy thn g, cy thn tho v cy bi. i vi cc loi cy thn g ngidn ch yu khai thc v v tri cy. Cc loi cy thn tho v cy bi cdng lm dc liu hoc dng lm thc phm.4.1.2 Cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin c c ngi dn khai thc. T danh mc cc loi LSNG m ngi dn Kon Pne thu hi (Ph lc 1),qua kt qu iu tra phng vn ngi dn ti y bng cch so snh bt cp,xp hng u tin ta c c cc danh sch cc loi LSNG c ngi dn utin quan tm. Cc tiu ch chn la cc loi u tin c da vo cc tiuch nh: mc qu him ( nm trong sch Vit Nam v ngh nh 32/2006ca chnh ph), gi c th trng cao v gi tr dc liu cao ca cc LSNG mchng ta phn loi ra cc loi LSNG thuc cc nhm u tin cn c a voqun l bo v. Theo ngi dn, mc quan tm u tin i vi h l cc loi chogi tr kinh t cao (68/81 h ng chim 84%) tip l c gi tr v cha cc 29 40. loi bnh v dng lm thuc b (50/81 h ng chim 62%), tip l cc loithc phm phc v cho nhu cu hng ngy (31/81 h ng chim 38%), vcui cng l LSNG dng vt dng trong gia nh (3/81 h ng chim4%). Kt qu iu tra cng cho thy trong cc loi LSNG m ngi dn khaithc c mt s loi cho kinh t cao nhng li b cm khai thc trong ngh nh32 ca chnh ph nh: lan kim tuyn (c nhung) v lan hi.Bng 4.2. Bng xc nh s quan tm ca ngi dn n tng nhm loiLSNG.Nhm loi Thu nhp caoDc liu qu Thc phm Vt dngThu nhp caoThu nhp caoThu nhp caoThu nhp caoDc liu qu Dc liu qu Dc liu quThc phm Thc phmVt dng4, 2%38, 20% Thu nhp cao84, 45%Dc liu qu Thc phm Vt dng62, 33%Hnh 4.1. Biu th hin s quan tm ca ngi dn n cc nhm LSNG4.1.2.1. LSNG nm trong ngh nh 32/2006/N-CPTheo kt qu iu tra v phng vn ngi dn v cn b x th ti VQGKon Ka Kinh hin c 2 loi thc vt nm trong nhm thc vt cm khai thc 30 41. IA thuc ngh nh 32 ca chnh ph c ngi dn thu hi l: loi LanKim Tuyn (Anoectochilus spp.) v Cc loi Lan Hi (Paphiopedilum spp.). V tr lng v phn b: cc loi Lan Kim Tuyn thng rt him gpv kh gp v Lan Kim Tuyn c gi tr kinh t cao v c gi tr v mt y hc.Cc loi Lan Hi phn b ri rc trong rng tng i d gp hn so vi LanKim Tuyn. Hin nay vic thc cc loi LSNG thuc ngh nh 32 ca chnh ph ltuyt i b nghim cm nhng vi gi thnh v gi tr ca cc loi LSNG nyth ngi dn ti Kon Pne vn thng ln lt vo rng khai thc. Vic khai thcthng nh l nn rt kh qun l.4.1.2.2. LSNG c gi tr kinh t cao Qua kt qu phng vn iu tra cc h dn, ngi thu mua ti aphng v cc cn b kim lm a phng c bit ti y c cc loi LSNGc gi tr kinh t cao nh sau:Bng 4.3. Danh mc cc loi LSNG c gi tr kinh t cao STTTn sn phm B phn bn Dng bnGa thu mua 1Nm Linh Chi C cy Ti10.000/Kg 2Sm CauR Ti50.000/Kg 3Mt OngMtCht lng u ma: 70.000/ltCui ma 80.000/lt 4Sa NhnHtTi250.000/kg 5C Nhung C cy Ti250.000/kg 6Trm Dy Thn Ti500.000/kg 7Sm C Ti50.000/Kg 8QuV Kh 60.000/kg 31 42. 9Cc Loi LanC cyTi20.000/kg 10 H Th RTi60.000/Kg Kt qu t bng 4.2 cho thy, ti y c rt nhiu loi LSNG c gi trcho thu nhp cao nh Trm Dy, C Nhung, Sa Nhn, Qu, Sm Cau, Sm .Trc nhu cu th cng y gi thnh ln cao th nng thm thu nhp ngidn Kon Pne vn thng xuyn thu hi mc d cc loi LSNG ang dn cnkit. Trong nhm ny c mt s loi LSNG rt kh tm thy l Trm Dy vC Nhung. Cc loi ny cn sm c qun l bo v v gy trng m boti sinh trnh b dit vong.4.1.2.3. LSNG qu him c gi tr lm dc liu Ti Kon Pne do a hnh cch tr nn vic khm cha bnh bng Ty Ycho ngi dn cn gp rt nhiu kh khn. T xa v cho n hin nay c rtnhiu ngi dn vn cn s dng cc loi dc liu ly t trong rng v cha bnh nht l cc thy lang. Cc dc liu c ngi dn thu hi a s lcc LSNG qu nh Nm Linh Chi, C Nhung, Sm Nam. Ti y dc liukhng ch dng cha bnh cho ngi dn m cn l mt mt hng c gi tr bun bn. Hin nay xu hng ngi dn thch s dng cc bi thuc ngY hn Ty Y nht l nhng ngi giu c do s p ng nhu cu v ccloi dc liu qu l rt ln.Bng 4.4. Danh mc cc loi LSNG c gi tr lm dc liuSTT Tn Cng dng Cch ch bin1 Thy Xng B Gii nhit, gip tiu ha, thuc b Phi2 Sa Nhn Tr au bngPhiGii nhit, dng cho ph n sau khi3 H Th sinhPhi4 Sm Nam au ng rut, thuc bSt, phi 32 43. 5 C NhungThuc ho, b phiSt, phi6 Sm Cau Li tiu, phong thp Phi7 Nm Linh ChiThuc b ni kh13i Linau bng Phi14Sm Thuc b Phi T iu tra cho thy, ti Kon Pne c nhiu dc liu qu c gi tr vkinh t ln khoa hc. Ngi dn ngoi cu s dng ca mnh cn dng bncho cc thng li. Cc loi c nhung, nm linh chi ngi dn thu hi c lucno th bn li lc . Cc loi sm cau, sm nam, sa nhn th ngi dn thu hitheo ma thng l cui ma ma.4.1.3. Tnh hnh ti sinh sau khai thc ca cc loi LSNG thuc nhm utin. Nhn thc ca ngi dn ni y v vic bo v, bo tn cc ti nguynrng l rt km. H ch bit khai thc p ng nhu cu ca mnh i khihot ng khai thc cn c quy m ln v mang tnh huy dit (v d nhhot ng cht ht cnh nhnh ca cy xoay ly tri bn). thc m boti sinh ca ngi dn khai thc LSNG l cn rt thp. Hin nay vic vo rng khai thc cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin lu b ngn cm nhng ngi dn vn thng ln lt vo rng thu hi. H ivo rng gp u th hi , thc bo v cc cy ti sinh ca ngi dn lkhng c. Do tnh hnh ti sinh ca cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin l rtkm t dn n s lng v tr lng ca cc loi LSNG qu him c tiKon Pne v VQG Kon Ka Kinh ngy cng gim. C mt s loi by gi rthim gp nh Lan Kim Tuyn v Trm. Sau y l lch thi v m t thi gian din ra cc hot ng khai thcLSNG trong nm c iu tra t ngi dn ti 03 thn ca x Kon Pne:33 44. Bng 4.5. Lch thi v ca mt s loi LSNGLSNGThng dng lch1 23 45 6 789 10 1112Bng txx x x xSong myxx xx xx xMngx x xxxMt ong xx xXoayxxxChui rngx x xx xSm x xx xSa nhn xxC nhung x xNm x x x xxC tranh x xL bu xxTre xx xx x xx xC mixx xx xx xt myxx xxCc loi rauxx xx x x xxx xx xCac lai ng vt xx xx x x xxx xx x Cy Trng g xx xxx xKh rngxx x x Qua lch thi v ny, ta thy rng mc khai thc cc loi LSNG cangi dn l quanh nm. Ma ma th h vo rng ly mng v cc loi rau c,nm, ma nng th ngi dn vo khai thc mt ong, c mi, tri cy. i vi 34 45. cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin, ngi dn thu hi c lc no th s dnghoc em bn ngay lc . Kt qu lch thi v cho thy ngi dn vn cnph thuc vo cc loi LSNG c ti y. Do vic m bo ti sinh sau khaithc l rt km l nguyn nhn dn n ngun ti nguyn v LSNG ti KonPne ang dn cn kit.4.2. Cch thc qun l v bo v cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin hinti ca ngi dn a phng i vi ngi dn Kon Pne, rng l thuc quyn s hu chung ca ccng ng. Mi ngi trong cng ng u c th vo rng khai thcLSNG. Nhng khng phi ai cng c vo rng khai thc t do. Ngi ngoicng ng tuyt i khng c vo rng khai thc LSNG nu vi phm hs b s pht theo lut tc ca lng. Trong rng, khu vc thu hi LSNG c chia thnh nhiu khu vcthuc quyn s hu ca tng h gia nh v h thng nh du khu vc ring.Cc h ch c thu hi trn khu vc ca h mnh khng c khai thc trnkhu vc ca ngi khc. Khi i trn ng i khng thuc khu vc ca mnhnu gp cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin th h cng khng thu hi v s blng x pht. i vi mi nhm i tng nh thy lang, ph n, thanh ninth cch thc qun l bo v l khc nhau. i vi thy lang th h thngkhng cho ai bit v tr m h i ly cc cy thuc v h s ngi khc bit svo khai thc ht. Nhm ph n th h thng truyn cho con gi cc bi thucv v tr cc loi cy thuc trong rng phc v cho vic nui con v sinh nngoi ra h khng truyn cho ngi khc. Khi c l hi ca lng th gi lng sl ngi quy nh ai l ngi vo rng thu hi ci g. Trong vn nh b con thng trng cc loi cy c gi tr tng thmthu nhp nh Qu, Sa Nhn. S lng gia nh trng cc loi LSNG trongvn nh l rt t. Kt qu iu tra cho thy ch c 08 h l c trng LSNGtrong vn nh. Nhng h ny ch yu l cc thy lang v nhng h c hiubit v k thut trng cc loi cy ny. 35 46. Nhn chung, cch thc qun l bo v cc loi LSNG thuc nhm utin cha hiu qu. H ch cm ngi ngoi vo a bn ca mnh khai thcLSNG ch h cha c bin php hn ch ngi trong cng ng vo rng khaithc. Ngi dn vn cha thc c mc cn thit ca vic phi qun lcc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin. Nhiu khi chnh h cng khng hiu cl do ti sao cc loi LSNG ngy nay li kh kim c khi h c phngvn.4.3. Thc trng qun l LSNG hin nay ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh4.3.1. Tin trnh qun l LSNG ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh Trc VQG Kon Ka Kinh c thnh lp, hng ngy ngi dn c tdo vo rng canh tc la ry v thu hi cc sn phm t rng v phc vcho nhu cu cuc sng hng ngy ca h. H dng cc sn phm LSNG lm g ci si m, nu n, lm nh, lm cc vt dng trong gia nh. Ccloi cy thuc cha bnh cng c ly ra t rng v lm thuc cha bnh.T khi khu bo tn Kon Ka Kinh c thnh lp sau c chuyn thnhVn quc gia Kon Ka Kinh ngi dn khng cn c t do vo rng. H bngn cm vo rng khai thc g, khai thc cc sn phm trong rng bo tna dng sinh hc v hin trng vn. Tuy nhin vic ngn cm ngi dn cngp rt nhiu kh khn v ti nguyn rng l sinh k ca h. Cc cn bqun l vn ch cm v x l cc hnh vi khai thc g v sn bn ng vtch khng th cm ngi dn vo rng khai thc LSNG c ngun gc thc vtv nh vy s ct t ngun sng ca ngi dn. Ngi dn vn ln lt vorng mc d c cc cn b qun l vn tuyn truyn v nhc nh. Hvn vo rng ly ci, tm cc loi cy thuc cha bnh, tm cc loi thcphm phc v cho nhu cu hng ngy. Cc LSNG khng nhng c th phcv cho nhu cu ca ngi dn m cn c th em bn ly tin hoc trao icc vt dng cn thit trong gia nh. Do cc hot ng thu hi LSNG ca ngi dn ch yu l phc vnhu cu ca mnh t gy tn hi n hin trng rng nn cc cn b kim lm 36 47. ca VQG ch c th tuyn truyn ngi dn khng vo rng khai thc chkhng th bt buc ngi dn khng vo rng thu hi LSNG v LSNG lngun sng ca h. Ngi dn vn ln lt vo rng mc d c cc cn bqun l vn tuyn truyn v nhc nh. Trong qu trnh tun tra nu bt gpngi dn khai thc LSNG th ln u l nhc nh, nu ti phm nhiu ln s ba ln x khin trch. Chnh v l do m cc loi LSNG qu him vnthng xuyn b khai thc. Hot ng thu hi LSNG ch c ngi dn bn ami c thu hi nu ngi ngoi vo thu hi s b thu gi v lp bin bn. Cchot ng thu mua LSNG ti a phng cng phi c s cho php caKim Lm mi c thu mua. Ti ban qun l VQG Kon Ka Kinh, Vic qun l v bo v LSNG chyu cn c theo lut bo v v pht trin rng nm 1991, ngh nh 32 v nghnh s 18 ca hi ng b trng, cng vi vn bn quy nh cm mi hnh vitc ng vo hin trng rng bo tn hin trng rng, bo tn a dng sinhhc ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh ra. Vn bn quy nh khng ai c php emvo hoc ly ra bt c loi cy, con no vo trong rng ca VQG. Vic qun lcc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin ch yu da vo ngh nh 32/2006/N-CPv cm v hn ch khai thc cc loi ng thc vt c tnh cht qu him cao.Chnh v th m cc c quan qun l thng khng tr trng n LSNG nht lcc loi LSNG c gi tr m khng nm trong danh mc bo v ca ngh nh32 m ch ch n bo v cc loi LSNG qu thuc nhm IA v IIA v cccy g ln. Vic bo v ch dng mc tuyn truyn v nhc nh ngi dnch cha c hnh thc x l sai phm. Nu c vi phm th ch b tch thu cnnu vi phm nhiu ln s b khin trch trc ngi dn trong x. Nu ngidn khai thc vi quy m ln, mang tnh cht nghim trng th s em ra x ltrc php lut. i vi vic lu thng cc loi LSNG hin nay th cng tc qun l cacc cn b Kim Lm ti y chuyn ch trng vo cng tc kim tra cc loiLSNG qu cm khai thc nh Trm, Lan Kim Tuyn. Vic lu thng cc loiLSNG ra khi a bn ca vn phi c xin php v c giy chng nhn ca37 48. cc cn b kim lm mi c lu thng. Cng tc qun l ch yu da vocc nghi quyt, quyt nh sau:- Quyt nh 661/TTg: theo quy nh khi khai thc v tiu th ccloi LSNG ch cn bo vi c quan kim lm gn nht hoc UBNN x, th trns ti trong vng 10 ngy th c cp giy chng nhn cc sn phm ny lsn phm hp php.- Quyt nh 65/TTg: theo quy nh cc LSNG l thc vt rng uc ch bin xut khu, tr cc loi lm sn thuc nhm IA quy nh ti nghnh 18/HBTQua tin trnh qun l trn c th thy hin ti vic qun l ch tp trungvo cc loi LSNG thc s qu him, cc loi khc khng nm trong danh mcb cm th khng c quan tm. V vy vic qun l ch dng mc hn chkhai thc ch cha c bin php bo v bo tn v gy trng.4.3.2. Thun li v kh khn trong vic qun l LSNG hin nay ca VQGKon Ka Kinh ni chung v ti x Kon Pne ni ringQua gn 1 thng iu tra, thu thp s liu tip xc vi cc cn b qun lVQG Kon Ka Kinh v ngi dn Kon Pne nhn thy c trong cng tc qunl v bo v cc loi LSNG ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh c cc thun li v khkhn sau:* Thun li:- Bc u c cc chnh sch h tr ngi dn gip h nng cao isng v gim s ph thuc ca sinh k ngi dn vo LSNG t ngidn t vo rng thu hi LSNG.- Ngi dn tng bc c tuyn truyn s dng bn vng cc tinguyn rng t bit cch khai thc ng mc.- Ngi dn chp nhn tham gia vo vic gy trng cc loi LSNG quhim ngay ti vn nh hoc nng ry.38 49. * Kh khn: - Cha c khung hnh pht nghim i vi vic khai thc v vn chuynLSNG vic x l vn ch l lp bin bn, x pht hnh chnh v tch thu tangvt. - a hnh ni cao him tr, din tch qun l rng, giao thng i li khkhn nn vic tun tra kim sot mi hnh vi khai thc l rt kh khn. - Cc loi LSNG u phn b ri rc cng vi vic khai thc nh l cangi dn nn rt kh qun l, bo v. - Di tc ng ca gi c th trng th qu trnh khai thc v tiu thcc loi LSNG l rt mnh nht l cc loi LSNG qu him. - Ngn ng bt ng, trnh ngi dn cn thp nn hiu qu ca cngtc tuyn truyn ca cc cn b qun l cha c nng cao. Vi nhng thun li v kh khn trn, nhn thy rng cch thc qun lLSNG hin nay cn gp rt nhiu tr ngi. Kh khn nht l cc loi LSNGthuc nhm u tin phn b ri rc cng vi vic khai thc nh l ca ngidn nn rt kh qun l, bo v. V vy cng tc qun l bo v, bo tn ccloi LSNG thuc nhm u tin cha c ch trng quan tm.4.4. Tiu ch ca cc loi LSNG c u tin qun l bo v ti x KonPne, thuc VQG Kon Ka Kinh qun l v s dng c hiu qu cc loi LSNG hin c ti VQG thvic trc mt l xc nh cc tiu ch theo cc nhm li ch khch nhau avo qun l, c im v gi tr ca tng loi.4.4.1. Cc tiu ch xut pht t li ch ca ngi dn Cn c vo kt qu t hnh 4.1 ta c c cc tiu ch xc nh ccloi LSNG c u tin qun l bo v xut pht t li ch ca ngi dn nhsau: 39 50. + Cc loi c gi tr kinh t cao cao nh: Trm, Sm Cau, Sa Nhn, CNhung, Nm Linh Chi + Cc loi LSNG qu lm dc liu: Sm Cau, Sm , C Nhung,Nm Linh Chi.+ Cc loi b khai thc nhiu v qu him nh: Nm Linh Chi, Trm, HTh .+ Cc loi c gi tr v lng thc c gi tr dinh dng c s dngthng xuyn nh Nm Mo, Nm Mi Nh vy, cc tiu ch c xut t ngi dn hng n nhng snphm c gi tr kinh t cao. ng thi, h cng nhn nhn ra c ngun lmsn ngy nay dn cng kit, c bit l cc loi qu him v cc loi c skhai thc nhiu. y l mt im thun li nu nh c s phi hp tt trongqun l LSNG.4.4.2. Cc tiu ch theo s qun l ca VQG Kon Ka KinhKt qu phng vn v tho lun vi 5 cn b kim lm ca trm s 6 tix Kon Pne c c cc tiu ch xc nh cc loi LSNG c u tin theos qun l ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh l: + Tiu ch quan trng u tin l cn qun l bo v cc loi LSNG ctrong sch Vit Nam v ngh nh 32 ca chnh ph. + i vi cc loi LSNG c mc khai thc nhiu cn hn ch khaithc v cm khai thc.Nh vy, nhm tiu ch ny ch hng n vic qun l ch cha hngn li ch ca ngi dn. iu ny chc chn s gy ra s mu thun vingi dn trong qu qun ly l iu khng th trnh khi.4.4.3. Cc tiu ch qun l nhm LSNG c u tin kh thi ti x KonPne, thuc VQG Kon Ka KinhT danh mc cc loi LSNG u tin c ngi dn khai thc ti VQG,qua tho lun vi 30 h c uy tn ti 3 thn ca x, cc cn b a phng bngcch so snh bt cp v cho im ta c c danh sch bng xp hng choim cc loi LSNG u tin. Kt qu thu c danh sch cc loi LSNG cnc a vo qun l bo v ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh:40 51. Bng 4.6. Danh mc cc loi LSNG c u tin cn c qun l STT Loi LSNGDng sng Tn khoa hcS im 1 L Lan Nhung (C nhung)T Amomum xanthioides30/30 2 Lan hiT Paphiopedilum spp 22/30 3 Trm G Aquilaria crassna 30/30 4 Sa nhnT Amomum echinosphaera18/30 5 H th trng T Streptocaulon juventas26/30 6 Sm cauT Curculigo orchoicides 23/30 7 Sm namT Codonpsis piloscula 20/30 8 Sm T 20/30 9 Nm linh chi N Ganodema lucidum24/30 Ch thch: N: nm B: bi L: dy leo T: thn thoTr: tre G: thn g TB:thn b C:thn ct K: K sinh Bng 4.4 cho thy rng trong s cc loi LSNG c khai thc v sdng th ch c 9 loi c u tin a vo qun l v bo tn. Trong s ccloi ny khng phi loi no cng nm trong sch m cn c nhng loi cgi tr s dng cao i vi ngi dn nh Sa Nhn, H Th Trng. Kt quny cho thy nu ch quan tm n li ch ring th s gy nn nhng mi quantm mu thun nhau trong vic la chn loi cn qun l. Trong qu trnh tho lun gia ngi dn vi cn b khu bo tn davo 2 nhm tiu ch do hai bn ny a ra. Cc tiu ch qun l LSNG c utin qun l LSNG ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh nh sau:41 52. Bng 4.7. Cc tiu ch qun l nhm LSNG c u tinSTTTiu ch cn qun l1LSNG c trong sch Vit Nam v ngh nh 32 ca chnh ph cn c qun l bo v.2LSNG c gi tr kinh t cao.3LSNG c gi tr qu v dc liu4LSNG c gi tr dinh dng cao v lng thc Qua bng tiu ch ny, ta thy ti y c bn tiu ch c a vo qunl trong c ba tiu ch quan l da trn li ch ca ngi v tiu ch c utin nht l LSNG c trong sch Vit Nam v ngh nh 32 ca chnh phcn c qun l bo v.4.5. Nhng tim nng v nhn lc, ti chnh ci thin phng thc qunl LSNG hin tiTim nng u tin ci thin phng thc qun l LSNG hin ti l ngun nhn lc hin ti ca ban qun l VQG. B my qun l thng sut tcp lnh o n cp thc thi. Vi ngun nhn lc ny, vic qun l bo vrng ti a phng c thc hin tt, cng tc gio dc nng cao nhnthc ngi dn lun c tuyn truyn.4.5.1 H thng t chc qun l ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh.B my Vn Quc Gia gm c:- Ban lnh o gm: 01 ng ch gim c v 01 ng ch ph gim clnh o chung cc hot ng ca VQG.- Cc phng nghip v gm c:+ Phng tng hp c nhim v thc hin cng tc t chc, qun l nhns, k hoch.42 53. + Phng khoa hc k thut : qun l v thc hin cng tc chuyn mn k thut.+ Phng gio dc mi trng: c nhim v gio dc cho cng ng dn c sng gn vn cch thc bo v ti nguyn mi trng, nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn. + Ht kim lm (trc thuc vn) qun l 7 trm bo v rng gip ban gim c thc hin nhim v qun l bo v rng. Ti mi trm c trm trng v trm ph l nhim v qun l cc hot ng ti tng trm. - Hin nay tng s cn b nhn vin ca VQG l 47 ngi. Trong :+ Bin ch chnh thc : 24 ngi, chim 51%.+ Hp ng trong bin ch: 19 ngi, chim 40%.+ Hp ng ngn hn: 4 ngi, chim 9%. - V trnh chuyn mn nghip v:+ S CBNV c trnh i hc: 8 ngi, chim 17%.+ S CBNV c trnh trung cp: 31 ngi, chim 66%.+ S CBNV c trnh s cp: 8 ngi, chim 17% Vi ngun nhn lc hin c ca vn gip cho cng tc qun l bo vrng y c thc hin nghim. Thc hin tt nhim v ca nh nc vqun l bo v rng, phc hi sinh thi rng bo tn c cc mu chun hsinh thi rng, cc ngun gen ng, thc vt c hu, qu him trong vng vnng cao tc ng phng h ca khu rng. Tnh trng khai thc v s dng tinguyn rng mt cch bt hp php b xa b. Cng tc qun l bo vnguyn hin trng rng c m bo. Ngi dn sng gn vn cgio dc v tuyn truyn v vic qun l bo v rng. Tnh trng t nnglm ry khng cn din ra. thc ngi dn trong vic s dng bn vng ccngun ti nguyn ang tng bc c khc phc. Bn cnh , cng tc o 43 54. to nghin cu khoa hc vn thng xuyn c t chc nhm nng cao hiuqu cng tc bo v, bo tn cc ti nguyn hin c ti vn.4.5.2.Cc nhm lin quan trong h thng t chc qun l LSNG ti VQGKon Ka Kinh.Vic qun l LSNG ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh ni chung, x Kon Pne niring chu nh hng ca cc t chc sau:(01) Ban lnh o VQG: ch o trc tip ht kim lm v cc phng ban trongvic ra cc chnh sch qun l v bo v.(02) Ht kim lm thuc VQG: c nhim v chnh l qun l, bo v, kim sotvic khai thc, vn chuyn mua bn trn a bn ca VQG. Phi hp vi chnhquyn a phng tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc ngi dn qun l, bo vrng.(3) Phng gio dc mi trng: ng vai tr l tuyn truyn nng cao nhnthc ngi dn trong vic bo v ti nguyn thin nhin, s dng bn vng ccloi LSNG.(4) y ban nhn dn cp x: l c quan qun l nh nc, c nhim v qun lv mt hnh chnh, x hi trn a bn x. Chnh quyn x c trch nhimthng bo triu tp nhn dn hi hp trin khai, ph bin cc chnh sch, chtrng ca cp trn, ca VQG. ng thi phi hp vi ban qun l ca VQGtrong vic qun l bo v rng v nng cao nhn thc ngi dn d bo v tinguyn rng.(5) Cng ng dn c ti x Kon Pne: l ngi trc tip khai thc v s dngcc loi LSNG.44 55. Bng 4.8. Ma trn quan h cc bn lin quan n qun l LSNGTn t chc Mc Chc nng nhim vTc dng hin titham giaBan Quan Ch o iu hnh cc Qun l cc phng ban, xc tin ulnh otrnghot ng ca vnt, d n bo v bo tn v nghin cu khoa hcPhnggio Quan Tuyn truyn nng cao Tuyn truyn cc gi tr ca midc- mi trng nhn thc ngi dn trng i vi i sng con ngi ttrng gip ngi dn s bn vng cc ngun ti nguyn, bo v ti nguyn thin nhinKim lmRt quan Trc tip qun l ti L nhn lc chnh trong cng tctrngnguyn rng qun l bo v LSNG. Trc tip tun tra kim sot v tip xc vi ngi dnUBNN x Quan Qun l hnh chnhGii quyt cc vn ca cng ng,trngqun l nhn khu, an ninh x hiNgidn Rt quan S dng, khai thc v L i tng trc tip thu hi v sa phngtrngbo vdng LSNG. T kt qu phn tch cc bn lin quan, ta thy rng nh hng caKim Lm v ngi dn a phng n vic qun l LSNG ti VQG l lnnht. Kim lm ch c nhim v qun l bo v. Vic qun l bo v cc loiLSNG c hiu qun cn c s tham gia ca ngi dn. Khi no ngi dnkhng cn khai thc tri php th khi hiu qu ca cng tc qun l bo vcc loi LSNG c ti VQG mi c nng cao do Phng gio dc mitrng cng ng gp mt phn quan trng trong cng tc qun l bo v 45 56. LSNG ti VQG. Ngoi vic tuyn truyn gio dc ngi dn th Vn cngcn ch ng trong vic qun l bo v. C th l cn c mt cng c bphn ph trch qun l v LSNG. iu tra nh gi tr lng v tr phn b vc im sinh hc ca cc loi LSNG c ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh. Nh th hiuqu ca cng tc qun l bo v LSNG mi c nng cao.4.5.3. Tnh kh thi ca vic a cc loi LSNG u tin vo qun l bngGIS Phn tch im mnh, im yu, c hi, thch thc ca cch thc qunl LSNG hin ti v cch thc qun l LSNG sau khi c a vo qun l bov s gip cho vic c nn a cc loi LSNG u tin vo qun l hay khng.Vic phn tch ny s c thc hin trong cch thc qun ly hin ti v dkin sau khi a vo qun l. Kt qu c trnh by theo bng 4.7. v 4.8 nhsau:Bng 4.9. im mnh, im yu, c hi, thch thc ca cch thc qun lLSNG hin ti im mnhim yu- Khng tn tin ca, thi gian, nhn - Khng c tiu ch, chnh sch qunlc vo cng vic bo v, qun l. l LSNG r rng.-Tun tra, kim sot n gin.- Cha c hnh thc s pht st ng cc hnh vi vi phm.- Ngi dn cha hiu r tm quan trng v cch thc s dng bn vng LSNG.C hi Nguy c- Thnh phn loi v s lng cc - Nhu cu th trng v LSNG l rtloi LSNG a dng v nhiu. ln. 46 57. - c ngi dn ng h v khng - S suy gim v thnh phn v slm nh hng n ngun sng ca lng cc loi LSNG nht l cc loih. qu him.- S gia tng dn s s tng thm nhucu v s dng cc loi ti nguynthin nhin.T kt qu bng 4.7, ta thy cch thc qun l LSNG hin ti c nhiuim yu v tn ti nhiu nguy c do cn phi thay i cch thc qun lLSNG hin ti m bo cng tc bo tn cc loi LSNG c ngun gc thcvt.Bng 4.10. im mnh, im yu, c hi, thch thc ca cch thc qun lLSNG sau khi c a vo qun l bo v bng GISim mnhim yu- Xc nh c cc loi LSNG- Tn thi gian cho vic iu tracn c bo vv tr lng, phn b, c im hnh thi, sinh thi.- cng tc qun l bo v r rngv c tnh cht php l cao. - Cn nhiu nhn lc, lc lng qun l cn mng.- C s tham gia qun l cangi dn C hiThch thc- Bo tn c ngun gen ca - Nhu cu v cc loi LSNG qu himcc loi LSNG qu him. trn th trng y gi thnh ln cao.- Nng cao nhn thc ngi dn - i sng ngi dn cn nhiu khv vic qun l bo v cc loi khn, s ph thuc vo ti nguyn 47 58. LSNG qu him.rng cn ln. - c s quan tm v h tr ca nh nc, cc ban ngnh chc nng. T kt qu bng 4.8 cho thy cch thc qun l LSNG sau khi c avo qun l bo v c nhiu im mnh v c hi. Do nn a cc loiLSNG u tin vo qun l bo v pht huy cc th mnh bn trong v cctim lc bn ngoi ca cch thc qun l LSNG c u tin qun l bngGIS. Tm li: Vic qun l LSNG sau khi c a vo qun l bo v bngGIS c nhiu u im thay th cch thc qun l LSNG hin ti c nhiuim yu, nguy c.4.6. ng dng GIS trong qun ly LSNG thuc nhm u tin theo cc tiuch phn tch4.6.1. Cc ni dung c a vo ng dng qun l bng GIS cho nhmLSNG u tin. T kt qu ca phn 4.4.3 vi cc tiu ch qun l v danh mc loi cnu tin qun l bo v th ni dung c a ra qun l LSNG bng GIS l : - Tn loi - V tr - Dng sng - c tnh loi - Tnh trng loi theo cc cp u tin (I, II, III) bo v 48 59. - Mc s dng ca cng ng - Tr lng ni phn b - Gi tr (hng ho hoc s dng ti ch) - Vng phn b (tiu khu, khonh) - Cch thc qun l4.6.2. Kt qu ng dng qun ly cc loi LSNG u tin bng MapInfo4.6.2.1. Bn phn b cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin v c s d liuca cc loi LSNG T nhng d liu GPS v cc thng tin loi thu thp c trong qutrnh iu tra, qua cc bc x l bng phn mm Mapsource, Excel v MapInfo, ta c c cc kt qu sau:Hnh 4.2. Phn b ca cc loi LSNG u tin ti Kon Pne v bng c s dliu ni dung qun l ca cc loi LSNG thuc nhm u tin.Kt qu hnh 4.2. cho thy mi d liu nhm qun l cc loi LSNG theo nhmu tin c qun l theo nhng ni dung theo yu cu v c v khng gianphn b ca chng trong mt khu vc nht nh. 49 60. 4.6.2.2. Mt s ng dng trong qu trnh qun l v bo v LSNG ti VQGKon Ka Kinh* Truy tm cc loi c mc u tin cn c bo v nghim ngt T bn v c s d liu c, nu mun c bn v c s d liuca cc loi bo v nghim ngt thuc nhm 1, vic n gin ch cn truy vnd liu theo yu cu cho ra mt bn v c s d liu mi vi cc thngtin lin quan km theo, hnh 4.3.Hnh 4.3. Phn b ca cc loi c mc u tin I cn c bo v nghimngt v cc thng tin lin quan* Xc nh khu vc phn b ca mt loi cn iu tra, v d mm Linh Chi. T d liu c sn ta ch cn kt xut bn s c c cc thng tin vloi nm linh chi c ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh nh: phn b ti tiu khu no, v trno, tr lng ra sao, mc bo v nh th no (hnh 4.4).50 61. Hnh 4.4. Phn b ca loi Nm Linh Chi v cc thng tin lin quanCc v d trn y ch mang tnh minh ho chng minh cho tnh kh thi v linhng khi ng dng MapInfo trong qun l. iu ny s c tnh ng dng hnkhi ngun d liu nhiu, tnh phc tp ca d liu tng ln.4.6.3. Nhng u vit khi ng dng MapInfo c th ng dng qun lLSNG ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh Hin nay ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh ng dng cng ngh thng tin a l(GIS), trong c MapInfo, trong cc khu k thut. Cng ngh ny c ngdng khoanh trng rng, xc nh ranh gii, tnh din tch, xy dng bn hin trng thun tin cho cng tc qun l t ra cc gii php tc ngvo rng. Ti y, GIS l th hin rt nhiu u vit. Vic ng dng GIS scho thi gian gii quyt cng vic rt nhanh m khng tn nhiu cng laong. Nu ti y p dng lng ghp a GIS vo qun l LSNG vi hthng qun l hin trng rng hin ti th s rt tin li. Va gip cho vic quncc loi LSNG qu him c gi tr c ti vn va tn cng u t thmnhn lc v ti chnh thay v chng ta p dng mt cng c qun l khc. Ccloi LSNG qu him c qun l bo v s gip lm tng thm tnh a dngsinh hc hin c ca vn. Hiu qu ca vic qun l LSNG s gip bo tn 51 62. c ngun gen v gi tr ca cc loi thc vt dng lm LSNG phc v chonhu cu lu di ca con ngi. Vic a GIS vo qun l LSNG ti VQG c nhng thun li kh khnsau: * Thun li: - C s vt cht k thut c u t. - Cc cn b k thut c o to v cng ngh GIS. -Vic xc nh v tr, phn b ca cc loi LSNG thc hin d dng trnbn hin trng c sn. - Tit kim c thi gian nhn lc trong iu tra, qun l v tr, phnb, c im sinh hc cc loi LSNG. - T cng tc qun l bo v c th quy hoch cc im gy trng vnhn rng cc loi LSNG. * Kh Khn - Tn cng iu tra v c im hnh thi, sinh thi ca cc loi LSNG. - Vic qun l LSNG gp nhiu kh khn hn l qun l cc loi cy gln do ngi dn vo khai thc thng xuyn do cng tc cp nhp hintrng cc loi LSNG phi thng xuyn thc hin. T nhng thun li v kh khn trn cng vic nn lm hin nay nnthc hin ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh l: iu tra, xc nh, nh v, khoanh vngv v bn phn b cc loi nguy cp, qu him. C k hoch iu tra hintrng nh k cp nhp din bin hin trng. Nghin cu cc c im sinhthi, sinh hc v sinh l ca tng loi ng thi nghin cu bin php k thutnhn ging, trng v phng thc bo tn thch hp i vi tng loi. Tngcng cng tc bo v v qun l theo phng thc cng ng, nng cao nhn 52 63. thc ngi dn bng cch m cc t tuyn truyn v tp hun. C bin phpmnh hn ch tnh trng khai thc v mua bn cc loi LSNG qu him.Vi tt c nhng im trn th khi ng dng Gis trong qun l LSNG tiVQG Kon Ka Kinh l mt iu nn lm v phi ngay by gi. V nh th cngtc qun l LSNG mi t hiu qu gp phn bo v bo tn cc loi LSNGnht l cc loi LSNG qu him, gp phn bo tn a dng sinh hc. 53 64. Chng 5 KT LUN V NGH5.1. Kt lunQua kt qu v tho lun c thc hin chng 4, cc kt lunc rt ra nh sau:- Ti Kon Pne, kin thc bn a v s dng LSNG ca ngi dn rtphong ph v a dng. Nhm LSNG u tin khai thc ca ngi dn ni y l nhm c gi tr kinh t cao cho sinh k ngi dn, cc loi LSNG c gitr qu v dc liu. Trong cc loi LSNG m ngi dn khai thc c nhiuloi nm trong danh mc cm khai thc v hn ch khai thc theo quy nh canh nc. thc m bo ti sinh sau khai thc v s dng bn vng tinguyn rng trong c LSNG ca ngi dn cn thp.- Cng tc qun l bo v ti nguyn rng ni y c cao nhngcha ch trng vo LSNG. Cch thc qun l ti nguyn rng hin ti cangi dn a phng v VQG Kon Ka Kinh cha quan tm bo v, bo tncc loi LSNG c bit l cc loi thuc nhm u tin.- Vic qun l LSNG sau khi c a vo qun l bo v bng GIS cnhiu u im thay th cch thc qun l LSNG hin ti VQG Kon KaKinh da trn cc tiu ch qun l c a ra.- Xc nh v tr, phn b, tr lng, c tnh ca cc loi LSNG u tinti Kon Pne da trn kt qu ng dng GIS t c. Cng t kt qu nycho thy, vic ng dng GIS vo qun l LSNG c nhiu u vit hn cch thcqun l LSNG hin ti ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh54 65. 5.2. Kin nghSau mt thi gian i thc t, da trn kt qu t c, di y lmt vi kin ngh trong vic pht trin, qun l v bo v ti nguyn rng cbit l LSNG ti VQG Kon Ka Kinh:- Tng cng v thng xuyn gio dc nng cao nhn thc v a dng sinhhc v nh hng ca mi trng n con ngi cho ngi dn. Tuyn truynkhuyn khch ngi dn gy trng cc loi LSNG trong vn h nng thmthu nhp, n nh i sng v hn ch thc trong rng.- C k hoch iu tra xc nh tr lng, phn b ca cc loi LSNG trn tonb din tch ca VQG thun tin cho vic c bin php quy hoch bo vcc loi LSNG qu him v c gi tr ca VQG Kon Ka Kinh.- Song song vi vic ng dng GIS qun l, cp nhp din bin ti nguynrng, cn lng ghp vic ng dng GIS qun l LSNG vo qun l chung cng tc qun l LSNG nng cao hiu qu hn.55 66. TI LIU THAM KHO1. ng nh Bi v nhiu tc gi, 2002. Bi ging Lm sn ngoi g2. Nguyn Quc Bnh, 2007.H thng thng tin a l trong Lm nghip3.Nguyn Quc Bnh, 2007. i cng v h thng thng tin a l trong lmnghip4. B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, 2006. Cm nang ngnh lm nghip.Chng lm sn ngoi g.5. Nguyn Hng Phng v inh Vn Hu, 2006. H thng thng tin a l vmt s ng dng trong Hi Dng Hc. NXB i hc quc gia H Ni6. Nguyn Th Thn v Trn Cng Yn, 2000. T chc h thng thng tin al GIS v phn mm Mapinfo 4.0. Nh xut bn xy dng H Ni.7.Phan Minh Xun (2005). Gio trnh Thc vt v c sn rng (lu hnh nib). Trng H Nng Lm TP HCM. 56 67. PH LCPh lc 1. Cc bng biu1.Danh mc cc loi LSNG c ngun gc t thc vt c thu hi ti aphng STT Loi LSNG Dng sng Tn khoa hc (1)(2) (3)(4)1Song myL Calamus spp2Bng tT Thysandae maxima3Tre TrBambusa spp4Na TrNeohouzeana dullooa5L TrBambusa procera6Chui rngT Musaurana scopos7Ngh rng B Curcuma spp8GngB Zingibeoffi cinale9XoayG Dialium cochinchinense10 Trm enG Canarium tramdenum11 SB Cymbopogon nardus12 C miL Dioscoreaceae persimilis13 Rau mTBCentellaasia asiatica14 L Bu (l Bp/Bt) G Gnetum gnemon15 Sa nhn T Amomum echinosphaera16 L Lan Nhung (C nhung) T Amomum xanthioides17 Nm linh chiN Ganodema lucidum18 Dy giang L Aganonerion polymorphum19 Mt nhnB Euyicoma longifolia20 Sm cau T Curculigo orchicides 57 68. 21 Sm namTCodonopsis piloscula22 H th trng TStreptocaulon juventas23 B hn GSapindus mucorossi24 Bi li xanh (Bi li l trn) GLitsea monopetala25 Bi li (Bi li nht)GLitsea glutinosa26 C Tranh TImperata cylindaria27 Mng Tr ?28 Thy sng bTAcorus calamus29 Trm GAquilaria crassna30 Rau dnTAmaranthus liridus31 Rau tu bayBGynura crepidioidos32 Nm MoNAuricularia polytricha33 Nm MiNCollybia albuminosa34 Du m (u cc ro, Du lai)BJatropha curcas35 C Bu CLiristond saribus36 Cy Dang TB Dendrocalomus patellaris37 Chm chm rng GNephelium hypoleucum38 Trng g GPouteria sapota39 Chm gutGPhyllanthus acidus40 V sa GChrysophyllum cainito41 Ci unG?42 Rau dip TB Houttuynia cordata43 Xoi rngGMangifera duperreana44 i rngGPsidium guajava45 Du da GBaccaurea ramiflora46 Cy trm GSyzygium malaccense47 Cy sung GFicus racemosa58 69. 48 Rau sam TPortulaca oleracea49 Chua me l me TBiophytum sensitium50 a linTKaempferia galanga51 Mn ngtB?52 Mn ncBColocasia esculenta Schott53 Me rng GT. indica L54 Kh rng* GHibiscus surattensis55 B ct toi TPoyipodium fortunei56 Th phc linh LSmilax glabra57 B k nam L58 cy MngB59 Cy Dy B60 Cy Dy m B61 Cy BltB62 Cy Mt B63 Cy EugaB64 Cy Liu liu B65 Cy tam B66 Th sm TTalinul crassifolium Ch thch:N: nmB: biL: dy leoT: thn thoTr: tre G: thn gTB:thn bC: thn ct2. Danh mc cc loi LSNG c ngun gc l ng vt c thu hi STTLoi LSNGDng sngTn khoa hc1C LcTS Ophio cephalus maculatus2C Bng TS Spinibarbichthys denticulatus3c sui (c vn)TS Stenomelania reevei 59 70. 4Di Mc (Chut Tre)THRhizomysprui nosus5G rngCHGallils gallus6ch xanh TSRanalivida7Heo rng THSus scrofa8Cu t CHStreptopelia chinensis9Bm bpCHCentropus cinesis10 Mt OngCTMel Ch thch:TH: thCH: chimTS: thy sinh CT:cn trng60 71. Ph lc 2. 1. Bn Huyn Kon Pne 61 72. 2. Bng d liu cc LSNG c u tin62 73. Ph lc 3. Hnh nh v c im ca cc loi LSNG u tin 1. Nm Linh Chi L loi nm sng trn cc cy ln, mt trn c mu nu en, mt di c mu trng. ng knh t 20cm 1m. Thng mc ni m c t nh sng. 2. Lan Kim TuynLan b trn mt t cao 10-20 cm, phn non hi c lng tha. L hnh tri xoan hay hnh trng, trn gc, phin l di 3-4 cm, rng 2-3 cm, mt trn mu nu thm c vt vng gia v mu hng nht trn cc gn, mt di mu nu nht, cung l di 1-2cm, gc rng ra thnh b m ly thn. Cm hoa di 5-7 cm, mang 5-10 hoa mu hng kh to (di c 2,5 cm). Cnh mi di 15 mm, mang 6-8 ria mi bn, u mi ch i thnh 2 thy hnh thun trn u. Bu di 13 mm, c lng tha. 63 74. 3. Lan HiCy thuc loi lan t, mc thnh cm, c thn ngm v thng nin. Lthng c lng t mn ph mt hnh oval hay mi mc, mu xanh non, trcpht hoa mc t ngn vn cao thng ln v c l mc so le dc theo thn trc.Hoa n hay thnh cm ln n 12 hoa nhng a s thng mang t 1 n 3hoa. 4. Sa NhnSa nhn thn tho cao1,5-2,5m. Thn r khe b lan di lp t mng, c khini ln trn mt t. L gn nh khng c cung. Phin l hnh ellip di 20-30cm, rng 5-6 cm, gc l hnh nm u, mp nguyn, chp l nhn c ui. Haimt l nhn c b m thn bong ra gn nh.Hoa dng bng mc cm t thn cy, c cn di mi cn t 3-5 hoa tr ln. Lbc trong dng mo hnh ng, gc trng chia 3 thu, ng trng di cng chia 3thu, thu gia to rng hn. Cnh mi hnh trng ngc, lm dng tha. Gcmi c mng, nh li x thu, pha lng cong. Cnh hoa c mu hoc gn mukhc nhau tu loi. Bu hi phng c lng, vi nhu c lng t ngn.Qu cung ngn c gai, hnh trn hoc trng di c 3 mang 3 khi ht. Hthnh a din, u c o ht, v c vn hay u li.64 75. 5. H Th Dy leo bng thn qun di 2-5m. V thn mu nu , c nhiu lng mn. Lmc i, phin l nguyn, hnh bu dc, chp l nhn, gc l trn, di 4-14cm,rng 2-9cm. Hoa nh, mu lc vng nht, mc thnh xim nch l. Qu gm 2i xp ngang ra hai bn trng nh i sng b. Ht dt mang mt mo lngmn. Ton cy c nha m mu trng nh sa. 6. Sm cauCy cao 20-30cm. Thn r mp, hnh tr di, mc thng, tht li hai u,mang nhiu r ph c dng ging thn r. L mc t hp thnh tm t thn r,xp np v c gn nh l cau, hnh mi mc hp, di 20-30cm, rng 2,5-3cm,gc thun, u nhn, hai mt nhn gn nh cng mu, gn song song, b l tov di; cung l di khong 10cm. 65 76. 7. Sm L mt loi cy nh, cao t 5cm - 1m, thn r pht trin thnh c. L mc so le,khng cung, c b hnh mc di khong 15cm-20cm, rng 2cm, v l c mi thmc trng.66 77. Ph lc 4. Danh sch cc h phng vn ti x Kon PneTTn ha chTTn h a chT T1inh A Phit Lng Kon Hlng42 inh A Tron Lng KonKtal2inh A Ln Lng Kon Hlng43 inh A KhLng KonKtal3inh Y UengLng Kon Hlng44 inh A HnLng KonKtal4inh A Mei Lng Kon Hlng45 inh A LnLng KonKtal5inh A KyonLng Kon Hlng46 inh A ToLng KonKtal6inh A Hu Lng Kon Hlng47 inh Y Nhr Lng KonKtal7inh A Ven Lng Kon Hlng48 inh A Lheo Lng KonKtal8inh Y Pk Lng Kon Hlng49 inh A Pch Lng KonKtal9inh A HelLng Kon Hlng50 inh A Pyh Lng KonKtal10 inh A Huih Lng Kon Hlng51 inh A KyanhLng KonKtal11 inh A Hnhl Lng Kon Hlng52 inh A Hunh Lng KonKtal12 inh A Mi Lng Kon Hlng53 inh A PrengLng KonKtal13 inh A NnhLng Kon Hlng54 inh A Uyh Lng KonKtal14 inh A Hlyo Lng Kon Hlng55 inh A Ngueng Lng KonKtal15 inh A Nm Lng Kon Hlng56 inh A Khyi Lng KonKring16 inh A Chun Lng Kon Hlng57 inh A YuLng KonKring17 inh A BrkLng Kon Hlng58 inh A DnLng KonKring18 inh A Ri Lng Kon Hlng59 inh A Khya Lng KonKring19 inh A QuenLng Kon Hlng60 inh A Xut Lng KonKring20 inh A BynLng Kon Hlng61 inh A Din Lng KonKring21 inh A Hl Lng Kon Hlng62 inh A iamLng KonKring22 inh A Hnyek Lng Kon Hlng63 inh A PikLng KonKring23 inh Y PinhLng Kon Hlng64 inh A KhyenLng KonKring24 inh A ThiLng Kon Hlng65 inh A Hlu Lng KonKring 67 78. 25 inh A chong Lng Kon Hlng66 inh A KhynLng KonKring26 inh Y Blt Lng Kon Hlng67 inh A KhyemLng KonKring27 inh A Seng Lng Kon Hlng68 inh A ieng Lng KonKring28 inh A Hyk Lng Kon Hlng69 inh A Phn Lng KonKring29 inh A Truynh Lng KonKtal70 inh A DtLng KonKring30 inh A TuLng KonKtal71 inh A Choaih Lng KonKring31 inh A HuLng KonKtal72 inh A KhyeiLng KonKring32 inh A Glu Lng KonKtal73 inh A KhyoiLng KonKring33 inh A NhRanh Lng KonKtal74 inh A HikLng KonKring34 inh A ThangLng KonKtal75 inh A Hmk Lng KonKring35 inh A Lyun Lng KonKtal76 inh A Srim Lng KonKring36 inh A HnohLng KonKtal77 inh A Mrl Lng KonKring37 inh A LalLng KonKtal78 inh A Cht Lng KonKring38 inh A KhngLng KonKtal79 inh A Hong Lng KonKring39 inh A Kyu Lng KonKtal80 inh A NgLng KonKring40 inh A Khh Lng KonKtal81 inh A KhyinLng KonKring41 inh A Hyp Lng KonKtal82 inh A Byar Lng KonKring68