,~,

G.P -S. 003-0296

DEKBLAD VIR APPELSAKECOVERING SHEET FOR APPEAL CASES

J 111

Aan die Griffiar:To the Registrar: HOOGGEREGSHOF PRNAA TSAK X9020 KAAPSTAD

Van die Klerk van die tk5f~ GFrom the Clerk of the Court: EORGE

Verhoorsetel: I Saak No. GSH2a"'~ Appitl No.Trial Cenlre: GEORGE 'Case No . .,v~ Appeal.No. 16/04

"Setelvan Streeklanddros: "App81No.., Seat of Regional Magistrate: GEORGE Appeal No. 16/04

Datum van vonnis: '5 20Date of sentence:. ~4" 04

Is 'n Regtersartiflkaat toegestaan?Has a Judges' certificalebeen granted? NEE

tVerskyn tin tBoete toPCt Maak 'n X in toepaslike blok) " in persoon hegtenis betaal' borg

(t Indicate applicable block with an X) Appears ·'In· Fine On' Ander. inperson custody paid bail Other

Naam van appetlant(e) ,

Name of appellantCs) Ja Nee Ja Nee Ja Nee Uitgestel Ja NeeVes No Yes No Yes No Deferred Yes No

1 ~BA .."Qff.N..$.rQ.N1=.""""""""""""h""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ~ X ' )( X .2 : , .

3 : , .

4 , ,..............•........•......................... L , , .......•....................................................

~~~:::~~~1~~~~~~&~~~ft~~:~.~~~ ~ .(2} .....................................................................•........................•...............•.......•..•.......... : , .

(3) ....................................................•.............•...•.•..•....••.........••. ,•..••.•.•........•.•..•..•.•.••.....•......•..•....................•..•.......•.•..•............•...............•..•...............

(4) ..............•. ,.......•.. ,..........................•........ :............••...•........••...•..•....•.....•....•.••.•..•..•. ~..•.......• ~.•.•.....•............•....•........................•......•.....•....•..........•...

~~~r~:f~~~~~~f~~~s:~~~~).:~~r::~we.Die"ste : ~ .(2) ,............................•................ Gegrge ,..: ; ~ ., 6530 . ,(3) •........................•.............•.................•.......•....•.••.....•.•..•....• ,•.•..•..•......... ,....•..•.........•..•..•....•. ,.....•.....•.....................• ,.•.....•................................ ; .,,-~ .(4) ....................•....•.•...........•.....•.....................•.•....•.•..•. :.•.••.K·•..~n;.~- : , , ; ; .

i _.~• ",..",'\1 OfE' :-tDieao~spronklikenotuleen ". l~,:,~i IfJt>,••. -- HOF_ I;-The anginal r ~~ ..••....A.. -I\o.~.f:).R ..O. re.enclo. '., ...•... _

!- '"" 1'1 'i7>J T 7 .. G X653~K.iPRIVATe BAG X6 3. 7

PRIVAATSA J' 2005 -01- 1 9 ..

- 9 JUN 2004 !. GECf/" ..• " •.••...•.......• ,,£~ .Oatums ~mpel -:::-~ _ . .J \Gl 66J() K~'kvandieHof

Dales amp .• ,q·ll RK ~ ,ClerkoftheCourt

GEOH"'~"" 0: _ --_ • ne: (.;OU~T-. .•...""('DATE .. ,., I

Die Hoofklerk v 1- .•••,- ..JV' ,. • eraal -The Chief Clerk to the Altamey.G~~ral._ '

.1"B.II!.JI!!.!$.!!/5){I!.QP.L f- KLE,,!K VAN DIE - ...~.~.~~.:.~.~'..~~~~ PRIV.4,AT~~::'-;:-:- HOF

1 ',." X6537

1. Afskrif vir u inligting.

I Copy for your information. 2005 - 0 f - 1 92. Een gewaarmerlcte afskrif van ~ie notule is aangeh .

I One certified copy of the rD'W •.•. ;' (" ~

L AND Q!! 0 S .-::..:-:: ~URGE 65030 (.

PRIVAATSAKlPRIVATE BAG X6537 .... Le::RK OF THE f.:.2-CO' SA 11=. "":·QJ·f..I ..·.•.•........•.•................................', ......•..•.•.......

~ Oat mstempel - Klerk van die Hof

.~ Da e stamp _ Q III N 2004 Clerk of the Court

• Voltoo indien Streeklanddros nie by verhoorsetel ~estasioneer is nie ..

Comp ~te if Regional Maaistrate is nol stationed a trial centre.GEdRGE: 6'530"

MAGISTRATE

"I,

iI:.'1!

;iI

I,i,

!,II,I

:1

'1

' '

"

.1

.11

CQ~-

hepatitis B \'accine were produced by these agencies and then simultaneously tc~ted inNew York City on \1av men. Willowbrook Slate School mentally retarded children, onStatcn Island.' :>;)'. -a~d Blacks in Central Africa. The live hepatitis B viruses used tomake these vaccines were cxiracted fro'm the contaminated chimpanzees and rhesusmonkeys. and then administered to these human subjects. along with all the other liveviral contaminants these animals were infected with. including, but not limited to theherpes· type \·iruses. including simian .:ytomegalovirus, Epstein·Barr virus, and herpesB virus f all scientifically associated with chronic fatigue which, may I remand you,appeared on the planet at precisely the same time as the AIDS epidemic). Other virusessuch as foamy retro\'iruse~ containing theAIDS·linked enzyme reverse transcriptasewas also present in these animals. Additionally. most of the human subjects who re·ceived these infectious agents. and whose blood was later taken to make the suspectedhepatitis B \accines. had. apI'roximately a decade earlier. received Salk or Sabin poliovaccines contaminated with SV JO. and Jpin. other common monkey kidney cell viralcontaminants. This. of course. confounds my thesis. bu't significantly increased the like·lihood that HI',' J:'rogenitor ,'iruses cauld ha,'e recombined to form HIV as well as SIVrelati\'es-all a direct result of slcJ:'py scientific methods and contaminated live viralvaccines,

:-'Iy thesis e.xplains the ma.ior scientiiic facts concerning the evolution of HIV i,nclud·ing: I) the earliest con finned isolaticn oi HI\'. contrary to media headlines and popularbelief. dates back only to 1976 as reponed by Gerald Myers in Jay Levy's recentlypublished te:uoock ne Re:rol'iridae: 21 by 1968 there were apparently HIV progeni·tors causing AIDS·like illnesses circulating in' the US as reported by Witte, et al.; 3)the closest relati\ e 10 HI\'·! is the Sf\' from the chimpanzee; 4) the SIVs were discov.ered after HIV: 51 SIV from the mac3que monkey. identical to HIV·2 found to be alaboratory contaminanL was not found in wild monkeys. only Senegalese female pros­titutes. who because of their high risk trade. likely received contaminated hepatitis B,'accines during the 1970$. IHow. other than through contaminated vaccines, couldscores of these women ha\'e picked up a research laboratory monkey virus contami~

'nan!"?): 61 the e\'olution of se\'eral 5ubtypes of HIV around the planet by 1975, as de· ,tailed in :-''''ers' 5 "Bi!! Bang" theof'·. coincides with the 1974 administration of the four

subtypes of hepatitis -B \'ac-cine in '\arious pans of the world including New York Cityand Central Africa by Hilleman's four tearns: 7) the mutational frequency of HIV isconsistent with that of a new virus: 3 Ithe fact that HIV is associated with severe immu.nosuppression. and high mortality and morbidity. is also most consistent with a newvirus requiring evolution to establish homeostasis in its new human host; 9) the muta·tional frequency range of Hf\'. again according to :-'Iyers (personal communication)e.xceeds that of anything natural. thus strongly suggesting an iatrogenic origin; 10) theunique epidemiology of AIDS in which the highest HIV seroprevalence rates exist inthe e.xact regions of the world and populations wherein the hepatitis B vaccine wastested. namely :'\ew York City. CentrJI Africa. and particularly in homosexuai men,intravenous drug users. prisoners. and people of African decent, that is, people com·monly used in vac::ine trials: I I) ~Iaurice Hilleman's 1986 admission that his team at

Merck had brought the AIDS virus into :>;01111 America in contaminated African greenmonkeys. again supplied by Litton: I:: I that the epidemic broke out the decade follow·ing the 19605 wherein major ad\'ances in genetic biotechnology were made and whereinceIU\'irus cloning procedures e,'(plc<:led: 13) that contrary to popular belief and misin­formation. sufficient homology e.xists between HIV and common polio vaccine viralcontaminants. and viruses likely to have contaminated Litton laboratory animals andcell cultures at the time the earliest hepatitis B vaccines were produced, to advance this

I thesis ..and last but_not least. I.t I Ihat scient~SIS iincluding Dr. Ro?ert GaIlo and others)" who a<J\anced fartclched notions of the .-\tncan green monker 'c:ory of HTLV-I and

t despite their sophisticated knowledge of the NCI's "SI' .1 Virus Cancer Pro·

gram" in which viral recombinants and related vaccines were prOlluced, h;I\'c 1'11\ 11"1·;1\incriminated themselves. A discussion or substantial selr-incriminating e\'idcl1u' I' l'rD- .vided on page 498 of Elller/?illg liimses: AIDS & Elm/a. That vir1u,ll1y no alll'IIIII'11h;\~been paid by your organization, the NC!. as well as other AIDS investigalor". I·' Ihciatrogenic theory of AIDS, is highly suspicious if not criminal.

On related notes, that leading AIDS investigators and puhlic health olTlcials IWl' ":1\11,tinued to downplay the neet.! 10 determine HIV's origin, 'and possible continucd "1'll'adthrough.contaminated vaccines, !lies iri the face or ethical public health pr;lcli,'l" ;lI1dpreventatiye medicine. Moreover. you may not know that on February ,IX. I ')()7 .Llll11H\'Nunnally of your Office of Communications scnt Gil10 Montesi and r,'likc Car,i,' r,'\l11WXTK Radio on Cape Cod an oflicialtransmittal from your office that slales.,·'lhc " irusthat causes AIDS. is not a man-made virus al1d dit.! not oril!il1ate in lahnraloric'; , , , It i~a human virus that e~olved naturally over time, as niher viruses have," Who ,ltllhl'll/Cdher to communicate such misinformation? She references only the "World Gon!" I Ill':'cIopedia which was wriUen by one of our experts." as her dclinitive source. Thi·, IS ;\

sham-an absolute insult to medical intelligence, Why should I and the gene"III',iI,lictrust you, or the organization you represent. in lighl of suchunfoundcu. bia~L'l1.al1dmisleading communications? '

Finally, did I hear correctly that Dr. Gallo is. once again, under investigatioli J"", ,.'il'l1­tific misconduct,or fraud? Having challenged Dr. Gallo at the XI Il1ternational C"I1Ie,·ence on AIDS in Vancouver, regarding his role in the development of numerous illllllllllCsystem ravaging viruses while NCI project onicer, oversecingLittol1's NIl-! C('"I';Il" 71­2025-"Investigation of Viral Carcinogenesis in Primates"-I have reviewed hi, majllrobjections to my thesis which, by tlie way, arc discredited by his and his NIl-! 11I1'I1!"I"

earlier scientific contributions. I am enclo$ing a copy or a letter I sent to Dr. (;;111.' "11October 28,1996, wherein I reJ"ute his misleading claims. This transmillaJ It,IIII\'.l'l1 alengthy interview he provided me wherein he acknowledged my general thesis i, l'lau.sible. Most importantly, he stated that he might be able to Icnd additional in form,1I j, 111insupport of the accidental theory on the origin of AIDS. I still patiently await Ihis illfor·mation.

In conclusion, I gladly accept your invitation to discuss these mutual COl1ccrn~, hut Idon't want to waste your time and mine playing lip service to the issues, II'you "r "therCDC officials are wil1ing to critically examine the facts. take a $Iand for COll1mllll '.CI1SC

and scientific integrity. il1c1uding a willingness to examine lhe CDC's apparcnt I','k indeveloping (along with Hil1cman, Purcell et al.) the vaccine that most plausihly 1'" 'lI~htAIDS to the world, then I will be happy to schedule a visit to Atlanta to meet \\ilh :'011.

If not, it's possible I'll see you in heaven or, with God's grace. and the supp"rI "J" IhcAmerican people, beforc a Congressional investigating committee.

Sincerely yours, r::$-<-'17~"':'(../; y II J"'~' ').Leonard G. Horowitz, D.M.D., M.A., M.P.H.Prcsideni, Tetrahedron Incorporateda nonprofit educational corporationRockport, Massachusetts 01966Telephone: 508·546-6586 • URL# htlp:l/www.Tetrahedron,org

E·mail: tctra@tetrahedr l_'g , ~ .__

C'.,­.'41

. TIIE l\1YSIERIOUS ORIGIN OF HIV: REVIEWING'I1IE NKfURAJ..i,

. IATROGENIC, AND GENOCIDAI..i TI-IEORillS OF AIDS

Horowitz. Leonard G, *Strecker R, Cantwell A, Yid D, and Grossman G.

Tetrahedron, Inc., a nonprofit educMional corporation, Rockport, MA 0 J 966, U.S.A

Issue: Two-thirds of African Americans recently surveyed hC/ieve thcAIDS epidemic may he genocide. Such beliefs Illil)'impair hcallh service utilization and preventive behaviors. Moreover, reconci Iing the origin of HI V is addit ionally import;1111for I) sociological reasons-victims of AIDS should not he blamed for starting the epidemic, 2) scientific re~lsOnS-nc\\'therapies might be developed from a better understanding of HIV's origin; and 3) ethical reasons-the events precipilal if)l~

the epidemic should never be a1l0wed to happen again ..

<::JI Project: In an effort to shed light on this most mysterious and controversial subject, a review of the lilcralurcwas iniliakdto determine the most plausible origin of HIV -I. During a two year period, more than 2,500 documenls were collected (Ill! I

-I critica1ly analyzed. This analysis included all natural, iatrogenic, and genocidallheories of AIDS's origin as previouslypresented in the scientific literature and lay Illedia.

Uesults: The lay media appears to he an imporlant factor in Ihe devclopmenl of hel iefs regarding the origin or A I I):;.Numerous puhlications and hroadcasts on this suhject were found, most advancing the nalural-. African green monkeytheory of AIDS's origin. The scientific literature, however, provided no dircct evidence for HIV'snatural evolution [rullimonkey to man, only circumstantial evidence. Allernativcly, a growing hody of evidence in the scientific litcra(I"\~suggested an iatrogenic origin of AIDS. Specifically, the possihil ily that HIV -I and HIV -2 evolved during early lahoralof','investigations and vaccine trials isof growing inlcrest. Evidence supporting the genocidallhcory of AfDS which appe(lwd1n numerous lay puhlications, and rarely, in esteemcd periodicals, was cle£lrly circumstantial, alheit disconcerting.

Lessons Learned: The spcculation that HIV naturally evolved to he horizonlally transmilled from the African gn'l'll. monkey to man must be seriously questioned. Altcrnatively, more c()Jlsideration should he given to a growing hody (}r

scientific evidence supporling an iatrogenic orig.in. Moreover, the gcnocidalthc()ry or AIDS could not he ruled out.

The above abslract appeared in (he scienlific proceedings book as abstract ff 03678 presented on July 10, 1996 during the sodalsciences session of Ihe conference. The paper v:·:sdefended by lead author Or. Leonard G.Horowitz. The American news meda failed 10 cover ttle presentation despile mulliple invilafions ..... . . .

( \ (

Fig. 1.3. Litton Bionetics Contract Report to InvestigateViral 'Carcinogenesis in Primates' by DevelopinglDV /AIDS-like ("Type-C" RNA Retro-)Viruses 1962-1972, ,

tIl.UNr,:n,cs RESEARCH LA.BORATORIES jNC.-_ (NIH-7~-2025)

~: Investigations or Viral Carcinogenesis in Primates

Contractor's Project Directors: Dr. John LandonDr. David Valer,ioDr. Robert Ting

ProJec~ Officers, (NCI): Dr. Roy KinardDr. Jack CruberDr. 'Robert GaJ.lo

ObJectives: (I) Evaluation or long-term oncogenic erfects of'human andanimal vir~ inocula in primates of various species, especially newbornmacaques; (2) maintenance of monkey breeding colonies and laboratoriesnecessary ror inoculation, care and monitoring o!'monkeys; and (3)biochemical studies of transfer RNA under conditions of neoplastic transform­atiOn and studies on the signif'icanceo!' RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhuman leukcmic tissues.

Major findings: This contractor continues to produce over 300 excellentneW"bornmonkeys per year. This is made possible by diligent at,tention toreproductive physiological states of female and male breeders. Semenevaluation. artifical insemination. vaginal cytology and ovulatory drugsare used or tried as needed.

Inoculat.eO and cont.rol in!'ants are hand-fed and kept in modiried germ-freeisolators. They are removed from isolators at about 8 weeks of age andplaced in!'iitered air cages for mont.hs or years of observation. The ho~dingarea no~ contains approximately 1200 aniQals up to 5 years old. Approximatel~300 are cu.l.led,every year Bt.,a.rate of about 25 per month. This is ,necessaryto make room for young ani~als inocula~ed vith nev,or improved virus prepara­tions.

During U,e past year macaques vere inocul.ated at birth 'or .L!i. utero vith theMa.son-priz.ermonkey mammary virus. Epstein-Barr virus, Herpesvirus sa.imiri,and Marek's disease virus. EB virus was given with immunostiQulation ~~dimmunosuppression (ALS. prednisone. imuran). Australia ant.igen was 'given'to nevborn African green monkeys.

The breeding and holding colonies ~ere surveyed for a.ntibody to EBV. Allbreeders vere positive and their offspring contain ma.ternal antibody forseveral months. Colony-born of~spring that have lost maternal antibodyand are sero-negative will be surveyed periodically !'or conversion to theEB positive state.

An RNA-de?endent DNA pol~erase siQilar to that associat.ed with RNA t.umorviruses was detected in human leukemic cells but not in normal cells stimulatby phyt.ohemagglut'inin. The enzyme was isolated, purified and concentrated200-foid, making possible its fu:ther characterization and study inrela.tionto the leukemic ,process in man., '

Si~nificance to Biomedical Research and to the Pro~am of the Institute:Inasmuch as tests for the bio~ogical activity of candidate human viruses willnot be tested in the human species, it is imperative that another systembe'developed for these deter:nina.tionsand, subsequently for the eyaluationof vaccines or other measures of control. The, close phylogenetic relation­ship of"the lover primates to ma.n Justiries utilization of these animals forthese purposes. Further study of altered transfer RNA and polymeraseenzymes would determine their significance in neoplastic change and prOVidea basis for selection of therapeutic agents. '

Prouosed Course: Continuation vith increased emphasis on monitoring andintensive care o!'inoculat.ed animals t.o determine if active infection occurs.effects of infection, and degree of i~~unosuppres9ion ~hen used. ~urtherstudies of human neoplasms at a mo~ecular level ~ill continue.

Da.te C'ontract Initiated: ,FeIJruliry2.2.1962.

S/)ur;"" \:C! -.;t'lt't' Tili' ';,,",.-it! r'i"T\ C /" 'LT ["·,'11"/"(11/'· [>U)(Tj't'\\ p,"),}I" =.\' ()r';i'" "I'_ \. _ ••••••.• ~ ••.•• 4- ••.•• : ••• I. 'I •••. I'''' ' •.••••.,. I. ~•••••••• _ '\"'! ~ . I • \.. ~ 4 '"" -_ \.

the AssociatcScicntdic Directorr·cr \·ir~l! Onco!l)gy (O:\SO\'OL J, 8, [\lolon\..')'. EeLWashington. D. c.: u. S. Go\';:rnmcnt Printing Ut"tic(', I (no. p.llq.-05

~I~.~.···!;'>::~:

~r.:

.>

Higher Forms o/Killing: "lVOIl-lethaf" ~V(1J.1(lre

, Fig.ill.I. Congressional Record of CIA Biologi­.·caI Weapons Project MKNAOMI As Part· of';.TopSecret Mind Control Project MKULTRA.~

.' PROJEcrMlULTRA,THE CIA'S PROGW OF·

RESEARCHUf BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION

JOINT HEARING_DO ••. TS~

SELECT· COMMITTEE' ON INTELLIGENCE.&JfD '%'1UI

SUBOOMMITrEE ONHEALTH AND SCIENTIFICRESEABCH

COMMITrEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES

UNITED STATES SENATENINETY -FThJH· CONGRESS'

"UUT SIIS810N

~UQU8T •• 1871'

~tad for Ut. ~ ot ~. hi~ C41DmJu_ ota IDtal~aAd Comm1tt..- OQBumaA Raoan:a

~o

9J'.)~ 'W;... ~"1 ':.~'!t ~~rl ..'\LD~~g~ Q.( ~4iD4Qt.a. 0.3. Q.o"Qr-..a"o,1, Pt1~U.;J.!t C~W .•.•Io:.:o~o.a. D.C .. :0404

IH_s No. CC:l...Q'T~':'1-"

•• >..

/..--:..-

184

Death in the Air

lodfFig. 11.1. MKNAOMIand MKULTRA Cont.

that no damage was done to individuals. who volunteer for the experi­ments. ". Overseas interroga.tions utilizing & combination of, sodium,

pentothal and hypnosis after fhysica1 and psychiatric examinations ofthe subjects were also part 0 ARTICHOKE. ' . '

Tbe Office of Scientific Im.elligence (OS1), which studied ecientificadvanees by hoet.i1e powe~, initiaJly led BL'OE'BIRDI ARTICHOKEefforts. In 1952, ovei-all, responsibility for ARTICHOKE :wu trans­

ferred from OS1 to the Inspection and SecuritJOftice (1&80), p~deee!!Or to the present Office of Security. The CIA's Technical Serv-, ices and Medical Staffs were to be called upon a.s needed; OSI would

retain liaison function with other government agencies.' The changein .leadership from an intelligen~ unit to an operating unit appar­ently reflected a change in emphasis; from the study of actions byhostile ~trers to the use, both for offerulive and defensive purposes,of speCIal interrogation techniques-primarily hypnosis and trothserums.

Re{>rMenta.tivesfrom each Agency unit involved in ARTICHOKEmet, a.lmost monthly 00 dJ~U9l! thelr progress. Th~ discussions in­,elude?- the p!D.~ing of ove~a8 interrogations' as well &8,furtherexpenmentatlon In tne U.S. ' ','Informa.tion •.bout ~rojeclARTICHOKE .fter the fall of 1953

'is SC8.ree.The CIA ms.mtainstMt the project ended in 1956, but evi·dence SU~ that Office of Security a.nd Office of ].!edicn.l Sen"icesuse of "s~ial interrogation" ~hniques continued for !evera.lyca~thereAfter. '

3. !JKNAOMI

MKNAOMI wu another Im.jor CIA pro'm.m in this 1'.re&. In 1967,the CIA summ&riud the purposes, of MKN AO~rr :

(a.) To provide for •. covert support. hue to meet. c1l.ndeS­tine opemtiona.1 requiremew.

(b) To stockpHe Mverely incapacitating •.nd lethal ma.·~na.1s for the speomc use of TSD [Technical Services Di-

~~~.' ., (c) 'To ms.inta.in in operstional rea.diness special &.nduniqueitems for the dissemina.tionof' biological a.nd chemical ma-uriaIs.' ",

(d) To provide for the required surveillance, teetin£, up·gradin~ and eva.lm.tion of materials and ~ms i.n.order toIMU~ ab;nce of defecta and complete pre<hctablhty of re­

'suIts to be e%pected ,under operatlona.l, conditions.', Under tn ~ment reached with the Anny in 1~52. the RDeda.l

Opera.tiOM Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist CIA indeveloping, testing, &nd mtlint&ining biological agents s.nd delivery ,

• 1Iemorndum trom Ro~rt 'l'aTtor. OIDDIP tn th~ ANtstant DeputT (ID­~Ion and 8eeurlty) and Chiet of the 1\tedlcal 8tatr. !1221S2.

• Memorandum from H. !darshal1 Cbad,..,,11.APlltant nt~or. 8clM'lt~e Int~;"llr-en(."@.to the Depvty ~~1P1.n9' (nnp) wp,.niet't UTICBOKE," 8/.!9/S2.

• "Pronea Reperl., Project ARTICHOKE." 11121!!3. ''}J~~D~nm from Cble!. TSDlBlo}oc1cal Bra~~ t'() Chi~!.~SD ""V'KNAOMI:

T~!'J~!n~. ()hi~h'~s. Itnr1 A~m1"l1l"}oo""'"'Dh," HV'81'r.'. D. 1. T;"'>"t" :. ~lie:, d~?­tion ot ~1CNAO~I £nd tbe !'~i~tiotlc:d~ ~ee.n CIA ud s..:JD. ~ ~ ~ t!.

I

IIi

OC'ftt. \j C Hi: //t::J..?;;'

United States Army ChemicaICorp.~ cU)

1.-----

~\

I ~:7

r.\ ()

SECRET P~G=.--!l:!-0F~r~S3

. ccrl __ t_,_or ~O)rt=S

(.) Ttu":!'! FT"9~~ R....u.•.& An.IYII., Slo l.b., J.n - 'IIIn(J) .illJ.62, p 2••

26

l1ig/ler Forms oIKilfillg: "NolI·lefhal" m7llc/re

2~GoOdl"" !nt"v, 16 Frb 62.

WJ!'Horch.on.ne~ .• gtnl. "".t.ndtd,to.toncenttJl' on viral .!)d,

SECRET

tltkeltshl disuses. A ~hole u"'.!. of uotlt vlrUI dlseues prtv.hn.L\..IL

lroplClI artit tlQJ! ••lthln the ttrten\.fot pr ••••.. I,. n-1961 - 62, -Ith •••Jor•

.rlfort d!nctrd .1 Incru ••d Ilral·h,M knonled~ of lhhl .o·et! ad .ubj!

il..,'." Whropod-b.t.n.) v!rulu • .The IInpQrhnc'!j)1 .pIM",lolo~ltll .ttudle,L!.rL

Jonnectlan ••lth this 'uu 01 .ndttvor •••• bolng o••rhu!.t<!. A ••aJor st·P.

lPrwtrd ••••• thirvtd In the d.v.lorcent 01 • traHtr ~nonn I~nl, lhe vlrUt 01,

mltttcal!L-!!.h •.!!.!ttbllh.tlon ol ..th •. dry,ag.nl ..through .d~lIlon al ••••• I\.­

~lIOIInt.of .ono.adluN gluh~.h •••• tute.nlully de••onltrtlod .• 1hll.te""'plloh­

lIont .1I11!n.t.d one 01 tho.pr.lnclp.1 dlfflcultl" In 1he palh of luture dlY.lop­

•• nt (Of tHt .gont.2~

t~) In thl rill •• al b.th.hl •.nd.lungtl .g,,,tl, thl tlu!aU" arg.nll,,!_

R.t: J>lJtopl~''''lh, lepto.plra.Io, Ind cry~toeocca.l, rllch.d \.h. hbortl>r-1:.

lcrttn!ng.llt9 ••• .!ork on.hcll!ul .n!~rlch, In Ig.nt !h,ich..!!!!, !>!!n th'. .

1!!.bJ.•~t-'lllllOr .• or 10•• cancern .ta .th •. Corpl rar ••any Y'''I, ••ont J.o-"-,~

~_p'r pro •• " u.ureh, ptrtlculnly In th ••.•• lu.Uon 01 d...-ylr.g•••lh~<.!!.

But th. crutlol prebl ••• or prOYldlnq .doqu.h ••••• ·••••nt or' hum.n .u.eoptl­

blllty to lhlt '90nt r ••••lnl to b•• 0Ivt<!.26

®n' .of IM lIost,atrlklng IIn".o.r ,Inquiry In.th. Corp' pr,09r~~ .•~~

~~Ic ~•••• reh hlr.g dan. by the 61<>1-eqle.1i.bofll·orlll !,n...l.ho90~'Uc "et~rI

.!!.nd.rI>'lng the Inhet IvUy or nlcro'orq."l.n.~ tluehlt .dd. e.·rrylr.q Inr.e­

ttvlty r.e!~fI ••o:e 1501.!td I,em virus ••. ·n:.l .lhlOp!' al Ir.dudr.~ n~

"

if

iI!I

·f\·::"·i·: ..

.,~_..

~IIIo1F I"!.' If A •••.

J U-N E r9'1Y2 ON:

SfCRkyS~~.

FISCA~ YEARS- f96,;, - W62:'· :'.'Aa:€$. '.'1.11#1 ..••.c:U,~tii£lU~ . ~:r..rs~ •...•.1b_ 1>;11 «':I.oo./It

SUMMARY OF MAJOR EVENTSand

PROBLEMS

Fig. 11.2. Declassified U.S. Army ChemicalCorps Document Showing Genetic Engineering1)f Fungi with Viral Nucleic Acids by 1962

rE~~~~~V,S. A rm..r.€~£al Co.p~ J/i!iforical Officr!

A rmy e"..".mf.~C'llterj MarJland

1Wis pp~lI",ffoll. .Ko:"'MJ!:J \rIICI.AISI'11D

H!:~I)J. rJIII!ILJllv RrQUIR!J) n~ Si7AJ\.\rl:> FRO,1laI. ItI'UASABUI '110 "OIU'ION KATlOI!M.B .l '1!!IfII(/'f" JtOj(£ !J AtmlOIIITY or OCCHLO CI.ASSlflC ~

'\ ~ . 12 H.d2 ~,fA~ !!J-iJ!-tJR'>~:~:;;~:£reRfl ~ C~ bltf j (CO.Ples•• , .j f

5..E0RIT- c8R.s.i79\·&2

1~6

____ ••••••••••••••••••••• _ J..A'" I

--Fig. 11.2. Chemical Corps Document Continued_ .. . . ' ..

CONFID£NTIAl.

~mbin.ti~ns of genetic fictors throuQh the ~lxture of infectious nuc1el~.

Icid. ~m different sources .,re undert._en 1n FY 1962. Sludits of bact~ll~.

,ienetlcs were dso in progress with the .illl o'f transferring genetic, d.e{eroi:-.27

!l!.n}Lff~.:m-.J.)'~ ~ Qr~.anism ..to _~.n£..t.h~~

alUaI for C.nd V .ge~ts 1'fiSrr.c~d ur;" 1n ih. third qu.rter of FY 1962,

.htnth, E41RJ ~nt detection ,1.r~-~ Iccepte~ bt the Army fOt liQlted

pro~ctlon, thereby fulfil1~n~ it le••t a portLo~_of th~ existing Cu.11tetlv,

MiHtiryReq-liac:ent for .u:c;n.l~: •.lu"" The E41RJ, "hlc~ aper.tts t!'-.:ough

• t6I't!': :e~ctio~ on ~ treatea wet tape end .color-actuated, audio s1gnl1, h- - ~8

• lKX1i{ied vH'slon of the E41Rl dlscusse<:l in the FY 1960 Annual Sumuy. -

7ut Board t.ests of the euHer lIIodel In F'( 1%1. ApprOval ofth. 11':lIIfo:

limite<l procurement (to Sitisfy an lc..1\edlate operational requlrealtnt for 4CO29

a1 arms) came 1n J .nUiry of 1962.

- (C) An .ctive prc.gram t~ard the develop;lIent of • long pit.h Infr.-r~

.(~.(tR) ,ysteJa for erei 6c.nnlng .lar:ns reached the contracting ,t..ge CltO:'

~nc;. of FY 1'62. Th""E4Q. LD?J..ffi system, ulected for devtlc:~~cnt, "u t.he

27(1) GoC':H:-" ino:e:v, le- Feb 6:. (:2) iechni~al hogrc:; Rev:ew 1. ,I..:lall~l.s,

_Sio L&bs, O~t - Dec 61, pP 17 --18.

26

29

cere Ite~s 3934,26 Dec 61; i~j 395C, 23 Jan 62 ••

188

I;

";,. ,Or'i

1001

Ag. 13.2~.National Security Secret Memorandum 206.,:

J:. CO~:!O~'"7r;c

U j~ \,.'~.t-;,,;•• J~J

~.r:::A7=ON$OF WO~"!~! FCrL~::C~GRC~~~rep- tJ. 5" ~!CiJR!:~ )..'1DC\'!...-:..5!.\5 !."-:.!:J~:-5

. - .C,).,Ssu:ti:) !'t Ear::)' c. Jlanc)' f Ul .

SO!JtC!10 C!N!~ ~tC~5!r:CA1:CNSC~~-!er IXIql"!jVt 01t:)!R lH52 ).t.r:O!"';'~:~'! CO";;­CJl..\:~ ).~ .1'.10 ~ 1m't~V.1.l.S )..'tD tta.:.sS!TIU

O"N tta:.....3t1. 31 f 13a 0 :

ctClASS!HE!J

~ to. /~~~ . .J"1 ;:.'''fI ~~.-----~---r ·1 •..•·~1.}.1·..· '..~ .•..: ...;-,.;.....; '1r"';; :-- ..""":''''':"d ~: :... '\· ....1~ "<"', D.-, ··k ....:·.; .., ....." ~"".I·',' : .. ,~. r·..- ~~.,~.u.L.. ••.••..•_ ...•• I "'fLIL ••_lt ~",~_V.j.JI,)~"t,l •.••.••.L 1..." • 1'-1"\.1 •• t,,\,1LI •.••••.•_, _~ .• ;-"'.tL ...:.__ u;.. " .1. ~- .. ~ ~ ~Kissin~er. this document streJ.l\.:::::;ises.C.S .. >~Citi()nCi Sc;cur;t:- "Jip]Ot11<lLic"responses to Third World popubtion thelL stood in the WCiy of accessingnatural resources for globalists' corporate interests.

'L 'accinativtl.:i for

. , ,r., • '.• '- •

'Fig.14.1~D& Sat~her:sl.:e.tter_to .Dr.lJo~o..witz.Concerniligthe Triggering of AIDS via Vac~~.e~'~ ' '. ' ' ~,' .. ,:- , '

~ DEPART\It." Of HEAlTH' HeM", ,ER'ICES~~l.., . ~

Ailai1tJ GA 30333

~~AY 22 iSS7

Lecr:a::-dG. Ec~owitz, D.M.D., ~I.A" 14.2.:1.

7e:rahedron ?llblishing Group

20 Druolin Read

P.O. Bex 402

~Rockpcr:, Massachuset:s 0:965

~ear D:. Hor:witz:

h k - 1 "h ' "T,a;;, you ter your etter cor.cern:Jg t.e ~nv: a:lon exter.aea :0

you on February 21 to meet wi:h the Centers 0 Disease Control

and Prevention {CDC) officials to discuss the issue of·vaccine

cor.tamination and other public heal:h issues.

CDC'believes that scientific' evicence is· the foundation rer so~r.d

public :;ealth policies; however, the a::egaticr.s contai:ted :liic~i::·

your letter do not appear' co be based on credible, evidence-based

bformaticn. C therefore, believe that a meet:rrg to disC'JSS

.chis issue would not likely serve a usef~l purpose.

Sirrcere~y,

David Sa:::r.er I'4 :';... ~., Ph T'

•.•• &,~ •

II .

\ °TlIt: ahu\'~ k:~~~r hy CO()l' [)ir~ctur. [)a\"iJ ~dtch~r. ~,\~~(:ooinr.IJ~J.:J i'n rt.:~,piH1SI.: III ~!1L: it.:t!.~~·)~:I~~ by Or. HorO\~·ilz. rcprinreJ in Emel::;ing Virllses: .·1!DS & Ehli/"-.\'Uf1/i'1.!, ,Jccidel/I or IlIfell­

tiona{J e,'{rbining. anJ Jocumcnting. th~ CDCs roi\: in co-rroJucing the 197.1-1(J7S hl:ralilis

B vaccine thal apfI<m:nlly aiggt.:nxl the AIDS panJemic.

%

:::58

'.ULatli :rr tli,' :lir

NEWS RELEASE

.R.:~~~~~".~. ·-I-.E\· uD.H~ \1.:::eJ: J:..:n~ 1.... :~Jl.J­

Foor 1:T::l·.~..!i ..!I~ R~·~.! ..~

(DC Director Pulls lIn-itation to DiscussControversial Book on AIDS-linked Vaccines

R()cki7cn, \1.-\ - Cenler' for Di,ease Cl1ntrol and Pre\'ention (CDC!Dire~tor Da\id Satcher. ..:halkn\!ed b\ ,;cienliq~. Black leaders. and citi­

zcn£TCUt:'s concemed:1bcut \ a\~cinatjt'n ri,k,;. declined to discuss .-\IDS .

.15 a ro.;sibie L1utcome 01 cont:1Ininated '\ accines with the author of a newand hi£hh contro\er<ial J('ok Ihat documents the CDC and Food and

Drug ..\Jr~irii>tfati(1n IFD.-\ J helped manufacture a \'accine that might ha\"Ctransmined .-\(DS i\ orIJ\\iJe. The exchang~ between the author of £I/Io:g·;11? \ ir.l.le5: .-\IDS iIll,l Ebula-.\'LlTlIre, .·\CcidclIf or hitel/fiol/a/:' (Tetra­

hedrcn Publi<hing Gwup. 1997,. Or. leonard Horowitz. a Harvard gradu­

ate. indelX'ndent in\'estigatOr. andinlemationally known public hea"li au­

thority, and Or. Satcher. followed a recommendation for a moratorium on

\'accine.; '2~ [he \'ation of Islam's He;1lth :'-.Iinister. Dr. Alil11 ~Iuhanlmad,

;1nd a ;;1X'~iallegislati\'e comminee meeting of the\'ational :>'ledical As­

;;cciatiC'n. represeniing Black physicians of .-\merica. in which the book's

main ·the;;i<. and supporti\'e documentation. was considered. All panics

;]gr~ed that growing fea.rs o\'er \':lccine contaminations, and associatedhea,lth risks, should be addressed at another meeting pfC\posed, then can­

cdkd, by Dr. Satcher.

Dr. Horowitl.. supr<Jrted by thousand;; of concemeu citize'ns in a

rapidly gm\\ ing grass roots coalition. accepted Dr. Satcher's invitation in

writing contingent upon an official in\ estigalion into the role the CDC

played in "developing the \accine that mo~t plausibly delivered AIDS 10 theworld." In hi, !XXlk. t\\O man-made theories ot' AIDS's origin are ad\'anced

and !x>ISlered b\' astonishin\l20\'emment documents including :"iational Can­

cer Instirute rePcrtS sho\\ i;g- how much L'. S. taxpayers spe;t for contractsto de'.elop .lJ1d test immune syslem destroying \'iruses on monkeys and hu­

mans .. -\ccC'rding to Or, Horowitz's theory. the CDC. FOr'<.. and ~'erck &Company. a leading \'accine manufacturer. de\'eloped 200.000 human

doses 01 a (X'tenrially l:ontaminated experimental hepatitis B vaccine that

\\ as given to thOU5ands ot' Ccntral Africans. gay men in :\ew York City.

and mentJ.ll: relaf\Jed l:hildren on St:Jten Island. simultaneously in 197..\--­

perfect timing for' the initial outbreak of .-\!DS cases in these areas hy19-5. '

" hccillal iOlls /i71' ~llob'll ~ll'Ir,'cid~'

In ;1n official le(\er,IO Or. Hp!"Owitz in which hc withdl""1\ Ill'

invitation to Illeet, Dr. Salchel" slated the "COC believes th:1I s,'i"11111;,'

evidence i~ the foundalion 1'01' sound public hcalth pplicies." al1d Ih',11I),'

j'lo!"Owitz's allegatiOlis "do not appear to he h:ised on cn:dihlc, C)'i""'h','based inr()rlllation.",

In response. Or. 11,)("()\vitz reported (P thousands or Inle'rn,'I ..1\ '~Il .

el'S, ariu Ihe press, that Or. Satcher's conllnents \n:re raise :111" mi,lr':,.1

ing, "If the CDC truly demanded rigorous scicl1lil'ic proor to SIII'I"'II il,public heallh policies," Or. Horowitz said, Ihen the CDC would ai,,, I','

calling for' a Illomtoriulll on virtually ail vaccinations "which. to d:\I,',lack definilive scientific analyses showing positi\'c risk/henefit r:ili," ..

In fact., Or, (·Iorowilz wrote Or. Satchel', cot ami pharll1acel1tic:d ("Ill'p~ny experts "uon't really know whether vaccil1cs arc harming or "illli:'~

more people than they arc helping or sa\"ing."

Likewise. Dr. Horowitz ljucstioned how much scientific e\'id,'IiI,'

the CDC anu FDA orficials, uemandcu when their "Illulual consel1l \\;1'given tu blood and pharmaceutical inlerests to sllstain the use (,F 111\'

contal11inateu clotting factor VIII and blood supplies to the puhli,' h',

tween 1983 and 1986," despite the facl that thcse officials prcdicted Ih.·"sands would die as a resull. Furthermore, in 19:)-1. whcn Ihc hcp:nitis /J

vaccine link to the AIDS epidemic \vas first advanced thcn il1\'esli!~:II\'d

by CDC and Merck, Sh;,rp & Dohme collaboralOrs. homoscxualnl~n inNew York City were known to be the primary and earliest lest subj,','I'

for the suspected vaccine. Yet the CDC omitted Ihe New York Cil\' ,!::I:

men from their investigation and focllsed only on Denver and S:1I1 1'1':111'

cisco populations that had not been imll1unized using Ihe earliest, 111",1

implicated, vaccine lols. "No wonuer your :expert' CDC aUlhors rell1;,i'n,'"

•Anonymous' on this Morhidity & Morttllin' Week!.)' Reflort," Or. 1·1or, !\l i I/chided. "( too would feel ashamed to affix 111Yname 10 such hogus '"t'i­ence.'"

Regarding Dr. Satcher's inability to see ailY "credihle c\'id,'n,,'·

based information" in Dr. Horowitz's writings. Ihe author replicd, "11 h,'

did. he would also see himself and his agency are now fully ex!,,,,,,,!.

And since rumorhas it thal Presiuent Clinton is considering Dr.SalChtT

for the Surgeon General post. putting on the 'Emperors new clothes' ,nil.'him fine-a Black j-nan who can watch his ")\I'n pcoplc,.<lnd milli'Hl, "Fothers, die wilhoUl seeing an}'lhing,"

Press release issued by Dr. Ilorowitz';n respnnse In (DC Direel"', Da,id Sald,er's, 11'1'1' ""

dismiss:11 orDr.llorowitz's findings Ihal explained for Ihe Iir__llimc:1 \'~lrt'inl'·lillked l"PIIII.'\'­

tion helween chimpanzee and human AIDS, and Ihe \';rnses assne;,"ed \\'ilh Ihem Till, 1,'·It:asc. neglecled by mainstremn ncWs smlrcc~. \\'ns ultimiltely puhlisht'd in s\.·\·t~ltll ;11"'111;111\ \'

pnlilical and hcalQ1 •..."hlic:llions including Ihe lfJ1rn.\T"d 1.I'''eT/(1r DO('fOrS (\:. 1'{/(i~ 'I".

,'emher !')<n, Iss,' --2.p,l 35. I, \. .--1

I' .~~

c-c::>-\

BIOIIET:CS RESEA.'!CH LA1\ORATORIES (NIi1-69-2160t

:1tle: Suppor: Services for t:Je Special VIrus Cancer Progrart.

Ccntrac:ar'! ?(o~ect Director: Dr. R~bcrt C. Y. ring

Prc~ec: Officer (:ICl): Dr. George Todare

Ob!ect~ves: :0 ?revice a la,or3tor, that ~ill collect, process andtest specl~e~s frem ~~an and a~ioal sources suspected of contaIningvirus associated ant~gens or antibodies, and to provide othervIrc:ci7, i~unc:og1 or cell culture serJIces as required.

~'cr !i~di~g,: Serlices and resources provided in closo collaboratlol",ith :;c; i~ves:~gatcrs du:I<1& the past year include: (1) bIcchemicalItudiesof cc:: grovth reg~l.t{cn vith Dr. Iodaro; (2) actempts to~!OlHe a :''=-':1 oar-CH v1~u, 'J!t~ Dr. Ba"ln; (J) tests fo.r EBVa~t~.en5 :~r ~r. Levine; (4) l~unological tests of leukemi3 patients,i~el~d!~~ st~dies ei tvi"s, for ~r. Lev!"e; (5) CF tests for gsa~tig@~s :~r ~r. ~ell~n; (6) ~~brane antigen preparation fromht::L1n ~~S3\:e !cr Jr. HerbH",an; (7). c;)lIection of familial cancer

. sera a.!1C "is~'nie5 for Dr. Fra,reeni; (B) tj~sue I'Ind serum bank for

ut. :'e-,ine ~ "31; (9) A:>erion ,,-,rkite reRIHry and follow-up; and(:0) ca:a preceAsiog ~lth Dr. ~aggoner.

'''::eo aber:!ve:, tr·ansiorned ce115 containing SV~Q genome wereic-infeccec v::h SV40. thty nad a lover rate of transformation 'thancc:'1, \I!t;,out the genetle; thus, th@ presence of SV4Q did no.t conferi=unIt::_

Fetal thrncs ce:ls of dogs vere cocultivated 'Jith Irradiated human,.rc~~ ~pl'~ :he dog cclls ~~~~~n~ratlon and_transformation

(chr~s~e aoa:79i9 nov being done).

Rhesus cell cult~res i~fected vith Ha90n-Pfizer virus shoved evidence

oC tranSfOr3dricn and caused re~r~ss1ng t~ors vh~n subscquer.tlyi~oc.lated i~:~ ~e~~orn rhesu~ ~n~eys.

Ce:l~lar ~~uni:~ s:udie9 of leuK~ia patients, using lyrnphocytecytctcxiclty ~~d cytotexi:it? l~hibltlon t~sts, suggest that ccl13cl s~c~ ~atients pe9se9S le~~ecl~-as90ciate~ antigens and thst ~\I!despr.3d a~t!ge~ syS:eD =~y be·o~eratlve In human and 3ni~altunors.

SI~nifica~~~ :~ 3ienedlc~! a~5eJrch and the Program oC the Institute:This c=ntrac: :4bQr~torv ~rovices In opportunity for a 9vstenatic,large-scal~ effort to detect viruses and/or viral antigens 1n humant~r 3acerials (~arcicularly leuke~as and sarcomas), using tissueculture, ~cnolo5ical, biochemical and E~ techniques. This 15 a~10r ob1ec:ive o! the SVCp,

.,_ c~_

Proposed Course: It is proposed that this contract will C(,I\':~·'''''.to supply the necessary supportive services required to mc.'!. ,:",needs of the SVCP.

Date Contract Initiated: June 27, 1969

Current Contract Level: $800,000

~".f!:.'.CS Rl'SE:\I!CII ..!JIBS ..!_~!!i~ .._t!.~.!..:~l~!~)

!i.t.!.!:.: SupporlServiees for SVCP

Contri1ctor's '~ojcct f)_~~ Dr", Hohcrt Tin,!

~t Officers (NC!): Dr. Georp,e TodaroDr. Paul l.evincOr. Robert Bas.in·

Obi~ctives": . To provide a laboratory that will eDll~ct. 1"'­

an;) test cancer soecimens from human and animal sourc('s <;11::.....

peeted of'e~ntainin~ virus associated antigens.

Hajor l'ind~ngs:EBV studies were carried out under the <;u:"'rVISion of r. Paul Levine. Onc study initiated and compl."""during this year was a scroepidemiological study c';mpar;IIi:FHV titl""ro;. in Ampr;(":tn"p:lt1pnr'c:;, with nllykitt'o;. Iympl\{')ma J.Ul...1

a~c-and sex-matcflcJ riatients with acute !vmp}\ocvtic iC\J~Cnll_~

African Burkitt Ivrnnhoma, and non-malignant diseases. ·fi,l·African Burkltt sera were significantly higher th~n the Amp,­

iean Burkitt ·sera (P(O.OOS). The role of "DV in human. ["",I'IIl""'WilS evaluated by immunological techniqlles ·detecling humoraland cellular immunity to the virus. The 'mportance of card ••lclinical evaluation was emphasized by a' study of twentv MI£L.-.ican atients with Burkitt's l·m homo and a e and sex matrh"dcontrols. reatment an pro~nosls corrc atc( Wit1 ca tll'.'rsin both I)'mphoma and Icukemia patients, indicating that s'.'1'·'epidemi610gical studies which include single samples on a .patient may be misleading. The studies clearly demonstr",,··1that American pat!"ents with Burkitt's lymphoma, although 111"irhistopathology is iridistinguishahle from African pat len!:', hav.different immune patterns to EBV.

Five individuals with low titers to EBV who were identil ;",!on an earlier study of Hodgkins disease Were followed overa three year period. Half the patients developed high t; t"rswhile the other half maintained low titers.

A studv of leukemia in identical twins was initiated to d('! ."­r:line whether an antigen could be detected in the cells "f "leukemia twin which would not be identi fied in his norma I Hi,,\identical twin. Leukemia-assoi:iatcd antigens were dete.-r,'din four of the seven families studied .to date usin~ the IYII'(ll1o

cyte cytotoxicIty t~st. In the animal system, this test ,.positive only when the lymphocytes are presensitized by all

antip-en, so that the reactivity of the family member" :ll!a""'1the leukemic patient's cells but not against the normal th'.'Scells suggest that an envi ronmcntal agent, perhaps a vi rll';, ispresent.· ..

Sera from 0/102 (42\) of breast cancer patients had an! .1, .. !i"sto Bcl.ev antigens. SeT:J from 29\ of patient's wl th 5arcnW.1had detect.ab.' l,'ltibodies, whereas, 13\ or pat icnts wi th j,'.'~II1:11

breast disea; and 3,6\ of normal blood bank donors r<.;I't' ....~.:.~

., .~- {,~,

Cll':";C:1S.

I'r ,1'1:' I ..

!Jr. Hoy. KinardDr . .Jack Crub,'r

Dr.·G,ny Pcarsn!1

·amination of transfer RNA's (tI~NA's) rr~n itransformed rat and mouse embryo cell s _.... ~

Investigations of Viral C:Jrcinr).~t'nl'si'; in

Chromatographiccontrol and vii.

Project Officer.s(NCI):

Ti tie:

Contractor's Project lJirl:~.~; 1)1' .• 11:!1'\'c\' I\:d.jn

Objectives: (1) Evaluation of long-term UII(ogt'!:j,.: t':·('··.human and animal .viral inocula tn prim;)[('5 of v:lriou:; ~I'" ; ..

especially newborn macaques; (2) ma intenan-:e of monl·.''''· I·,·· !! ·i~:colonies and laboratories necessarv fo:- ino(,llat iun, -::,,. ; .. ,;

monitoring of monkeys; and (3) bioche"'ical st::dlcs of (11'

RNA under conditions of neoplastic·transfnrm:ltioll :in,j <1·;1

on the significance of RNfI-dependent DNA pol:;mer.1Sc' il: !.,!.,leukemic tissues.

~lajor· Findings: This contractor cont inlles to prodUCt' r)\·· 1

300 excellent newborn monkeys per year. Thi$ j, maJ·" I'"by diligent· attention to reproductive physiulogical star,·female and m,de breeders. Semen evaluation, ;JrtiCical

insemination; vaginal cytology and OVul.ltory drul!' :lre " .or tried as needed .

B! ONETI CS RESEAI~CII LAUORfI T()[!~I1;:;. !i'\c' (r;!..!l .. _!.L.~~:.~-~)

Inocul·ated and control infants.are hanJ-fed and kCi't in

modified ·germ-free isolators. They·art· removed· CralP. is,·' I:at about 8 weeks of age and placed in filtered ai r (;>r.e,:months or years of ohservation. The holding arc:! Ill)" c"nl' , ...approximately 1200 <lnimals up to S years old. Approxi.nnt··300 are culled every year at a rate of about 25 per mon::'.This is necessary to make room for young animals illoc.ltl;>r.··,with n~w or· improved virus preparations.

New importance is be ing give.n to the New It/orld spec i,!~: ,·1

monkeys,including squi.rrel, marmosct, ·and spider lIIonk".·Animals currently on study are being actively Clllled tu , .. : k':this change ..

Special emphasis has been pla~ed on virologital studiescharacterizing the Mason-Pfizer monke)' virus (~1· P~·I\'). :,"·;t'lsublines established from chronically ~1·p~1V· infected rh,·.;:,foreskin cultures were shown to be releasing moderate! y J" ,",titers of infectiou.s M-PMV, and in addition seemed to hH"undergone in vitro transformation. Inoculation of CL'I.l·' .'these suh] ines into newborn rhesus monkevs prouuceJ pa 11-":masses at the· sites of inoculation. lJiopsies pcrC<)rncd n•.these masses and on the reRional lymph nodes of the sam,'animals revealed the presence of prol i ferat iflg \. i ru~ (h:1 :.. ,. t:·,istic of M-P~IV Dj' both electron microscopic nnu cell (u!:·::··

analysis. Proliferating M'P~IV was found in the lymph nod,': oCmonkeys inoculated with cell-free M-PMV prepar~tions.

,.

. Jat~ C~i1tra.:: I:::tiatec: ':'J::e ~j, 1969

l'nc~~ '\IH '::0P.tl3ct :lumter /:'9·21 AI) d0cumcnted <Jbo\·c. Bionetics resc<Jrchers

at;c;;,;.'t~d t(1 "j,C'la:e human cJ.ncer" \·iruses. Specific3l1y. Ep;;tcin-Barr (E8V).

!eC!k~:l1ia. IYr.1rhl'ma. and 53rcoma \·irus panicles weresrudi.:d frequcntly in age

and s~x maTched _..\merican :md A.frican p3tients· "in selected dise3se groups."'These contra.::" ·,\·ere initiated in I 969~appro:\imatcly ien ye:HS before the first

.-\ IDS '::JScs reg3n '" exhibit ,hc unprecedented leukemia-lymphoma-sarcOllia

c<Jncer Lom~:e\ .::ou~kd \'. i:h dramatic immune suppression, particularly uponEB\' .::C'-factN infectiC'n. anJ cm these two specific far-remo\'ed continents. As

st.lted in the .::('m~;).::t unJ~r "P~C'pC'sed Course:" Bionctics collaboraiors \\ere ap­

parc;};I:; SULL~SS:Ui. .:?iwn the .-\lDS pandemic. in their "attempt to rescu~ and

isol:He J \'iT3i ge~C'f1'e ... frC'm untreated patients by co-culti\·ation. hybridiza­

tien. JnJ vth~r [e.:~niqucs."· This dispro\es ofTicial reports that 111\' could not

ha\ e t-e~n "-:c'Il5i>t:ceJ" in :a05 due to the· <Jbsence of sophisticated biotechnol­

vg:; Jikgecly l!nJ\ Jiia~;e ;;'dim themid-19-0s. "Co-culti\3tion" and "hybrid­iz;nicn" r~!~:- ,0 the g:ri~SSmi\in~. in-\·i\ 0 and in-\·itro of. for instance. Icukemia.

Iym;.'!-.l'mi sar.:cma. 3:1d E8\' panicles genes to create. then "rescllc" (i.e .. iso­

bte '. :iC·.\· T:1u;mt ::iDj;]S cl' deadly \·iruses th<J1 produced AIDS-like symptoms

much :ike !-iI\·. S:0ur~~: '\CI 5<arT. rh.: Sp.:cia{ rims Cmcer Program: ProgressR<.:',.:r:.< :0, ',;!:,j =S; '. OtT;c~ c'( [h.: Associate Scientitic Director for Viral Oncol­

l'g:.' 0.-\50\ .(\ I. J. B. \101C'r.e:;. Ed .. Washington. D. c.: L".S. Go\·emment Print·ing OtTic~. j 9-; i3Dd IQ-: I and Refercnce = HE 20.31 ':;2:\·3I.Scc also:

Hl'rcwitz LG ,1:1': \'1J.r:in \\'J. El1Il'rgill.? fir/l.'e.:>: . liDS & Eho{tI-~.\"(Jl/Irc .. ·leci­d"'1! ·;r /'1i<":;:,)':.;!.' Rc'ck •.,'n. \'1.\: TctmhcdT0n Press. 149:<. r"r additional dis-

. (.

Si~nifica~~~ to Bio~edical Research and the Pro ran of the

InstltJte: ?~evlces opportunity or systematic, large-scalee::or: :0 ~et~ct· ir~ses or viral .antigens in human or animal

=ateria:s usi~~ t ssue ~ulture. i~unological, biochenical and~~ tec~ni:ues. T is is a ~a5er objective of the SVCP.

PrOD05e~ C~urse: A:1~oUi~ this ~bntract ~ill continue to supplynecessary s~~?er:ive ser1ices ~o SVC?, the· wortseope has recently~ee~ di~ided in:) three ~ajar ~reas, each being co·directed by

a se:icr i~v!stiiator ~t Bio~etics an~ an NC! project officer.Drs. ~ei: anj Tocare will atte~pt te isolate, characterize,.

a:d =uri!~ :~e !actc~:sJ in seru~ whlcn overcome contract Inhl­

b::IC: and .rei~la[e_:~eJrowthcf nor~al andtransfor~ed 3T3ce .• s l~ c~.tJre. Jrs. lenta and Bassln Will atte~pt to rescue

an~ iSJ_a:e a Viral iene~e tn u~altte~entlatea sarcomas fronunt~eatea ?a::ents oy co-cultIvatIon, nyorlalzatlon, ana other

tec::lc~es. JrS. Lev:ne ana ring wlil contInue stuales toae:e:, tu~or SJ~::::c ar.tl<~ns :n patlents WIth leu~emla, lvm-

pncr3 a:a jreas: C3C:~:. I~ the leu'e~ia studies, speciale~~~a5Is 0111 ce ?lac~ci on test:ng patients who nave an loen­t:ca:. t· •.in; i:! the :y~;;ho:1a stu<!ies, the seru",s of patients inse:e~[ed disease iTOV?S will be test~d for a:ltibodies to EBV.

a

rI·,.

. I;

! ,.; 11

d! !!

11:i I, 11

~ ::j

(

:: t~-I

i !

doo-

d~~onstrated differenc~s in phenyl-alariyl-tRNA's and aspartyl-.::~S-\'s. ~o ci fferences wer~ noted in the elut ion profi les of5~r::l-, tyrosyl-, leucyl-, asparaginyl-, or glutaminyl-tR:-.I,\,

7~e effects of 11 rifamyci~ derivatives on ~iral··reversetra~scriptase and on DNApo~ymerases from human normal and~~~~e~ic blood lycphocy:es were evaluated. CompoUnd 143-483,3'!br~ 1 rifa~ycin SV:. octyl oxime showed the greatesi

~o~e~~ a~d.i~hibited al: )~A polymerasei ·from both viral aedc~.lu_ r orlg1~s,

T:-:e C:'fi: ~ar alsl1 ~n(aie:i i:-, c311ahorative c;rlld~ps invnl'Ji"&:Je c~cc virus: RD-114. fro~ a human sarCOma i'olated by::5. ~cA ster, Gard~ner. and Huebner. The virus is ·being·~r duced and supplied by Dr. Gilded of Flow Laboratories.A~ t~er virus, a ~u~an papovav!rus associated with progressive:::: :ifccal le~:':cencephalopa~hy, is being suppl ied by Dr. Duard~; ~er :o~ i~cc~lat:c~ i~t~ newborn monkeys.

S!ini icance t~ Biooedical ~esearc~ and to the Pro ram of theI~st: Jte: I~as~uch as :es:s :cr t e Dl0Iogi~a. activity otC5J3: ate hu~an ¥:ruses .:1: no: 3e tested in the human species:: is :~perativ~ :hat aJo~her system be developed for these~~:~r~inat:o~5 a~d. subseGu~ntlv for the eval~ation of vaccinesor ct~er 3easures of centiol. the close phylogenetic relation-5~ip of t~e lower pri~ates to ~an justifies utilization of .:~~se a~iJals for these ur~oses. Further study of altered:ra~s r ~~A a~~ Dolv~er ~e'en:v~e5 would deter~ine theirsii~i ca~ce in n~opiast c c~a~~e and provide· a basis fors~lec GO c~ thera?eutic ag~nts: .

?rJDo}ei Ccuise: T~e previously ~entioned·studies will becO~~1nued ana expanGed. Particular attention will be given tor~5earc~ en a~i~als inocJlated with candidate human cancer.irus~s, a~d investigations will be carried forward into thena: r~ 0: neoplast:c c~anges and their possibl~ control at thece~ ular level. Collaborative efforts with other researchers~i~ i~ t~e StCP ~ill cont:r.ue.

~a:e :ontract i~itiateci: recruar: 12, 1962

~~rre~~ Annual Level: 5:,1)3,850

:'\umewus .-\lDS-likc R:'\.-\ tulllor retrol'irus hlbrids \I·ere biocnQineercd under the3tO\ e contract. Related elTol15 bCQan as carl;' as 1962. 111A fri~a. Bionetics-bred

. monkeys wcre inoculated with rcco~llbinanl st;ains of imm\1ne-surprcs~i,·e can:ino­£e;]jc \·iruses actin!! a5 co factors with other biolo!!ical and chcmical ;lQonIS. as de­uiied 3b\"·e . For inslancc. the RO 11~ I·irus rererre-d to II·as a cat humal; hybrid Ihat.3ccC'rding to Or. Gildcn_ "may be accidcmally imroduced in a ncw species. perhapsby \accine .. .-- :'\ole the ".-\uStralian antigen" (i.c .. hepatitis B lirus) gi,·cn to ,Hri-.C:ln ,:reen mL'nke-,-s unde, contracts numbered -:1-2025 ~nJ 7 i-2059, :\ftlch cI·idcncc>trt'!1giy sugge,;t; laccine re~c;JTchtriggercd thc .-\IOS panJclllic. St)\lTce: Horo\\'itzand :\ lanif'. Up efT .. p. 511.

I\.,._ t't'

~

MERCKANDCOMPANY,IN~. (NIH-7l~2059)

Title: Oncogenic Virus Res.earch and Vaccine Development

Contracto.r's Project Director: ·Dr. Haurice lIilleman

Project Officers (NCI): Dr. Robert A. HanakerMr. J. Thomas Lewin

Objectives: To c·onduct investil1.ations desil1.ned to develop vaccine~; arother agents effective for the prophylaxis and therapy for human neoplasiaof suspected viral etiology.

Major Findings: Multiple construction and renovation projects ha'/P (·!cr.involved in the expansion and reorientation for this program. Remod\':tag

of a laboratory, physically separated from the animal turnor virusareJ,was recently completed and is in use for Herpes simplex type 2 vau In~w~rk. Two rooms (440 sq. ft.) in Bldg. 1/43 were remodeled and equlpp'!ciand are in use for the germ-free derivation of kittens for the SPF C~C

colony breeding nucleus. ·Plans were completed for the renovation ofhalf of Bldg. 1/65 (5,940 sq. ft.) for housing an SPF cat colony and

for housing experimental cats •. The construction and equippinp' of theilew biohazard containment building 0268 (12,096 sq. ft.) for laborato:y

work.is progressing on schedule. The projected completion date isSeptember, 1972•.

Turnor-specific cellular vaccine development: The preparation and aS5.1Yof tumor cell vaccines.for protective efficacy in the·hamster modelsystem was continued at a lower priority level. Testing of adenovi r:ls)1 turnor.cell fractions prepared by mechanical disruption of the cellsand fractionation by differenti~l centrifugation I.'ascompletcd.None of the vaccines (crude cell homogenate~ nuclear fraction-w2l = 107

pellet, membrane fraction-w2t = 5 x 109 pellet, particulate fract 10n-)tlOll pellet, cell sap-w2t = 1011 supernate) protected hamsters against

development of tumors when they were challenged by inoculation of vi,lble.homologous turnor cells. Work on the preparation of two other types (If

tumor cell antigens was continued. Cell membranes ~ere prepared froro a

adenovirus 12 turnor cells by hypotonic extraction and ;,rere ·solubi] i7.~·J

by sonication. TI-- solubilized material was fractionated on Sepharle.~G;'C'\ .

Date Contract Initiated: March I, 1971

Dr. Robert A. ManakerDr. Jack Gruber

Project Officer, (NCI):

~: Study of Viruses in lIuman and Animal Neoplasia .

contractor's Project Director: Dr. Maurlce R. lIilleman

~ck and Company, rnc. (NIII-71-20S9)

Current Annual Level: $1,016,000

has been in progress for t~o mOllths. All eight isolators are n'-'-lIf'; ",Iby kittens (16 females, 7 males) ranging from 1 to 8 ~,;eks il1 ,Ig'·.

Proposed Course: Ef forts to prepare tumor-specif ic cellut,1r ant i80:1';for immunoprophylaxis of cancer and to study the 'immunologic respon,,·to such ~ntigens ~ill continue. Tests ~ith poly ric for adjuvanteffect on ineffective cellular vaccines ~ill be completed. Workto~ards development of a felIne leukemia-sarcoma virus vacc in~c!a herpesVlrus type L vacClne ~lii be contlmJed as rapl'dly as posSlhJ,·.If no problems anse, the germtree derivation of klttens tor the SI','cat colony should 'be compieted in several months.

If viruses' are an essential element in the genesis of somc hUr.1.1I1 C.lnl"':"·:,

prnphylaxis by vaccines to prevent or minimize infection 5111"',1.1 prnl'i,!··a rational ap'proach to cancer prevention. This could be ;)CCl'mrl isl".:by living or killed virus vaccines or possibly by vaccincs of Pllrirt.·.'virion sub-units. AJthough greatest benefit could be derived h:: pr.'ventio~ of infictions transmitted horizon~aily after birth. a polen! i,'benefit from vaccines may be derived where viruses are transmittedvertically but do not express their full antigenic complement. ~"noncogenic viruse~ may function RS essential co-f~ctors ill cXDrcssio:l

0.1 neoplasia.' and immunity against such secondary agents might pre",''':expression of the'neoplastic state. In addition, vaccination ~ith,homologous virus in a virus-dependent cancer may enhance specifichumoral antibody or cellular immunity. This research project is offundamental importance to total program.

Significance.toBiomedical Research and the Program of tl~~_.1~t,::"~'.t,'::'

Objectives: To perform Investigations designed to develop vaccine. orother agents effective for the prophylaxis and therapy ,of human neop!"·:j.,of suspected viral etiology.

Major_Findings: This is a new contract.

Significance to Biomedical Rese~rch and the 'Program~f the Institute:Current d~t~ support the concept that a'virus or viruses are the essent i,,1element in most animal tumors studied and that viruses are probably tt".necessary etioiogical component in human neoplasitl, though' expression In;t·:

be greatly Influenced and modified by host and environmental factors. I"

viruses ar'c the 'essential ·element In human cancer t then prophylaxi~ by

vaccines to pre.vent or minimize infection should provide a. ratior~al <"1'1".'.1' hto cancer preventiol '''his could be .1ccomplished by utilization nr 1 jIlt' f'r

killed vi rus .vaccln~ .. ( possibly by vacc ines of purified virion ""hun II!~

~ I:.

'\i,:~:

.\ .t'p,

.•...\;,...

): ':.

:i>I""\';'i~

.t,:i" ~'I

',.~.,

f~-

'::!'.rS vac:i:!e :e'lelo;oe:1t: :1:is project is still in the initial stages.

:he "~r~ in ~ro~ress is cODcerTIed ori~rilv ~ith basic needs such' as

virus ?rc?agat:co, .ir:Js c:!Dcentration and purification, preparation ofs?ecii~c act:sera, a=d estabiist::!e:1: of routine assay prccedures.

1.1e IT (!..ava~ni-i:eile:l) strai~ of feline leuke!Dia virus (Ft'/) ·..•asrcut:ne:~ prooa£a::ec i~ rol:er jottle (1 l:ter/bottle) suspension culturesof t::e vir--Js-shedci:g !l./4c eel: Ibe. Te., liter 'lots of culture fluid

o~re c~ce:!t:a:ec (:CCC~) and purified ~y'flo~ zooal ce:1trifugationan:: isopy:1:c ce:!t:ii';gatio:: :>n sucrose gradients. Modifications in

tec:'no!c\:.,. .lie sti:: bein~ :lade to increase' :h'e purHy of the concentrated·lirus.·'-i:-Js :>ie:ds of 10:3 ';i:us ?articles!al '~erereacily achieved.

At:~pts :0 :eJce: Jcop:otec:ive 5V~O tu-~r cell vaccines effective bythe ad:li:Jis::atic:: Jf ;:oly I:C beiore, si::lUl:aneouslY'Jith, or aftervaccL,e, si:gle J: nul:ip:e doses, or by di~ferent routes ~ere'nots'.:ccessi-.Jl ::: :::e, :'uster xdel syste::!.

1:1 orde: :0 ?rcv:ce a:! ace~uate supply of healthy cats for future experi­~'tal "~rt, esra:l:s:c:ent of a s?ecific pathogen-free cat colony ~4spr:!~cse:i. :r,e i·i:s: ster, the ge:cJI-f:ee de:ivatioo of "he breeding

(

:n~es::5a::cn =: :~e hest i=cunologic respo~se to nonprctective tUDOreel: 'Ja:::'::es is :e:':1g cor.duc:ed in hamster-tlll!:or ~odel syste!!ls. T!1efin: series of e:r,eri::e::ts '~as designed' to test :he effect of Inoc:JlationJf ~no'~ nO:1~rote:~ive vacci:1es before, si~ul:aneously ~i:h, or after

'l=I.L,izati:J:J '~i:!;'a boo'!: e!iective vacci:1e (5 x 106 y-irradiated tumor

cells). )"":)5t of ::;e experi=eJts i.'1 this series are on test. Final

results v::h cne Jf the ~o~protec:ive vaccines, 5'40 t~r cell ghostspre?arec ~: hy?er:c~ic extraction, sho_ed t~at this vaccine did noti~terfere ~ith the ability' cf the host to reject viable homologous

t~r ce:ls af:er vacci:atic:1 ~ith 5 x lC6 ~-irradiated SV40 tumorl' 'ce __s.

col~s a~d :~e desired (raction concentrated by the Diaflo mecbrane

tec~,:1~~'Je. :he E:st batch of test and cont:ol antigens 15 on testfor protecti'Je ef~icacy in hansters. Preparation of additional batches

of antige~ !D: assay is in ?rog:ess. Technology is ~tili,being developedfor t~e Fre"ara::on of adenovirus 7 tuoor cell me~ranes by flo~ sonicat­ior. aJ~ ::0. z~3ai :e~~ri:ugaticn.

5t::<5ie5 er. :::e ro:e c: fetal antigens in tu=r :mt:Oology are being

:c~ciuctec =-= t~e 5Voo-:'a:ster ~del systeo. In the first series of

erpe~:'.:Je:::, ",-i:rac:a:ed. 9-12 day gestation fetal cells of ::!ultiparouscrigi:l :::.c, :!c~ ?rotec: aC:Lt !:.ale or female ha:nsters against tUJ:Ior=e~el~~~t .~e:! :~:lenged ·':th SOCOho~10gous tumor cells. Experimentsare iD pr:>gress "~e!eb the nccbes ~ere prepared from Fimaparous 10- 'day ges:atic:1 wTj':!s and are' bei:1g 'tested iJ the 5V40 virus-ne·.born hamster~del SjSt~ a5c in the adult ha::!ster-t~r cell challenge system ~ith

. a 2300 ce:l ch.allenge cose.,

(:2 r;•..,

~Q

"

if

tt

H'Ir,I:~:

Vaccines would obviously provide their greatest benefit in preventing

infection with oncogenic viruses transmitted horizontally after birth.

However, even the possible vertical transmission of hypothetical neoplastic

.agents does not rule out a potential benefit from vaccines. Nononcogenic

viruses may function as essential cofactors in expression of neoplasia,

and immunity against such secondary agents might prevent expression·of the

neoplastic state. Additionally, antibody or cellular· immunity may be

enhanced by vaccination with homologous virus in virus-dependent ~ancer.

Obviously this research investigation is of fundamental importance to the

goals of SVCP and can make unique contributions to the total program.

Proposed Course: The. investigators will devote initial efforts to developing

methods for propagation, purification, concentration and specific quantitation

of candidate viruses suspected or shown to cause cancer in man. At the

·present time, investigations will be foc.used upon herpes-type (DNA) viruses

and "B" and "C" type (RNA) particles. Parallel studies to evolve live

attenuated. and killed virus vaccines in appropriate animal model systems

l.'i11be conducted. Particular attention will be given to developing ·and

applying optimal methods for viral attenuation, viral inactivation, viral

quantitation, vaccine safety assessment, and vaccine potency assay.

Date Contract Initiated: March 1, 1971

"Combine these two diseases-feline Icukemiaand hepatitis-and you have theimmune deficiency" syndromc today callcd AIDS, said CDC hepatitis B chief

. Dr. Don Francisat the onset of the pandemic. As stated in the above contract,Merck investigators developed "methods of propagation. purification. concen­tration, and specific· quantitation· of candidate viruses suspected or shown tocause cancer in man." Among these was the "KT strain of feline leukemia virus

(FLV)"concentrated to "IO~ \'irus particles/ml:' This"C' type (RNA) tui110rretrovirus. according to leading expert Or. George Todaro. \vas another man­made virus that apparently e\'olved during· similar cancer virus hybridization

studies, as in the case of the RD 114 cat/human mutant. and/or vaccine experi-. ments involving cross spt:cies transfers of infectious particles. As stated above.

in response to these laboratory studies, authorities knew as early as 1970 that"non-oncogenic \'iruses rriay function as essential co-factors in exprt:ssion of..

neoplasia (cancer). and immunity against such secondary agents might preventexpression of the neoplastic state," For this reason. these cancer vinis and vac­cine studies focused on the herpes type (DNA) viruses. especially EB\'. QS infec­tious co-factors to r~glllatc rctro\·iral carcinogenesis ~:l!ong \vith other chc::mica!immune modulators, E\·idcnce· is fim1ly cstablishtd~ therefore. that the hepatitisB \'irus and \'accine research. conducted simultaneullslv in N'iC and Central

Africa bet\Ve~n 1970 and 1975 under the precedin~ Bi;neti~s and f\1crckcon-. tracts. invoh'ing infected monkeys and chill1panze~~ used for vaccine produc­

. tion. was extremely risky Zlndcircumstantially linked to the AIDS panckmic.Forprimary sourct:s and additi()nal background regarding this iml'DrLlnt lh6is ~cc:t'l(~~-()\\'ir" LC~ :'11 r \1'1t-r: •• \\'-1 ;~nil'1":r;I/~' (';;'!!\,,\ _!/f):.. .•.· .\. ; .. :'~ij·-' \' "i'r,"•. ~. '.L _J •• ~ ••••1 .1 •..\1 ••••• '" .~'" · ..••• 1 .• _ • I ••••.•••• : 1.~· \. .•• ~ •••••••.••••.•.

. ·l-...:... i~i'..';lr e)1" "/!:,r·i ...!:t-:-~)l:..:/,.r ~Z..\...:k~)..,:·~. \ 1:\: ~[··....\tr~dl'.,.:...~:·l';':P~·,-··~~.: ~)'..~\

1

IIiI

C:JN7?.AC' !U:?I}!TS ~ Cr,iCE OF PROG~U, ,EoCUPC£; ; U:'GliTiCS

11

fl

'Il,"f'

I!I·t-.

(,\II!

'Dclltl; iT! tlic :1ir

Dr. J~ek 5ruber, Chief, ~PP.&L, 'G?, DCC?Dr: ~rr~tt 'I, (.eef~r. SUff Sci~nt;s~, cp:m, YO? XC?iff. John S. Cale II!, S~ff Sc;:nti;:, SFO:~L, ';CP, y.:?

"~\.

Pu6fic J{ca[tfi, J/mericall :Mclicillc alll tlic '.R.!l((!:f~·a;·,. :f 11/111//1

US-USSR Agreement. A f1emoranctllm of. Understanding for coopera tion in the'! ".!:'of the microbiology, irrrnunoloQY, and molecular biology of cancer viruses .·'I~·

first signed on November 18, i~72. The 11emorandum establ ished procedures ri~r

joint studies through the exchange of infonnation,.iTtaterials and scienti;':betwecn the hiO countries.

\

Delegates expressed interest in conducting collaborative studies in the.following areas: (1) studies of viruses isolated from human tisslJes in ,;cl!culture or in animals and their possible role in the pathogenesis of h,",.ll1

neoplasia; (2) continuation of studies on non-human primate viruses as' [ill'"relate to human cancer; (3) studies on the role of viruses in the indu(~i"'l

of human breast tumors, inc1uding continuation of studies on I1PMVand rcl,)" dviruses; (4) studies on cocarcinngenesisuvirul/vi:'al, virol/cl:e:::icill. or:.;

viral/hormonal; (~) characterization of nucleic acid~ and their role ill 1.1'"induction of animal and human cancers, particula;-ly the detection of tra'1s·

forming sequences in .cellular nucleic acids and molecular genetic studie· .with DNA from human tumor cells; (6) studies on viral proteins as probocfor viral gene expression in animals and hun\1ns; and (7) studies on onC"':",!,;

viruses important to hUf1lJn ecology. e.g., those derived from bovine. a:,i'III,

As agreed, the fifth m~eting of the US-USSR Joint florking Group on Cancer

Virology, Co-Chairmen Or. J.B. lIoloney and Professor V.lt Zhdanov, took

place at the National Institutes of Health,·Bethesda, r·:aryland, USA, onOctober 26-28, 1977. At a symposium held on October 27 and 28. members of

both delegations and invited speakers presented recent st~dies in cancer

virology. The main emphasis of this meeting was given to reviewing the

progress 'of current cooperative efforts and assessing the problcm of re­combinant DNA research. Or. r~ichael Crawford (University of Kansas)

presented preliminary' results of a study to determine the role of geneticfactors in an outbreak of leukemia in baboons. This \lork, conducted jointJ~:

by laboratories in the USA and in the USSR. is an excellent example of thecooperative research efforts sponsored under the US-USSR Agreement.

The Chairmen of both Sides reported on the recorrrnendations made in theMemorandum of Understanding of the Joint Corrmittee on f1a1ignant Ne~p 1015 i,iheld in Hoscow, USSR, September, 1977. The recollJ11endations included:

(1) discussing, in depth. cooperative studies on recombinant DNA research,(2) increasing the program partiCipation of other USSR institutions, in

particular to include the Institute of liolecular Biology, lioscow, (3) C~n·ducting exchanges of scientists only under the auspices of the CancerVirology Program under the topic of MaI i9nant Neoplasia, USA-USSR Hea 1th

Agreement, and (4) encouraging the use 'of small working group meetiogs 1)11

subjects' of intense interest. ..

!I'1

"..-o

3,0

ftf.Em~.~ ;-(jJE C;;LT)E COlL::C~:C.~ ('iOH?+ E!7)

Title: C~ntorjal ?~eserlation ~nd :Jevel~!re'nt of °ei2renc~·Grade T:P'.orVi ruses

Contractor's Pro;ec: ~irec:ors: i;r. Charles ~.. ~ldr;o

Pro;ect ~fficer'S (tiC:}: Dr. Jctin S. Cole ~i!Dr. ;~rT!:!~:'(~ Ke2fer

~~~tives: To ~iclcg;cal1l c~.!rac:eri~g !'>.i historically trace t.~e originof se1ec:e1 =r~f':::S ,f t.F.!Or vir:Js~s. ir:cl~jir.g ayi~n, ::urir.e. f~~ ice, ar.d

pTi!r.3~e·t in cr~~;'~o jeve.lc, 3n::i Cbt3io referenc!!-gra~e ~•.•~r 'drus :r~~eridls.To serve as an 3rc~iv~1 r~'Jsitory for see-j Sleeks ~f itportan: 'drusmterhl> fr~ ~!ie '(inl ~nc~logy ?!''Jgr~m. io pro'/~tje .:oc..'1i',er::ed 'his,~,riesand char;cterin:icns ef ""'~rials ~hich r.aY~ been pr~vidE~ in :1d~titl to ~:C!

colhbor!t~.ng investigAtors.

t'djor ~;nd~r,fjs: '~eipl and c.1arzc:.eriL3dcn of '::iiG:;::1:: .irvs:s frt::1 p;"c~;·r..::ResC'~rces md Logistics has continued. Dat.! on ,1\~ Cire:ted DNApoly:::eraseof five rurfne !r.d ~ ;Jrl"..ate V'J"'I1SeS h.J~ t~~n de·~e\c::ed. Se!"!:b9k:a~'ao.alysis of 951 u)d gsJ anti;~n sugses~ ~ s~'~ng cross reac.t1'/1ty t'-P.t·~€e"squirrel ronkey r-etr:::yir~s and 1'a5=n-Ffize~ \l;)nkey Vir;s. The :entrac~'reports a TaCt af correlati-::11 bet,,~enio vi;'!"I) 3S;3VS ;f eC'jtr~~~( \'iit:~e; ~:i~leukB!!\Jgenic actiYi!v in '';yo .• ni:! an IPrarfnt tT3n~fQT7.at~on of ~up:,id

feline cel1s. by ~c'5e ~.ary ,!lror ·/irus.

Sicnifjcan<;~ to Sioce'1i,al ~es~~r~:t H'~ :~:~ ?r:cn;: -:;f ::e 'nstit'1t~:Virus zta!.eriais !re s;Jpylie-:1 ~ ir."2st;~at.ars t!lr'Ju~~-c:Jtt~e .crij 0'1 t'rognr!'i(esoc;rces and logisti,;.~. I: ~s 1::::<:ru:'!t :h:3! highiy ::.aracterizert r~fF"e"cestocks of :.!-~se ·/~i.iSeS b-e av!ihbje.

~sed C(}~rse: Titis contract" ..-ill ccntiltlle fer :r.e ~~H'3:fo!l Jr the 3tJpr~)'Ieljproject pt~n ..

~IH d,,<::o...,·.,.,· :~:h: ...__._....h__. u ••• __ • __ ._

\:(lmplc:'( and car.c~r ir.J~tJy thri:'U1h Rc,::k~fella l'np,'e"i51[Y Pr.esident. Dr. Joshua

Ledem"..g. cC'minjt1N lCS th3, ",igclI- t.: .:cn;,dued ~e:lSC'r.~u~ b~' ;Urrl\ 109 biologic"1We3p<'ns. incluJing !e·A=i.·ir.-dt:cing J/1d .\IDS·1ik~ retn" iruses 10 potential cncmics.including R'-I:>!i311:ai->. duir:!! ill< Cdd Wir. Dr. L~l!ert'<:n;(; l'r£"nila,iC'n. thc Senalc RicglcR~p<'n \'n L"e Guli \\'2T ;:•.,,In:,me ;l1I~J. had >hin'Cd SaJam fi~,'ein'; biologic,l wc"ponslabs a ~rC"_>d:lfrJ'" t'f '.;111.'0 ;hcnh' t.:il',e froo in\aded KJ\\.il. D,. Leeeme,!!. a eFR ;tudv

group direL"'":l'f 1~r ··"\("o~;~t.i.11\\'~f1~r~'·J.I1d Hi",'IC'gical \\'t"3J:X'ns rlanning. i31:::d~'dcnit:d,

{)n t-<h.Jlf er :h~ r~~ugcn . .10: ~i('k'~icJI\\e'::!f-'.'ns ~"(p.)~ure-5 IQ tn""r.; Juring the war.

Fr0m: ~eJ StalT. 1',,' .'5.~,-,;,;:l I'r.,.< Cme," pn'l!r,;O! :S:·CP/. 1.'.S. D"pnmelll orIkallh. Educ2';l'n Jr.d \\"~b,~. W,.'him!1C'n. D.e.: P:J~Ii~ fkllth Se" Ice. :""i,'n,,1

1ns:til\n~ ('f H~3i!h. Dj', i~lcn ,-'f CJn('~r- CJU'~ Jnd p~~'.~nlil'n. June !I)-S. p. ~_10,Libr3.r:. ':3U num~:-: F.':(I_':~::·\''':0-- Jr.d -"-:"11~~.

:r"

t'.

).

. ',

.~i,~

.,';~',~'~Yi\~.".

Delegation fleetings:. November, 1972

November, 1973

Nay, 1974

l1ay, 1975June. 1976

October, 1977

September, 1978

flosCOli, USSRBethesda, USA (Subcol1'mittce)

. r~oscow, USSRBethesda, USA

Sukhumi, USSR

Bethesda, USA

Ri9a •. latvian SSR

.! ;-I

.0../ ••••••.•••••1 •••••. 1•.. "CM )iur

[01(,0

Figure .16.5. US-USSR Agreement Continued

TO U.S. (continued) INSTITUTIONS· VISITED

Dr. 1. Kryukova

Gamaleya Inst.,. Moscow

Prof. S.M. Klimenko

Ivanovsky Inst., Moscow

Dr. E. Bagley

Kiev Inst. Experimental

and Clinical Oncology

Dr. Z. Butenko

Kiev Inst. Experimental

and Clinical Oncolqgy

Dr.·S.A. Novakhatskiy·

Ivanovsky Ihst., Moscow

Dr. Felix Filatov

Ivanovsky Inst., Moscow

Dr. ·L:B. Stepanova .Dr. O.B. Kdrchak

Moscow Research Institute.

of Viral Preparations

Prof. ·I.F..Seitz

Petrov Institute of

Oncology, Leningrad

Dr. Boris Lapir.Director, Ins t. for

·Experimental Pathology

and Therapy, Sukh~mi

February, 1976

September, 1976

.0 March,1977

March,1977

May, 1977

September., 1977

November, 1977

April, 1978

September, 1978

M.D. Anderson Hosp. (Dr. BO'ilen);

Michigan Cancer Fdn (Dr. Rich);'

NCI scientists; Rockefeller

lnst. (Dr. Hanafusa)

NC! scientists; Inst. Cancer

Research (Dr. Blumberg) .

NCI scientists; F. Hutchinson

Cancer Ctr (Dr. Hakomori);

Sloari-Kettering Institute

(Dr. Sonnenberg)

NCI scientists; laboratories

of Drs. Spiegelman, ~layyasi.

W. Moloney, E. Cronkite

Uni'versity of Chicago

(Dr. B. Roizman)

NCI Laboratory of Viral

Carcinogenesis, Viral

Oncology Program

NCI (Dr. Galll\); USC(Drs.McA11ister and Vogt);

UCLA·(Baluda); Sl~an­

Kettering (Dr. Benc!ich)

NCI scientists; Sloan­

Kettering lnst. (Dr. Moore­

. Jankowsky); Delta Regional

Primate Ctr (Dr. Gerone).

IJI!I,I!\

...•-0")_"")'1 _

. Dr. Felix P. Filatov, Se;lior Scientifi~ Researcner, Ivanovsky Institut~ of

Virology, ~·joscow,spent tl1ree-and-one-ha1f months in the laboratory of

Dr. Bernard RQizman~ University of Chicago. The purpose of hi~ exchange

yi~it was to gain experience in (~) preparative purification of HerJes

The above agreement includes a partial list of researchers. including Dr. Rohert Gall\1 \)f theNC!. who traded the most advanced methods and materials in the fields of molecularbiology. bacteriology and \·irology during the Cold War. InclutkJwas the "brge-seakproduction of human yirus" tmnsferred to the Soviets by Dr. Gallo. Might this h:.m: beenthe AIDS virus'!· Additionally. besides possible treason for traJing biological wcaponstechnical knowledge. and the weapons themselves. with the Russians. these documentsclearly reflt;et the functioning of Cl glohal cryplocracy that supen.:cded the gc\)r\)liti~alp,)li·;.:ics o!" the UnilcJ Sla\~'s Co\\.:rnm~nl. and knowlcuge or th~" :\merican \,\,,"1,1pk.Fr\Hl1: ,,\(1 Suff. O!' :·i:. 1l)-". rr. ~(,:lIld .;()o Library cd! numb\..",: [.:~{\ ..; 1:,2Y,,! l)-"7

I I -" I .-.,q '_, \.1 •••••;. ... \,.. '-' - .

:.ueatn z.n the Yiir

IOC]

FIg. 18.6. David Baltimore HIV/AIDS-Iike Virus'Study at MU During the SVCP, 1971-1978MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (NOI-CP5-3562)

Title: Studi~s on the Leukemia Virus DNAPolymerase and TerminalO~oAynucleotidyl Transferase

fontractor's Prcj~ct Directoc: Dr. David Balti~~rc

Pro~; Q7ficer (NCI): Or. Edward Scolnick

Objectiv.es: (1) Carry out a detailed analysis of DNApol.vm€ras~~ frai:l 1::-:;:,

tumor vir1Js pi:rticlesand from norm~i andneoplastic cells. (Z) Stu~y tp:;mechanism of double-stranded DNA~Yl!thEsis by the cvianmyelobli!sl:os~s \'i;;:~ONP.iJolymer;:se and the flJi1cti(jns of t.lir;· s\jbunits of Llle t-!1.cynle in ·irff;·.~~':(:cel1s and vi.wiation in DN,u.;Jolymeri1s<:s in various stases of (;dl gru"ii.-; ..

Major Findings: Studies of reverse transcription in virions of ~~uLVshowpd. tha t under def i ned cond i t i oos, very long 010 1ecu 1es of comp1ementary D1~P.

could be made. These DNA~~lecules were infective in NIH/3i3 cells butactinomycin D blocked synthesis of infective molecules. The longest D:'IF'.

made in the presence of actinomycin 0 lacked sequences from the .S'-end ofthe .viral RNAas shown by heteroduplex ~nalysiswith 21S RNA that waspresumably the mRNAfor the glycoprotein of the virion. This RNAWc1S SnOr/f1

to be a composite of 5'- and 3'-proximal sequences.

In other studies, it was shown. that reverse transcriptase was made as a 180,(}JDmolecular weight precursor that was cleaved in virions to the 85,000 molec\.!1.;rweight reverse transcriptase. The 180,000' protein had antigenicity of both~ and E£l proteins and was made by a by-pass of UAG codon at the end of the

.~gene. This codon could be suppressed in vitro ~Ii:hyeast amber suppressortRNA but the ~ vi vo mechani srn remai ned unkno~ ' ..

Studies of terminal. deoxynucleotidyl transferase'(TdT) continued to definE itas a marker of maturing lymphoid cells probably of both the T and 3.lymphocY":'(1series. In patients with bli\stic chronic myelogenous 1eukemia, cccurrer,(;c 0"TdT was a very good 1ndicator that remission induction with vincristine andprednisone would be successful.

Sianificance to Biomedical Research ~nd the ProGram of the Institu:e: . Fundn­mental studies on oncogenic virus repl icatian are nece:;sal'Y to d2fin2 the 1~,,;eof these viruses in rnalignantcell transformation. In vitro synthesis ofinfectious nucleic acid and in vitro t.ran5lation of p~'oteins al'10\';5 firstlevel mechanistic studies whichcanlogical1y be expected to provide means.for controlling the infections and/or t,ansforming pro:esses.

Proposed Co~rse:Analysis of genetic contre! of viral replicativn \'ii11 De

analyzed. r1ech~nism of DNAproviral syn:hesi~ by reve,se :rcr.~c:ip:::( :~G

the function of RNase H will be explored. 1~ vitro translation ~i11 be usedto determine precursor sequences and cleavage·-site5.

Date Contract Initiated: May 1, 1971

\j

j

III1\III\II!•!!1!,

POPULLltion Co 11 trot

.Fig. 18.9. Pfizer' Contract for "Large-Scale ... ',Virus Production for Cancer Research"

PFrZER, INC. (N01-CP-l·32312

Title: Large-Scale Tiss,ue Culture Virus P~'cductiori for Ca;;cer Research

Contractor's Project Director: Or. Sami Mayyasi

Project Officer (NC!): Ot'. Jack Gruber

Objectives: io provide a senice fi:cility for the product en of large; '!oll'l,:[;~of selec~ed onccgenic and 5uspected 6ncogenic viruses, eel ular antigens,

tissue cu1ture cell lines, and specific antisera to various oncogenic v~r~s::::;, .

Production of these materials is supported by appropriate laboratory groups

whose activitie~ include process i~provement, product standardization, quality

control t~sting, and applied develop~ental research.

Major Findings: The current annual rate of large-scale tissue cultureproduction results in over·28,OOO liters of vir~S,harvest·fluids and over

1,200 grams of cells being processed to fuHill the needs of 'lOP col1atorat r.s·investigators. During the past 12 iTIonths these materials ','/ere distribut2d i1

over 400 shipments to approxi:nately 140 laboratories throughout the world.

The major viral products generated included: Mason-Pfizer monkey virui (MP~V\,

which accounted for ~pproximately 20% of the contractor's output; baboon

endogenous virus (8e'l), 26~; woolly monkey sarCGma virus (55'1-1) lG~;

feline leukemia viru~ (FeLV), 17%; RD-ll4 virus, 13~; and Epstein-Barr virus.

Of all viruses produced, more than 50% were gro\'," en human cells (i .e. NC··37

lymphoblastoid lir.e, A2C4 rhabdomyosJrccma line). :he prQducti<;~ Gf :::13Vif'

the P3HR-l and B95-8 cell lines account for only approximately li of the tCt~;

volume prlJduction effort, but the manipulation and concentr.ation of the .•,:: d<:C:tsrequires a disproportionate amount of time and effort as COp.1pareu to the R;'!f,

type C virus production, and EBV preparation is a significantacti~ity.

Additionally, in support Of collaborati'/e studies beir.g concucte:d c:t t:1~ I'!,::r,Lvon, France, s1ides of concentrated P3HR-l cells and RAJI cells 2;~ b!:~i1q..produced and supplied to IARC for.EBV epidemiologic titrations.

Dur.ing this report periodamcJjor nc\~ effort vias int.:lud~d in the 'riorksccpe.

This inVOlved the production and surply to Program of thr!::e aniwQ1 re~r~­

vil'uses with spAcia1 characteristics. 1roduction concerr.2d orepdration of

highmo1ecu1ar weight RNA-containing BeV, 55'1-1, ilnd Fp-LV for a ~['ecitllly

coordinated moleCUlar epidemiology study. This labont~ry helped CGlj(Gh:i]:,:theo"/erall virus production effort and the distribution to the i:(,l1a~0ra.L:~::research laboratories.

;;., major effort \'Ias a1so initicted during this year to if!Gcerrl :e ·~h2 pl':JductL:1:nethodolcgj and improve the qlia1~tj of product. Rol1er son e ti~5ue c1j1;.,v::

systems were introduced fnr growth of several of the pr~mate retrOY~rUs2~.

gro\,/th orce1ls an 11IiCt'Gc=n-iers lS nO\'! !::::ing sf.'-ioied, ana n<;',', i;ql;i~:r'~n-,; \'Ir:~purc~'.1sed to mcni~'Jr the sefi3~i;tiol1 of viruses ilr.'j vir::l c:)fi:~o!!Qnt::1grcdi~r,'ts to er.i1a.!;C~ the, P'.J:~i1Ca.ti(;:! and conc·:r.:;·at~0r-~ pr1r:~rjut2S. :h~fe; :::~~; !:2d 1OUS PC;J':.2C:_ :-:~ f!) r ~:":'~:1;~~IS ::~!"~::::~::r-,: >~3 :-;f ~(;~::':~~G '.t.) E~.: ",::: ~ .

rc.;?i'l'::~d 0f S~;:;~}!;':::~~r(;·:.:·:;~,(-:~I}:: a ;":.::.~1~ :~: ,:::/~.~.:~::.::-;~~~ s·~J,.i;:;:-.. :.:~ '-.:::~:'.'.~

4 I)7

veatn m the .7l.ir

Fig. 18.9. Pfizer VII1lS Production Contract Continued

A number of valuable cell lines of turnor origin have been received froii!ether

laboratories and processed at CCl for distribution; among these were. four of

human origin. Approximately 20 laboratories have submitted 101 individual

cell cultures for analysis of species and cell line purity. Of these 96 could

be studies. Of these 15% ~iere as purported, three cases \Iere Hela' con~aminant3.

others involved intra- and inter-species contamination. ' Activities of this

nature are projected to continue at the same level for the remainder of the

contract year.

Morphologically abnormal cell lines are being compared 'to morphologically norffial

cells in terms of growth pattern, cell· dou~ling time, saturation density,' clonil

growth on Narious substrates, karyology, and, tumofgenicity in nude mice. Clonal

growth studies ~re in ptogress on a variety of low passage, nonHela, human

.cancer cell lines in an effort to define the optimum n~trition and envirQnmentai

conditions for culture of such cells.

Techniques for isoenzyme analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis have been

improved and used to assay for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PO),

6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6PGO), and alkaline phosphataseisoenzymes

in a variety of cell structures ...A corrmercial preparative-scale electro­

phoresis apparatus is being ,investigated with a·view to possible performance'

improvement and its subseq~ent utilization in the examinatiori of growth factors

associated with various tissue culture media components.

Karyologic characterization of all cells maintained in the repository canti:iur:s

and specifiC cull~borative ~rograms requiring thE::use of kd.'~'yolo~ic.~a'~~.(.;,1:

in progress.

~n1i1cance to Biomedical Research and th~'ProQram of tD~~1~~te:

The contractor has an excellent tissue culture facility,and is supplying ce11

cultures for canser research studies to MCI investigators, to VO?contract

laboratories, and the general scientific community. The contract c0ntir:u~s (.:,

develop t~chniques for the identification and study ef turnor cells oriented

toward a study af the fundamental biology of tumor cells and the interaction

between tumer cells and viruses of oncogenic importance.

Pr~osed Course.: Conti nue to develop ce 11 reagents as substrate.s ;-or n~;;;2.:1

cai'cinogenesis:continue a reference laboratory for karyology of cells 'in

~ulture; continu~ repository and distribution functions.

Date Contract Initiated: October 1, 1977

-158

\

\Ij

\

I

\

j!II!

'Death m the JLir

D ,ID

LITTON BIONETICS, INC. (HOI-CP6-1029; successor to NOI-CP3-3211)

Title: Studies on Molecular Events Leading to Transformation' by RNA Oncoger.ic

Viruses

Contractor's Project Director: Dr. Marvin Reitz

Project Officer~: Dr. Robert Galla

.Objectives: To characterize virus-like particles in human leukemic cells

with res pect to D~A polymerase and nuc 1eic aci ds and characteri.ze and purify

viral reverse transcriptases from mammalian viruses, especially primate type

C RNA tumor viruses.

Major Findinas: It was found that some human DNA. samples were capable of

forming r.uc1c:ase-resis~ant cornple;.;eswith sii,gle-stl'c1nded nucleic acid pi"obe::from simian sarcoma virus (SiSV) and murine leukemia virus (MuLV). These

complexes had a thermal stability and kinetics of formation consistent I"tith

. the presence within the DNA 'samplesof a set of DNA sequences related to but

not identical with a portion of the viral genome. These sequences W2re

found more frequently in leukemic than nonleukemic DNA samples, p:rt~cular1y

wj th chronic myeloyenous leukemia (C~IL). This type of distributicn of

sequences was not found ~ith labeled probes from feline leukemia viru~ (FeLV~,

endogenous rat virus (V-/'iRK)and the Hall's island strain of gibbon iij::leukemia virus (GaLV-H). Some DNA samples, including a normal .plac2ntal

DNA and a CML cell line (K562), had a high le'/el of these se<;uences, and \'ie:-e

characterized in g:-eater detail for specificty of these seq~ences.

A nOf,leukemic gibbon ~.ge which had been exposed to a viremic animal a;iG\'i:'s

O"~~iotpntly p"~~tivc for G~I If ~ntib:~rl\l b,'r f""m "';"/"'i'i "" "~ru. ,..[', ,,J "- .• _,~., ", ••••_1_ ~~ ••••••••• ~. '"'-J) ..,{"" •..•.•. 1 •.••••• , ""_," J ••••••••••••.•••••: ••••

recover:::G, ~ias exar.i",n2d~ur GaLV~relat~d Dr'A.sequenc::s. i~Q spleen, Y.di''.:j·and liver, b~t nQ~ the marrow' or other L2~tcd. tissues, appear~d to contain

an incomD 1ete set of proviral sequences.' .

Fresh hu~an hematopoietic cells were infected successfully with SiSV, Ca~'!.

babJon endooenous ~ir~5 (BaEV) and FeLV. In the case of·the fi~5t tWQ yi~~5~3,

the CEo 11s were ind:Jc!:'d~p gro!{j :1d~5ndgnt oLadded growth factor .i-bE:_C~ffi2

tumorigenic-in nude mice and w~re able to form colonies in semisolid medi: .

.All these induced cells were E1~NA-p6sitive, suggesting that Epstein-8arr

virus (EBV) and SiSV-GalV were acting synergistically.

Significance to Biomedical Research and the Procram of the Institute: The

kn~wledge acquired 1S applied to tne determination of the etiological rela~

tienship of viruses to leukemia in humans, to the development of diagnostic

and prognostic modalities for human cancer; and ultimately, to the develop­ment of more effective control measures.

ProDosad Course: .ihis cor-tract terminates June 30, 1978.

Date Contract Initiated: September 1, 1972

D()cument prlWl.'S the dcycll)pmcnl of mutant \'iru::;~s functional\y identical It) HIV

\Vere UC\:t.'\\)pcd. tc:-;t~..'d :1I1Uthen mass produced under the dirl..,\.,tion 1.11' :-LCl pr,'jcct,\i1~C'.,. 1~()\..."J'1 (;·,11" 'P1d L:" \!) Bil)P"!;"S '1"r"l'"",'j' \""\",, hl..·r'jr" 1,1.: .. 11.,,,.,11,·\ ~1 .•••••• ~ t' .•........•...... '.... ~ .... " .1 •••• 1_.: \..l.-" ••• 1_ ••••.•. t ••.. \, •••• 11 ••. _~.~ •.

ui.it~~...~\··_H·:..,(r .. lhi-.' ~~:;",;.:!,'~1Llt~1~in~!~.;\ '-:. ~\.~"._",..': \('J ~~~::':'.I.. ":" .....: .•.. t l)~~ .. r'. "' \~

(

Rcspectll,lIv sohmilled.

K'~\"~"-J2<_\, '~', . M,.,_'_-" 4< .,.•.. - -.'

". __ '-.....:J

1J,)yd E. Gr:\vcs. pro se

'l'l/vllc :H~a[lIi 'lJo(i tic.s, "El/jCllics alii Popl/lilt iOIl (0111 nIl

a "Spc\:i;tl Virus,"In cl!t1sic.lcratiof1 urlh~ crcdihle hiskH~' l\fthc "~p("d;11"inls" pfl'!-!r:II11. 11 i:­

reasonahk to believe Ihe program Was well undcm'ay prior .In' 1%1). This I<KI is 111IIr••,,~hh

slll'rnrted hy the'record of the program. SEE: Progress l/el''''' ~~ al ~ ( 1'171). l!lIlkr Ih,' ka"·

ership of (yet nal11ed) ddcndanl. Rnhert C. (lallo. a project o!licer' li,r the prograill. Ih,' "'1""

dnl ,'irus": isol.:ltcd i1 "human" rctrovi,:tls and cO-1111i,gkd il \\"ilh animal \"irus('s.' (i,:I\I.. ..•

helievcs the .district court is not frce lu set ~'siuc his ('\'ilk-nce of ,·\lDS hiol.·l1!!iI1L'l·rin~,' Ih"

ellj,'in hi'l11Irol11 further filings. Graves has sullieielllly "ell"""ll':lIed Ihal his claim' of \l11~

hioengineering arc not fri'volous a",1 ar~ worlhv of an ,\NSWER fromlhe United Slale, ..\\·OIh

regard 10 Graves' motion for certitk:tlion of the ciass. ill his' capaeily as kad plaillllll. ",.

sinccrely believes Ihcre exists a live controvery wonhy ,,1' thrther adilldi~ali,,".

THE COMPLAINT FILED ON SEPTEMBER 28,1998IS SUFFICIENT FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS

<lraves' complaint meets nnd exceeds Ihe 'federal rcquirements !i11'sullkiClley ulllkl' Fe,'

Civ. P. 3(a). Additionally, Graves' motion for reconsideratioll (amended complail".) lik.· ,'11

NO\'ember 2. 1998, clearly cures ever)' (if allY) defecl identilied hy Ihe district court Oil ('. It'·

bel' 28. 1998. The sworn Congressional record. the t10wchart and progress rerort of Ihc "IlL'

seeret program. and the substantial. credible scienlifie evidence reqoire an ANSWElt: c""""

ten!.with every otber legitimale demand of Ihe U.S. Constitution. I'qually. the.l.ktob,·, \.;.

1999 pre~s release of Dr. Len lIorowilz'{Appeal Exhibit ",\:' hereill) identilies the I..."I);1JII,I\:'"

oflhe National Security Advisory 130ard «(RCI.]Culonel Jack Kingslon as a signilic;""!'I'"t;'·"

sinnal objcc(i~m (0 (he di~(rkt court's dcicrl11ination,~ Gt;l\'CS hclic\:c~ his tin1dy tiled 1I!iI(lpllli" reconsidemlion on 9/27/99. hest exemplifies the IlItality of the sllbslantial c\idenc,' .IC'II,,,t

the United Slates. '

CONCLUSIONThe district cOlirt has nbpscd its inherent powers, and has 'aclin:ly' sough I In (h\\ ;If' 1'1 "i't'·elllde this appellant from well established Constitutiona' righls of dne rrncess and elf" d .1\

cess. inter alia. The appellant and the class are bolh enlitled to service of process a,,,1 ""ANSWER. Graves believes the United StDtes should be. compelled 10 ANSWER Ihe ,',,'dihk

claims of AIDS bioengineering. ThejudiciDI activism exhibited by thc district coI;rt'is ",ill I"the current "wall of silence" penneating the medica' and scienti fie communities. Th,' "171

. nowchart of this grotesque federal program is the indi;iJtllable "missing link" inlhe cliol, '"~. of

AIDS. The people can now 'easily' duplicate the program's cxperimellts, The people c''', ''''''

prove conclusively the AIDS, vims is a chimera. As the :,lIached teller from Senotors n····.\·;,.

and Voinovicli indicates (Appcal Exhihil "n," herein. the legislati\'C hraneh of our g('Vl'l'IIIIICI,:

is indeed spineless with regard 10 any investigalion of the "Special Vims:' Pl'I'haps 11 is "',CaUse NONE of them have AIDS. Please relurn this mallcr immediat~ly to a "fair·",indcol"

dislrict court. The people ,",vc a Conslitutional right to ;!ccOlmlahility for the al'pall",~ sla'"

conduct of Or. Gallo, Dr. Carlton Gajdusck. Dr. Roberl !\.1anaker. Dr., Paul Kotin. et al'..

j,</

,0 ~

,; ~)

":.~',;.

J~"t.}

':.:{'

~~.~.,~,j,;"ff.,;

.~

:~(

Appeal No.: 99-4476,(Dist.Ct. #:98CV2209)

v.

, INTHE UNitED STATES COU~T OF APPEALFOR THE SIXTH COURT

BOVD E. GRAVES, et. ,al.•

Lea(" plaintiff-appella,its,

WILLIAM S. COI-IEN, et. al.., ,

ocr endan ts-a ppellees.

APPEALFROIH THE FINAL ORDER ENTERED ON 10/27/99·

'Deatfi ilL Ifie /lir

(MAJOR) QUESTION.ON APPEAL:.Did the di$trict court abuse its discretion and commit other reversible errors when it "set aside"

Grave$' evidence in support of his allegations of AIDS bioengineering, in which to reach a

finding of "frivolity" under 28 USC 1915(e)?SUMMARY OF THE APPEAL:

Between 1995 until the present. plaintifT-appellant, Boyd E. Graves ("GRAVES") faces fed­

eral employment discrimination relative primarily to his disability (HIV/AIDS). During the

course of his research into IIIV/AIDS, Graves discovercd a 1971 nowchart, part of an' ultra.

sec reI federal program entitled. "Special Virus." The "special virus" began officially in 1962

and produced 15 yearly progress reports. The archives of ihe National Cancer Institute houses

some of the reports. The 'research logic' reveals the program was seeking to isolate, stabilize,

develop and proliferate a synthetic'biological agent (a "human" retrovirus). SEE Graves v.

Cohne, Exhibit One, filed September 28. 1998. On September 28, 1998, Graves brought suit

against the naliled (and yet named) federal defendants pursuant to final proceedings before the

EEOC, Department of Justice and the little known, Office of Special Counsel. On October 28,

1998. the district court dismissed Graves' allegations of AIDS bioengineering as frivolou$ .Graves believes the district court can not "set aside" direct evidence in which to reach a find­

ing of frivolity under 28 USC 1915(e). The district courl's final Order represents an abuse ofdiscretion for a nUlnber of reversible reasoos: 1) There isan identifiable class, 2) Graves has

met the standard for appointment of counsel, J) Graves' activities call for no curtailment or

injunctive reslriclions, 4) His complaint amI exhibits. filed on September 28, 1998 meet and

exceed the federal rules. 5) The district court erred in not allowing service of process. As a

direct res lilt of the court's action, Graves' constitutional rights and health continue to sufTer.

because of the excessive delay created by the district court's errant judicial activism. Graves

believes this malleI' should be immediately retumed to a neutral district court for service of

process and appointment of counsel.

NATURE OF THE CASEOn October 28, I 998,"lhe district court dismissed as frivolous Graves' claims of AIDS bioengi­

neering against defendant-appellee, U.S. Pentagon, et. al. In order to do so, the district court

convenienty"set aside" Graves' Exhibits. Exhibit Onc is page 129 ofU.S. House Resolution

15090, Part VI, of the Ninety-First U.S.Co~gress. Exhibil One is sworn Congressional testi­

mony by the U.S. Pentagon given on June 9. 1969. The heading listed in the Congressional

Record is "SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICAL AGENT." 0,; June 9. 1969, the U.S. Pentagon in­

formedlhe U.S. Congress of it's invoh'ernent in' the development of

(4GL.

~G

,.f.I

,Ii"

"

"

IlllI•

I'

, ~i

\.'1

'ffl;/,I

Ii\,

j ....

i

~c.6 ~C7f~ r.bt/I0J // tPuJif.Jlio

~WlU ~ ()(6t27 / dozu/ IJJ'o·/9 ~-ru/}d ddoS

- I

IlL !It{~ ~/uJ kr flit ~, Z levY

i/o, ~ /1ju~ tF.Jo• Iii

If· ~/crtI!JG£U r Z()tA.ltC- ~ a~/rIf -k-t U7'Ta..r1I

1'1 7MrlK'$ M ""Id t6f1~ 7("MLJ ~/tX.4trlU j)/Jao;b It. t5l-o.f.

1-7 /t-L- /h.!v c&47L( M&ct476 YM- {//ruJ MMR/Jlr-t4 er /Y7 A;{u/V~H1-7icN'

170 7616 (!J~((./j 7 /tt£h&tt'UJ. /;lfl-lL '(vu /AtR7' /11Uq.!I .I--r--' 7j /11£ IIft~ jJuCv../1/-rlt',l/-71rl /1 _ /1'hIf-t.1rl£ jt5V /5//1&-1#7[;£1 /l£u7'Ht. ;Gj I / /J fY7'I 11Zv/Vl4 /CoWl' 70 Yc.tA {!/HW. 7' Cf'-ta MH ~(jc riR IY'Y

;/!ltJ.wdt er -la.£. 7Iih6- 1 V/iLr "70 Iia£. ~ /7 iG 7ic tJmc-~ c/

1 ~ jJ 7:l-r~ Jui&6rl ~bt. k tA. 7/. Z4r/ t#JrI I6-drl~. __ /kn ~~ (7C'

!!/tJII6-r~ '1~ IJiL ~ INIt.L t-! /1'1 !f./J/tI2.Tif Ih.f /1'i1A/71cA 71rr(, ..;r /Ia,,/-I.-4(/ /

J '/uu I/iL 71tw1t<v-t6 it:- ffJ,t5!-/ /fIJ1&cf1176 Yd 1Y/t;(4£. c£ Jh~/T~

I I IlIYI&l'/ M/ IrI pit t/ldt~ 1//.1 /HcL6btfttf tttbft,C. 1I;()/JI7/~-/ /11'/

i~1 70 '!aL ~fid f{Jl ~//'It.. Jal/IUJ /f Ne) ~ ~crtJ ~

j ~ /~1/IJ1 1. t:.M.Ms fi1t91 &; tir(ft;jJ5U/J 'h1Rtc~LLJ J 7i4r<Y/JUdt7 tj l/'f If#/bclJtfL7tcrl

j t.f- tal !ttillUAf !ltri/J;~..JJ 1 IfJ Jvtll J bt.1/7' 70 IJ~ ut'4,1.u,GJ ft,L /'I'd

jl!tfMoi /JM. fa· it M ~ ~ ~. '!,

1

j

i

110<:;

f~~~~7f:fi;:-1-::~~:Z~.C..uzu ~C7f~ kt/t~4 ;# ~.JqJtfX)

!lU411~ k fX 6Jf9 C~ ta~, I

If ~77-1411d ;}cDS

i

j/1. Cl, 71 Lu {/~I £lJtL~!~fH~ vc 7l£ kCEvi (;~

i j)~4iTA¥.-vI7 er j)..//.-tJc

iwl'Ju ~ #/dJC-~'·rr~/Cf'.1 aJ4tI

1/;1 lYI/11tYl {rT7I I

7 17 I "IL- IkfJUM'£ ~1 Jrlt'Ro~«- ~ Ilri ;JIJIYI/rIIJTM7Iu! 7y/Jp·ttr 1tUcl. /110

!IJIJt1414-1 1~/JtUJ JUI.7 w£ ~ ,ltUe£ ,tJr;£! /Y<J!" /ZALc7 eN ~1 I ~

i7iofUb-t: /lIV{fJ er ~ IrlW71h17tw.;

~1'<r(<" 7iI1r 7ltC IrlMJr//,/J r"", 1J..k,.u& <t' Ja/<Mi ('RMtZ,c-lZO j pi,?,;'

KtrdJ {o-C/h.M71w (f/'IJ(j7j C/ W!" h.Low""c.. .rW?~7 er ~7J:

:r -rtvT.0JT~ J}1y 1b./6&r1c£ ~ hd.(/~ :4;Loc:,5dtc 4.[ a{ur(f k7'~,£ t12uL III $CtI'J6-t7 eR I/YT4-(7) 7URcu# ~ /jbc..,{.fj OC Z7f/ 1f~77' ;ILt. I I

~ klW-rr...JJ

-x: kltfd1J 0 1;,fOC/.AfC ~J alt-Hi k7IcA7~I.:~ {CI'llltJ£.R.Ir-{(",. TJit ~/r/lrtLJdiJt.{ fkifl71t/1/7 tr ~(H M /rli-6j7iM-7EvY "I

j

tT~ 7V£

LtM o1~r

Ib1f4tf Ujt!M,f 7b

JL Ilob

kLbt471V'41t.. £7fvvI 47fKuz. . I/w.JC,/N£ /7 M7 .& Jd/tJUf.t1

IMtL~71M1.. /Of 7&' ~ ~~ ~U?O CC/'//4;7 ~/WY'

CtlILt4rl r dZ-4-N t';i,l/-d I{g ~,f IHM;YiH7iV"/ ,tbCtAH.d?;97lW ~

7t:r1iJY'V'l7. ~ t~ .If£! wltLt"'h 70 fvOM7 ~ ~ ~../(4t.~

I~C41Zu-1 /Yh'J-I.7 &ol45J?" You ~ C(/V7'4c?' I/tf t:J4t;a. 76,/

/JlJcW'J ~ Id/tAL y C~/7' 'td C(/YH?17~7 1~;Jr/7' ~ ~ .&c£LJ .'

0) ---- I '"If; J,. ~ JuPfJtIl7 7J.£. !Zt:Ju/.t<7trl ~ I~ lr{tlSJrl'~7t~ // Hv~ 10 .& ~

, 7dRot./# U ~ r 7:.71/ IlhW&liY r ~~.:cr jJ/U;j~ ~6'/ . /

fo t:udJ fJJ Co Cl /i;;t U#l"'WI C//71r/'{f 76 ·T~ k-H' ~JWi..

~ M71V?'t4t . LIlY Jiyl/l/~ d. ~OLaZ1- k-J {}/RcL //14 Y<-~

.ku k.ir7/17tt-C tf. L7~ (}#icL. "

~ w-r/£M-7ltJrV /J 70 'taL J47fJ/l1c71r.rl_L/~ /f'Y ;l/(A;t~~-J~

{(j - oO.[.tA7tr/'-l If &out,&L) c;C ~ f'~ ;c6/..L.. ~ 70

;1.Af,l. #cJ~ 11 /J /JIW7u.e ; $iECI4NU .zC4l'C&,elua.7J . ~

tJ/7II/AJL/.J !l--1/r/owr7if/V /?vt1 /v.£ it1 Zza.rMW7:

ji

Ik-··t J,;rRoU-/tc

t Zt/(){,.I<'..Atc-

,tJ aUriS ky Il" 1J41'€LJ 16 de.. OtvS N vJIJ/~ (J)44J (Jb~VY1 ~1, ;1h,tl.) d1 k rltrJ.l ~ kri ~~I)