. .

.

2341 / 1102

:

:

.

( ). .

. :

1- . 2- .

.

.

RETPAHC

steS eTh

[- ] [2- ]

[- ] [- ]

[5- ] [6- ]

[7- ] [8- ]

[-8-] [2-8-]

55

steS eTh

[-] tnemelE dna teS

.... = { , , }

= { , , , }

margaiD nneV ( ) :

c b a

(-)

.

[2-] teS eht fo gnisserpxE :

- dohteM gnitsiL : { } .

) : { , , , } =X ) 2, :{ , 6 , 8 , 0 , 2 } =Y

) 0 :{ 8 , 6 , , 2 , 0 } =Z ) 5 5 :{0 ,52 , 02 , 5, 0, 5 } =A

) : { , , , } = B

d

6 2 - dohteM ytreporP gnitatS

.

: : { x: x } : x x

:{ x: x }

: ... , C , B , A 0 8 B

{ 7 , 6 , 5 , , , 2 , } = B .

[-] gnignoleB

{0 , 6 , 5 , } 8

[-] teS ytpmE

A 2 , { 0 , 8 , 6} = A

2 B { } = B

B .

{ d , f , a , r } a

77

C 7 7 :{ } = C

D 2

2 = D

E 2.5 : {......,2,,0 }

2 { } = E = E

{ } { 0 }

.

[5-] teS etini fnI dna teS etiniF :

) {7 , 6 , 5 , , , 2 , } 2) 2 02

) . ) .

5) 05 .6) .

7) 7.

5 , , , 2 , 7 6

7.

8 () (5) ( 7 , 6) .

. .

2 : {..... , 8 , 6 , , 2 } = C

X X 0005

: { 999 , .... , , , 2 , , 0} = X

: - : .

- : .

) {000 ..... 6 2 }

) .

) 0,0) .

) 99.

99

[6-] teS buS (2-) C , B , A

: { , , , , , , } = A

A { , , } = B { , } = C

B . . .

. C .

. .

A B , C A (2-)

B A : A B A C

.

: A A A

.:

A { , } A { , }

0

{ } = A

{ , } = B

B A B A B A

B A A B B A.

B A B

A : A B B A

B A B A

A B :

2 { , 2 , } = A

{ , , 2 , } = B A B

:

B A A B

A 7 B 9,2

C 9 :

) B A 2) A C ) C B

: C,B,A :

{ 6 , 5 , , , 2 , , 0 } = A

{ 7 , 5 , } = B

{ 6 , } = C

) { 7 , 5 , } {6, 5 , , , 2, , 0 } B A

2) { 6 , 5 , , , 2 , , 0 { { 6 , } A C

) { 6 , } { 7 , 5 , } C B

2

[7-] steS fo ytilauqE A B

B A B A

A B A B : B = A

{ , 2 , } = A , { , 2 , } = B

: A B B A :

B A A B B = A

2 { x:x 7 = A { x:x 75 } = B

: { 5 , , 2 } = A

{ 7 , , , 5} = B B A

: A 2 B 2

A () B ()

B = A :

{ , , } = A { , , , } = B

B A A B B A B A

{

[8-] steS nO snoitarepO [-8-] noitcesretnI

B A A B ( - ) { } = A

.

{ } = B

. ( - )

: { , , } = C

: A C B C

C B A :

B A = C

{ 2 , , } = A

{5 , , 2 } = B : { , 2 } = B A A B

. 1 . 2

B A

( - )

.5.

C

A B

.

.

. . .

. .

2 { 8 , 6 , , 2 } = A { x:x 22 } = B

{ 5 , , 2 , } = C :

) B A ) A B ) C B ) B C

: { 8 , 6 , , 2} = A { 0 , 8 , 6 , } = B { 5 , , 2 , } = C

) { 0 , 8 , 6 , } {8 , 6 , , 2 } = B A { 8 , 6 , } = B A

) { 8 , 6 , , 2 } {0 , 8 , 6 , } = A B { 8 , 6 , } = A B) { 5 , , 2 , } { 0 , 8 , 6 , } = C B

= { } = C B ) { 0 , 8 , 6 , } { 5 , , 2 , } = B C

= B C

(2) : A B = B A , B C = CB .

B , A A B B A A B .

55

{ x:x 2 } = A { x:x 7 } = B { x:x 7, } = C

: ) B A ) C B

) C B A

: C , B , A :

{ 9 , 6 , } = A { 7 , } = B { 6 , 5 , , , 2 } = C

) { 7 , } { 9 , 6 , } = B A { } =

) {6 ,5 , , ,2}{ 7 , } = C B { } =

) {6 ,5 , , ,2} { 7 , } { 9 , 6 , } = C B A {6, 5, , , 2} {}= {}=

6

[2-8-] noinU B A A B

: B A .

{ 5 , , } = A A B

{ 6 , , , } = B : B A , A B

(5-):

{ 6 , , 5 , , } = B A { 5 , 6 , , , } = A B

2 A B

: B A , A B

: { , , , } = A { , } = B

{ , }{ , , , } = B A { , , , , , } = B A { , , , }{ , } = A B { , , , , , } = A B

B A = A B .

.1 6.

.4 5. 3.

77

{ x:x 5 02 } = A { x:x 0, } = B { 5 , , , 2 , } = C

: ) B A ) B A

) B C A

: C , B , A :

{ 5 , 0 , 5} = A {8 , 6 , , 2 } = B { 5 , , , 2 , } = C

) { 8 , 6 , , 2 } { 5 , 0 , 5 } = B A { 8 , 6 , , 2 , 5 , 0 , 5 }=

) {8 , 6 , ,2}{ 5 , 0 , 5 } = B A{ } =

) { 8 , 6 , , 2} { 5 , , , 2 , } { 5 , 0 , 5} = B C A { 8 , 6 , , 2 } {5}= {8 , 6 , , 2 , 5}=

8

( - ) - ( ) ( ) :

) = { , , } .) {, 8 , 5, 6} 5.

) { , , 5 , 7} { }.) 7 { , 7 , 0} .

) 6060 { 0 , 6 , } .) .

A 2 - :

) { ...... .. .... } = A ) { ...... .. .... } = B) { ... ...... ...} = C

) { ... ...... ...} = C B

3 2 1 6

7 48 5

9

B C

) {..............} = C B ) C B. (6 - )

- { 6 , , 2 } =M , { 8 , 7 , 6 } = H: ) H M , M H , !

) H M , M H , !

- :) ()

) ) 00

) 00

.

..

..

.

..

.

99

5 - :

{9 ,7 , 5 , , }

{x : x 5 22 }

{ , , , }

{x : x }

{0 , 8 , 6 , , 2}

{ x :x }

02

2 RETPAHC

snoitaleR

[-2 ] [2-2 ]

[-2 ] [-2 ]

2 RETPAHC

22

snoitaleR[-2] tcudorP naizitraC dna sriaP deredrO

( ).

( ) . .

b a (a , b) (b , a). ( b , a) riaP deredrO teS

. (b , a) {b , a}

: a (b , a) b (b , a)

(b , a) {b , a}. a b :

a (b , a)

b (b , a)

(d , c) = (b , a) c = a , d = b .

(7 ) = (n , m) n , m. :

(7 , ) = (n , m) = m , 7 = n

{b , a }

22

(naizetraC) { 6 , } = B { , 2 , } = A

A B :

{(6 , ) , ( , ) , (6 , 2) , ( , 2) , (6 , ) , ( , )} = B A B A

A B . B A :

{( , 6) ,(2 , 6) , ( , 6) , ( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , )} = AB A :

{ ( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , ) , ( , 2) , (2 , 2) , ( , 2) , ( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , ) } = A A B :

{(6 , 6 ) , ( , 6) , (6 , ) , ( , )} = B B

B , A : {B b , A a : (b , a)} = B A

B A

A B . B A A B.

: A A

: A : = A = A

22

A . (b , a) a A

b : . : = A

: =A

:

B , A BA , A , B : A B B A.

A B = B A : B = A = A = B

: R A R A A .

R A B B A. R R (b , a ) b R a

a R b . R(b , a ) b R a a R b

2 { 6 , 5 , , 2} =A R A : {(6 , 6) , (5 , 5),(6 , ) , ( , ) , (6 , 2 ) , (2 , 2)} = R

{ b | a , A b , A a : (b , a) } = R (2 2) 2 R2 2 R 2

6 R 6 , 5 R 5 , R , 6 R2 | a b .

: 2 | 2 2 R2 5 R5 .

R

2

[2 - 2] noitaleR a fo noitatneserpeR lacihparG . A

6 ( - 2 ) 5

2

6 5 2

( - 2 ) (6 , ) , (5 , ) , ( , ) , (2 , ) , (6 , 2) , (5 , 2) , ( , 2) , (2 , 2) } = A A

{ (6 , 6) , (5 , 6) , ( , 6) , (2 , 6) , (6 , 5) , (5 , 5) , ( , 5) , (2 , 5) , {(6 , 6) , (5 , 5) , (6 , ) , ( , ) , (6 , 2) , (2 , 2)} = R

( - 2 ) A A R

[ -2] noitaler a fo noitatneserper worrA b R a a R b b a

a b :

(2 - 2 ) a b

a R b :

( - 2 ) a b

a Ra : ( - 2 ) a

5252

R :

6 5 2

(5 - 2 )

2 { , 2 , } = B , { , , 2 , } = A B A

( ) : { ( , 2) , ( , ) , (2 , ) } = R { b < a , B b , A a : (b , a ) } = R

(6-2). B A

2

2

(6 - 2 )

62

{ 2 , } = A { 2 , } , {2} , {} ,

w : {{ 2 , } ,{2} ,{} , } = w

w :

: {2 , }{}

{2} { 2 , }

{} {} { 2 , } {}

{2 } { 2 } {2 , } {2 , }

{2 , } { 2} (7 - 2 )

, .

{} ..... {} , w .... {{{{ , w .....

N R N : b R a

b a N b , a : {..... , (9 , ) , ( , 2) , ( , ) , (0 , 0) } = R N N R R .

} {2} {1

7272

5 , , , a , b , c , d , e ,

f , { ( c , f) , (b , e) , (a , d) } = R

: : .

: : :

d a e b f c

6 ( 5) 6 5 7 m:

{ (7 , c) , (5 , b) , (6, a) } = m

. .

7 : {(9 , ) , ( , 2) , ( , ) , (0 , 0) } = R

. :

= R b = 2a

8 : (6 , 2) , (5 , 2) , ( , 2) , ( , 2) , (6 , ) , (5 , ) , ( ,) , ( , ) , (2 , ) } = R

{(6 , 5) , (6 , ) , (5 , ) , (6 , ) , (5 , ) , ( , ) , :

< ( R).

82

9 (8 - 2 ) . : {( 2 , ) , (2 , ) , (2 , 2) } = R

2

572 9

(8 - 2 )

0 (9 - 2 ) . : { (9 , 9) , ( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , )} = R

9 2

(9 - 2 )

{( , ) , ( , ) , (2 , 2) , ( , ) , (0 , 0)} = R :

= ( R) :

: < , < , | , = , ....

9292

(-2) - {2 , , 0 } = B , { , 2 , 0 } =A b R a

b < a B b , A a. ) R .

) 2 R0 ) R

2 - { 06 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 5 , , 2} = A b R a a b A b a

) R . ) R .

) R . ) :

06 R 06 , 5 R 2 , 2 R 8 , R 2 , 2 R 2

- { , , 2 , } =A R A :

{( 2 , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , 2) , (2 , 2) , ( , 2) , (2 , ) } = R) : 2 R R 2 2 R 2 R

R R 2R R ) { 2 R x : A x } R 2 ) { R x : A x } R

- { , , 2} = B , { 2 , } = A : ) B A ) A B

) A A ) B B

0

5 - { , , 2} = B , { 2 , } = A :) (A B) ( B A )

) (A A) (B A)) (A A) (A B)

) A (B A ) ) (A B) (B A)

) A (B A )

6 - { 5 , } = c , { , 2 } = B , { 2 , } = A) :

(C A) (B A))

7 - W : { c , b , a} : .... ....)

8 - (0 - 2 ) 5 .

2

2 (0 - 2 )

[ - 2] teS a no snoitaleR eht fo seitreporP .

: noitaleR evixefleR {6 , 5 , , 2} = A

{ ( 6 , 6) , (5 , 5) , (6 , ) , ( , ) (6 2) (2 2) } = R R :

6 5 2

( - 2 )

A . 6 R 6 , 5 R 5 , R 2 R2 .

.

( 62 ) { { 2 , } , {2} , {} , } . (7 - 2 )

. N

: { N a : (a , a) } = R . :

R A a R a A a .

2

: noitaleR cirtemmyS A R A :

b R a a b b R a a R b . a

b b a .

N b = a a = b N b a .

A :{ a b : (b , a )

R .

R A : R ( b,a) R ( a,b) A b a.

{ , 2 , } = A : {( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , ) , ( , 2) , (2 , 2) , ( , 2) , ( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , ) } = A A

A A A A A ( , 2)

A A ( , ) A A (2 , )

{

A A

A A

A A

(2 , )( , )( , 2)

(2 - 2 ) a b b a.

(2 - 2 )

2 { , , 2 , } = A

{ b a , A b , A a : (b , a )} = R b a a b .

R N :

{b a , N b,a : (b , a)} = R R N

:R N

3

2

1

(-2) - { , 2 , } = A R :

{( , 2) , ( , ) , (2 , 2) , ( , 2) , (2 , ) , ( , ) } = R ) R A .

) R A. ) R A A .

2 - { , , 2 , } = B R B :{ ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , 2) , ( , 2) , (2 , 2) , ( , ) , ( , ) } = R

) R . ) R B B .

- { , 2 , } = A . ) {( , 2) , ( , 2) , ( , ) , (2 , ) , ( , )} = R

) {( , ) , ( , 2) , (2 , ) , ( , 2) , ( , )} = 2R) {( , ) , ( , 2) , (2 , )} = R

) {( , )} = R

- N . ) b a

) 8 = b + a ) b | a ( a b)

) b < a ) b = 2a

5 - ) )

55

RETPAHC

srebmuN regetnI

[- ] [2- ]

[- ] [- ] Z

[5- ] [6- ] [7- ]

[8- ] [ - 8 - ]

[2 - 8 - ] [ - 8 - ]

[9- ] [0- ]

[- ]

6

srebmuN regetnI

[ - ] rebmuN regetnI 00 ( 00)

( ) ( 0). 6 0

5 . :

6 ( 6-) 6 . 0 ( 0-) 0 .

5 ( 5+) 5 . 6- , 0- , 5+ , ...

( ) . .

: 000 000+ 000

005 005- 005 .

(N).

{ ....... , , 2 , , 0 } = N

.

.... :

{ ........ , + , + , 2+ , + } , { - , 2- , - , - , .......} (+Z) (-Z)

77

{ 0 } +Z , -Z Z

{ ....... , + , + , 2+ , + , 0 , - , 2 - , - , - , ....... } = Z

{ 0 } -Z +Z = Z :

+Z 0 , -Z 0

:

Z 9+ 5- + 0 + 0-

. .

.

{..... , + , 2+ , + , 0 } = N {..... , + , 2+ , +} { 0 } = N

{ 0 } + Z = N , Z N N Z {..... , + , 2+ , + , - , 2 - , - , ..... } = *Z

( Z ratS) .

Z 0

+Z +Z +

- -Z -Z

8

( - ) - :

) N - ) +Z 5- ) -Z -

) Z {0} ) Z 0 ) N 0

) N 5-) Z 2- ) Z 0+

2 - : ) = N - Z ) = N Z

) = N Z ) = -Z +Z

- : ) + . 8 .

) 000 . 005+ 005 .

) 05- 05 . 0 .

) 8- 8 . .

) 9- .

99

- . )

) ) X

5 - , , , . Z .... -Z , Z .... N , +Z.... -Z , Z .... , Z.... 8- , N ...5-

0

[2 - ]

+Z -Z

M N - W M N ....., D , C , B ,A

(W) : AW , BA , CB , DC .

A , B , C, D , ....... (W) :

WA , A B , B C , C D .

D C B A W A B C D M N

0 - 2- - - +

2+ + +

( - )

: + , - , - , 5+ , 2+ , -

: BA O

e , d , c , b , a O ed = dc = cb = ba = aO . e , d , c , b , a O

e d = d c = c b = b a = a O .

5+ + 2+ 0 - - - B A

e d c b a O a b c d e (2 - )

2 .

7 + , - , 8+ , 6 - , 0 , + , -:

BA . - 8+ , 7 + , + , 0 , - , 6-

8+ 7+ + 0 - 6- -

A

B

( - )

8+ , 7+ , + , 0 , - , 6- , -

2

.

7- , 9+ , 0- , + , 5+ , - :

BA

9+ 5+ + 0 - 7- 0- B A

( - )

0- , 7- , - , + , 5+ , 9+

.

+ , 2- , 0 , 5- , 6+ , 7-

: 7- , 5- , 2- , 0 , + , 6+

6+ , + , 0 , 2- , 5- , 7-

regetnI na fo eulaV etulosbA (O ) a + a - . a + O a - O

+ 0 -

B A a O a

(5 - ) O

: .

5 = + = -

0 6+ + 5-

sregetnI fo noitarapmoC

:

O B A

6 5 2 0 - 2- - - 5- 6- (6 - )

(6 - ) .

0 = 0

6 6+ , - :

6+ - 6+ < - - < 6+

7 8- , 5- :

8- 5- 8- < 5- 5- < 8-

- 29 . ( ) 005 .

2 - 5- 02- -

2

55

(2 - ) - .

- , + , 0 , 5- , 7+

2 - . ) 7- , 5+ , 2- , 6+ , 0

) + , 5+ , 5- , 0 , 8+ , -

- . ) 00- , 0 , 0- , 0+ , +

) - 8- - 0 6+ -

- : ) ,+ .

) - , . ) - , 5- .

) - , + . ) .

) . ) .

) .

5 - ) - , - ) 7- , - ) - , 0

) - , 5- ) 6+ , + ) 8- , -

6

6 - ( < ) ( < ) ( = ) : ) 9- ........ ) ........ 5- ) 2 ........ 2-

) 8 ......... ) 9 ......... - ) 5- ........ 5+ ) - ......... ) 0 ......... 6- ) 7- ........ 5-

7 - . ) - - .

) 6- . ) 6- 8+ .

8 - : ) - , + , 5- , 7 + , 5-

) 7 .

9 -

0 - : ) {X:X 2+ 5+ } =A ) { X:X 6- + } =B ) { X:X - - } =C

B A , C A , C B , C B A

77

[ - ] sregetnI fo noitiddA

) 5

: 6+ = + + 5+

2) - - = - + -

) + 6 2- = 6- + +

2 : +:

7 + 6 + 5 + + + 2 + + 0 - 2- - - 5- 6- 7- (7 - )

+ + +

: 7+ = + + +

- + +

2 0 - 2- - (8 - )

+ -

: - = - +

:

8

- = ( - ) - = + + -

+ -

7 6 5 2 0 - 2- - - 5- 6- 7-

(9 - ) -

- : = + -

5 - + -

7 6 5 2 0 - 2- - - 5- 6- 7-

(0 - ) -

- - : 7- = - + -

, ,

b,a 0 b ,

7- = - + - 7+ = + + +6 7+ = ( - 0) + = - + 0+

0 = - + +

Nb,a

) (b+a)+= b++a+2) (b+a)-= b-+a-) 0 = b-+a+) (b-a)+= b-+a+5) (a-b)-= b-+a+

b = ab < aa < b

99

( - ) - +Z - Z { 0 } :

) 5- + - ) 5+ + - ) - + 9+ ) 8- + + ) 6- + 7- ) 7+ + 7-

) 76+ + + ) 6- + 8- ) - + 6-

2 - : ) + =

) + = ) + =

) + = ) + = ) + =

- A 5 0 A.

0 = - + +

05

[ - ] Z Z no noitiddA fo seitreporP

- ytreporP resulC : : Z - = - + + Z 7- = - + - Z + = + + +

. : .

2 - ytreporP evitatummoC: 0+ = 7+ + + = + + 7+ 2- = 8- + - = + 8- - = 7- + + = + + 7-

. : Z b,a

- ytreporP evitaicossA :

2 - = 0- + 7+ = 0- + (+ + +) - = 6- + + = (0-+ +) + + (0- + +) + + = 0- + (+ + +) 5- = 5- + 0- = 5- + ( - + 7-)

5- = 8- + 7- = (5- + -) + 7- (5- + - ) + 7- = 5- + ( - + 7-)

:

z c,b,a )c + b( + a = c + )b + a(

-

a +b =b+a

55

7- + 06+ + 5- + 67+

( 7- + 5-) + ( 06+ + 67+) ( 7- + 06+ ) + (5- + 67+ ) 8- + 6+ = - + + = 8+ = 8+ =

- Z : Z no noitiddA fo tnemelE ytitnedI 7- = 7- + 0 = 0 + 7- + = 0 + + = + + 0 67- = 0 + 67- = 67- + 0

Z : ( )

5 - Z : Z ni noitiddA fo srevnI ( ) ( )

. 5- 5+

0 = 5+ + 5- + -

0 = - + + Z + =

( Z )

25

5 0- + 5-

(0 + 5)- = 5- + 0- 82- =

82- 82+

6 62+ + 2- :

( 2 - 62 )+ = 62+ + 2- 92+ =

92+ 92-

7 005+ + 20- + 5+ + 5-:

(20- + 5-) + ( 005+ + 5+) = 76- + 56+ = 2- = ( 76- + 56+)+ =

8 ( 8- + 0- ):

8- + 0- = 8- =

8- 8+

9 ( - + +):

- + + = + + - = 9- =

:

55

( - ) - :

) 5- + 6 ) 8- + 2-

) + 7- ) 5-

) 52+

2 - A B

BA 6- , 06+ , 6+ 29+ + 82-

0 , - , + 0 + + 9- , 7+ , 9+ - + 5- + , 8- , 8+ 5+ + +

- c 5 .

- :

++7+- 05+

+0+-5-

6-

2cc

5

5 - +Z -Z { 0 }

) 5+ + 9+ ) 0 + 0- ) 8- + - + 5- ) 8- + - ) 7- + 5+ ) 087 + 0- + 00 ) 7- + ) 6 - + 6 ) 07- + 06 + 0

) 0 + 5- ) 0+ + + ) 55- + 5- + 00

6 - ) .

) . ) = .

) = . ) = .

5555

[5 - ] sregetnI fo noitcartbuS

+ - 0 0 - 7- 7

:

- = + ( )

2 5 = - + 8 = - 8 - = 7- + = 7 - = 8 + 5 = 8- - 5

0- = 7- + - = 7 - - : . .

- - 7 - 8- - 5- + 9 - - :

+ 7- + 8 + 5- + 9- + - = + + 52- = - =

65

( 5 - ) - :

5 - 0- 5- + 5- 8 - 9- + 7 8 + - - - 5 + 6 - 0- 7 - 2- 8- + 8- + - +

- (5 - 6) + (8- - 7) - ( + )

2 - . ) 2- = - 5- ) = [ 6- + ] -

) 0 = - 5 ) 5- = - 0 ) 0 = - 0 ) = [ - + ] -

- 0000 0002 005

- : ) - =

) - = ) - =

) - =

7575

5 - -= - 0 = 0 - 5-= 5- - 0 = 0 - 5-

Z

6 - - - [ - - ] = [ - - -] - Z

7 -

8 - : ) 5- -

) ) - - 7- .

) 2- 6- - . ) ( - 8- 2) ( 22- 52- )

9 - :

--0-7+5+-0-

6+00

++-

85

[6 - ] sregetnI fo noitacilpitluM

65+ = 8+ 7+ 2+ = - 6-

9 = 7 7 8+ = - 6- 2 = 6 7 2+ = 2- 6- 5 = 5 7 6+ = - 6-

: .

02- = - 5+ 9- = + - 5- = - 5+ 6- = 2+ -

- = + - 0- = 2- 5+

: .

:

- -2--022

00-2

2-6---

9595

Z: Z no seitreporP noitacilpitluM - ytreporP resulC

Z -, Z 2- , Z 5 , Z 2 Z , Z - Z 6 = - 2- , Z 0 = 5 2 Z - = -

: .

2 - ytreporP evitatummoC

5- = 5+ 7- = 7- 5+ 2+ = 6- - = - 6- 82+ = 7+ + = + 7+

: Z - ytreporP evitaicossA

2 06- = 5+ 2- = 5+ (- +) 06- = 5- + = ( 5+ -) + ( 5+ -) + = 5+ (- +)

:

- 5- 7-

- ( 5- 7-) (- 5-) 7-

- 5+ = 02+ 7- = 0- = 0- =

- Z: Z no noitacilpitluM fo tnemelE ytitnedI 5- = 5- - = - 0+ = 0+

5- = 5- - = - 0+ = 0+ Z

c ) (ba = ) (c b a Z c,b,a

a b =ba Z b,a

06

5 - ( ) ytreporP evitubirtsiD

(+ + 6+) -

(+ + 6+) - (+ + 6+) -

(+ -) + (6+ -) = 0+ - =

2- + 8- = 0- = 0- =

5 (7 - + 5-) -

(7- + 5-) - (7- + 5-) -

(7- -) + (5- -) = 2- - =

82+ + 02+ = 8+ = 8+ =

6 - 6- - ( - 6- ) - =

8+ - = 27- =

7 ( 9 - 7) (9 ) - (7 ) = 6 - 82 = 8- =

( 9 - 7) 2- =

8- =

:

:

:

:

66

8 (5 - - 9) - 8:

5 + + 9 - 8 = 02 + 2 + 6 - 8 = 6 - ( 02 + 2 + 8) = 6 - 0 = =

9 - 5 :

- ( 5) = - 02 = 06- =

0 - 5- :

[- 5-] = 5 = 5 =

0 7 -

:

0 ( 7 -) = 0 2- = 0 =

26

(6 - ) - - 5- , 6 , 7- , - , 2- - 0 ,

6 7- - , - - 5-

2 - . (6- + - ) - (7 + 8-) 5 (- + ) 2- ( + ) 7- ( + 9 ) 8 (5- + 8- ) - ( - + 5+) - [ (5- ) - ] - (0 + - ) 5

- A B

A B

7- 8 65 , 65- - + - 6- , 6+ , 0

2- - - 2- , 2 5- 5 0 52- , 0 , 52

- . ) = .

) = .

) = .

) = . ) . ) .

)

5 - 62

66

[7 - ] sregetnI fo noisiviD

2 = = 2

6- = - 8 8 = 6- - = 2- 6- 6- = 2-

.

7 = 2 6 = - 8- .

- = - 6 0- = 0- .

0 = - 0 0 = 5 0 ( )

0 Z ( )

( 7 - ) -

6- 8- 5+ 0 - 0+ 8+ 278- + 6+ - 0 5- 52- 7- 77+

+ + 0- 0+ 7- 9+ 5+ 5+ 2- 80- 8- 8- - 27- + 0

2 - :

5-2-055

02-

6

- . 8- < - 8 < - 0 < - - < 2- 0 < 0 < 0-

- : ) 9

) 5- - ) 6- 0

) 8-

0 + 0 - 00 + 52-

5 - : 5

6 - :

- 0- 5-

+Z - , Z , Z , Z 6- 8- 5+

5 - 5+ 6 + - 2- + 8-

Z , Z , Z 5 6 + +

, N = -Z - Z , Z = -Z +Z , -Z = -Z +Z , 6 = 9 - , = -Z +Z , -Z = -Z 0 0 = 0 , ( ) - = -

5656

8 -

- - 8- 6 - + 7+ 8- 0- + 0+ -

8- - 2+ 5- 08- 0

5+ 5- + 2+ + 8- 6+ + - - + 2+ 2- 22 - 6 2- 5 - 2 + 2- (+ + -) -

+ - 5- 6- 2+ 6- +

66

[8 - ] noitamitsE detamixorppA noitamixorppA

6 06 69 00 29 000 82.22.82 000.000.82

: 5 5

. () . 69 00

5

. 6 06

29

: 29 09

29 002 29 000

( )

5 . 5 ( )

.

7676

2 : + 0.+ 52 77.52 8 8.7 025 .025 8 72.8

. .

.

: .

7

5 : < 8

2 7

5 8

6

:

6562886

08860088600086000086000007000000

025600560007000000000000000

86

:

56.

595.6555.279.98

7 8

7

08 7

2

9696

[ - 8 - ] srotcaf evitamirp ot sregetni fo sisylanA

5 2 2 2 : 7 2 = 2 2 7 7

6 : 7 7 = 7 27 2 = 9 7 7 7

7 927 927 : = 927 2

6 = 8 6 72

9

8 5202 5202 : 5 5 = 5202 576 25 = 522 57 52 5 5 5

07

9 2 2 : = 2

2 =

2 . .

5 0 5 . 7 7

[2 - 8 - ] sregetni evitisop fo toor erauqS

: -

2 - - (2)

0 692 692 692 2 : 2 2 2 2 = 692 86 2 2 = 2 2 22 2 = 692 26 2

9 = 8 6 = 72

692 = 6 6 9

77

02 02 7: 7 7 7 7 = 02 7 7 = 9 7 9 = 7 7 = 27 = 02 7 7

02 = 9 9

[ - 8 - ] meroeTh srogahteP

CBA B mc6 = BA mc8 = CB mc0 = CA

CBA

CA ()

: ( )

.

.

001

46

63

: 001= 63 + 46

C

A

Bmc8

6 mc01 mc

27

2 mc , mc : =

2( ) + 2( ) = 6 + 9 =

52 = 52 =

mc5 =

CBA B mc8 = BA , mc0 = CA CB

: 2(CB) + 2(BA) = 2(CA) 2(CB) + 2(8) = 2(0) 2(CB) + 6 = 00

( 6 ) 2(CB) + 6- + 6 = 6- + 00 2(CB) = 6 mc6 = 6 = CB

m m5 .

A 2(CB) + 2(BA) = 2(CA) 2(CB) + 2() = 2(5) 5 2(CB) + 6- + 6 = 6- + 52 B C 2(CB) = 9 m = 9 = CB

= m

77

[9 - ] sregetnI evitisoP fo tooR cibuC

. - .

2 - . - (2).

8 8 2 8 8 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 8 2 2

2 = 8

2 72- 72 : = 72 9 = ( )- = ( 72 )- = 72-

72- = - - -

72- : 72 2 7 7 7 2 2 2 = 72 27 2 686 2 ( 72 )- = 72- 7 ( 7 2 )- = 9 7 ( 7 2 )- = 7 7

- = 72-= - - -

-

7

8 - : 57- 285 - 000

9 - :) .) .

0 - : 0008 6- 52-

(8 - ) - :

6 5228 6507 009 52022 - 2m00 .

- CBA C mc6 = BC , mc0 = BA CA

- CBA C mc9 = CB , mc2 = CA BA

5 - mc2 mc0

6 - . 8 52 005

7 - 7 0

96200862098

5757

[0 - ] tooR erauqS detamixorppA fo noitamitsE

69 : 7 7 2 2 = 69 69 2 27 22 = 89 2 = 7 2 = 69 9 7 7 7

..... 6 6 8 522

. . 8 8

2 = 8 8 2 9

8

8 8 6 < 8 < 52 52 8 7 = 8 - 52 2 < 8 < 25 8 6 2 = 6 - 8

< 8 < 5 8 5 5 8 6 52

. 2. . . 8

67

2 006 : (006) 675 526

675 < 006 < 526 22 < 006 < 252

2 < 006 < 52 006 2 52 2 52 006 675

526 .2 2.2 .2 .2 006

092: 522 < 092 < 692 25 < 092 < 26

5 < 092 < 6 092 5 6 6 5 092 692

522 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 092

5 : 6 < 5 < 9

26 < 5 < 27 6 < 5 < 7

5 6 7 7 6 5 9 6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 5

7777

5

: 2 2 = = 96

5 96

086:

96 < 08 < 69 2 < 08 < 2 < 08 <

08 () . 2. . . 08

5

87

[ - ] tooR cibuC fo detamixorppA fo noitamitsE

7 6 2: 7 2 2 52 5 6 2 52 5 6 < 7 < 52 8 2 5 5

< 7 < 5 2 < 7 < 5 2 2 52 = 5

6 =

7 5 5 () 6. 7. 8. 9. 7

2 097- 927- 097- 000-

(9-) 097- (0-) 9- 097- 0-

097- 9- 0- 9- 0- .9 - 2.9- .9- .9- 097-

(9 - ) - :

9 9 0 55 08 096 06 029 5709

2- : 69 059 52 - 987 - 05 0085 -