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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1070802921 1/60

October 2009

Phase 1 Report on Current Environment

Analysis of Bangalore Metropolitan City

Prepared for

Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency PartnershipVienna International Center, Austria

w w w . t e r i i n . o r g www.teriuniversity.ac.in

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© TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University

Suggested format for citation

T E R I (The Energy and Resources Institute) University. 2009Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines for Energy

Efficiency, Bangalore City

TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University. 53 pp.

[Project Report No. 2009BS03]

For more information

T E R I ( The En e r gy and Res ou r ce s I n s t it u t e )

Univers i ty Te l. 24682100

Centre for Research on Sustainable E-mai l [email protected]

Building Science Group (CRSBS) Fa x 24682144

IHC Complex, 110 003 W eb www.teriin.org

IHC Complex, Lodhi Road www.teriuniversity.ac.in

New Delhi, India India +91 • New Delhi (0) 11

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T ERI Un i v e r s i t y Pro j e ct T e am

Ms. Minni Mehrotra

Ms. Mili Majumdar

Mr. Pradeep Kumar

Ms. Priyanka Kochhar

Dr. Hina Zia

Mr. T Senthil Kumar

Mr. Nitish Poonia

Mr. Kiriti Sahoo

T ERI Un i v e r s i t y Pro j e ct Adv i sor

Dr. A Ravindra, Advisor to Chief Minister of Karnataka (Urban Affairs)

Mr. P R Dasgupta, I A S (Retd), Senior Advisor & Coordinator for TERI South Regional Centre

Se c re t ar i a l Ass i s t anc e

Ms. Jyothi

Acknowledgemen ts

We are thankful to the Government of Karnataka officials for their full co-operation and support to carry

this project in Bangalore city. We would like to thank:

1. Sri Bharat Lal Meena, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja

Square, Bangalore – 560 002

2. Sri Thirukangowdru, Joint Director Town, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja

Square, Bangalore – 560 002

3. Sri Siddaiah, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara

Park West, Bangalore – 560 0204. Sri R. Rangaswamy, Executive Engineer (Electrical) Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah

Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore – 560 020

5. Sri T. D. Nanjundappa, Engineer Officer-III, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road,

Kumara Park West, Bangalore – 560 020

6. Sri Tushar Girinath, MD, Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560

001

7. Sri B. N. Sathyaprema Kumar, General Manager (HRD), Bangalore Electricity Supply Company

Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560 001

8. Sri Shivananda Murthy H G, MD, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd., No.19, Maj. Gen.

A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.

9. Dr H. Naganagouda, Assistant General Manager, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd.,

No.19, Maj. Gen. A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

1.1 Location and Topography of Bangalore....................................................... 11.2 Climate ...................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 2 BANGALORE INFRASTRUCTURE AND STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2.1 Institutional Framework of Bangalore.......................................................... 3

2.1.1 Elected ULBS in Bangalore ......................................................... 4

2.1.2 Coverage of Area of various ULBs under BMA.......................... 42.2 Population growth in Bangalore ................................................................... 5

2.3 Land Use Pattern in Bangalore..................................................................... 6

CHAPTER 3 ENERGY SCENARIO IN BANGALORE CITY . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 10

3.1 Current Energy Consumption Analysis...................................................... 11

3.2 Current Practices to achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City 113.3 AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area ......................................... 12

3.4 Existing Energy Tariff ................................................................................ 12

3.5 Existing Building Practices in Bangalore................................................... 163.6 Existing Commercial Building Energy Audit data from Bangalore city.... 21

CHAPTER 4 EXISTING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS IN BANGALORE AND AT

NATION LEVEL IN INDIA TO ACHIEVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY &

INTEGRATE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN BUILDINGS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 22 4.1 Analysis .................................................................................................... 234.2 Renewable Energy Integration at Karnataka State level ............................ 25

4.3 Energy Conservation Policies at National level ......................................... 27

4.3.1 Voluntary guidelines – ECBC.................................................... 274.3.2 National Building Code.............................................................. 28

4.3.3 Energy labelling of appliances ................................................... 28

4.3.4 The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).................... 28

4.3.5 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)............. 284.3.6 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)....... 29

4.3.7 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Mission onSustainable Habitats ................................................................... 29

4.3.8 Scheme for star rating of office buildings.................................. 30

4.4 Key Issues & Concerns............................................................................... 31

CHAPTER 5 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.1 United Kingdom Regulatory Framework................................................... 325.2 Singapore Regulations and Energy efficiency............................................ 38

5.2.1 Air Conditioned Buildings ......................................................... 39

5.2.2 Non Air Conditioned Buildings ................................................. 39

5.2.3 Air conditioning system ............................................................. 40

5.2.4 Switching Control ...................................................................... 405.2.5 Energy Metering......................................................................... 40

5.3 Australia Energy Efficiency Framework........................................................... 405.3.1 Energy Policies:.......................................................................... 41

5.3.2 Sample benchmarks: .................................................................. 43

5.3.3 Day lighting................................................................................ 445.4 IRELAND................................................................................................... 44

5.4.1 Building Energy Rating (BER): ................................................. 45

5.4.2 Artificial Lighting ...................................................................... 455.4.3 Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning:................................. 46

5.4.4 Renewable Energy Policies:....................................................... 46

5.5 Japan .................................................................................................... 465.5.1 Energy Policies:.......................................................................... 46

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2 Development of Environmental Building Policies, Regulations andGuidelines for Bangalore city

5.5.2 White Goods – Energy Efficiency Standards............................. 46

5.5.3 Day lighting................................................................................ 475.5.4 Ventilation.................................................................................. 47

5.5.5 Thermal Comfort Criteria........................................................... 475.6 Netherlands Regulatory Framework ................................................................. 48

5.6.1 Thermal Comfort Criteria........................................................... 49

5.7 Sweden Regulatory Framework........................................................................ 49

5.7.1 Building Envelope...................................................................... 495.7.2 Production and distribution of heat: ........................................... 49

5.7.3 Benchmarks:............................................................................... 505.7.4 Day lighting................................................................................ 50

5.7.5 Ventilation:................................................................................. 50

5.7.6 Thermal Comfort Criteria........................................................... 515.8 Observations & Recommendations for Bangalore City.................................... 52

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3 Phase 1 Report on Current Environment Analysis of Bangalore metropolitan city

List of Tables

TABLE 1: AREA AND POPULATION OF KEY JURISDICTIONS IN BANGALORE URBAN

D I STR I C T (SOURCE: BANGALORE METR O PO LI TA N REGION REVISED

STRUCTURE PLAN 2031) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

TABLE 2: EXISTING AND PROPOSED LAND USE IN BANGALORE . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 7

TABLE 3: MONTHLY AND ANNUAL ELECTRICITY DEMAND OF BANGALORE CITY IN THE

FY 2008. (SOURCE BESCOM).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

TABLE 4: INDICATES THE DEMAND AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN BANGALORE

METROPOLITAN AREA (BMA) BY VARIOUS CONSUMERS IN FY 2007 – 2008.

(SOURCE : BESCOM) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

TABLE 5: AT&C LO SSES I N BANGALORE METROPOLITAN AREA (BMA) . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .12

TABLE 6: EXTERIOR OPEN SPACE / SETBACKS IN METRES FOR RESIDENTIAL ,

COMMERCIAL PUBLIC AND SEMI -PUBLIC , TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

AND PU B LI C UTI LI TY BUILDINGS UPTO 9.5 MTRS . I N HEIGHT (SOURCE:

BANGALORE BUILDING BYE LAW S 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

TABLE 7: BUILDING BYE-LAWS – 2003 EXTERIOR OPEN SPACES / SET B A C K S FO R

RESIDENTIAL , COMMERCIAL PUBLIC AND SEMI -PUBLIC , TR A FFI C &

TRANSPORTATION , PUBLIC UTILITY BUILDINGS ABOVE 9.5 MTS . IN HEIGHT

(SOURCE : BANGALORE BUILDING BYE LAWS 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

TABLE 8: COVERAGE FAR FOR RESIDENTIAL , COMMERCIAL , PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC ,

TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITY BUILDING (SOURCE :

BANGALORE BUILDING BYE LAW S 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

TABLE 9: POWER PURCHASED BY BESCOM FROM VARIOUS SOURCES , INCLUDING

RENEWABLE ENERGY (SOURCE: BESCOM) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

List of Figures

FIGURE 1: SHOWS CITY OF BANGALORE IN SOUTH EAST KARNATAKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

(SOURCE BANGALORE METROPOLITAN REGION REVISED STRUCTURE PLAN –

2031).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

FIGURE 2: SHOWS BANGALORE METROPOLITAN REGION (BMR) AND ITS THREE

DISTRICTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

FIGURE 3: SHOWS BANGALORE METROPOLITAN AREA (BMA) WHERE THE

REEEP PROJECT RESULTS WILL BE IMPLEMENTED . (SOURCE JNNURM

C ITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR BANGALORE) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .5

FIGURE 4: SHOWS DENSITY PROFILE OF BANGALORE METROPOLITAN REGION

(BMR) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

FIGURE 5: SHOWS EXISTING LAND USE PATTERN OF BANGALORE C ITY (SOURCE

JNNURM CDP FOR BANGALORE) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .8

FIGURE 6: SHOWS PROPOSED LAND USE PATTERN OF BANGALORE C ITY (SOURCE

JNNURM CDP FOR BANGALORE) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .9

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction

Bangalore, capital city of Karnataka is the fifth largest

metropolitan city of India. Bangalore city is located in South

India in the state of Karnataka.

The city is well known – nationally and internationally – as a

destination of choice for high –technology industries.

It is a city that has transformed itself from a “pensioners’

paradise” to a modern thriving cosmopolitan metropolis.

Thus, Bangalore has noticed a significant immigration of

population. Growth of the city has brought with it challenges

commonly associated with unpredicted growth, traffic

congestion, urban sprawl, shortage of water and electricity

supply and many more.

In line with the approach to make the developing city into an

international metropolis, the city needs to adopt stringent

regulations and guidelines to achieve sustainability.

The objective of this project under REEEP is to achieve energy

efficiency and integrate renewable energy in buildings to attain

energy security in Bangalore city.

This report covers the current environment analysis in

Bangalore city with respect to land use pattern, population,

energy consumption by different building typologies, existing

building regulations and energy related policies in Bangalore

city and at nation level in India. The report also covers existing

good practices and policies of other countries which werestudied in this phase, which could be considered as examples

for Bangalore city.

1.1 Location and Topography of Bangalore

Bangalore is situated in the southeast region of Karnataka State

in South India, at an average elevation of 920m above mean sea

level. It is positioned at 12.97°N, 77.56°E.

The topography of Bangalore is flat except for a ridge in the

middle running NNE - SSW.The highest point in Bangalore is Doddabettahalli, which is 962

m and lies on this ridge. There are no major rivers running

through the City. The river Arkavathi (a tributary of the Kaveri)

passes near Nandi Hills, 60 km north of Bangalore, while the

river Kaveri has its nearest approach near Srirangapatnam,

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southwest of Bangalore. Bangalore has a number of freshwater

lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala Tank,

Hebbal Lake, Ulsoor Lake, and Sankey Tank.

Figure 1: Shows city of Bangalore in South East Karnataka

(Source Bangalore Metropolit an Region Revised Structure Plan – 2031)

1.2 Climate

Due to its high altitude, Bangalore enjoys a pleasant climate

through out the year. The city falls under moderate climate zone

of India. The Air temperature ranges between 33deg. C and

16deg. C, with an average annual of 24deg.C. Neither summer

nor winter season is extreme. The city receives adequate rainfall

of about 860mm.

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Chapter 2 Bangalore Infrastructure and Statistics

The Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR) covers an area of

8005 sq. kms and houses a population of approximately 8.4

million according to 2001 census. The BMR is constituted of

three districts namely, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural and

Ramanagaram (Figure 2)

Thi s p r o j ect wi ll be im p l em en t ed i n Ban ga lo r e Ur ban

Di st r i c t a r ea / Banga l o r e M e t r op o l it an Ar ea ( BM A)

whi ch i s unde r t he j u r i s d i ct i on o f BBM P ( Br u ha t

Banga l o r e M ahan aga r a P a l ike ) and BDA ( Banga lo r e

Deve lopm en t Ar ea ) .

Figure 2: Shows Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR) and its three districts

2.1 Institutional Framework of BangaloreThere are a number of institutions performing municipal and

urban development functions in the Bangalore Metropolitan

Area. These institutions can be categorized as Urban Local

bodies (ULB), Statutory Authorities, & Government

departments.

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2.1.1 Elected ULBS in Bangalore

i) BMP (City Corporation)

ii) Bommanahalli (City Municipal Corporation), CMC

iii) Byatarayanapura (CMC)

iv) Dasarahalli (CMC)

v) KR Puram (CMC)

vi) Mahedevapura (CMC)

vii) RR Nagar (CMC)

viii) Yelahanka (CMC)

ix) Kengeri (TMC)

While the ULBs surrounding BMP share about 60 per cent of

Greater Bangalore’s area of 560 sq. km, their share of total

population is only about 22 percent. The five-fold density levels

of BMP (19016 persons/sq.km) compared to surrounding ULBs

(3600 persons/sq.km) is indicative of the concentration of

population and activity in BMP. However, all the ULBs have

shown a significant population growth (many have more thandoubled in size) in the last decade.

Following are the Statutory Authorities of Bangalore

i) Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)

ii) Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)

iii) Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development

Authority

iv) Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board

v) Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation

vi) Lake Development Authority

vii) Karnataka Slum Clearance Board

viii) Karnataka Urban infrastructure Development and

Finance Corporation

ix) Bangalore International Airport Area Planning

Authority

2.1.2 Coverage of Area of various ULBs under BMA

Area covered under Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) is

shown in table below. (Source, JNNURM – City Development

Plan for Bangalore)

ULB / CMC Area (sq. Km)

BMP 226.2

Bommanahalli 43.6

Byatarayanapura 47

Dasarahalli 38

KR Puram 21.3

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Mahedevapura 46.2

RR Nagar 66

Yelahanka 38.8

Kengeri 34

BIAAPA (Bangalore International Airport

Area Planning Authority)

792

Total 1353.1

BBMP covers an area of about 800 sq. km and houses a

population of approximately 6.8 million. The whole of BBMP

area including some of the surrounding areas, termed as

Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) comes under the planning

jurisdiction of Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). Th e

s tud y in th i s pr o jec t is thu s app l icable to BMA

( Banga lo r e m e t r opo l i tan Ar ea ) . F i g 4 .

Figure 3: Shows Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA) where the REEEP project

results will be implemented. (Source JNNURM City Development Plan for

Bangalore)

2.2 Population growth in Bangalore

As one of the world's fastest growing cities, BangaloreMetropolitan Area is experiencing a rapid increase in

population. It is anticipated by 2021 population of Bangalore

city will be 9.97 Millions.

The population of Bangalore increased from 41.30 lakh to 56.86

lakh during the decade 1991-2001, representing a decadal

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increase of 37.7%, which made Bangalore one of the fastest-

growing Indian metropolises, after New Delhi (Capital of India).

Table 1: Area and population of key jurisdictions in Bangalore Urban District

(Source: Bangalore Metropolitan Region Revised Structure Plan 2031)

Jurisdiction Area

(Sq.Kms)

Population

2001 (inMillion)

Projected

population in2011

Projected

population in2021

BMA (BangaloreMetropolitan Area)

1307 6.17 8.83 9.97

Density of population in centre of BMA area represented by

BMP (Bangalore Mahanagar Palike) has highest density of

approximately 19000 persons /sq. kms. However, the average

urban density is 4697 persons/sq. km. The density of Bangalore

Metropolitan Area (BMA) is less as compared to central BMP,

as it covers rural areas and green belt in periphery.

Figure 4: Shows density profile of Bangalore Metropolitan Region (BMR)

2.3 Land Use Pattern in Bangalore

Bangalore city has developed spatially in a concentric manner.There are five major zones that are observed in the present land

usage pattern.

Zone 1- The co r e a r ea consists of traditional business areas,

administrative centre and the central Business district.

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Zone 2 – The Pe r i – Cen t r a l a r ea , has old residential areas

planned around the core area.

Zone 3- The Recen t ex t ens i ons of the city (past 3 – 5 years)

flanking both sides of the outer ring road.

Zone 4 – The New layouts , have developed in the periphery

of the city, with small vacant lands and agricultural lands.

Zone 5- The Gr een be l t and ag r i cu l tu r a l a r ea , in the city’s

outskirts including small villages.

A comparative assessment of future land use pattern and

current land use pattern based on surveys conducted in 2003 is

given below. (Source BDA)

Table 2: Existing and proposed land use in Bangalore

Land use

Proposed Land use

(2011) sq. km

Distribution

(%)

Existing Land

use (2003) sq.

km

Distribution

(%)

Residential 243.69 43.16 159.76 37.91

Commercial 16.43 2.91 12.83 3.04

Industrial 38.44 6.81 58.83 13.96

open spaces 77.88 13.79 13.10 3.11

public and semi

public uses

49.08 8.69 46.56 11.05

public utilities 0.00 2.49 0.59

offices and services 0.00 4.27 1.01

transport and

communication

116.97 20.72 88.31 20.96

Unclassified 22.14 3.92 35.26 8.37

Total 564.63 100.00 421.41 100.00

Agriculture 649.24

lake and tank 39.02

Quarry 9.61

Vacant 187.72

Total 1,307.00

Source: Master Plan by Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)

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Figure 5: shows existing land use pattern of Bangalore City (Source JNNURM

CDP for Bangalore)

It is to be noted that the Permissible land uses in residential

category are:

Plotted residential developments, villas, semi detached houses,

apartments, hostels, dharmashala, multi dwelling housing,

service apartments, group housing.

Permissible land uses in commercial category are:

All types of shops, markets, shopping complexes, offices, Hotels,

Convention centres, Cinema, Exhibition areas, Hospitals,

entertainment centres, banks, gyms etc (Reference Volume 3

Zoning Regulations of Revised master Plan 2015)

Permissible land uses in industrial category are:

House hold industry, light industries, heavy industries, service

industries like R&D labs, IT, BT, BPO activities, medium

industries (Reference Volume 3 Zoning Regulations of Revised

master Plan 2015)

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Figure 6: Shows proposed land use pattern of Bangalore City (Source JNNURM

CDP for Bangalore)

It is observed that both in existing and proposed land use

pattern residential buildings have the highest percentage inBangalore followed by transport, industrial, open spaces and

others.

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Chapter 3 Energy Scenario in Bangalore city

Bangalore was electrified in August 1905. In 1920, the power

consumption of Bangalore was 2.5MU and the maximum

demand was 100MW.As in any other developing city, energy demand in the city of Bangalore has been increasing every year.

Growth in industry, IT parks, research and education institutes,

housing and the salubrious climate of Bangalore has affected

power supply and its availability.

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is

responsible for power transmission in the Karnataka State.

The Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) is

responsible for power distribution in Bangalore Metropolitan

Area (Urban District). Data collected from BESCOM for total

demand of energy in Bangalore city in the FY 2008 is given

below.

Table 3: Monthly and annual electricity demand of Bangalore city in the FY 2008.

(Source BESCOM)

Months Total Demand in Bangalore

city (MkWh)

Demand Peak Load (MW)

January-08 680 1640

February-08 685 1655

March-08 725 1680

April-08 905 1661

May-08 905 1691June-08 822 1684

July-08 800 1634

August-08 736 1670

September-08 740 1693

October-08 736 1651

November-08 693 1633

December-08 738 1641

Total (Annual) 9165 19933

Table 4: Indicates the demand and distribution of power in Bangalore

Metropolitan Area (BMA) by various consumers in FY 2007 – 2008. (Source:BESCOM)

Building Categories Sales (MkWh) Percentage (%)

Residential 2684 32.8%

Commercial 2459 30%

Industrial 2425 29.6%

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Irrigation & Agriculture 69 0.8%

Water Supply / Street lighting 444 5.4%

Others 91 1.1%

Total 8172

3.1 Current Energy Consumption Analysis

As can be seen in the land use pattern, residential area ishighest in Bangalore city, and energy consumed by residential

area is also highest followed by commercial and industrial

sector.

However, it is important to observe that the intensity of power

consumed by commercial sector is much higher than any other

building sector. The intensity of energy usage /sq. km of built

up area in residential is 16kWh/m2, commercial has

159kWh/m2 and Industrial has 42kWh/m2. Thus it is very

important to attain energy efficient commercial buildings in the

city of Bangalore. Moreover, the commercial building area is

increasing every year in Bangalore, with more and more

buildings with high glazed area which are more energy intensive

than old office buildings.

To calculate the energy intensity of various building typologies

following data is used:

1. For residential buildings, from BDA total plot area under

residential land use was collected. This is 159.76 sq.kms.

Average FAR in Bangalore considered is 1. Therefore

total residential built up area is 159760m2

2. From BESCOM, electricity consumed from residential

area was collected. This is 2684 MU.

3. Thus annual energy intensity of residential buildings inBangalore city is = 2684*1000kWh/ 159760m2 = 16

kWh/m2

Following similar calculations for commercial and industrial

building sector it is found out that energy intensity for

commercial buildings is 159 kWh/m2/annum in Bangalore

and that for industrial is 42 kWh/m2/annum.

Thus developing regulations and guidelines for commercial

buildings will be a very important part of this project.

3.2 Current Practices to achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City

In order to meet the current energy demand of Bangalore

metropolitan and to reduce the gap between demand and

supply of power, KPTCL and BESCOM are establishing

infrastructure indicated in the 11th Five year Plan and are also

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upgrading operation and maintenance facilities. There are some

existing policies and programmes to achieve energy efficiency at

city level, state level and nation level. These are described

below.

Following are the energy efficiency measures taken at city level

1. AT&C losses are reduced

2. Integration of a few energy efficiency features in building

regulations of Bangalore.

3. Integration of few renewable energy features in building

regulations of Bangalore.

4. Existing electricity tariff plan, provides lower rate for

buildings that are more energy efficient than others.

5. Current some best design practices followed in Bangalore

city.

3.3 AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area

Data from BESCOM show significant reduction in Aggregate

Technical & Commercial (AT & C) losses in Bangalore city.

(Table 5)

Table 5: AT&C Losses in Bangalore Metropolitan Area (BMA)

Year AT & C Losses (%)

2003 – 04 14.14

2005 – 05 12.162005 – 06 12.20

2006 – 07 8.63

2007 – 08 9.85

3.4 Existing Energy Tariff

On analyzing the intensity of energy usage by various building

typologies, it is observed that though the residential areas have

highest energy sales, the intensity of energy demand /m2 is

lowest. In Bangalore intensity of energy usage /sq. m of built up

area in residential is 16kWh/m2, commercial has 159kWh/m2and Industrial has 42kWh/m2.

Thus, electricity tariffs in Bangalore are staggered such that

those individuals who use more energy per month pay higher

rates of energy tariff.

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This greatly incentivizes energy conservation, since electricity

bills will be significantly higher for buildings that use greater

amount of electricity.

Residences:

Tarif f Schedule LT-1 (Low Tension)

Applicable to - Installations serviced under Bhagyajyothi and Kutirajyothi (BJ/KJ) schemes, for

economically weaker section

Energy charges

(including recovery towards

service main charges)

355 paise per unit subject to a monthly minimum of Rs.30 per

installation per month

Tarif f Schedule LT-2(a)(i) (Low Tension)

Applicable to - For residences coming under the category other than the BJ/KJ schemes

For the first kW Rs 20/-Fixed charges per month

For every additional kW Rs 30/-

For the first 30 units185 paise/unit

For the next 70 units290 paise / unit

For the next 100 units360 paise/unit

For the next 100 units420 paise/unit

For the next 100 units 445 paise/ unit

Energy charges per month

For consumption exceeding 400 units 470 paise / unit

Tariff Schedule HT-4 (a) (High Tension)

Applicable to - Residential apartments and colonies availing power supply from H.T. line

Demand charges Rs.100/- per kVA of billing demand

Energy charges 330 paise/unit

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Institutes:

Tarif f Schedule LT-2(a)(i) (Low Tension)

Applicable to - Schools, Colleges, Educational institutions run by State/Central Govt.,/Local Bodies, for

Charitable Institutions and Hospital, Dispensaries, Health Centres and religious establishments run by

Charitable Institutions

For the first kW Rs 20/-Fixed charges per month

For every additional kW Rs 30/-

For the first 30 units 185 paise/unit

For the next 70 units 290 paise / unit

For the next 100 units 360 paise/unit

For the next 100 units 420 paise/unit

For the next 100 units 445 paise/ unit

Energy charges per month

For consumption exceeding 400 units 470 paise / unit

Tarif f Schedule LT-2(b) (Low Tension)

Applicable to - The installations of Private Professional and other private educational institutions including

aided, unaided institutions having only lighting or combined lighting & heating, and motive power

Fixed charges Rs.30 Per KW subject to a minimum of Rs.60 per month

For the first 100 units415 paise per unit

For the next 100 units465 paise per unit

For the next 200 units490 paise per unit

Energy charges

For the Balance units 525 paise per unit

Tariff Schedule HT-2(a)(i) (High Tension)

Applicable to - Universities, Educational Institutions belonging to Government, Local bodies, Aided

Institutions, Hostels of all Educational Institutions

Demand charges Rs.180/kVA of billing demand/month

For the first one lakh units 380 paise per unitEnergy Charges

For the balance units 430 paise per unit

Tarif f Schedule HT-2(b)(i) (High Tension)

Applicable to - Educational Institutions, Un-aided Educational Institutions other than those maintained by

Government and Local Bodies


For the first two lakh units 485 paise per unitEnergy Charges


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Offices:

Tarif f Schedule LT-3(i) (Low Tension)

Applicable to - All offices, Police Stations, Commercial Complexes, Information

Technology (IT) enabled services, I.T. based medical transcription centers

Fixed charges per month Fixed charges Rs. 35 per KW

For the first 50 units 505 paise/unitEnergy charges

For the Balance units 600 paise/unit

Demand based tariff (optional) where sanctioned load is above 5 KW but below 50 KW

Fixed charges Rs. 50 per KW

Energy charges As above

Tarif f Schedule LT-5(i) (Low Tension)

Applicable to - Heating & Motive power (including lighting) installations of Information Technology

industries engaged in development of hardware & Software

Fixed charges for 5 HP & belowi) Rs. 25 per HP

for above 5 HP & below 40 HPii) Rs. 30 per HP

for 40 HP & above but below 67

HP

iii) Rs. 40 per HP

for 67 HP & above iv) Rs. 110 per HP

Tariff Schedule HT-2(a)(i) (High Tension)

Applicable to - Information Technology Industries engaged in development of Hardware & Software


For the first one lakh units 380 paise per unitEnergy Charges


Tarif f Schedule HT-2(b)(i) (High Tension)

Applicable to - All offices, Banks, Commercial Multi-storied buildings, Information Technology (IT)

enabled services and I.T. based medical transcription centers


For the first two lakh units 485 paise per unitEnergy Charges


Note:

• High Tension Supply is applicable to Bulk Power Supply of Voltages of 11KV (including 2.3/4.6

KV) and above at Standard High Voltage or Extra High Voltages when the Contract Demand is

50 KW / 67 HP and above

• Low Tension Supply is applicable for 400 Volts Three Phase and 230Volts Single Phase Supply

• 100 paise = 1 Rs (Indian Rupee)

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3.5 Existing Building Practices in Bangalore

Practicing service consultants, architects and manufacturers from Bangalore city wereinterviewed to understand the existing building industry practices in the city of Bangalore. As summary of the interview from various stakeholders is described below:

Light ing Sys tem s:

Given below is the abstract of the discussions held with various

electrical consultants in conjunction with their past projects

related to designing lighting systems –

It has been found that the inefficient incandescent lamps which

were dominating the market across various sectors earlier are

rapidly phasing out and currently the lamps which are

predominantly installed are CFLs (Compact Fluorescent

Lamps) and TFLs (Tubular Fluorescent Lamps). Electronic

ballasts are also becoming more common now a day. Usage of highly efficient lamps such as T-5 is still very limited and that

too is confined to office spaces only. People still have the notion

that CFLs are the most energy efficient lamps. Lack of

awareness and technical knowledge among the client,

architects, vendors and the lighting consultants about the

efficient lighting systems is slowing down the transformation

from energy inefficient to energy efficient lighting solutions.

Only 20-25% of lighting consultants, actually understands the

energy efficiency in the lighting schemes, but then they too

don’t have their final say in the selection of luminaires and

lamps, as it is mostly decided by the architects and their

aesthetical perceptions.

Application of lighting controls such as dimmable ballasts,

occupancy sensors, and daylight sensors is catching up

gradually in IT (information technology), commercial and

hospitality buildings. Due to the higher initial investment,

which is about 20% higher in comparison, and longer payback

periods, lighting controls are not very popular in residential and

institutional building sectors. Also in a very few projects the

LCC (life cycle cost) analysis is carried out by the consultants. In

the absence of LCC analysis clients are not very keen and sure toopt for controls in the lighting scheme to save energy.

One of the major obstructions in achieving energy efficiency in

lighting systems which came up is the ownership rights of the

building. Most of the IT office buildings, commercial buildings

are leased out properties. Either the lighting systems come in a

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preinstalled package with the building or in a few cases the

tenant gets opportunity to install the lighting system himself. In

the first case the owner usually is not worried about the

operating costs of the building as it will be recovered from the

tenant so efficiency is no concern for them. In the second case

tenant opts for the efficient lighting systems only if there is

possibility of recovering the investment in their tenure-ship

period.

Also the marketing strategies of the manufacturers are not

focused on energy efficiency; hence the awareness and the

technical knowledge are not transferred from manufacturers to

the vendors, architect, consultants etc. It was suggested by the

consultants that energy star rating system for the lighting

fixtures should be in place to make it simpler for the buyers,

who without much of technical knowledge can also go for the

efficiency in lighting schemes.

Street lighting scheme in and around Bangalore city utilizes

high pressure sodium vapour lamps, metal halide lamps, which

have high efficacies and are integrated with the timer controls.

Also majority of the traffic signal lighting are integrated with

the solar photovoltaic.

Suggestions: Following are few suggestion made by the

consultants to achieve energy efficiency in the lighting system –

Sensitization workshops on energy efficient solutions should be

held to educate the clients so that they will start demanding

efficient solutions, as clients, in most of the cases are the final

decision making authorities.

Energy star rating of the lighting fixtures should be put in place, which will make it easier for non-technical people also to go for

energy efficiency.

There should be some baseline benchmarks in the building bye-

laws for efficiency in lighting systems pertaining to lamp

efficacies, ballasts, sensor applications etc.

So la r Ene r gy :

In the current scenario in Bangalore, solar energy is being

tapped for both thermal and electricity generation applications.

Thermal application of solar energy is quite popular and in

great demand in the city as Bangalore being located in moderate

climate zone has a huge demand of hot water during early hours

of the day through out the year. Also the recovery period on the

investment is shorter for solar thermal application due to higher

efficiencies. There are almost 90-100 manufacturers in and

around Bangalore who produces solar water heating systems.

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On the other hand electricity generation from solar photovoltaic

requires high initial investments and with longer pay back

periods, it is currently installed in very selective projects only.

Bui ld i ng m a t e r i a l s and a r ch i t ec t u r a l de s i gn s t r a t eg i es :

Given below is the abstract of few discussions held with various

architects and manufacturers working in and around Bangalore

for quite a long time –

Commonly used building materials in Bangalore city, under

various categories, are as follows –

W a l ls : Bricks, Solid Concrete Blocks (used in almost 60% of

the construction works), Hollow Concrete Blocks, Hollow Clay

Blocks, Glass as in structural glazing (all the IT buildings and

commercial buildings) etc

W i ndows / Gl az i ng :

R es id en t ia l S ect o r – In residential sector buildings, single

glazed windows along with clear glass is in common practice.

Some people also go for tinted glass with various shades with an

objective to change the mood of the space and to maintain

visual privacy from outside. Glass and frame selection are not

guided by the thermal properties in this sector. Usage of double

glazing in this sector is miniscule.

Co m m e r c ia l S e ct o r – In Commercial sector only in 25% of

the cases double glazing with high performance glass is

installed. Out of the rest 75%, in 80% cases it is single glazing

and 20% it is double glazing with normal tinted glass. Single

glazing consists of 70% clear glass and 30% shaded glass. Glass

selection criteria is mostly governed by the virtue of providing

the inside view of the space from outside. In very few shopping

malls the client have put up reflective glasses with better

thermal properties but double glazing is still not in practice

across the sector.

O f f ice B u i ld in g s – Most of the IT office buildings located in

Bangalore are installed with double glazed windows

R o o fs : RCC (reinforced cement concrete) is very commonly

used in roofs, hollow clay blocks along with the RCC is alsopracticed. Provision of providing light colour reflective coating

or surfaces to reflect back the solar radiation on the roof top is

not in use.

F lo o rs : Vitrified tiles, locally available granite, marble etc.

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Selection of the building materials is mostly governed by initial

costs, availability, aesthetical appearance, and the longevity of

the material. Thermal properties such as conductance, SHGC

(solar heat gain coefficient) and U value (overall heat transfer

coefficient) of the material are not very popular terms in the

market and only a handful of architect actually give them

priority while selecting the materials. Material selection is more

of a way of expressing the architectural style for architects. Lack

of awareness and technical knowledge of the material propertiesis quite a hindrance in constructing energy efficient buildings,

as it’s a well known fact that building skin plays a major role in

deciding the cooling or heating demand of any building.

Bangalore being located in the moderate climate zone has got a

huge potential in achieving energy efficiency in building sector

by utilizing the solar passive building design techniques to

achieve thermal and visual comfort in the built environment

and reducing it’s dependency on the active systems. For almost

nine months, during a year, weather is very pleasant in the city

and natural ventilation is sufficient to maintain the required

thermal comforts. There are architects who are incorporating

solar passive design techniques in their projects, but as a whole,

the quantum of such work, is not much reflected on the city

scale. In small scale projects the climate responsive design is

much more reflected than in the large scale projects developed

by leading builders.

One of the key reasons behind it is that the western building

style and material practices, dominates in majority of the

projects in this rapidly growing IT city of India. Client like

MNCs and other Corporates seeks similar kind of structures, i.e.

all glazed facades, built in US and European countries. Otherpossible reason for providing glazing on the entire facade on

each side of the building can be seen as a result of occupying of

one floor by 3-4 clients and each of them asks for a view from

the builder. In that case to increases the saleability of their

property builders usually provides glazing on all the facades.

Positive side of the coin is that there are few corporates and

their number is increasing gradually who proactively

approaches all the leading manufacturers and consultants to

adopt best available energy efficiency solutions in their

upcoming projects.

Energy efficiency is not a very common topic of discussion in

the meetings held between client, architect, and various

consultants such as HVAC, electrical, plumbing etc. Hardly

there exists any iterative design process where inputs of various

consultants and architect are incorporated in the designs and

reworked to achieve energy efficiency. In absence of energy

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modelling in most of the projects, clients are not aware of the

operating costs of the building and they end up paying huge

energy bills.

In the residential building sector, builders do not feel

themselves accountable for the energy performance

benchmarks of a building, as they are not the end users. Also

there are no existing energy performance benchmarks for the

buildings in the bye-laws.

S u g g e s t i o n s : Following are few suggestions by the

manufacturers and architects to achieve energy efficiency in

buildings in Bangalore city –

1. Cool roof and green roof concept should be introduced in

the bye-laws

2. Baseline should be established to define minimum daylight

levels to be achieved in all the spaces considering the

Bangalore climatic conditions.3. Usage of unnecessary glass needs to be curbed down in the

upcoming structures.

4. Manufacturer needs to get their materials/products tested

in the certified laboratories and should put all the required

properties of the materials in front of the buyers and help

them choosing better performing materials to achieve

energy efficiency.

5. It was also suggested that embodied energy data for various

materials should be available to everybody.

6. Energy star rating of buildings which will guide the users

about the energy performance of the building once it is fully

occupied should be placed in bye-laws to make it easy for

non-technical people also to go for energy efficient

buildings.

HVAC (He at ing Vent i la t ion a nd Ai r Cond i t ion ing)

Given below is a summary of interview taken with one of the

oldest and most renowned HVAC consultant in Bangalore city.

Earlier in Bangalore city all the centralised HVAC systems were

water cooled systems. When market for centralized air

conditioning grew, and scarcity of water increased anddesigners started selecting air cooled chillers. When energy

crisis occurred, people again preferred water cooled condensers.

Nowadays in the city of Bangalore hybrid systems are most

common which use a combination of water cooled and air

cooled chillers. Air cooled chillers in Bangalore are

comparatively efficient than in other cities in India with

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predominant hot and dry climate, this is due to favourable

ambient conditions in Bangalore.

In day use building, consultants are using chillers to produce ice

in the night which can then be used for cooling during day time.

Suggest ion

Indirect evaporative cooling is not common in Bangalore, this

should be practiced more to provide cooling effect near to airconditioning.

It was also suggested that metering from different kind of

consumptions in buildings should be made mandatory as part

of building regulations.

3.6 Existing Commercial & Residential Building Energy Audit data fromBangalore city

The energy audits of buildings in Bangalore have shown very

different energy consumption patterns depending upon the

design and construction of the building. Audit of old

commercial buildings with no integration of energy efficiency

features have predicted very high Energy Performance Index

(EPI) in the range of 300 kWh/m2/annum. Energy audit of

ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) compliant

buildings have shown an EPI in the range of 150

kWh/m2/annum. Energy audit of some solar passive buildings

designed in Bangalore city have shown EPI as low as

75Kwh/m2/annum.

Bangalore city falls under Moderate climate zone of India, and

hence the outside weather conditions are very favourable for

naturally ventilated buildings. Integration of solar passivearchitecture techniques and natural ventilation to achieve

thermal comfort in commercial buildings can reduce

dependence on air conditioning thus resulting in lower EPI or

lower energy consumption by the building.

The solar passive building audited in Bangalore had all

circulation areas, reception, dinning hall naturally ventilated

which helped reduce annual energy consumption while

maintaining the required thermal comfort.

Energy audit reports of residential buildings in Bangalore show

different trend in different seasons of the year. The average

house hold electricity consumption in respect to refrigerators

and air conditioners in various seasons in Bangalore city is

given below:

Household Avg. Energy Consumption (kWh)

Autumn Winter Spring Summer

Bangalore 237.7 218.9 233.5 252.0

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Chapter 4, Existing Policies and Regulations in Bangalore and at

Nation level in India to achieve Energy Efficiency & Integrate

Renewable Energy in Buildings

License is required from Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike

(BBMP), if a person intends to erect or re-erect a building or

make material alterations.

Following are the existing building bye laws in Bangalore city to

integrate energy efficiency/ sustainability measures:

1. While granting license, the Authority imposes a condition

that at least two trees are grown in the sites where the site

area exceeds 200 sq.mt. in the interest of improving the

environment of the area.

2.

Open spaces: Every room intended for human habitationshall abut on an interior or exterior open space or open

verandah open to such interior or exterior open space. This

has been integrated to achieve natural ventilation and

natural daylight, the regulations specify proper design of

ventilation and lighting system in all habitable and

basement areas, mezzanine floor etc. Minimum aggregate

area of openings excluding doors shall not be less than 1/6th

of the floor area in the case of residential buildings. In the

case of other public buildings like business houses,

educational buildings, offices, institutional and hospital

buildings, the minimum aggregate area of openings shall be

not less than 1/5th of the floor area. The area of openingsshall be increased by 25% in the case of kitchen. No portion

of the room shall be assumed to be lighted if it is more than

7.5 m from the opening. Though this clause has been

integrated in the building bye laws, it is felt that this is not

enough to integrate daylight and to achieve reduction in

electricity consumption due to efficient window design.

3. Exterior open spaces/ set backs, coverage, floor area ratio,

numbers of floors and heights - The set backs required on

all the sides of building/s, maximum plot coverage,

maximum FAR, maximum number of floors, maximum

height of buildings that are permissible for different

dimensioned sites and widths of roads are set out in Tables

4, 5 and 6 given below. This has also been integrated to

achieve natural daylight and ventilation in buildings.

However, these set backs and height restrictions need to be

evaluated for their performance.

4. The Bangalore building codes include specific regulations

for multi-storeyed residential buildings, group housing, row

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housing projects and more of which are being constructed

in BBMP area. Such regulations require significant open

space (not less than ½ the building’s height between

structures).Road width for different heights of buildings are

also specified.

5. Solar water heating and solar lighting to be provided for

various building typologies is recommended in the building

bye laws. The bye laws provide recommendation onquantity of hot water required by different building

typologies, based on the size of construction.

6. Solar photovoltaic lights are required to be installed in multi

unit residential buildings for lighting the set backs,

driveways and internal corridor lights. However, these are

not mandatory clauses.

4.1 Analysis

It is observed that in the current building bye laws of Bangalore,

except some clauses which aim to achieve natural light and

ventilation in all habitable spaces, there are no clauses as such

to achieve energy efficient buildings in the city. Currently there

are no benchmarks of energy consumption for different building

typologies in Bangalore city. Development of Energy

Performance Benchmarks is very crucial to attain energy

efficiency in building sector.

There are two ways to achieve energy efficiency in Bangalore

metropolitan:

1. Create awareness among architects and independent

builders regarding energy efficient design principles.

2. Integration of energy efficiency requirements, benchmarks and renewable energy within the existing

building codes of Bangalore.

Also, currently the building bye laws of Bangalore do not

integrate ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) framed by

BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency), Ministry of Power, Govt. of

India. The code needs to be integrated to achieve energy

efficiency in the city.

The building bye laws can also integrate some features of

National Green Building Rating System “GRIHA”. This will

further help to achieve energy efficient and sustainable

buildings in Bangalore city.

Recommendations to integrate these standards in the building

bye laws of Bangalore will be a part of this project. Some

international best practices which could be adopted in

Bangalore will also be explored.

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Thus, there is a need to create guidelines, regulation, to achieve

energy efficient buildings, which can be integrated within the

existing building bye laws. These regulations will be supported

by lifecycle cost analysis for easier implementation.

Table 6: Exterior Open Space/ Setbacks in Metres for Residential, Commercial

Public and Semi-Public, Traffic and Transportation and Public Utility Buildings Up

to 9.5 metres. in Height (Source: Bangalore Building Bye Laws 2003)

Abréviations T & T = Trafic & Transportation, P.U. = Public utility

Table 7: Building Bye-Laws – 2003 Exterior open spaces/set backs for

Residential, Commercial public and Semi-public, Traffic & Transportation, Public

utility buildings above 9.5 mts. in height (Source: Bangalore Building Bye Laws

2003)

SL. No Height of Building in metres. Exterior open spaces / set-backs

to be left on all sides (Front, Rear

and Sides) in metres.

1 Above 9.5 upto 12 4.5

2 Above 12 upto 15 5.0





7 Above 27 upto 30 10.0

8 Above 30 upto 35 11.0

9 Above 35 upto 40 12.0

10 Above 40 upto 45 13.0

11 Above 45 upto 50 14.0

12 Above 50 16.0

Depth of

site in

mtrs.

Residential Commercial T& T.P.U. &

Public and Semi-

Public

Residential Commercial T & T.P.U. &

Public and

Semi Public

Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear

Width of

site in

mtrs.

Left Right Left Right Left Right

Upto 6 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.50 - Upto 6 - 1.00 - - - 1.50

Over 6

upto 9

1.00 1.00 1.50 - 1.50 1.50 Over 6

upto 9

1.00 1.00 - 1.50 1.50 1.50

Over 9

upto 12

1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 3.00 1.50 Over 9

upto 12

1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.50

Over 12

upto 18

3.00 1.50 3.00 1.50 3.00 1.50 Over 12

upto 18

1.50 3.00 1.50 3.00 2.00 3.00

Over 18

upto 24

4.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 4.50 2.00 Over 18

upto 24

2.50 3.50 2.50 4.00 3.00 3.00

Over 24 5.00 3.50 4.50 3.00 6.00 3.00 Over 24 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.50 3.50 4.50

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Table 8: Coverage far for Residential, Commercial, Public and Semi-public,

Traffic & Transportation and public utility building (Source: Bangalore Building

Bye Laws 2003)

Residential Commercial Public & Semi Public

T&T & Public Utilities

Plot Area

in Sq. mts.

Plot

Coverage

Max.

F.A.R

Max.

Plot

Coverage

Max.

F.A.R

Max.

Plot

Coverage

Max.

F.A.R

Max.

Road width

(Mtrs)

A – Intensely Developed Area

Upto 240 65% 0.75 65% 1.00 60% 1.00 Upto 6

Over 240

Upto 500

60% 0.75 60% 1.00 55% 1.00 Over 6 upto 9

Over 500

Upto 750

60% 1.00 60% 1.25 50% 1.00 Over 9 upto 12

Over 750

Upto 1000

60% 1.00 60% 1.25 50% 1.25 Over 12 upto 15

Over 1000 60% 1.25 55% 1.50 45% 1.25 Over 15B – Moderately Developed Area

Upto 240 65% 1.00 65% 1.25 60% 1.00 Upto 9

Over 240

Upto 500

60% 1.25 60% 1.50 55% 1.25 Over 9 upto 12

Over 500

Upto 750

60% 1.25 60% 1.50 50% 1.25 Over 12 upto 15

Over 750

Upto 1000

60% 1.50 60% 1.75 50% 1.50 Over 15 upto 18

Over 1000 60% 1.75 55% 1.75 45% 1.50 Over 18

C- Sparsely Developed Area

Upto 240 65% 1.00 65% 1.25 60% 1.25 Upto 9

Over 240

Upto 500

60% 1.25 60% 1.50 55% 1.50 Over 9 upto 12

Over 500

Upto 750

60% 1.50 60% 1.75 50% 1.50 Over 12 upto 15

Over 750

Upto 1000

60% 1.50 60% 1.75 50% 1.80 Over 15 upto 18

Over 1000 60% 2.00 55% 2.00 45% 1.80 Over 18

4.2 Renewable Energy Integration at Karnataka State level

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INDIA is the only country in the world having separate Ministry

for development of renewable energy sources in the world.

Ministry of New and Renewable Sources of Energy (MNRE),

New Delhi is the Secretariat for promoting renewable energy

sources in the country. MNRE forms different National

Programmes to mainstream renewable energy sources in each

state in the country. These are canalized through state nodal

agencies.

Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd. (KREDL) is the

state nodal agency of MNRE in Karnataka.

KREDL is currently promoting projects to harness energy from

wind, small hydro, solar energy, biomass and energy recovery

from waste through private investment. KREDL advices

Government of Karnataka for policies to be adopted to ensure

systematic growth of projects for harnessing energy from

renewable energy sources.

One of the National Programmes of MNRE is Solar Photovoltaic

(SPV) Programme, under which MNRE is providing subsidy

and other facilities to encourage the use of solar energy devices.

This programme is being channelized in Karnataka by KREDL.

It is est im ated th at in the Moderate clim ate zone of Bangalor e,

the households consume nearly 200 0M W of energy in the

m orning hou rs for heating wa ter alone. Extensive uses of solar

w ater heaters in Bang alore can a lone save m uch electrical

energy w hich could then be used for the indu strial activity

currently being affected by shortage of power.

Po t en t i a l fr om wi nd en e r gy in Ka r na t aka a t s t a t e l eve l

i s a s s e s s ed t o be 1662 M W .

Kar n a t aka Power Cor p o r a t ion L i m i t ed ( KPCL) ha s

es tab l i shed ava i lab i l ity of 700 MW of sm al l hydr o

power p o t en t i a l i n Ka r na t aka S t a t e . Currently more than

450 Million Units of electrical energy has been generated from

small hydro power projects in the state.

Biom as s i s a ls o one o f t he r enewab l e s ou r ce o f ene r gy

and b i om as s p ower p r o j ec t o f 81M W h ave been

com m i s s ioned i n Ka r na t a ka St a t e .

In the city of Bangalore, BESCOM purchases power from

various sources. Table below shows power purchased by

BESCOM from various sources, including Renewable Energy.

Table 9: Power purchased by BESCOM from various sources, including

Renewable Energy (Source: BESCOM)

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Energy Purchased in MUSN SOURCE

2007-08 2008-09

1 Hydel Power 6395 5761

2 Thermal Power 8798 9048

3 Lignite Power 1269 1108

4 Atomic Energy 327 343

5 Conventional Energy 662 574

6 Non-Conventional Energy 457 305

7 Wind Mill Energy 1292 1438

8 Diesel Generating 2006 4435

9 UI Charges 384 695

10 Short term Open Access Charges 39 723

TOTAL 19834 200435

It is seen in the above table, that renewable energy also holds a

high percentage in the electricity purchased by BESCOM. This is

very good; however, this is at the central level, there is a hugepotential which need to be explored to integrate renewable

energy at individual building level in Bangalore city. This

project will frame such guidelines, policies for integration of

renewable energy at individual building level.

4.3 Energy Conservation Policies at National level

Energy the lifeline of mankind is a vital input for economic

growth. The energy consumption in India is about 3% of global

total. The demand of electricity in country has been growing at

the rate of 7 to 8% annually. The need of energy conservation inIndia assumes a greater significance because of increasing gap

between demand and supply.

There are few incentives and policies at National, level that are

applicable for buildings in Bangalore city. But these are not

enough to achieve Bangalore as an energy efficient sustainable

city.

4.3.1 Voluntary guidelines – ECBC

The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is a national

voluntary guideline for designing more energy efficient

buildings.

It is applicable for commercial buildings with connected load

demand above 500KW. The code recommends efficiency for

heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system,

building envelope performance, interior and exterior lighting

systems, hot water provision, electrical power and motors.

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While the ECBC is a voluntary code that any building can

choose to meet, Bangalore currently has no provision for

mandating or encouraging voluntary adoption of ECBC

guidelines.

4.3.2 National Building Code

While the National Building Code is not integrated with the

Energy Conservation Building Code, it does incorporate some

aspects of energy conservation and energy efficiency both

through design, materials choices, and construction practices,

though few of these are actually mandatory.

In particular, the National Building Code is referred with

respect to artificial lighting, natural ventilation and air

conditioning. However, it needs to be checked if these

requirements are being followed and if building control

authorities are checking for compliance when plans are

submitted for building permission.

4.3.3 Energy labelling of appliancesThe Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under Ministry of Power

(MoP), has several programs to set labels and energy efficient

standards for refrigerators, air conditioners, motors and other

appliances. Energy labelling on voluntary basis for refrigerators

and tubular fluorescent lighting was launched in 2006. Labelled

products have been in the market since 2006.

4.3.4 The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)MoEF has established mandatory norms and standards for

environmental clearance of large construction projects. All new

construction projects are appraised on the basis of the norms

and standards by both the Expert Appraisal Committees (EACs)

at MoEF and State Expert Appraisal Committees (SEACs) at the

State/ UT level. The EACs/ SEACs grade the projects as

Platinum (90-100 points), Gold (80-89 points), Silver (60-79

points) and Bronze (40-59 points), depending on the points

achieved. The detailed criteria for gradation and the expected

performance standard are provided in the manual. The State

Pollutions Control Boards verify the compliance of the

Environmental Management Plan and the observance of the

criteria of gradation by the project proponents.

4.3.5 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)MNRE initiated several programmes focusing on the utilization

of renewable energy sources in buildings. The MNRE has a solar

buildings programme that provides financial support for the

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design and construction of energy efficient and solar passive

buildings.

The MNRE has launched and incentivised GRIHA (Green

Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) as a national rating

system.

4.3.6 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)Endorsed by the MNRE, GRIHA is a five star rating system for

green buildings which stresses on passive solar techniques foroptimizing indoor visual and thermal comfort. In order to

address energy efficiency, GRIHA encourages optimisation of

building design to reduce conventional energy demand and

further optimise energy performance of the building within

specified comfort limits. A building is assessed on its predicted

performance over its entire life cycle from inception through

operation.

GRIHA integrates all relevant Indian codes and standards for

buildings and acts as a tool to facilitate implementation of the

same.

4.3.7 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Mission onSustainable Habitats

As a response to combat the impacts of climate change, the

Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change has released

India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) on

June 30, 2008. The NAPCC, along with its eight missions 1,

serves as the first country-wide framework on climate change

with the approval and support of the Government of India.

These eight NAPCC missions map out long term and integrated

strategies to achieve key national goals from the climate change

perspective. The NAPCC identifies measures that promotedevelopment objective of the country while producing co-

benefits that address climate change effectively.

The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat comprises three

components, namely,

• Promoting energy efficiency in the residential and

commercial sector

• Management of municipal solid wastes, and

• Promotion of urban public transport

In an attempt to promote energy in the residential and

commercial sectors, the mission emphasises on the extension of

the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), use of energy

1 The eight missions of the NAPCC are:National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on SustainableHabitat, National Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, NationalMission for a Green India, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, and National Mission for StrategicKnowledge for Climate Change

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efficient appliances and creation of mechanisms that would help

finance demand side management.

In essence, the NAPCC gives a further boost to exiting initiatives

on green and energy efficient buildings and construction in

India.

4.3.8 Scheme for star rating of office buildingsIn order to accelerate the Energy Efficiency activities in

commercial buildings, the Bureau of Energy efficiency (BEE)

has developed the scheme for star rating of buildings. The

programme is based on actual performance of the building, in

terms of specific energy usage (in kWh/sq m/year) with the

following highlights:

• The Programme would rate office buildings on a 1-5 star

scale, with 5-Star labelled buildings being the most energy

efficient.

• Initially, the programme shall target the following 3 climaticzones for air-conditioned and non- air-conditioned office

buildings;

o Warm and Humid

o Composite

o Hot and Dry

However, shall subsequently be extended to other climatic

zones and building types.

• Energy Performance Index (EPI) in kWh / sq m/ year is

considered for rating the building. Bandwidths for Energy

Performance Index for different climatic zones have been

developed based on percentage air-conditioned space. For

example buildings in composite climate zone like New Delhi

with air conditioned area greater than 50% of the built up

area, the bandwidths of EPI range is between 190-90

kWh/sq m/year. Thus, a building would get a 5-Star rating if

the EPI falls below 90kWh/sq m/year and 1 Star if it is

between 165-190 kWh/sq m/year.

• Similarly for buildings in warm and humid climatic zone like

Chennai, the bandwidths of EPI range between 200-100

kWh/sq m/year. The building shall get a 5-Star rating if its

EPI is below 100 kWh/sq m/year and 1 Star if it is between

200-175 kWh/sq m/year.

• For buildings with air conditioned area less than 50% of their built up area, in a composite climatic zone, the

bandwidths of EPI range between 80-40 kWh/sq m/year.

Similarly for buildings in warm and humid climatic zone like

Chennai, have bandwidths of EPI ranging between 85-45

kWh/sq m/year.

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• The Star rating Programme provides public recognition to

energy efficient buildings, and creates a “demand side” pull

for such buildings. Buildings with a connected load of 500

kW are considered for BEE star rating scheme.

• EPI is kWh/sq.mt/year in terms of purchased & generated

electricity divided by built up area in sq.mt. However the

total electricity does not include electricity generated from

on-site renewable sources such as solar photovoltaic etc.

4.4 Key Issues & Concerns

Some of the key issues and concerns which have come forward

in this report are mentioned below:

1. Bangalore Metropolitan is no more a small city, it has

extended its limits to 1353 sq. kms integrating the

neighbouring CMCs and TMC. Thus the results of this

project will be integrated in the entire Bangalore

Metropolitan Area which covers an area of 1353 sq.kms.

2. Majority of Bangalore’s energy consumption is used by

residential sector followed by commercial and industrial.

3. While the commercial sector uses less energy than the

residential, the commercial sector is much more energy

intensive, in terms of kWh/m2. Thus, improving energy

efficiency of commercial and industrial buildings will be

very important in Bangalore city.

4. Implementation of ECBC, GRIHA and other efficient

designs is very limited in Bangalore. Very few builders &

architects construct energy efficient buildings. Infactdesigners do not refer also to the ECBC code. In terms of

energy efficiency or sustainability the only common

practice is solar water heaters and rain water harvesting

in the city of Bangalore.

5. Bangalore due to its Moderate climate zone, can easily

achieve energy efficiency, however, these policies and

guidelines need to be developed.

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Chapter 5 International Case Studies

Seven countries were selected to study their existing building

regulations and policies to integrate energy efficiency. These are

United Kingdom (UK), Singapore, Australia, Ireland, Japan,

Netherlands, Sweden. This chapter briefly describes theimportant features learnt from the international case studies.

5.1 United Kingdom Regulatory Framework

There are 4 parts of to the UK building regulations relating to

energy, L1A for new dwellings, L1B for refurbished dwellings,

L2A for new non dwellings, L2B for refurbishments of non

dwellings.

There are certain common criteria which are followed in all the

above mentioned regulations. These are:

1. Criterion 1: The calculated Building CO2 Emission Rate

(BER) for the building as constructed must not be greater

than the Target Emission Rate (TER), procedure for which

is defined in the regulations.

For individual dwellings < 450sqm - The Standard

Assessment Procedure for the Energy Rating of Dwellings

(SAP 2005) has to be used

For individual dwelling > 450sqm and non dwellings - The

Government’s Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM) or

using an Approved Dynamic Simulation Model (DSM)

software packages have to be used.

2. Criterion 2: The performance of building fabric, ventilation,

cooling, heating, lighting, hot water system should be better

than the efficiencies recommended by regulations and

standards.

3. Criterion 3: Those parts of the building which are not

provided with comfort cooling systems have appropriate

passive control measures to limit solar gains.

4. Criterion 4(Quality of construction and commissioning):

The dwelling should be constructed and equipped such that

the performance is consistent with the predicted DER

(Dwelling Emission Rate) or BER (Building Emission Rate).

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5. Criterion 5 (providing information): Necessary provisions to

be made to enable energy efficient operation of the building.

For Residential building typology, weather new construction or

existing construction applying for refurbishments, following is

the summary of regulations to be followed:

Subm ission of Energy Perform ance Certificate is a must

The performance of the building fabric and the fixed buildingservices should be better than set in the standards. This is

intended to place limits on design flexibility to discourage

excessive and inappropriate trade off e.g. buildings with poor

insulation standards offset by renewable energy systems with

uncertain service lines.

There are set minimum energy performance requirements for

new buildings, in the form of target CO2 emission rates. (arising

from heating, hot water, ventilation and lighting.) The predicted

rate of CO2 emissions from a new dwelling should not be

greater than the Target Emission Rate (TER, which is

determined by the procedures set out in the building

regulations.

TER is the minimum energy performance requirement. It is the

mass of CO2 emitted per year per square meter of useful floor

area of the building (Kg/m2/year).the procedure used to

calculate or the software used has to be shown as part of

submission.

A final calculation of DER is carried out to reflect any changes

in performance between design and construction and to

demonstrate that the building as constructed meets the TER.

There is a limit on design flexibility in order to achieve the TER.

Building envelope needs to be much better than the standards

in order to achieve the TER. Thus the U value of building

envelope has to better than the standards.

Standards and guidelines for air permeability, limiting thermal

bridging and air leakage need to be followed. Air pressure tests

and commissioning are carried out for each new dwelling

constructed. This is not applicable for non ac buildings in

Bangalore, but could be adopted for A/C buildings.

Efficien cy of ho t w at er sy st em appliance a re recom m en ded

Fixed air conditioners should have an energy efficiency

classification equal to or better than the regulations.

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Fixed internal lighting fittings will show compliance to the

regulations on providing lighting fixtures that only take lamps

with luminous efficacy more than 40lumen per circuit Watt.

Circuit Watt means the power consumed in lighting circuits by

lamps, their associate gear and power factor correction

equipment.

For external lighting the regulation suggests either lamp

capacity should be less than 150W per lighting fitting and the

light should automatically switch off when there is enough

daylight, or lamps having an efficacy of more than 40lumens

per circuit Watt should be used.

As per the standards for new dwelling, provision should be

made to limit the internal temperature rise due to solar gains.

This can be done by an appropriate combination of window size

and orientation, solar protection through shading and other

solar control measures, ventilation (day and night) and high

thermal capacity. There are procedures which help designers tocheck whether solar gains are in excess or in control.

There is a code of practice for day lighting which gives guidance

on maintaining adequate levels of day lighting. The regulations

demand a balance between daylight and solar gain. The building

regulations do not specify minimum daylight requirements,

however, reducing window area produces conflicting impacts on

the predicted CO2 emissions: reduced solar gains but increased

use of electric lighting.

To demonstrate appropriate construction procedures are

followed, a report demonstrating the construction checklist is

submitted.

The owner of the building should be provided be provided by

sufficient information about the building and its maintenance

requirements, so that the building is operated in such a manner,

so as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the

circumstances. This information is a part of the H o m e

In fo r m a t io n Pa ck .

An energy rating has to be prepared and fixed in a conspicuous

place in the dwelling. The calculations are carried out accordingto the approved procedures.

Ther e i s a s epa r a t e r egu l a t ion f o r power and fue l

conser va t ion in ex i s t in g dwel lings . This i s known as

L1B.

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The Secretary of State approves methodology of calculation of

energy performance of buildings. This is achieved in the form of

target CO2 emission rates. When a building is erected it should

not exceed its target CO2 emission rate. This applies to an

existing building, where the useful floor area is more than

1000m2, where the proposed building work includes an

extension or an increase in the installed capacity of a fixed

building service, change of material in an existing dwelling, or

change of function.

Most of the regulations defined in new dwellings, is applicable

for existing buildings also. Following is the summary of

regulations for existing dwellings:

The person, who is carrying out the work, shall provide to the

local authority a notice which specifies:

The target CO2 emission rate for the building,

The calculated CO2 emission rate of the building as constructed.

There is a restriction on the area of windows, roof windows and

doors, such that the sum of these does not exceed 25% of the

extension floor area.

There are guidelines for Heating and lighting in the extension

areas. The area weighted u value of all the elements in the

extension should not be greater than the recommended values.

There are U values recommended for all the building envelope

parts including, walls, roof, floor, windows, roof windows and

doors.

If in the existing dwelling, there is an extension of heating orhot water system, it is required that the equipment should be

installed with efficiencies recommended in Standards. The aim

is to discourage an existing appliance being replacement by a

significantly less carbon efficient one.

The heating and hot water systems should be commissioned, so

that at completion, the system and the controls are working in

order and can operate efficiently to conserve power and fuel.

Heating is not prominent in Bangalore, however, it would be

very essential to add the clause of commissioning of all

commercial buildings in Bangalore, and that the commissioning

certificate to be attached with completion certificate.

Efficiency/ energy performance of mechanical ventilation

systems is defined in the regulation. For a fixed household air

conditioner, it is required to provide a unit equal or better than

those specified under the labelling scheme.

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Efficient electric lighting to be achieved by selection of lamps

such that luminous efficacy is greater than 40 lumens per circuit

watt. Circuit Watt means power consumed in lighting circuits,

by lamps and their control gears, and associated power factor

correction equipment.

For external lighting, efficiency to be achieved by use of lamp

that should not exceed 150Watt per light fitting. Lights should

automatically switch off when there is daylight. Lighting fittings

should have sockets that can only be used with lamps having an

efficacy more than 400 lumens per circuit Watt.

The building fabric should be constructed, so that there are no

avoidable thermal bridges in the insulation layers caused by

gaps. Reasonable provisions are also required to reduce

unwanted air leakage through new envelope parts. Up gradation

of thermal building elements, should be upgraded such that

technically and functionally it is feasible with a simple pay back

period of no greater than 15 years.

As in case of new dwellings, on completion of work, the owner

of the dwelling should be provided with sufficient information

about the building and its maintenance requirements, such that

the building is operated in such a manner, so that it does not

consume more power and fuel that reasonable. This has to be a

part of H o m e In fo r m a t io n Pa ck .

B u ild in g r eg u la t io n fo r Co n se r v a t io n o f fu e l a n d

p o w er fo r n ew b u ild in g s o t h er th a n d w e lli n g s is L 2 A

The Secretary of State approves methodology of calculation of

energy performance of buildings. This is achieved in the form of

target CO2 emission rates. When a building is erected it should

not exceed its target CO2 emission rate. Person who is carrying

out the work should submit to the local authority a notice

specifying:

The target CO2 emission rate for the building, and

The calculated CO2 emission rate for the building as

constructed.

Building emission Rate (BER) submission should be

accompanied by report, signed by a qualified person, detailinghow the emission factors have been derived.

As explained earlier, the five criterions are applicable for all

other buildings also other than dwellings.

These are explained below:

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1. Criterion 1: The calculated Building CO2 Emission Rate

(BER) for the building as constructed must not be greater

than the Target Emission Rate (TER), procedure for which

is defined in the regulations.

2. Criterion 2: The performance of building fabric,

ventilation, cooling, hating, lighting, hot water system

should be better than the efficiencies recommended by

regulations and standards.Limits for air permeability allowed are also mentioned.

In buildings with a total useful area more than 1000m2,

automatic meter reading and data collection facilities

should be provided.

Energy meters to be installed at various end use categories

(heating, lighting, etc) which contribute 90% of annual

energy consumption.

Efficiencies of heating, cooling, mechanical ventilation,

hot water system to be met as per the regulations.

The Air Handling Units should be capable to achieve a

s p e c if ic f a n p o w e r at 25% of design flow rate no greater

than that achieved at 100% design flow rate.

Ventilation system fans rated at more than 1100Watt, to

be equipped with variable speed drives.

In office, industrial and storage areas, lighting to be

provided with average initial efficacy of not less than 45

Luminaire - lumen per circuit Watt. In all other spaces,

average initial (100 hours) lamp efficacy should not be less

than 50 lamp lumen / circuit Watt. There are guidelines to

integrate lighting controls for energy conservation.

3. Criterion 3: Those parts of the building which are not

provided with comfort cooling systems have appropriatepassive control measures to limit solar gains.

4. Criterion 4(Quality of construction and commissioning):

Performance of the building as built is consistent with that

predicted in BER. Procedures and documents have to be

submitted to local authorities to ensure that this criterion

is met.

The building envelope should be constructed of a

reasonable quality such that the insulation is reasonably

continuous and air permeability is maintained. All

buildings that are not dwellings are subject to pressure

tests to check the air permeability of building envelope.

The person carrying out work shall provide a notice

confirming that the fixed building services have been

commissioned as per the approved procedures.

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5. Criterion 5 (providing information): Necessary provisions

to be made to enable energy efficient operation of the

building.

The owner of the building should be provided with

sufficient information about the building, the fixed

building services, and their maintenance requirements, so

that the building can be operated in such a manner so as

to conserve maximum fuel and power.

5.2 Singapore Regulations and Energy efficiency

Within the Building Regulations of Singapore, there are

separate sections for lighting, ventilation and energy efficiency

which outline requirements to be met by new buildings in

Singapore. These are summarized below.

1. Lighting to be adequately provided in the building, to

protect people from injury, due to isolation from naturallighting or lack of artificial lighting. Artificial lighting has to

comply with a separate code of Practice for Artificial

Lighting of Buildings. To integrate natural lighting an

aggregate light transmitting area of not less than 10% of the

floor area of the room should be provided. Also, to promote

energy efficiency, use of only artificial lights is discouraged.

2. Residential buildings should be provided with adequate

natural lighting.

There is a separate section on ventilation in the building

regulations, to protect people from loss of amenity due to lack of

fresh air.

1. Mechanical ventilation or air conditioning system should

comply with the ventilation rates given in a separate code of

practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning in

Buildings.

2. Natural ventilation to be provided by means of openings

with an aggregate area of not less than 5% of the floor area

of the room.

3. In case of car parking above the ground, 15% of the floor

area of the car park is required to be ventilated.4. Windows should be located such that they open to the

exterior of the building or an adjoining open space; and in

case of above ground car park, cross ventilation through out

the car park should be achieved.

5. In residential units, mechanical ventilation may be provided

in bathroom, toilet or lavatory and basement.

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Recommendations provided in the Energy Efficiency Section

are summarized below:

1. The buildings have to be designed to reduce:

Solar heat gain through the roof.

Solar heat gain through the building envelope.

Air leakage through doors, windows, and other openingson building envelope.

Energy consumption of lighting, air conditioning and

mechanical ventilation systems and,

Energy wastage through adequate provisions of

switching means.

2. Commercial buildings with an aggregate floor area of more

than 500m2 shall be installed or equipped with means to

facilitate the collection of energy consumption data.

There are separate guidelines to achieve Energy Efficiency in

Air Conditioned buildings, and separate requirements for

non air conditioned buildings, this is very similar to the case

of Bangalore.

Air Conditioned Buildings

1. The envelope thermal transfer value (ETTV) of the

building, as determined by the set procedures should not

exceed 50W/m2.

2. In respect of roofs with skylight, the roof thermal

transfer value (RTTV) as determined by procedures laiddown by the Commissioner of Building Control, shall not

exceed 50W//m2. Maximum thermal transmittance for

roof of air conditioned buildings is also recommended in

the guidelines, corresponding to various weight groups.

Non Air Conditioned Buildings

1. Maximum thermal transmittance (U value) of the roof

are also recommended in the building regulations.

These are not as stringent as those for air conditioned

buildings. These requirements are not applicable for

buildings less than 500m2 of floor area.

2. All windows on the building envelope shall not exceed

the air leakage rates as specified in the Standards.

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Air conditioning system Where the cooling capacity of any air conditioning system

exceeds 30kW, the equipment has to comply with the relevant

energy efficiency standards.

Switching Control

Air conditioning system is required to be equipped with manual

switches, timers or automatic controllers for shutting off part of

the air conditioning system during periods of non occupancy or

reduction in heat load.

Lighting control for artificial lighting shall be provided in

accordance with the Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency

Standard.

In any hotel building, a control device has to be installed to

automatically switch off the lighting and reduce or switch off air

conditioning when guest room is not occupied.

Energy Metering

For buildings used as office, shops, hotel or a combination

thereof, suitable means for monitoring of energy consumption

is to be provided to all incoming power supply to a building and

the sub circuits serving:

• A central air conditioning system,

• A major mechanical ventilation system,

• A vertical transportation system,

• A water pumping system

• General power supply to tenancy areas

• General lighting supply to tenancy areas

• General power supply to owners premises

• General lighting supply to owners premises.

5.3 Australia Energy Efficiency Framework

In the Australian Building Regulations, there is a separate

section on Energy Efficiency In Australia it was accepted a minimum standard of energy

efficiency performance needs to be regulated. For example, a

developer who intends to sell a house or building is not

concerned about the ongoing energy costs that the occupier is to

bear, and as many energy features can not be easily retrofitted,

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it is more effective to include them initially. Regulations

requiring energy efficient performance will act to prevent this.

Thermal property requirements for building fabric are defined.

These have been defined according to building classification and

climate zone.

Energy Policies:The Building Code of Australia (BCA) has the following

requirements for the buildings to follow:

P e r f o r m a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s :

The building regulations of Australia have two types of

performance requirements as specified in the Building Code of

Australia, BCA. :

1. A building and its services must have energy efficient

features appropriate to the following requirements:

• The geographic location of the building; and

• The effects of nearby permanent features such as

topography, structures and buildings

• The function of the building and its usage including its

services

• The internal environment of the building

• Utilization of building solar radiation for heating and

controlled to minimize energy for cooling

• The sealing of the building envelope against air

leakage.

• air movement utilization in order to assist heating and

cooling

• the source of energy for operation of building services

2. A building and its services must have appropriate featuresthat facilitate the maintenance of systems and components

useful to the function and building usage which excludes

single occupancy dwellings.

M et hods fo r ve r i fi ca t i on o f Bu i l d ing p e r f o r m an ce :

1. In order to verify building performance for single occupancy

dwellings and its services, compliance has to be

demonstrated using Accurate, a Residential Energy Rating

Software for Australia developed by CSIRO. In this regard

an averaging of energy ratings must be carried out in

MJ/m2.annum or points. Depending on the climatic zones,

dwellings have to achieve 3.5 to 4 stars in this regard.

2. Annual energy consumption of the proposed building with

the proposed services should not be more than the limits set

out in the code across 7 different building typologies

excluding dwellings.

3. Verification using a reference building

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Compliance is verified when it is determined using a thermal

calculation method that the annual energy consumption of the

proposed building is not more than the annual energy

consumption of a reference building.

The annual energy consumption must be calculated for the

reference building, using:

• The Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions (these are detailed

permissible efficiency limits for building fabric, HVAC

systems, ventilation openings, external glazing, artificial

lighting, hot water supply systems and infiltration)

• A solar absorptance of 0.7 for the external walls and roofs;

and

• The maximum lamp power density or maximum

illumination power density without any increase for a

motion detector, corridor lighting timer, manual dimming

system, programmable dimming system, dynamic dimming

system, fixed dimming system, daylight sensor or dynamic

lighting control device; and thermal calculation method for both the proposed building and the reference building

require the following information. Detailed specifications

regarding the inputs to be used in the calculation for the list

below are also given in BCA.

o Location, being either the location where the building

is to be constructed if appropriate climatic data is

available, or the nearest location with similar climatic

conditions in the same climate zone, for which climatic

data is available; and

o Information on adjacent structures and features of the

building

o Environmental conditions such as ground reflectivity,

sky and ground form factors, temperature of external

bounding surfaces, air velocities across external

surfaces of the building

o Building orientation, roof form, external doors, floor

plan, including the location of glazing, ground to

lowest floor arrangement, dimensions of external,

internal and separating walls, number of storeys,

intermediate floors of the building

o In the building, information on surface density of

envelope walls over 220 kg/m2

and degree of buildingsealing given

o Information regarding the space, floor coverings,

internal shading devices, their criteria such as colour

and their operation

o Number and sizes of lifts and escalators present in the

building

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o Range and type of services and energy sources for

building

o Internal artificial lighting levels and internal power

loads

o Internal air-conditioning zones

o Daily and annual profiles of building occupancy,

operation of services

o Internal relative humidity range; and

o Supply hot water temperature and rate; and• System resistances for fans and pumps; and

• Outdoor air economy cycle provision.

• The output of annual energy consumption has to be in

terms of annual energy consumption for lighting, heating,

cooling, air handling, ventilation, lifts and hot water supply.

To these figures, conversions factors for electricity are

applied to get a total annual energy consumption figure. The

constants for conductance and solar heat gain have been

included in the regulations

Sample benchmarks:The maximum permissible energy consumption limits for

offices in Melbourne city are 640MJ/ m2/annum (gas or oil)

and 540MJ/ m2/annum (electricity) and for shops and

restaurants have higher permissible limits of 1010 and 1440(gas

and oil), 870 and 1040(electricity) respectively

A space within a building used by occupants is to be provided

with artificial lighting consistent with its function or use which,

when activated in the absence of suitable natural light, will

enable safe movement.

Artificial lighting must not exceed the “Maximum Lamp Power

Density” as included in the building code, for example in a bathroom, dressing room or the like, provide an average

artificial light source efficacy of not less than 40 Lumens/W.

Artificial lighting of a room or space in a Class 3 building must

be individually operated by a switch or other control device.

A mechanical ventilation system must follow the following

regulations:

• It should be capable of being inactivated when the building

or part of the building served by that system is not occupied;

and

• When serving a conditioned space, not to provide

mechanical ventilation in excess of the minimum quantity

required by Part F4 by more than 50% other than where

there is—

o Additional unconditioned outside air supplied— to

provide free cooling; or to balance required exhaust

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ventilation such as toilet exhaust; or to balance process

exhaust such as from a health-care building or

laboratory; or

o additional exhaust ventilation needed to balance the

required mechanical ventilation; or

o an energy reclaiming system that preconditions outside

air

o It should follow the standards mentioned in the code

regarding maximum fan motor power to flow rate

ratio, minimum thermal efficiency of a water heater,

minimum energy efficiency ratio for refrigerant chillers

and minimum energy efficiency ratio for packaged air

conditioning equipment.

Day lighting• Natural lighting must be provided in habitable rooms,

classrooms in primary or secondary schools and all

playrooms or childhood centre.

• Natural lighting must be provided by windows such that—10% of the floor area of the room; and are open to the sky or

face a court or other space open to the sky or an open

veranda, carport etc

5.4 IRELAND

Under the energy policies of the codes, principal conservation

requirements outline the following for heat retention & thermal

insulation:

1. It prescribes methods of determining the thermal insulation

properties of the associated building materials and

provision of thermal insulation/ controlling devices for

achieving energy efficiency and economy

2. The standard thermal transmittance (U-value) values for

various building components along with calculation

methods for determining the overall U-values for various

conditions/ circumstances should be accounted.

3. Generic standards should be followed to conserve energy

with respect to the ratio of open and closed spaces in

buildings, etc.

4. Installation of Building artificial lighting systems – design

and construction of which use the most reasonable amountsof fuel and power must be in place

5. Reasonable provisions for controlling the above systems are

also required as per the regulations

6. “Sustainable Energy Ireland” (SEI) will allow building

developers to easily meet this requirement by evaluating

their building within the framework SEI has been created.

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5.4.1 Building Energy Rating (BER):The Building Energy Rating has been outlined in the energy

regulations of the building code. Following are the guidelines

that are accounted in this rating system:

1. Building design for high energy performance and limit the

amount of energy required for the building operation and

practicable low CO2 emissions.2. Energy usage for Space and water heating systems must be

limited but without compromising user requirements

3. To avoid excessive heat losses and local condensation

problems, provision should be made to limit local thermal

bridging, e.g. around windows, doors and other wall

openings, at junctions between elements and at other

locations.

4. Avoiding Solar Over-heating : Buildings should be designed

and constructed so that to rely on natural ventilation and

avoid thermal discomfort due to overheating caused by solar

gain, and those spaces that incorporate mechanical

ventilation or cooling do not require excessive plantcapacity to maintain the desired space conditions.

5.4.2 Artificial LightingUnder the artificial lighting system, following provisions should

be made as described in the code:

1. Energy efficient artificial lighting systems (other than

emergency lighting, display lighting or specialist process

lighting) and adequate control of these systems should be

provided

2. Lighting controls should be in place to encourage maximum

use of daylight and avoid unnecessary artificial lighting,

particularly when spaces are unoccupied.

3. The guidance in relation to the efficiency and control of

artificial lighting need not be applied Where the total design

lighting load does not exceed 1000 W

4. There should be provisions for local manually operated

switches in easily accessible positions within each working

area or at boundaries between working areas and general

circulation routes. The distance on plan from any local

switch to the luminaries it controls should generally be not

more than 8 metres, or 3 times the height of the light fitting

above the floor if this is greater;

5. Daylight-linked photo-electric must be provided forswitching or dimming for lighting adjacent to windows or

other sources of natural light

6. Provision for remote controlled switches operated by infra

red transmitter, sonic, ultrasonic or telephone handset

controls must be there

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7. There should be automatic switching systems which switch

the lighting off when they sense the absence of occupants

8. Time-controlled switches must be installed in the spaces to

control lighting demand.

5.4.3 Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning:1. The guidance in relation to ACMV systems is not applicable

to the areas less than 200 m2 treated by an Air Conditioning

and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) system

2. ACMV systems can be considered to be adequately sized if

the specific fan power (SFP) is less than the values given-

For ACMV systems in new buildings, the SFP should be no

greater than 2.0 W/litre/second.

5.4.4 Renewable Energy Policies:The Greener Homes Scheme provides assistance to

homeowners who intend to purchase a new renewable energy

heating system for either new or existing homes. The scheme is

administered by Sustainable Energy Ireland and aims toincrease the use of renewable energy and sustainable energy

technologies in Irish homes over the next 5 years.

5.5 Japan

5.5.1 Energy Policies:Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental

Efficiency (CASBEE) evaluates the natural energy utilization in

a building through the following parameters:

1. Natural light: Planning for natural light systems that use

sunlight in place of lighting equipment (e.g., light shelves,

top lights, and high side lights) should be there.

2. Natural ventilation: Planning for the use of natural

ventilation and ventilation systems that are effective in

replacing the use of air conditioning equipment and reduce

cooling loads (e.g., automatic dampers, night purging,

ventilation systems linked to atria, solar chimney

ventilation towers, etc.)

3. Geo-thermal energy: Planning for the use of geo-thermal

heat usage systems that are effective in replacing the use of

air conditioning equipment and reduce heating and cooling

loads. (cool and heat tube pits)

5.5.2 White Goods – Energy Efficiency StandardsEnergy Saving Labelling Program (ESLP) was launched on

August 21, 2000 in Japan under the Energy Conservation Law

(launched in 1999). According to the Energy Conservation Law,

energy efficiency labelling of designated products is mandatory.

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The label has to contain the product name, model, energy

consumption efficiency ratio and power/fuel consumption.

Because the ESLP is based on the Top Runner Program TRP, it

is necessary to underline, that TRP differs from similar

programs in most other countries because it does not impose

minimum energy performance standards for particular

appliances. The Japanese standards set a lower limit for the

sales-weighted average efficiency for each product category per

manufacturer and importer, while each appliance has to meetthe standards with most other country systems.

5.5.3 Day lighting Assessment criteria by CASBEE

1. Daylight Factor - The daylight factor is derived from two

reference charts – one for ordinary openings such as

windows in a wall, and the other for skylights and other

forms.

2. Openings by orientation

3. Daylight devices

5.5.4 VentilationThe SHASE – 102-1997 Ventilation Standard and Commentary

and the building Standards Law govern the ventilation

requirements of building in Japan. The parameters that are

considered for ventilation provision performance under

CASBEE are-

• Ventilation rate

• Natural ventilation performance

• Consideration of outside air intake

Air supply planning (Not applicable at the preliminary design

stage)

5.5.5 Thermal Comfort Criteria Assessment criteria by CASBEE: The following parameters are

evaluated for Thermal performance of the building envelope-

• Room Temperature Setting

• Building perimeter performance

• Zoned Control performance

• Temperature and Humidity control

• Individual control

• Allowance for after-hours air-conditioning

• Monitoring systems

• Humidity control

• Type of Air conditioning system

The criteria of Temperature & humidity control, Individual

control, Allowance for after-hours air-conditioning and

Monitoring systems are not applicable during the Preliminary

design stage.

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5.6 Netherlands Regulatory Framework

Present Building Regulations/Codes:

Energy economy for the Netherlands is primarily concentrated

on retaining the heat in the building. The relevant codes

followed for the insulation requirements are NEN -1068 & NEN

– 2686.

As per the above mentioned codes following are the

requirements to be followed in the building construction:

1. The maximum percentage of area in relation to the floor

area of the building need to be defined to comply with

thermal insulation requirements.

2. In residential buildings 25% and for non-residential

buildings 40% of the total area is limited for doors, windows

and their frames where minimum thermal resistance of the

area is 0.11 m2.K / W. An additional area of 4% can be

added which does not have to comply with any thermalinsulation requirements.

3. Artificial Lighting in the enclosed common circulation areas

limits minimum provision for 10 lux as standard.

4. Renewable Energy resources have not been defined as

requirement in the built environment consciousness

regarding the gain and contribution of this instrument has

been recognised towards the country’s commitments for

Kyoto protocol.

5. As part of Day lighting requirement and outside view, there

must be an equivalent daylight area of 10% minimum of the

floor area in residential area or 0.5 m2 in any residential

room. Similarly, 7% of the floor area of the residential area

or 0.35 m2 in any residential room is mandatory for

accommodation buildings.

6. There must be minimum 2m from the boundary of the site

for the areas providing natural lighting. The obstruction

angle to be observed is not smaller than 25° for every

separate segment as specified in NEN 2057.

7. In the Ventilation requirement, openings for ventilation

must be a minimum of 2 metres from the boundary of the

property and the discharge must be directly to the open air.

Minimum capacity of such systems have been prescribed for

general openings, near cooking appliances, toilets, bathrooms, common circulation spaces, enclosed waste

storage spaces, etc.

The minimum ventilation and rapid ventilation rates follows

(natural or mechanical) for different spaces including office

spaces should be followed as mentioned in the building

regulations.

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5.6.1 Thermal Comfort CriteriaThe thermal comfort segment is addressed as a part of the

Energy conservation requirement which defines the Thermal

insulation requirements of materials used for various types of

buildings and spaces. The internal and external constructions of

a bathroom, toilet room or residential area shall have an air flow

rate that does not exceed 0.2m3/s. The Thermal Insulation

Code is NEN 1068 and thermal insulation requirements are

based on - External temperature 10°C to -5°C and Internaltemperature 22°C.

5.7 Sweden Regulatory Framework

Present R egulations:

Buildings shall be designed so that the energy requirement is

limited by low heat losses, efficient use of heat and efficient use

of electricity.

Building heat losses have to be limited which can be regulated

through the following design requirements:

5.7.1 Building EnvelopeThe surface related heat loss is calculated for external building

elements that are in contact with heated indoor air. Corrections

for contact with ground, windows not exposed to solar radiation

and thermal bridges are applied to the area weighted average U

value calculated. The building envelope has to be airtight with

average air leakage rate not more than 0.8 l/s m2 for dwellings

and 1.6 l/s m2 for other spaces at ± 50 Pa of air pressure.

5.7.2 Production and distribution of heat:The building heat losses are regulated by efficient boiler

systems, insulation of hot water distribution pipes, limit on thetemperature level of water that is used as a heating medium to

55 °C, protection of heating systems against heat losses, and

their control systems

Efficient use of heat is regulated through the following design

requirements:

• Buildings in which the energy requirement for heating

the ventilation air exceeds 2 MWh annually shall be

provided with special arrangements which limit energy

losses by not less than 50% if the heat energy

requirement

o Is substantially supplied by oil, coal, gas or peat, oro Is wholly or partly supplied by electricity during the

period November to March inclusive.

1. Special arrangements to limit the heat losses can be attributed to:

• A ventilation heat exchanger,

• A heat pump or

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• A solar heating installation

• Or if other constructional measures are taken which give

the equivalent reduction of the energy requirement for

heating.

2. Efficient use of electricity is regulated through the following

design requirements:

Building services installations which require electrical energy

shall be designed so that the power requirement is limited and

energy is used efficiently. These will include low power and

energy requirement for ventilation, fixed lighting, electric

heaters and motors. The Board’s handbook efficient use of

electricity in buildings may serve as guidance

5.7.3 Benchmarks:Typical heating energy consumption is as follows:

• Typical villa heating : 15 000 kWh/year (new detached

house)

• New apartment house: 120 kWh/m2 /year• Old apartment house: 250 kWh/m2 /year

• Typical 2 room apartment water heating: 2-3000

kWh/year

5.7.4 Day lighting A general figure which may be applied is that the area of the

window pane in a space should be not less than 10% of the floor

area. If parts of the building or other buildings obscure daylight

by more than 200, the glazed area should be increased. A

simplified method for checking that the glazed area is

appropriate is given in Swedish Standard SS 91 42 01 (1).

5.7.5 Ventilation:In order to limit the heat losses through mechanical ventilation,

regulation has been imposed on the thermal insulation and air

tightness of ventilation systems and on their control systems

• Under the ventilation requirement, minimum rate of

flow of extracted air has been highlighted in the code for

different spaces which should be followed.

• In the duration of usage, rooms shall have continual air

change. The rate of flow of outside air shall be not less

than 0.35 l/s per m2 of floor area.

• The indoor air velocity should not be higher than 0.15

m/s in the occupied zone during the heating season and

not higher than 0.25 m/s at other times.

• In a case where lift well has natural ventilation, the

aggregate area of the ventilation openings should be not

less than 0.01 m2/m2 well areas.

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• In a situation when the garage has natural ventilation

and the floor area is greater than 50 m2, the aggregate

area of the ventilation openings should be not less than

0.03 m2/m2 floor area when the number of parking

movements/space < 1 during the busiest 8 hour period.

When parking traffic is of greater intensity, the

aggregate area of ventilation openings should be not less

than 0.06 m2/m2 floor area. If the garage has natural

ventilation and the floor area in the garage is less than50 m2, the aggregate area of the ventilation openings

should be not less than 0.002 m2/m2 floor area

Air intakes and ventilation systems should be designed and

constructed, so that the recommended values regarding the

quality of outside air are not exceeded for the supplied air.

Quality of air is defined in terms of highest allowable content in

air of sulphur dioxide, soot (floating particles), nitrogen dioxide,

5.7.6 Thermal Comfort Criteria

The requirement of the mandatory provision is complied with if

the building is designed so that, at the design outside

temperature,

• The lowest directional operative temperature in the

occupied zone will be 180C in habitable rooms and

workrooms and 200C in sanitary accommodation and in

institutional premises, and in rooms for children in day

nurseries and nursery schools and for the elderly in

service buildings

• The differences in directional operative temperature at

different points in the occupied zone of the room will

not exceed 5 K • The surface temperature of the floor in the occupied

zone of a room will be not less than 160C (in sanitary

accommodation not less than 180C and in premises

intended for children not less than 200C) and not more

than 270C, and

• The air velocity in the occupied zone of a room will not

exceed 0.15 m/s. (BFS 1998:38)

For spaces in dwellings, offices and similar, the requirement can

usually be considered to have been complied with if the space

has a normal window area and is heated by radiators, ceiling or

under floor heating and the effect of thermal bridges has beentaken into consideration in designing the building.

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