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LIPATAN

fold

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FOLDS

Foldsare undulations in rocks and are best

displayed in layered sequences

(Badgley, 1965)

Anticline is oppositeinclined

Syncline is togetherinclined (Greek)

(Billings, 1986)

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Perlipatan pada perlapisan batuan akibat

deformasi. Dalam gambaran 3 dimensi struktur lipatan

berupa kerutan berukuran kecil hingga bentuk

dome atau basin berukuran ratusan kilometer.

Lipatan akibat gaya kompresi

pada tepi lempeng, dari

kerak bumi akan me-

mendek dan menebal

(Hamilton, hal 179)

FOLDS (LIPATAN)

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ANTICLINE & SYNCLINE vs ANTIFORM & SYNFORM

An anticline is a fold that is convexin the direction

of the youngestbeds in the folded sequenceA special kind of anticline is a synformal anticline

A syncline is a fold that is convexin the direction

of the oldestbeds in the folded sequence

A special kind of syncline is an antiformal syncline

old

young

anticline syncline

antiformal

synclinesynformal

anticline

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anticline syncline

antiformalsyncline

synformal

anticline

ANTICLINE & SYNCLINE vs ANTIFORM & SYNFORM

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Membentuk lengkungan ke

atas pada lapisan batuan

dengan 2 sayap, dari

lengkung maksimum ke

arah bawah.

( Hamilton, WK., hal180 )

ANTICLINE

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Membentuk lengkungan ke bawah

pada lapisan batuan dengan 2

sayap, dari lengkung bawah ke arah

atas.

( Hamilton, WK., hal180 ).

SYNCLINE

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Topografi dome dan basin: bagian yang naik dan bagian

yang turun dari lapisan batuan, tererosi membentuk pola

melingkar atau elipsoid. (Hamilton, WK., hal 183)

DOME and BASIN

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Lipatan yang hanya mempunyai satusayap hampir datar

( Hamilton, WK., hal180 )

MONOCLINE

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HINGE POINT

HINGE POINT=

HINGE POINT

HINGE POINT CREST POINTCREST POINT=

TROUGH POINTTROUGH POINT

INFLECTION

POINTINFLECTION

POINT

Horizontal line

Horizontal line

HINGE, CREST, TROUGH, and INFLECTION POINTS

Hinge pointis a point of maximum curvature

Inflection pointis a point where the curve changes

from concave to convex

Crestpoint is the highestpoint of the curvature

Troughpoint is the lowestpoint of the curvature

SYMMETRY ASYMMETRY

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CULMINATION

H

C

C

C

C

I

H

H

H

H

H

H

II

I

SADDLE

C-C = Crest line

H-H = Hinge line

I-I = Inflection line

T-T = Trough line

T

CULMINATION and SADDLE

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FOLDS

BACK LIMB

BACK LIMB

HINGE/AXIAL

SURFACE

HINGE/AXIALSURFACE

CRESTSURFACE

TROUGH

SURFACE

FORE LIMB

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BACKLIMB and FORELIMB

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GEOMETRY OF FOLD

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PERHATIKAN ARAH PENUNJAMAN SUMBU LIPATANNYA!!

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PLUNGING ANTICLINE

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Syncline, Israel

Folds

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Folding of Shale-Sandstone

sequence, Kings Canyon,

California

Which deformationand stresses

cause theses structures

Folds

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A Symmetrical folds; B Asymmetrical folds; dan C Overturned foldsOver folds;(Tarbuck, EJ., hal 169)

SYMMETRY

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(Billings, MP. Hal 50)

Symmetrical folds Asymmetrical folds

Overturned folds Overfolds Recumbent folds

CLASSIFICATION

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CLASSIFICATION

C SS C O

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CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION

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CLASSIFICATION

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Folds Classification

Folds

Fold classification based on interlimb angle

(Fleuty, 1964)Interlimb Angle Description of fold

180120 Gentle

12070 Open

7030 Tight

300 Isoclinal

Negative angle Mushroom

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FOLD CLASSIFICATION

DIAPIRIC (SALT) INTRUSION

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DIAPIRIC (SALT) INTRUSION

DIAPIRIC FOLDS

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DIAPIRIC FOLDS

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F ld

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Folded Appalachians, near Harrisburg, PA

Near Harrisburg, PA, Source: NASA

Folds

F ld

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Syncline-Anticline

Pairs

+ Domes at ZagrosMts, Iran

NASA Earth as Art web page

Folds

F ld

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Grenville Dome: Sinclair, WY

Folds

F ld d F lt

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Fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the

Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France)

R.W.H. Butler

Folds and thrust are both responsible forthe orogens

Folds and Faults

FOLD IN GEOLOGIC MAP

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Sebagai panduan dalam penyelidikan geologi kedalam peta geologi (Hamilton WK., hal 179)

FOLD IN GEOLOGIC MAP

EXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPS

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EXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPS

F ld

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Oil and Gas Concentrate in Domes

Chernicoff and Whitney

Folds

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Perangkap migas pd kubah garam

BASIC FOLD MECHANISM

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BUCKLING


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Mekanisme pelipatanBUCKLING


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Flexural slip folding, involving layerparallel shearing

Shear folding, involving slip planes thattransect primary layering

Kink or chevron folding, involving ductileyielding in hinge areas and leyer-parallel

shearing along limbs.

FLEXURAL-SLIP

FOLD FRACTURES AND LITHOLOGY

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FOLD, FRACTURES AND LITHOLOGY

Distribution of cleavage and fracture attitude and

spacing may vary with lithology

FAULT RELATED FOLDING

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FAULT-RELATED FOLDING

FAULT RELATED FOLDS (lipatan krn Pensesaran)

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FAULT-RELATED FOLDS (lipatan krn. Pensesaran)

LESSONS LEARNED

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LESSONS LEARNED

Selama perlipatan lapisan2 yg terlipat tdk dpt mempertahankanketebalan aslinya.

Lapisan yg terlipat terdiri dari multilayers, lap yg berbedamemiliki sifat mekanik yg berbeda pula.

Terjadi layer-parallel shortening sebelum perlipatan danhomogeneous shortening selama perlipatan yg menyebabkanpenipisan di bag sayap dan penebalan di bag sumbu.

Degree of rock competency (high to low):

Sedimentary Rocks: dolomite, arkose, quartz sandstone, greywacke,limestone, siltstone, marl, shale, anhydrite, halite

Metamorphic Rocks: meta-basalts, granite, qtz-flpar-mica gneiss,quartzite, marble, mica shist

Documents

15 Lipatan