(2013) Poceci Nogajeve vlasti u zapadnoj stepi i na donjem Dunavu.pdf

7/25/2019 (2013) Poceci Nogajeve vlasti u zapadnoj stepi i na donjem Dunavu.pdf

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8 Rubruc/Wyngaert, 201, 268; J. Richard, propos de la mission de Baudouin deHainaut: lempire latin de Constantinople et les mongols, Journal des Savants 1 (1992)115121; . ,

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1908, col. 863 (=, II); . . , . , 1950, 329 (=, ). 665. (2. X 1266 21. IX 1267), I, 121, 153, 276, 380 ( -, -, , ).


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20 : , , 269270,. 65; Amitai-Preiss,Mongols and Mamluks, 8889; , , 6062.21 , , XV , o , , ed. . . , -2001, 421. - ,

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I, 109 ( -).35 Vernadsky,Mongols and Russia, 165.36 - II, 7071; , , 3940.37 ,, 42; M, , 4647 Cf. , , 89; . . ,. , , 2006, 156 (=,).38 , II, col. 805.39 Ioannes de Plano Carpini, Ystoria Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros apellamus, SinicaFranciscana, vol. I: Itinera et relationes fratrum minorum saeculi XIII et XIV, ed. A. vanden Wyngaert, Quaracchi Firenze 1929, 67 (=Plano-Carpini/Wyngaert).40 Plano-Carpini/Wyngaert, 606; - II, 88; ,, 76; ,, 160; cf. -, , 53; . . . . , , -

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. (670. . H.) , , I,102103, 194195 ( -, -); ,, 6061. , , ,

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Aleksandar Uzelac

THE BEGINNINGS OF NOGAIS RULE

IN THE WESTERN STEPPES AND IN THE LOWER DANUBE

(c. 12671273)

Summary

Numerous works and historical papers are dedicated to the life andtimes of Nogai, famous descendant of Genghis-khan. However, many detailsfrom his biography either remain unanalyzed, or deserve to be put in the properhistorical context. In this article attention is cast to one of these questions

beginnings of Nogais rule in the western parts of the Black sea steppes, hisestablishment in Dniester-Prut interfluve and spread of his sphere of influenceto the region of the Lower Danube.

Despite frequently repeated opinion Nogai wasnt present, nor he wasa leader of joint Tatar-Bulgarian attack on Byzantine Thrace in 1264/5. Heestablished himself in the West only after the death of Berke and ascendanceof his successor Mngke-Temr (1266). The chronological timeframe of thisevent can be further determined by Nogais first recorded activities in theregion it was his embassy sent to the Mamluk sultan Baybars al Bundukhdariin Muharram, 669. A.H. (August/September 1270). According to the analysisof three independent sources: Byzantine historian George Pachymeres, Persianwriter Rashid al-Din Hamadani and Mamluk chronicler Baybars al-Mansuri itmay be concluded that it ensued as part of the complex transfer policiesconducted by Sarai elite under the leadership of Mngke-Temr, aimed atstrengthening Tatar presence in the West. Himself a convertite to Islam, andalthough not its ardent proponent, Nogai enjoyed the support of pro-islamicfaction among Juchids, whose prominent member was Chichek-khatun, wifeof Berke and Mngke-Temr. Probably during the reign of Mngke-Temr,Nogais status was further determined by his elevation to the high position ofthe commander of the right hand, i.e. leader of the western parts of Juchid lands.

Early years of Nogais rule in the Western steppes were marked byhostile and aggressive moves towards neighboring Hungary (12701271) andByzantium (c. 1272). However, new Tatar incursions into the Central and

Southeast Europe didnt ensue as consequence of Nogais independentactions; they were directed from Sarai and they represented the continuation ofthe policies of Berke. Even his correspondence with Baibars couldnt be

(c. 12671273)

33


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interpreted as his desire towards independence. The diplomatic move was

indeed prompted by Nogai, but also by other influential leaders in the Westernsteppes Tok-Buka and Uran-Temur, who were subjected to Mngke Temr.

Only after the Tatar attack on Byzantium, Nogais role changed. In c.1273. he made an agreement with the emperor Michael VIII Paleologus andtook as his bride the princess Eyphrosyne. The establishment of the politicalalliance between Constantinople and Nogai had important consequences in theDanubian region, where joint condominium and spheres of influences weredelinaeted; in addition, the agreement de facto led to the breaking off in theconnections between Bulgarian Empire and Sarai. A critical look at theformative years of Nogais reign in the West is important, as it reveals thegradual emergence of the new Tatar center of power, that eventually, at the endof the thirteenth century, encompassed whole Carpatho-Danubian region intoits sphere of influence.

Keywords: Nogai, Mngke Temr, Tatars, Ulus Juchi (Golden Horde),Byzantium, Bulgaria, Lower Danube.

: 30. 04. 2013. : 02. 09. 2013.

34

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(2013) Poceci Nogajeve vlasti u zapadnoj stepi i na donjem Dunavu.pdf