隨堂作業• 何謂生命條碼 Barcode of Life?• 何謂基因 Gene?

「生命條碼 （ Barcode of Life ，簡稱ＢＯＬ） 」是一種創新、簡便、迅速的鑑識系統，利用基因的片段來標示物種，有如圖書出版的ＩＳＢＮ全球通用碼一般，讓每個物種都有獨特的身分證；美國已經開始利用這項工具管理食用魚類、環境監測、農產品進出口等工作。 •參考資料：http://sa.ylib.com/read/readshow.asp?FDocNo=1282&CL=18•http://www.labmed.org.tw/member/PDF/8%E8%97%8D%E6%97%BC%E6%9A%89.pdf

Cell – Chromosome – Gene – mRNA – Protein

mRNA

The Central Dogma

The Flow of Genetic Information

DNA RNA ProteinTranslation

Transcription

Reverse Transcription

DNA Replication

RNA Replication

DNA DNA DNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (DNA Replicase)

DNA RNA DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (Transcriptase)

RNA DNA RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase (Reverse Transcriptase)

RNA RNA RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RNA Replicase)

DNA 合成酶、轉錄酶、反轉錄酶、 RNA 合成酶

The Central Dogma – 分子生物學的中心教條 :

amino acids

anticodon

codon

gene in DNA(template strand)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

mRNA(codons)

tRNA(anticodons)

protein(amino acids)

gene

From DNA sequence to amino acid sequene:

Chromosome “Painting” and Trisomic 21

Trisomic 21 = Down Syndrome = 唐氏症

Trisomy 21Incidence of ~ 1/800Phenotype: Mental retardation Congenital heart disease Premature senility

人類的性別 Sex Determination in Humans

1. Chromosome level:XX femaleXY male

2. Gene level:No Sry femaleSry male

X YA -- --B

X YB -- --A

--Sry--Sry

XYFemale

XX male

3. Developmental (Receptor) level 4. Psychological level

你看到了什麼好玩的東西呢？

植物為什麼要有那麼多顏色？

鳥兒為什麼要有那麼多的顏色？

瞭解遺傳密碼與生命之間的關係

你想摘哪一個果實來吃？

靈長類的親緣關係樹

舊世界猴 新世界猴

Old World Primate

狹鼻猴產於亞洲大陸與非洲大陸，因其兩鼻孔相距較近而得「狹鼻」之名；又因牠們的產地，亦有「舊大陸猴」或「舊世界猴」之稱。狹鼻猴包括長尾猴科、長臂猿科、猩猩科。

New World Primate

廣鼻猴產於美洲大陸 ，因其兩鼻孔相距較 遠而得「廣鼻」之名 ；又因牠們產於美洲 新大陸，故亦有「新 大陸猴」或「新世界 猴」之稱。廣鼻猴包 括狨科與捲尾猴科。

Vision

Cone and rod cell

Photoreceptor in retina

Structure of photoreceptor

Rhodopsin vs color visual pigment

遺傳密碼與生命的表現

Male

Homozygous female

Heterzygous female

Autosomal X-linked

dichromatic

trichromatic

SWS

SWS

SWS M-LWS

M-LWS a

M-LWS a

M-LWS a

M-LWS b

Color visual gene in NWMs

trichromatic

Autosomal X-linked

sws LWS MWS

Color visual gene in OWMs and Human

Color Vision gene in Old World Primate

All Old World primates are trichomacy with three different visual pigment gene, short wave (SW), middle wave (MW) and long wave (LW) gene

The SW opsin is encode by an autosomal gene and the MW(green) and LW(red) opsins by separate genes on X-chromosome

Squence comparison between these two genes in different Old World species indicates that they arose by gene duplication at the base of the Old World lineage ~40 mya

They are organized into a head-to tail tandem array, which is bound on the upstream side by a locus control region (LCR)

LCR LW gene MW gene

X chromosome

Most New World primates exhibit a trichromacy that is base on only two opsin gene , an autosomal SW gene, and a polymorphic X-linked M/LW gene with three allelic forms

All males and homozygote females are dichromatic color vision

The heterozygote females are trichromatic color vision

An exception of New World primates has been identified in howler monkey, where separate MW and LW gene are present, thus full trichomacy in both males and females

femaleXAllele A Allele B

XAllele A

X

Y male

LCR LCR

LCR

Color Vision gene in New World Primate

找尋生命的基本單元• 遺傳密碼的解讀• DNA 定序

G A T C

幫忙我們解讀與處理遺傳密碼的工具有哪一些？

DNA extraction

DNA extraction

DNA precipitation

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Agarose Gel Electropheresis

Loading DNA sampleIn agarose gel

Stain DNA WithEtBr, visualizeunderUV light

Equipment

Sequence Reaction

DNA Sequence Electrophesis

DNA Sequence Electrophesis

還有多少我們要走的路？還有多少我們可以探索的問題？