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What is research writing? At one time or another, we have all had to write knowledgeably on a topic. Because we are not usually experts in the subject matter of all topics, we usually have to educate ourselves using existing information before we can report credibly on the topic to someone else. Research writing is the process by which we gather information to answer a question or problem and, then, deliver that information to an audience who has an interest or a “need to know” about the topic. In research, we are trying to investigate ideas and illuminate new details about what we already know. However, research writing is not about writing everything you can on a topic without any focus. Research writing is more of a process by which you answer a question for yourself and then let other people know what you learned. Sometimes the research is used to support an argument and sometimes is it used to analyze a problem.
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Academic Research Paper Academic Research Paper WritingWriting
梁 淑 芳梁 淑 芳正修科技大學應用外語系正修科技大學應用外語系
OutlineOutline
1. Writing from Research1. Writing from Research2. Writing a Summary2. Writing a Summary3. Writing a Reaction Paper3. Writing a Reaction Paper4. What is APA style? 4. What is APA style? 5. APA Referencing5. APA Referencing6. Finding a Topic6. Finding a Topic7. Writing a Rough Outline7. Writing a Rough Outline8. Beginning an Online Search8. Beginning an Online Search9. Gathering Sources in the Library9. Gathering Sources in the Library10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper
What is research writing?What is research writing?At one time or another, we have all had to write knowledgAt one time or another, we have all had to write knowledgeably on a topic. Because we are not usually experts in theably on a topic. Because we are not usually experts in the subject matter of all topics, we usually have to educate e subject matter of all topics, we usually have to educate ourselves using existing information before we can report ourselves using existing information before we can report credibly on the topic to someone else.credibly on the topic to someone else.Research writing is the process by which we gather inforResearch writing is the process by which we gather information to answer a question or problem and, then, deliver mation to answer a question or problem and, then, deliver that information to an audience who has an interest or a “that information to an audience who has an interest or a “need to know” about the topic. In research, we are trying tneed to know” about the topic. In research, we are trying to investigate ideas and illuminate new details about what o investigate ideas and illuminate new details about what we already know.we already know.However, research writing is not about writing everything However, research writing is not about writing everything you can on a topic without any focus. Research writing is you can on a topic without any focus. Research writing is more of a process by which you answer a question for yomore of a process by which you answer a question for yourself and then let other people know what you learned. Surself and then let other people know what you learned. Sometimes the research is used to support an argument anometimes the research is used to support an argument and sometimes is it used to analyze a problem.d sometimes is it used to analyze a problem.
1. Writing from Research1. Writing from Research
1a1a Why Do Research? Why Do Research?1b 1b Learning the Conventions of Academic Learning the Conventions of Academic WritingWriting1c1c Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism1d1d Understanding a Research Assignment Understanding a Research Assignment1e1e Establishing a Schedule Establishing a Schedule
2. Writing a Summary2. Writing a Summary
A A summarysummary is condensed version of a larger is condensed version of a larger reading. A summary is not a rewrite of the original reading. A summary is not a rewrite of the original piece and does not have to be long nor should it be piece and does not have to be long nor should it be long. To write a summary, use your own words to long. To write a summary, use your own words to express briefly the main idea and relevant details of express briefly the main idea and relevant details of the piece you have read. Your purpose in writing the piece you have read. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading. What was it about and what did original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate? the author want to communicate? While reading the original work, take note of what or While reading the original work, take note of what or who is the focus and ask the usual questions that who is the focus and ask the usual questions that reporters use: Who? What? When? Where? Why? reporters use: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Using these questions to examine what you How? Using these questions to examine what you are reading can help you to write the summary.are reading can help you to write the summary.
3. Writing a Reaction Paper3. Writing a Reaction Paper
www.esuhistoryprof.com/writing_reaction_papers.htm -
4. What is APA style?4. What is APA style?
The American Psychological Association (APA) referenciThe American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing style at tng style is the most commonly used referencing style at the University of Waikato. he University of Waikato. The latest edition of the Publication Manual of the AmericThe latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) is now available in tan Psychological Association (2010) is now available in the Library. he Library. Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA website: Corrections to the first printing (PDF) and Correcwebsite: Corrections to the first printing (PDF) and Corrected sample paper (PDF). ted sample paper (PDF). Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word (NEW).(NEW).
www.waikato.ac.nz › Library Home › Guides -www.waikato.ac.nz › Library Home › Guides -
5. APA Referencing5. APA Referencing
How to use the APA referencing styleHow to use the APA referencing style In text citation In text citation References list References list Key points Key points
How to reference / cite materialHow to reference / cite materialBooks, Books, Journal articles (academic / scholarly) Journal articles (academic / scholarly) Magazines (popular / trade) Magazines (popular / trade) Newspapers Newspapers Informally published work (webpages / online communities) Informally published work (webpages / online communities) Audio visual Audio visual Others (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal commOthers (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal communications, etc.) unications, etc.) Images / tables / figures Images / tables / figures
6. Finding a Topic6. Finding a Topic From reading, interacting with your advisor during independent study, or work on a research assistantship, some possible projects will emerge. Make a list of open problems and possible projects that are of interest to you, and discuss them with potential advisors.
Even after you have decided on your initial focus, it is important to continue a routine of reading new material and attending seminars. All of these sources can contribute to the development of your idea.
www.cs.umd.edu/~oleary/gradstudy/node9.html
7. Writing a Rough Outline7. Writing a Rough Outline
How to begin making an outlineHow to begin making an outline An excellent way to begin is just to free flow thoughts ontAn excellent way to begin is just to free flow thoughts ont
o paper while brainstorming with your topic. Write down o paper while brainstorming with your topic. Write down everything you think of, even if you will not use the inforeverything you think of, even if you will not use the information later. Once you have your thoughts down, it is timation later. Once you have your thoughts down, it is time to start your rough outline. Select about three of youme to start your rough outline. Select about three of your strongest points, and write them down.r strongest points, and write them down.
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8. Beginning an Online Search8. Beginning an Online SearchEvaluating Web sourcesEvaluating Web sources
AuthorshipAuthorship
Does the Web site or document have an author? You may need to do some clicking and scrolling to find the author’s name.Does the Web site or document have an author? You may need to do some clicking and scrolling to find the author’s name. If you have landed directly on an internal page of a site, for example, you may need to navigate to the home page or find If you have landed directly on an internal page of a site, for example, you may need to navigate to the home page or find an “about this site” link to learn the name of the author. an “about this site” link to learn the name of the author.
If there is an author, can you tell whether he or she is knowledgeable and credible? When the author’s qualifications aren’t If there is an author, can you tell whether he or she is knowledgeable and credible? When the author’s qualifications aren’t listed on the site itself, look for links to the author’s home page, which may provide evidence of his or her interests and explisted on the site itself, look for links to the author’s home page, which may provide evidence of his or her interests and expertise. ertise.
SponsorshipSponsorship
Who, if anyone, sponsors the site? The sponsor of a site is often named and described on the home page. Who, if anyone, sponsors the site? The sponsor of a site is often named and described on the home page. What does the URL tell you? The domain name extension often indicates the type of group hosting the site: commercial (.cWhat does the URL tell you? The domain name extension often indicates the type of group hosting the site: commercial (.c
om), educational (.edu), nonprofit (.org), governmental (.gov), military (.mil), or network (.net). URLs may also indicate a coom), educational (.edu), nonprofit (.org), governmental (.gov), military (.mil), or network (.net). URLs may also indicate a country of origin: .uk (United Kingdom) or .jp (Japan), for instance. untry of origin: .uk (United Kingdom) or .jp (Japan), for instance.
Purpose and audiencePurpose and audience
Why was the site created: To argue a position? To sell a product? To inform readers? Why was the site created: To argue a position? To sell a product? To inform readers? Who is the site’s intended audience? Who is the site’s intended audience?
CurrencyCurrency
How current is the site? Check for the date of publication or the latest update, often located at the bottom of the home pagHow current is the site? Check for the date of publication or the latest update, often located at the bottom of the home page or at the beginning or end of an internal page. e or at the beginning or end of an internal page.
How current are the site’s links? If many of the links no longer work, the site may be too dated for your purposes. How current are the site’s links? If many of the links no longer work, the site may be too dated for your purposes.
9.1 Gathering Sources in the Library9.1 Gathering Sources in the Library
Step 1: Gather your listsStep 1: Gather your lists Suggested reading from reference books Suggested reading from reference books Bibliographies from useful library books Bibliographies from useful library books Citations from databases Citations from databases Works cited lists from useful articles Works cited lists from useful articles
9.2 Gathering Sources in the Library9.2 Gathering Sources in the Library
Step 2: Book or Article?Step 2: Book or Article? Books have...Books have... Title in italics or underlined Title in italics or underlined ISBN Numbers ISBN Numbers Publication City Publication City Publication Year Publication Year Articles have...Articles have... Title in "quotes" Title in "quotes" Journal title in italics or underlined Journal title in italics or underlined ISSN Number ISSN Number Page numbers Page numbers
9.3 Gathering Sources in the Library9.3 Gathering Sources in the Library
Step 3: Search it!Step 3: Search it! 1.1. For BOOKS, use the GIL Universal Catalog & do aFor BOOKS, use the GIL Universal Catalog & do a TITLE Search.TITLE Search. 2. For ARTICLES, use GSU's catalog & do a2. For ARTICLES, use GSU's catalog & do a JOURNAL TITLE Search:JOURNAL TITLE Search:
Step 4: Interlibrary LoanStep 4: Interlibrary Loan Click to log into the key word(s) and make a request.Click to log into the key word(s) and make a request.
10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper
1.1. Select a TopicSelect a Topic2.2. Find SourceFind Source3.3. List SourcesList Sources4.4. Take NotesTake Notes5.5. Refine Tour Thesis and OutlineRefine Tour Thesis and Outline6.6. Write Your First DraftWrite Your First Draft7.7. Revise Your First DraftRevise Your First Draft8.8. Prepare Your Works Cited PagePrepare Your Works Cited Page9.9. Write Your Final DraftWrite Your Final Draft10.10. Submit Required MaterialsSubmit Required Materials
Writing is easy. All you Writing is easy. All you do is stare at a blank do is stare at a blank sheet of paper until sheet of paper until drops of blood form on drops of blood form on your forehead.your forehead.
-- Gene Fowler-- Gene Fowler
