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Prof. Dr. Nurten GALPProf. Dr. Nurten GALP

FZYOLOJ A.B.DFZYOLOJ A.B.D

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KANIN EKLL ELEMENTLERKANIN EKLL ELEMENTLERakyuvarlarakyuvarlar

Dolam kannda1000 alyuvara 1akyuvar der.Dolam kannda1000 alyuvara 1akyuvar der. Granll; bazofil, eozinofil, ntrofilGranll; bazofil, eozinofil, ntrofil (Polymorphonuclear)(Polymorphonuclear)

Granlsz; lenfosit, monosit (mononkleer)Granlsz; lenfosit, monosit (mononkleer) Lkositozis; bakteriyel enfeksiyonlardaLkositozis; bakteriyel enfeksiyonlarda

saylarnn artmassaylarnn artmas

Lkopeni; viral enfeksiyonlarda saylarnnLkopeni; viral enfeksiyonlarda saylarnnazalmasazalmas

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cells

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cells

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AgranulocytesAgranulocytes MonocytesMonocytes

They are the cells of MononuclearThey are the cells of MononuclearPhagocytic SystemPhagocytic System(reticuloendothelial system - RES)(reticuloendothelial system - RES)spleen & bone marrow. They arespleen & bone marrow. They are

motile and phagocytic, capable ofmotile and phagocytic, capable ofdestruction of several types ofdestruction of several types ofbacteria including tuberculosisbacteria including tuberculosisbacteria. Their numbers increase inbacteria. Their numbers increase inchronic inflammatory conditions.chronic inflammatory conditions.They are relatively large, and inThey are relatively large, and intissues they enlarge and becometissues they enlarge and becomemacrophages. Macrophages aremacrophages. Macrophages arepresent in many tissues and arepresent in many tissues and arenumerous in places where foreignnumerous in places where foreignagents tend to invade the bodyagents tend to invade the body(lungs, gut, lymph nodes, bone(lungs, gut, lymph nodes, bonemarrow, spleen, and under themarrow, spleen, and under theskin). Macrophages in these tissuesskin). Macrophages in these tissuesmake what is called themake what is called the

mononuclear phagocytic systemmononuclear phagocytic system(MPS). It used to be called the(MPS). It used to be called thereticuloendothelial system.reticuloendothelial system.Macrophages, as the name implies,Macrophages, as the name implies,are large eaters. They can ingestare large eaters. They can ingestmany bacteria and deadmany bacteria and deadneutrophils. They are an importantneutrophils. They are an important

third line of defense.third line of defense.

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MonocytesMonocytes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PBMonozyt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte

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Monocytes share the "vacuumMonocytes share the "vacuumcleaner" (fagositozis) function ofcleaner" (fagositozis) function of

neutrophils, but are much longerneutrophils, but are much longerlived as they have an additionallived as they have an additional

role: they present pieces ofrole: they present pieces ofpathogens to T cells so that thepathogens to T cells so that thepathogens may be recognizedpathogens may be recognized

again and killed, or so that anagain and killed, or so that anantibody response may beantibody response may be

mountedmounted
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte

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LymphocyteLymphocyte
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Lymphocyte2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell

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LymphocyteLymphocyte Lymphocyte are much more common inLymphocyte are much more common in

the lymphatic system. The blood hasthe lymphatic system. The blood hasthree types of lymphocytes:three types of lymphocytes:

B cellsB cells : B cells make antibodies that: B cells make antibodies thatbind to pathogens to enable theirbind to pathogens to enable theirdestruction. (B cells not only makedestruction. (B cells not only makeantibodies that bind to pathogens, butantibodies that bind to pathogens, butafter an attack, some B cells will retainafter an attack, some B cells will retainthe ability to produce an antibody tothe ability to produce an antibody toserve as a 'memory' system.)serve as a 'memory' system.)

T cells:T cells: CD4+ (helper) T cells co-ordinate theCD4+ (helper) T cells co-ordinate the

immune response and are important in theimmune response and are important in thedefence against intracellular bacteria.defence against intracellular bacteria.

CD8+cytotoxic T cells are able to kill virus-CD8+cytotoxic T cells are able to kill virus-infected and tumor cells.infected and tumor cells.

yy T cellsT cells possess an alternative T cellpossess an alternative T cellreceptor as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+receptor as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and share characteristics of T cells and share characteristics of

helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and naturalhelper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and naturalkiller cells.killer cells. Natural killer cells: Natural killer cells areNatural killer cells: Natural killer cells are

able to kill cells of the body which areable to kill cells of the body which aredisplaying a signal to kill them, as theydisplaying a signal to kill them, as theyhave been infected by a virus or havehave been infected by a virus or havebecome cancerous.become cancerous.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell

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Neutrophils dealNeutrophils dealwith defensewith defenseagainst bacterial oragainst bacterial orfungal infection andfungal infection andother very smallother very smallinflammatoryinflammatory

processes and areprocesses and areusually firstusually firstresponders toresponders tomicrobial infection;microbial infection;

their activity andtheir activity anddeath in largedeath in largenumbers formsnumbers formspus.pus.

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NEUTROPHILNEUTROPHIL

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EOSINOPHILEOSINOPHIL

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LYMPHOCYTELYMPHOCYTE

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MONOCYTEMONOCYTE

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MAKING THE SMEARMAKING THE SMEAR

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MAKING THE SMEARMAKING THE SMEAR

http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood.htmhttp://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood.htm

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Human Neutrophil: Phagocytosis ofHuman Neutrophil: Phagocytosis ofStrepStrep

HumanHumanneutrophils areneutrophils arewhite blood cellswhite blood cellsthat serve asthat serve asprofessionalprofessionalphagocytes: theirphagocytes: theirprimary function isprimary function isto eat and killto eat and killbacteria and theybacteria and theyarrive quickly atarrive quickly atthe site of athe site of abacterial infection.bacterial infection.This neutrophil,This neutrophil,ingestingingestingStreptococcusStreptococcuspyogenespyogenes, was, wasimaged in grayimaged in grayscale with phasescale with phase

contrast opticscontrast opticsand colorized.and colorized.http://www.cellsalihttp://www.cellsalive.com/gallery.htve.com/gallery.htmm

THROMBOCYTES PLATELETSTHROMBOCYTES PLATELETS

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THROMBOCYTES - PLATELETSTHROMBOCYTES - PLATELETS Platelets, whichPlatelets, which

are cell fragments,are cell fragments,are seen next toare seen next to

the "t's" above.the "t's" above.(Many of the other(Many of the othermicrographs onmicrographs onthis page containthis page containthem as well.)them as well.)Platelets arePlatelets areimportant forimportant forproper bloodproper bloodclotting.clotting.

Each cubicEach cubicmillimeter of bloodmillimeter of bloodshould containshould contain250,000 to250,000 to500,000 of these. If500,000 of these. Ifthe number is toothe number is too

high, spontaneoushigh, spontaneousclotting may occur.clotting may occur.If the number isIf the number istoo low, clottingtoo low, clottingmay not occurmay not occurwhen necessary.when necessary.

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The red blood cellsThe red blood cells

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The red blood cellsThe red blood cellshere are normal,here are normal,happy RBC's. Theyhappy RBC's. Theyhave a zone ofhave a zone ofcentral pallor aboutcentral pallor about

1/3 the size of the1/3 the size of theRBC. The RBC'sRBC. The RBC'sdemonstratedemonstrateminimal variation inminimal variation insize (anisocytosis)size (anisocytosis)and shapeand shape(poikilocytosis). A(poikilocytosis). Afew small fuzzyfew small fuzzyblue platelets areblue platelets areseen. In the centerseen. In the centerof the field are aof the field are a

band neutrophil onband neutrophil onthe left and athe left and asegmentedsegmentedneutrophil on theneutrophil on theright.right.

A normalA normal

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A normalA normalmaturematurelymphocyte islymphocyte is

seen on theseen on theleft comparedleft comparedto ato asegmentedsegmented

PMN on thePMN on theright. An RBCright. An RBCis seen to beis seen to beabout 2/3 theabout 2/3 the

size of asize of anormalnormallymphocyte.lymphocyte.

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Here is a monocyte. It isHere is a monocyte. It isslightly larger than aslightly larger than alymphocyte and has alymphocyte and has a

folded nucleus.folded nucleus.Monocytes can migrateMonocytes can migrateout of the bloodstreamout of the bloodstreamand become tissueand become tissuemacrophages under themacrophages under the

influence of cytokines.influence of cytokines.Note the many smallNote the many smallsmudgy blue plateletssmudgy blue plateletsbetween the RBC's.between the RBC's.

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In the center of theIn the center of the

field is an eosinophilfield is an eosinophilwith a bilobed nucleuswith a bilobed nucleusand numerous reddishand numerous reddishgranules in thegranules in the

cytoplasm. Justcytoplasm. Justunderneath it is aunderneath it is asmall lymphocyte.small lymphocyte.Eosinophils canEosinophils can

increase with allergicincrease with allergicreactions and withreactions and withparasitic infestationsparasitic infestations

There is a basophilThere is a basophil

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There is a basophilThere is a basophilin the center of thein the center of thefield which has afield which has alobed nucleus (likelobed nucleus (like

PMN's) andPMN's) andnumerous coarse,numerous coarse,dark blue granulesdark blue granulesin the cytoplasm.in the cytoplasm.They areThey are

infrequent in ainfrequent in anormal peripheralnormal peripheralblood smear, andblood smear, andtheir significance istheir significance isuncertain. A banduncertain. A band

neutrophil is seenneutrophil is seenon the left, and aon the left, and alarge, activatedlarge, activatedlymphocyte on thelymphocyte on theright.right.

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The RBC's in theThe RBC's in thebackground appearbackground appearnormal. The importantnormal. The importantfinding here is thefinding here is the

presence of manypresence of manyPMN's. An elevatedPMN's. An elevatedWBC count with mainlyWBC count with mainlyneutrophils suggestsneutrophils suggestsinflammation orinflammation or

infection. A very highinfection. A very highWBC count (>50,000)WBC count (>50,000)that is not a leukemia isthat is not a leukemia isknown as a "leukemoidknown as a "leukemoidreaction". This reactionreaction". This reactioncan be distinguishedcan be distinguished

from malignant WBC'sfrom malignant WBC'sby the presence ofby the presence oflarge amounts oflarge amounts ofleukocyte alkalineleukocyte alkalinephosphatase (LAP) inphosphatase (LAP) in

the normal neutrophils.the normal neutrophils.

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The RBC's here haveThe RBC's here havestacked together in longstacked together in long

chains. This is known aschains. This is known as"rouleaux formation" and"rouleaux formation" andit happens withit happens withincreased serumincreased serumproteins, particularlyproteins, particularly

fibrinogen and globulins.fibrinogen and globulins.Such long chains ofSuch long chains ofRBC's sediment moreRBC's sediment morereadily. This is thereadily. This is themechanism for themechanism for the

sedimentation rate,sedimentation rate,which increases non-which increases non-specifically withspecifically withinflammation andinflammation andincreased "acute phase"increased "acute phase"

serum proteins.serum proteins.

The RBC's hereThe RBC's here

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e C s e ee C s e eare smaller thanare smaller thannormal and havenormal and havean increasedan increasedzone of centralzone of central

pallor. This ispallor. This isindicative of aindicative of ahypochromichypochromic(less(lesshemoglobin inhemoglobin ineach RBC)each RBC)microcyticmicrocytic(smaller size of(smaller size ofeach RBC)each RBC)anemia. There isanemia. There isalso increasedalso increased

anisocytosisanisocytosis(variation in(variation insize) andsize) andpoikilocytosispoikilocytosis(variation in(variation inshape).shape).

The most commonThe most common

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The most commoncause for a hypochromiccause for a hypochromicmicrocytic anemia is ironmicrocytic anemia is irondeficiency. The mostdeficiency. The most

common nutritionalcommon nutritionaldeficiency is lack ofdeficiency is lack ofdietary iron. Thus, irondietary iron. Thus, irondeficiency anemia isdeficiency anemia is

common. Persons mostcommon. Persons mostat risk are children andat risk are children andwomen in reproductivewomen in reproductiveyears (from menstrualyears (from menstrualblood loss and fromblood loss and from

pregnancy).pregnancy).

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http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HEMEhttp://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HEMEHTML/HEMEIDX.htmlHTML/HEMEIDX.html

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Monocytes are able toMonocytes are able todevelop into thedevelop into theprofessionalprofessional

phagocytosingphagocytosingMACROPHAGE cellMACROPHAGE cellafter they migrate fromafter they migrate fromthe bloodstream intothe bloodstream into

the tissue and undergothe tissue and undergodifferentiationdifferentiation

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Steps of a macrophage ingestingSteps of a macrophage ingestinga pathogen:a pathogen:

Steps of a macrophage ingestingSteps of a macrophage ingesting

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Steps of a macrophage ingestingSteps of a macrophage ingestinga pathogen:a pathogen:

a.a. Ingestion through phagocytosis, a phagosome is formedIngestion through phagocytosis, a phagosome is formedb.b. The fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome creates aThe fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome creates aphagolysome; the pathogen is broken down by enzymesphagolysome; the pathogen is broken down by enzymesc.c. Waste material is expelled or assimilated (the latter notWaste material is expelled or assimilated (the latter notpictured)pictured)

Parts:Parts:

1.1. pathogenpathogenb.b. 2.2. phagosomephagosome

c.c. 3.3. lysosomeslysosomes4.4. Waste materialWaste material5.5. CytoplasmCytoplasm6.6. Cell membraneCell membrane

NTROFLNTROFL

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NTROFLNTROFL

**ekirdek indeksi= ubuk ekirdekli ntrofilekirdek indeksi= ubuk ekirdekli ntrofil

paral ekirdekli ntrofilparal ekirdekli ntrofil

*kan tablosunun sola kaymas*kan tablosunun sola kaymas; ubuk ekirdekli ntrofil; ubuk ekirdekli ntrofil orannorannnartmasdr.artmasdr.

*kan tablosunun saa kaymas; paral ekirdekli ntrofil*kan tablosunun saa kaymas; paral ekirdekli ntrofil orannnorannnartmasdr.artmasdr.

nsan, at ve kpektensan, at ve kpekte ntrofil,ntrofil, ruminantlardaruminantlarda lenfositler kan tablosulenfositler kan tablosuhakim.hakim.

*Kanatllarda ntrofilllerin karl olan hcrelere*Kanatllarda ntrofilllerin karl olan hcrelere heterofilheterofil denir.denir.

*Kemik iliinde*Kemik iliinde myelocytmyelocytlerden geliirler.lerden geliirler.

*Ntrofiller granllerinde bolca l*Ntrofiller granllerinde bolca lizozomizozom(hidrolotik(hidrolotikoksidatf enzimler)oksidatf enzimler)tarlar.tarlar.

*Diapedesis amiboid hareketler yaparlar.*Diapedesis amiboid hareketler yaparlar.

*bakteri toksinleri doku ykm rnlerini sindirirler.*bakteri toksinleri doku ykm rnlerini sindirirler.

*Enfeksiyon balangcnda ntrofiller*Enfeksiyon balangcnda ntrofillerpirojenpirojenler retirler,bunlar bedeler retirler,bunlar bede

ssnn artmasna neden olurlar.ssnn artmasna neden olurlar.

Carbohydrate Recognition atCarbohydrate Recognition at

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Carbohydrate Recognition atCarbohydrate Recognition atInfection SiteInfection Site

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BasophilBasophil

E i hilE i hil

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EosinophilsEosinophils Eosinophils primarily deal with parasiticEosinophils primarily deal with parasitic

infections and an increase in them may indicateinfections and an increase in them may indicatesuch. Eosinophils are also the predominantsuch. Eosinophils are also the predominantinflammatory cells in allergic reactions. Theinflammatory cells in allergic reactions. The

most important causes of eosinophilia includemost important causes of eosinophilia includeallergies such as asthma, hay fever, and hives;allergies such as asthma, hay fever, and hives;and also parasitic infections.and also parasitic infections.

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

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Neutrophils deal with defense againstNeutrophils deal with defense againstbacterial or fungal infection and other verybacterial or fungal infection and other verysmall inflammatory processes and aresmall inflammatory processes and are

usually first responders to microbialusually first responders to microbialinfection; their activity and death in largeinfection; their activity and death in largenumbers forms pus.numbers forms pus.

EozinofilEozinofil

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EozinofilEozinofilapap 12-2012-20 mikron, iri krmz granll,saylar %3-mikron, iri krmz granll,saylar %3-

Allerji, anaflaktik ok, deri ve paraziter hastalklarAllerji, anaflaktik ok, deri ve paraziter hastalklar

StresStres,, ACTHACTH ve adrenal kortikosteroid dzeylerive adrenal kortikosteroid dzeyleri

ykseldiindeykseldiinde derder..

Antijen-antibadi reaksiyonu-hcre paralanmas-Antijen-antibadi reaksiyonu-hcre paralanmas-

Histamin- E artar.Histamin- E artar.

NaCI zehir MSS E birikirNaCI zehir MSS E birikir

EosinophilsEosinophils

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EosinophilsEosinophils

BazofilBazofil

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BazofilBazofil**% 0.5-1 orannda bulunurlar,**% 0.5-1 orannda bulunurlar,

**10-12 gn yaarlar.**10-12 gn yaarlar.

** Heparin ve histamin, daha az miktarda serotonin, bradikinin ve** Heparin ve histamin, daha az miktarda serotonin, bradikinin velizozomal enzimler salarlar.lizozomal enzimler salarlar.

** Bazofiller, mast hcrelerine benzerler. Mast hcreleri** Bazofiller, mast hcrelerine benzerler. Mast hcreleri

timus bezi ve lenf yumrularndan, bazofiller (granlleri su erir)timus bezi ve lenf yumrularndan, bazofiller (granlleri su erir)

kemik iliinden kkn alr. Bazofillerin granlleri suda erir, mastkemik iliinden kkn alr. Bazofillerin granlleri suda erir, masthcrelerinin erimezhcrelerinin erimez

** Allerjik olaylarda kapiller geirgenlik artar, bazofiller ve mast** Allerjik olaylarda kapiller geirgenlik artar, bazofiller ve masthcreleri eozinofilik kemotaksik faktr salarlar.hcreleri eozinofilik kemotaksik faktr salarlar.

** yanglarda kandaki saylar artar.** yanglarda kandaki saylar artar.

** ACTH ve kortikosteroid,tiroid hormonlar saylarn azaltr.** ACTH ve kortikosteroid,tiroid hormonlar saylarn azaltr.**lkbaharda,bazofiller i parazitlerin vucuttan uzaklamasn salar.**lkbaharda,bazofiller i parazitlerin vucuttan uzaklamasn salar.

Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigenBasophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigenresponse by releasing the chemical histamine causingresponse by releasing the chemical histamine causing

inflammation.inflammation.

M itM it

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MonositMonositKemik ilii ve dalaktaki retiklo-endoteliyel hcrelerdenKemik ilii ve dalaktaki retiklo-endoteliyel hcrelerden

kken alrlar.kken alrlar.Hareketli, aplar 12-22 mikrondur.Hareketli, aplar 12-22 mikrondur.eperleri dzensiz, stoplazmalar mavi, ekirdekleri ateperleri dzensiz, stoplazmalar mavi, ekirdekleri atnal eklindedir.nal eklindedir.

Monositlerde lzozomal granl ve mitokontri boldur.Monositlerde lzozomal granl ve mitokontri boldur.Diapedesis yoluyla kan damarlar dna knca ileriDiapedesis yoluyla kan damarlar dna knca ileriderecede etkinlik kazanrlar, mikro-organizmalardaderecede etkinlik kazanrlar, mikro-organizmalardasavama yetenei kazanm bu olgun hcreleresavama yetenei kazanm bu olgun hcrelere

makrofajmakrofaj ad verilir.ad verilir.Amip benzeri hareketlerde yabanc cisme yaklap onuAmip benzeri hareketlerde yabanc cisme yaklap onufogosite ederler.fogosite ederler.

Sregen enfeksiyonlar,Sregen enfeksiyonlar, tberkloz, bruselloztberkloz, bruselloz gibigibihastalklarda saylar artar.hastalklarda saylar artar.

DOKU MAKROFAJ SSTEMDOKU MAKROFAJ SSTEM

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DOKU MAKROFAJ SSTEMDOKU MAKROFAJ SSTEM

Akcier alveollerinde bulunanlaraAkcier alveollerinde bulunanlara AlveollarAlveollarmakrofajlarmakrofajlar

KaracierdeKaracierde Kupffer hcreleriKupffer hcreleri

Subcutan dokulardaSubcutan dokulardaHistiositlerHistiositler

BeyindekilereBeyindekileremikrogliamikrogliaLenf dm,dalak ve kemik iliindeLenf dm,dalak ve kemik iliindeDokuDokumakrofajlarmakrofajlar

Makrofajlar dokulara tutunur, lenfokin veMakrofajlar dokulara tutunur, lenfokin vekemotaksik uyarmlarla dokulardan ayrlpkemotaksik uyarmlarla dokulardan ayrlpbakteriostatik proteinleri ve paralaycbakteriostatik proteinleri ve paralaycenzimleri ile bakteri, virus ve doku ykmenzimleri ile bakteri, virus ve doku ykm

artklar ile yal alyuvarlar ortadan kaldrrlar.artklar ile yal alyuvarlar ortadan kaldrrlar.

L f itl L f itlL f itl L f itl

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Lenfositler LenfositlerLenfositler Lenfositler

*Kemik ilii,lenf dmleri, dalak, timus, tonsil,*Kemik ilii,lenf dmleri, dalak, timus, tonsil,

payer plaklarnda retilirler.payer plaklarnda retilirler.*Kemik ilii lenfatik sistem hcreleri henz*Kemik ilii lenfatik sistem hcreleri henz

farkllam lenfositleri olutururlar.Bunlarfarkllam lenfositleri olutururlar.Bunlar

dolam kanna girerler ve olgunlaacaklardolam kanna girerler ve olgunlaacaklaryerlere giderler.yerlere giderler.

* aplar 14-16, 7-10 mikron,* aplar 14-16, 7-10 mikron,

*sitoplazmalarnda azurofil granller var.*sitoplazmalarnda azurofil granller var.*fagostoz(-),*fagostoz(-),

*B Lenfosit-immunoglobulin (antibadi)-svsal B.*B Lenfosit-immunoglobulin (antibadi)-svsal B.

*T, Lenfosit, bakteri-virus-mantar enf.hcresel B.*T, Lenfosit, bakteri-virus-mantar enf.hcresel B.

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*Sitotoksik-effektr-ldrc: hcre zerine tutunup*Sitotoksik-effektr-ldrc: hcre zerine tutunuplizozamal enzim ilelizozamal enzim ile (T(T88)) Virus, mantar,Virus, mantar, tberkloztberkloz

basili,tmr hcrelerini yok eder.basili,tmr hcrelerini yok eder.

*Yardmc T hcreleri (lenfokin salar,*Yardmc T hcreleri (lenfokin salar, TT44))Sitotoksik,basklayc ve makrofaj hcrelerininSitotoksik,basklayc ve makrofaj hcrelerininetkilerini artrretkilerini artrr..

*Basklayc T hcreleri (dzenleyici,supressor),*Basklayc T hcreleri (dzenleyici,supressor), TT88

Sitotoksik ve yardmc T hcrelerini basklar.Sitotoksik ve yardmc T hcrelerini basklar.

*Bellek: (aylarca-yllarca canl kalabilir) effektr*Bellek: (aylarca-yllarca canl kalabilir) effektr

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akyuvarlarn yaam sreleriakyuvarlarn yaam sreleri

*Granll akyuvarlarn yaam sreleri ortalama 9*Granll akyuvarlarn yaam sreleri ortalama 9gndr. Kanda 6-10 saat,yangsal alanlarda 2-3gndr. Kanda 6-10 saat,yangsal alanlarda 2-3gn kadardr.gn kadardr.

*Monositler 24-72 saat kan dolamnda kalr,*Monositler 24-72 saat kan dolamnda kalr,sonra dokulara (3 ay) geerler.sonra dokulara (3 ay) geerler.

*B Lenfositler, 1 hafta-1 ay (doku)*B Lenfositler, 1 hafta-1 ay (doku)

*T Lenfositler, 1-3 yl (doku)*T Lenfositler, 1-3 yl (doku)Lenfositlerin byk ounluu ortalama 100-200Lenfositlerin byk ounluu ortalama 100-200

gn yaam sresine sahiptir.gn yaam sresine sahiptir.

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Akyuvarlarn zellikleriAkyuvarlarn zellikleri

1- Diapedesis: Akyuvarlarn klcal damarlarn1- Diapedesis: Akyuvarlarn klcal damarlarnaralklarndan kp kandan dokuya gemesidir.aralklarndan kp kandan dokuya gemesidir.

2- Taxis : Akyuvarlarn takzis yaratan etkenlere2- Taxis : Akyuvarlarn takzis yaratan etkenlere

(k, kimyasal maddeler vb.) doru hareketl(k, kimyasal maddeler vb.) doru hareketletmeleri ya da bunlardan uzaklama olaydr (+ veetmeleri ya da bunlardan uzaklama olaydr (+ ve

takzis) takzis)

3- Phagositosis: Akyuvarlarn canl ve cansz3- Phagositosis: Akyuvarlarn canl ve canszmaddeleri ilerine almalar (yemeleri) olaydr.maddeleri ilerine almalar (yemeleri) olaydr.

Fagositozisi kolaylatran FaktrlerFagositozisi kolaylatran Faktrler

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Fagositozisi kolaylatran FaktrlerFagositozisi kolaylatran Faktrler

a.a. Yzeyin przl olmasYzeyin przl olmas

b.b. Yzeyin pozitif elektrik ykl (+) olmas,Yzeyin pozitif elektrik ykl (+) olmas,c.c. Opsoninlerin mevcudiyeti. FagositozisiOpsoninlerin mevcudiyeti. Fagositozisi

kolaylatran antibadilere (antikorlara)kolaylatran antibadilere (antikorlara)

opsoninler denir. Opsoninler ve komplementopsoninler denir. Opsoninler ve komplementbulunduunda fagositozis 100 kat kadarbulunduunda fagositozis 100 kat kadarartabilir.artabilir.

Komplement: Normal serumda bulunan ve enzimKomplement: Normal serumda bulunan ve enzimaktivitesi gsteren bir takm proteinler.aktivitesi gsteren bir takm proteinler.

Antijen canl bir hcre ise, komplemet antijen-Antijen canl bir hcre ise, komplemet antijen-antibadi kompleksi ile birleerek hcrede lysisantibadi kompleksi ile birleerek hcrede lysis

yaratr.yaratr.

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An Antibody MoleculeAn Antibody Molecule

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An Antibody MoleculeAn Antibody Molecule

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AntibodyAntibody

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