Can Ban Phat Giao - Binh an Son

8/4/2019 Can Ban Phat Giao - Binh an Son

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CN BN PHT GIOBnh Anson

Nh Xut Bn Tng Hp TP. H Ch Minh, TL. 2005 - PL. 2549

Ngunhttp://thuvienhoasen.org

Chuyn sang ebook 21-7-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Tm Tt Cn Bn Pht Gio

T-khu DhammikaBnh Anson lc dch

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Lc dch t bi "Basic Buddhism: A Five-Minute Introduction" (Cn bnPht gio: Gii thiu trong nm pht), trong quyn "Good Question, GoodAnswer" (Kho Vn, Kho p) ca Bhikkhu Dhammika, n bn Internet(http://www.buddhanet.net).

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Hi: Pht Gio l g?

p: Pht Gio l mt tn gio c khong 300 triu tn trn khp thgii. Danh t Pht Gio (Buddhism) pht ngun t ch "buddhi", c ngha"gic ng", "thc tnh". Pht Gio khi ngun t hn 2,500 nm trc, khi

Ngi Siddhattha Gotama (S-t-ta C-m), hay c Pht, t mnh gicng vo lc 35 tui.
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Sach%20Noi/Viet%20Nam/Anh%20Dao%20Vang%20-%20Quang%20Minh%20-%20Hong%20Dao/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Sach%20Noi/Viet%20Nam/Anh%20Dao%20Vang%20-%20Quang%20Minh%20-%20Hong%20Dao/


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Hi: C phi Pht Gio ch thun l mt tn gio?

p: i vi nhiu ngi, Pht Gio khng phi ch l mt tn gio m cnc th xem nh l mt trit hc, hay ng hn, l "mt li sng". GiPht Gio l mt trit hc, v danh t "trit hc - philosophy"c ngha l "syu chung tr tu", v con ng ca o Pht c th tm tt nh sau:

(1) sng c o c,(2) nhn thc r rng v mi ngh v hnh ng, v(3) pht trin s hiu bit v tr tu.

Hi: Pht Gio gip ti bng cch no?

p: Pht Gio gii thch mc ch ca i sng, gii thch hin tng btcng v bt bnh ng trn th gian, v a ra mt phng cch thc hnh

hay mt li sng a n hnh phc tht s.Hi: Ti sao Pht Gio tr nn ph bin?

p: Pht Gio ngy cng ph bin cc nc Ty phng v nhiu l do.Th nht l v Pht Gio c nhng gii p cho nhiu vn trong cc xhi vt cht hin i. Tip n, cho nhng ai c ch tm, Pht Gio em limt s thng hiu su sc v tm tr con ngi v cc cch tr liu t nhin,m cc nh tm l ni ting trn th gii u cng nhn l rt cao cp v rthiu qu.

Hi: c Pht l ai?

p: Ngi Siddhattha Gotama sinh ra vo nm 563 trc Ty Lch, trongmt hong tc ti Lumbini, nay thuc x Nepal. Vo nm 29 tui, Ngi nhnthc rng tin nghi vt cht v an ninh trong th gian khng bo m hnh

phc; v th, Ngi i tm hiu cc hc thuyt, tn gio v trit hc thi , tm kim cha kha a n hnh phc. Sau su nm hc tp v hnh thin,

Ngi tm ra con ng "Trung o" v gic ng. Sau khi chng c, Ngidng qung i cn li ti th gian truyn ging cc nguyn l trong o

Pht -- gi l Php, hay Chn l, cho n khi Ngi nhp dit vo nm 80tui.

Hi: C phi c Pht l Thng ?


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p: Khng, Ngi khng l Thng , v Ngi cng khng tuyn b nhth. Ngi l ngi ch dn con ng a n gic ng, t kinh nghim thcchng ca Ngi.

Hi: Pht t c tn th cc thn tng khng?

p: Nhng ngi Pht t t lng tn knh cc hnh nh ca c Pht,nhng khng tn th, cng khng van xin nhng iu li lc. Mt pho tngPht ngi trong t th vi hai tay du dng t trn v, vi n ci t bi,nhc nh chng ta n lc pht trin tnh thng v an nh ni tm. L lytng Pht l t lng bit n v cc li dy ca Ngi.

Hi: Ti sao nhiu quc gia Pht Gio li ngho nh vy?

p: Khng hn ng nh vy. Nht Bn l mt quc gia c truyn thngPht Gio su m v ngy nay cng l mt quc gia c kinh t giu mnh.Thi Lan, vi Pht gio l quc gio, cng c mt nn kinh t tng ivng mnh v pht trin. Tuy nhin, chng ta cn bit rng mt trong cciu dy ca Pht Gio l ti sn ca ci khng bo m c hnh phc, vti sn ca ci cng khng bao gi thng cn. Dn chng trong bt k qucgia no cng chu au kh, cho d h giu sang hay ngho nn. Ch nhngngi no thng hiu cc li dy ca c Pht th mi c th tm c hnh

phc tht s.

Hi: C phi c nhiu tng phi Pht Gio khng?

p: C nhiu tng phi trong Pht Gio l v c nhng khc bit v vnha v truyn thng lch s ca mi quc gia. Tuy nhin, cn bn ca PhtGio vn khng thay i, l Php hay Chn l.

Hi: C phi cc tn gio khc u sai lm?

p: Pht Gio l mt h thng tn ngng c tnh bao dung i vi cc tnngng hay tn gio khc. Pht Gio chp nhn cc li ging o c ca

cc tn gio khc, nhng Pht Gio cn tin xa hn, bng cch a ra mtmc tiu di hn trong s hin hu ca chng ta, qua tr tu v s hiu bittht s. Pht Gio chn chnh th rt bao dung, v khng quan tm n ccnhn hiu nh l "tn hu Ky-t gio", "tn hu Hi gio", "tn hu n-gio", hay "Pht t". V vy, trong lch s, khng bao gi c cc cuc thnhchin mang danh Pht Gio. Cng v th m nhng ngi Pht t khng itruyn ging hay ci o ngi khc; h ch ging gii nu c ai hi n.


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Hi: Pht Gio c tnh khoa hc khng?

p: Khoa hc l tri thc c kt hp thnh h thng, qua cc d kinc quan st v thc nghim v ra cc nh lut tng qut ca thinnhin. Ct li ca Pht Gio ph hp vi nh ngha , bi v T Diu hay Bn S Tht Thm Diu, c th c th nghim v minh chng bi btk ngi no, v ngay chnh c Pht cng tng ni vi cc t rngh phi thc chng cc li dy ca Ngi, m khng nn ch tin sung. PhtGio da nhiu trn tr tu, hn l lng tin.

Hi: c Pht dy nhng g?

p: c Pht ging dy rt nhiu ti, nhng cc iu cn bn trongPht Gio c th tm tt trong T Diu v Bt Chnh o.

Hi: Diu th nht l g?

p: Kh , chn l thm diu u tin, ni rng i sng l au kh,ngha l phi chu au n th xc, gi nua, bnh hon, ri cht. Ta cng

phi chu au kh v mt tm l nh c n, phin gin, bc bi, s hi, biri, tht vng, hay sn hn. y l mt s kin hin nhin, khng th chici. y l thc t khch quan, khng phi bi quan; v bi quan l mong inhng iu g tr nn t hi. Mt khc, Pht Gio ra cch thc gii quytcc au kh v cch thc c hnh phc tht s.

Hi: Diu th nh l g?

p: Tp , chn l thm diu th nh, dy rng tt c mi au kh u doi dc v chp th. Ta s b phin kh nu ta mong i ngi khc phi tuntheo mun ca mnh, phi lm ging nh mnh, nu ta khng c nhngg mnh mun, v.v. Ngay c khi ta mun v c, iu ny cng khng bom c hnh phc. Tm kht khao ham mun cp ot ca ta nim vuic tha lng v hnh phc. Thay v kin tr chin u thnh t iumong mun, hy c gng sa i chnh ci lng c mun ca mnh.

Hi: Diu th ba l g?

p: Dit , chn l thm diu th ba, l c th chm dt au kh v tc trng thi tha lng v hnh phc. Khi ta dt b i dc, vn l v ch,v tp sng tng ngy, chng ta bt u sng an vui v t do. Chng ta s c


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nhiu th gi v nng lc gip ngi khc. Trng thi y c gi lNit Bn.

Hi: Diu th t l g?

p: o , chn l thm diu th t, l con ng a n chm dt aukh. Con ng ny gi l Bt Chnh o.

Hi: Bt Chnh o l g?

p: l con ng gm 8 yu t chn chnh: Chnh Kin, Chnh TDuy, Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip, Chnh Mng, Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh

Nim, v Chnh nh. y l con ng ca o c v tnh thc -- qua lini, ngh v hnh ng, v pht trin tr tu bng s nhn thc r rng vT Diu v bng s tng trng lng t bi.

Hi: Ng gii l g?

p: y l nm iu gii lut o c ca Pht Gio. l: khng st hi,khng ly ca khng cho, khng t dm, khng ni di, v khng dng cccht say lm lu m tr c.

Hi: Nghip l g?

p: Nghip hay "nghip-qu" l mt nh lut cho bit rng mi mtnguyn nhn u to ra mt hu qu, c ngha l cc hnh ng ca ta uc nhng hu qu. nh lut n gin ny gii thch nhiu vn : s btcng trn th gian, ti sao c ngi sinh ra li c ph tt, c ngi li cnhiu ti nng, c ngi c i sng rt ngn ngi. Nghip cho thy tmquan trng v vic tt c chng ta phi chu trch nhim v cc hnh ngca chnh mnh, trong qu kh v hin ti. Lm th no th nghim tcng nghip qu ca cc hnh ng ca ta? Cu tr li c tm tt bngcch hy nhn xem 3 im chnh: (1) nh ng sau ca mi hnh ng, (2)hu qu ca hnh ng vo chnh mnh, v (3) hu qu ca hnh ng

vo nhng ngi khc.

Hi: Tr tu l g?

p: Trong Pht Gio, Tr tu phi c pht trin cng vi T bi. Trongmt cc oan, bn c th l mt ngi tt bng nhng kh di, v trong mtcc oan khc, bn c th c nhiu kin thc nhng li khng c tnh cm.


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Pht Gio dy ta nn gi tht s cn bng v trn vn c hai, phi trau giic tr tu ln v t bi. Tr tu cao nht l thy r rng rng trn thc t, mihin tng u khng hon ton, khng thng cn, v khng c mt thcth c nh. Tr tu tht s khng phi ch tin vo nhng g c dy, m

phi chng nghim v thng hiu chn l v thc t. Tr tu i hi phi cmt tm rng m, khch quan, khng c chp. Con ng ca Pht Gioi hi phi can m, nhn ni, mm do v thng minh.

Hi: T bi l g?

p: T bi bao gm cc phm hnh ca lng san s, sn sng an i ngikhc, thin cm, chm lo v quan tm. Trong Pht Gio, ta ch tht s cmthng ngi khc khi no ta tht s cm thng chnh mnh, qua tr tu.

Hi: Ti phi lm th no tr thnh mt Pht t?p: Bt c ai cng c th tm hiu v thc nghim cc li dy ca cPht. Ngi dy rng li gii p cho mi vn ca chng ta l bn trongchng ta, khng phi bn ngoi. Ngi ni vi cc t khng c tinngay vo li dy ca Ngi, m h phi t th nghim cc li dy . Nhth, mi ngi t c quyt nh v t chu trch nhim v cc hnh ng vs hiu bit ca mnh. iu ny cho thy Pht Gio khng phi l mt tphp c nh cc tn iu cn phi c chp nhn trn vn. y l nhng lidy mi ngi t tm hiu, hc tp v p dng theo tnh hung ring ca

mnh.

Perth, Ty c, thng 8-2004

Tm Php Th Gian

Bnh Anson

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Bi ny vit da theo tp sch "The Eight Worldly Conditions", do Hathng Nrada vit nm 1970, v bc Phm Kim Khnh dch nm 1972 vita "Nhng Bc Thng Trm".*

Ting Pali ca "tm php th gian" l "atthalokadhamma". "Attha" l tm,"loka"l th gian, v "dhamma"l php.Atthalokadhamma cn c dch l


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Bt Php, hay Bt Phong, l tm ngn gi lm rung chuyn th gian. l:c (lbha) v mt (albha), danh thm (yasa) v ting xu (ayasa), catng (pasams) v khin trch (nind), hnh phc (sukha) v au kh(dukkha).

Trong kinh "Ty Chuyn Th Gii", Tng Chi B, Chng Tm Php, cPht dy:

Ny cc T-khu, c tm php th gian lm ty chuyn th gii. Th no ltm? l: li dng v khng li dng, danh vng v khng danh vng,tn thn v ch trch, an lc v au kh.

Sau , Ngi ni ln bi k:

Li dng, khng li dng,Danh vng, khng danh vngTn thn v ch trch

An lc v au kh

Nhng php ny v thngKhng thng hng, bin ditBit chng, gi chnh nimBc tr qun bin dit

Php kh i, khng ngKhng kh i, khng snCc php thun hay nghch

c tiu tan khng cn.

Sau khi bit con ngKhng trn cu, khng suChn chnh bit sanh hu

i n b bn kia.

Ngi ging rng khi chng ta gp phi mt trong tm s kin y (li dng,khng li dng, danh vng, khng danh vng, tn thn, ch trch, an lc,au kh), chng ta khng nn bm theo cc iu thun li nh: li dng,danh vng, tn thn, an lc; v chng ta cng khng nn sn hn vi cciu bt thun li nh: khng li dng, khng danh vng, ch trch, aukh. Chng ta khng nn cc iu ng tr v ln p tm tr. Tri li,chng ta nn nhn bit r rng rng: "S kin ny ang khi ln ni ta. Tuy


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nhin, s kin y l v thng, kh, bin hoi", c mt thi bnh thn,tnh gic. V Thnh t no on tn thun ng, nghch ng nh vy, sc gii thot khi sanh, gi, bnh, cht, su, no. T , v y thot khimi nhim rng buc, v tin n b gii thot.

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1. c v Mt (Lbha vAlbha)

Trn ng i, chng ta thng phi gp c hai iu: c v mt, hay nicch khc, li lc v l l. D nhin, khi c li th ngi ta tha thch, vuimng. Nhng n khi l l th phin no bt u khi pht. Nhiu trnghp l l quan trng lm cho ngi ta lon tr, lm khi a n cnh quynsinh mng sng, nu khng cn chu ng c na. Chnh trong nhng

hon cnh tng t, ta phi biu dng tinh thn dng cm v gi tm bnhthn, khng qu chao ng. Trong lc vt ln vi i sng, tt c mingi u phi gp nhng lc thng, lc trm, v chng ta phi sn sngchu ng, sn sng i ph, nht l trong nghch cnh.

Mt mt vt g, tt nhin ta cm thy bun. Nhng chnh ci bun y khnggip ta tm li c vt mt. Ta phi ngh rng ai c th hng vt kia,mc du h hng mt cch bt chnh. c mong ngi y c vui v, anlnh v hnh phc. Hoc gi ta c th t an i: "y ch l mt mt mt nhnhen, khng quan trng." Hoc gi ta c th chp nhn mt thi trit l

cao thng: "Khng c g l 'Ta', khng c ci g l 'Ca Ta'".

Ta phi dng cm chu ng nhng l l, thua thit, mt mt. Phi ngu vi n, v nh cu "ha v n ch"din t, n c th n mt cch tngt, tng on, tng m ng, ch khng n c. Ta phi im tnh i

ph, vi tm X (upekkh) hon ton, v ngh rng: y l c hi vng ngc thc hnh c tnh X ly cao thng ny.

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2. Danh Thm v Ting Xu (Yasa vAyasa)

Danh thm v ting xu l cp thng trm khc m ta phi i ph hngngy.

Danh thm, chng ta hoan h n mng. Ting xu th chng ta khngthch. Danh thm lm phn khi tinh thn. Ting xu lm cho ta phin


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mun, kh au. Chng ta thch c tr danh. Chng ta rt tha thch thynhng hot ng ca mnh, du khng ng k, c tng thut v cnhiu ngi nhc nh, nhiu ngi bit n. Lm khi ta cng c gng, mtcch bt chnh, lm cho ngi ta ch n mnh.

Tht ra, chng ta khng cn chy theo danh thm, ting tt. Nu ta xngng, t n s n m khng cn tm. Khi hoa m mt y th ong,

bm s n. Hoa khng cn mi ong, hay mi bm.

Cn ting xu th sao? Chng ta khng thch nghe, hay ngh n. Chc chnl khi nhng li ni xu lt vo tai, n s lm cho tm ta bng hong, khchu. Ni kh tm cng su m hn, nu nhng li gi l tng thut hay

bo co y t ra bt cng v hon ton sai lc.

Nhng cng nn nh rng cho d ta c th sng i o c trong sch nhmt v Pht, ta cng khng th trnh nhng li ch trch, tn cng v nguynra. c Pht l v gio ch tr danh nht thi by gi m cng thng bnhng ngi c tm cch vu oan, m hi, ni xu.

Ta khng nn phung ph th gi nh chnh nhng li n i sai lc, nuhon cnh khng bt buc ta phi lm sng t vn . K th nghch s lylm tha thch m thy ta bc bi v li ni ca h. chnh l iu m hmong mun. Nu ta thn nhin, li vu oan s ri vo tai ic.

Gio Php c dy:

"Hy nh s t, khng run s trc ting ng.Hy nh lung gi, khng dnh mc trong mn li.Hy nh hoa sen, t bn nh nc c mc ln,Nhng khng b nc c v bn nh lm nhim.Hy vng bc, n c mt mnh, nh con t gic."

L cha sn lm, s t khng s hi. Bm cht thin nhin ca s t lkhng run ry git mnh khi nghe ting gm tht ca cc loi th khc. Trnth gian ny, chng ta thng nghe thut li nhng cu chuyn tri tai, bt

li, nhng li buc ti gi mo, nhng ting vu oan ph bng hn. Nh st, ta khng cn tm n.

Chng ta ang sng trong th gian bn nh, nc c. Nhiu a hoa sen t vt ln, t im i sng, m khng b nc c v bn nh lmhoen . Chng ta phi c gng sng nh hoa sen, mt cuc i trong sch vcao qu, khng mng quan tm n bn nh m ngi khc c th nm vo


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ta. Phi sn sng n nhn bn nh, m ngi khc c th nm vo mnh,thay v mong i nhng a hoa hng m ngi ta c th tng. Nh th, tas khng tht vng.

Mc du l iu kh khn, chng ta phi c gng trau gii hnh t khc,bung b, khng luyn i. Khng cn n nc c ca nhng li ni c. n c mt mnh, chng ta hy ra i y, tn lc phc v v to anlnh cho k khc.

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3. Ca Tng v Khin Trch (Pasams vNind)

c ca tng v b khin trch l hai hon cnh thng trm khc, hng nhhng n nhn loi. L d nhin, khi c ca tng th ta n mt n my,hn hoan tha thch. Lc b khin trch th tinh thn suy sp, dt bun ru.c Pht dy rng gia nhng li ca tng hay khin trch, bc thin trkhng tha thch, cng khng dt u phin, m ta h nh tng vngchc, khng lay chuyn di cn bo tp phong ba ca i sng. Nu chngta xng ng, nhng li khen tng qu tht m tai. Nhng nu ta khngxng ng, nh trng hp c ngi nnh b, th nhng li y d c m tai,cng s lm cho ta tht vng, v l mt tai hi.

Ngi thc hnh Gio Php th khng tin vo nhng li nnh b, cng

khng mun c nnh b. Khi khen tng ai xng ng, ngi Hin tr thtlng khen tng m khng n ganh t. Khi khin trch, cc Ngi khin trchm khng n khinh khi. Cc Ngi ch khin trch v lng bi mn, mun cithin ngi lm ng lc no.

Cn khin trch th sao? c Pht dy: "Ngi ni nhiu b khin trch.Ngi ni t b khin trch. Ngi lng thinh cng b khin trch."

c Pht cng ni: "Ngi th gian phn ng sng khng k lut. Nh voichin trn a, hng lnh ln tn mi n t mi hng dn dp bn n,

cng th y, Nh Lai hng chu mi nguyn ra ca th gian."

K si m lm lc ch tm ci xu, ci h ca ngi khc m khng nhn citt ci p ca ai. Ngoi tr c Pht, khng c ai hon ton tt lnh. Cngkhng c ai hon ton xu c. Gia chng ta, bn trong con ngi tt nht,cng c phn h hng. Trong con ngi xu nht, cng c im tt p.c Pht dy rng ngi no bit cm lng nh ci m b khi b tn cng,


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nguyn ra, chi mng, th, mc du cha chng ng Nit Bn, ngi ycng ng trc Nit Bn.

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4. Hnh Phc v au Kh (Sukha vDukkha)

Hnh phc v au kh l cp thng trm cui cng. N cng c nhiu nnglc nht, nh hng n i sng nhn loi.

iu g lm c d dng l hnh phc. Ci g kh chu ng l au kh.Thng thng, tha mn iu mong c l hnh phc. Nhng, lin khi vat c iu mong c y, ta c mong mt loi hnh phc khc. Phnng chng ta tha thch trong s th hng nhng lc th ca i sng.

Nhng cng c hng ngi tha thch trong s t khc, bung b cc lcth y. Khng luyn i, hay vt ln trn mi khoi lc vt cht, l hnh

phc i vi ngi o c. Hnh phc Nit Bn -- tc trng thi thot rakhi mi au kh -- l hnh thc hnh phc cao thng nht.

Chng ta vui v n mng hnh phc. Nhng au kh th khng c nimn tip nhn. au n (vt cht) v phin mun (tinh thn) n vi ta dinhiu hnh thc. Chng ta au kh khi phi chu bnh hon, gi yu, l lt nhin. Phi im tnh chu ng nhng kh au .

Lm khi chng ta phi xa la thn bng, quyn thuc. Cnh bit ly v cngau kh. Chng ta phi nhn thc rng mi kt hp u phi chm dt trongcnh bit ly. l lut V thng, v y l c hi qu bu ta thc hnhtm X.

Trn bc thnh thang trong vng lun hi, cht l mi u phin trng inht m chng ta phi i ph. i khi ci cht khng n l loi cho mtngi thn, m n trng hp cho nhiu ngi thn trong mt lc. Ci chtkhng th trnh, n vi tt c mi ngi, khng tr ai. V ta phi bnh thni ph.

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c Pht dy rng:

"Cng nh trn t, ta c th vt bt lun vt g, du chua, du ngt, dusch, du d. t vn thn nhin mt mc tr tr, khng gin cng khng


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thng. Vy, cng th y, trong hnh phc, trong phin mun, lc thng lctrm, ta phi gi tm bnh thn nh t."

Trc nhng thng trm ca th gian, tm ca cc v Thnh A-la-hn khngbao gi chao ng. V vy, noi theo gng cc Ngi, gia nhng hon cnhc v mt, danh thm v ting xu, ca tng v khin trch, hnh phc vau kh, chng ta hy c gng gi tm bnh thn.


V Hnh B Th

Bnh Anson

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B Th l mt c hnh cao qu thng c cp n trong cuc sng tutp ca ngi con Pht, tu s ln c s, trong mi tng phi Pht Gio.

C l a s Pht t chng ta u nghe bit nhiu v cc li ging trong kinhin Bc truyn, u quen thuc vi cc khi nim hnh tr nh Lc Ba-la-mt v T nhip php ca hng B-Tt. V lc Ba-la-mt th gm c 6c hnh: B th, Tr gii, Nhn nhc, Tinh Tn, Thin nh, v Tr tu. VT nhip php th gm c: B th, i ng, Li hnh, v ng s.

Trong kinh in nguyn thy, B Th l mt c hnh ti quan trng mc Pht thng ging dy v khuyn nh chng ta nn c gng tu tp. Tnhip php cng c ghi li trong kinh in. Thm vo , trong khi kinhin Bc truyn c ghi 6 php Ba-la-mt, kinh in nguyn thy cp n10 php Ba-la-mt ca hng B Tt, gm: B th, Tr gii, Xut gia, Tr tu,Tinh tn, Kin nhn, Chn tht, Ch nguyn, T tm, v X ly. Cho nn,khi nim v cc hnh Ba-la-mt trong tt c cc tng phi u rt gingnhau, u cao B Th nh l c hnh u tin cn phi c tu tp.

y, ch xin trnh by tm tt, gii hn trong phm vi php b th trong thgian, v cc li dy ca c Pht cho hng t c s ti gia chng ta, nh ghi li trong Kinh Tng Nikya nguyn thy.

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"B Th"l ch Hn Vit, gm ch "B"v ch "Th". "B" l by ra, banrng ra, tri u ra; nh trong nhng ch: ban b, phn b, tuyn b, cng

b, b tr, b cc, b co, by binh b trn. "Th" cn c mt m khc l"Thi", ngha l thc hin, p dng, lm ra; nh trong nhng ch: th nghim,th im, th cng (thi cng)

"B th" c ngha l lm cho rng ra, tri rng ra, phn chia cng khp. T, B Th mang mt ngha l: chia x, san s. Ting Anh thng dch lGiving, Donating, hay Sharing. Trong ting Pli (Phn ng), B Th l

Dna, hay Cga.

"Dna"thng c phin m l "n-na", c khi ch gi tt l "n", nhtrong cm t "n Ba-la-mt", c ngha l "n-na Ba-la-mt", "Dna

Prami", hay l hnh Ba-la-mt v s B Th.

Trong kinh sch, i khi chng ta thy c s dng ch kt hp m tingPhn v ting Hn. Th d nh ch "n ch": n l t ch Phn "Dna",Ch l ting Hn. n Ch l ngi ng ra thc hin vic b th cngdng, ting Pali l "Dnapati".

"n ch" cng cn c gi l "Th Ch". Ch "Th" y l ni tt tch "B Th". Trong thut ng Pht hc, ch "Th" khng cn mang nghaen l "lm, thc hin, hnh ng", m thng c hiu nh l ch tt ca"B Th". Ngoi ch "Th Ch", chng ta thng thy cc ch khc nh l:

n-na tn th, nh thng th, th thc, th c hn, ti th, php th, nim th,v.v. Tt c u c hm cha ngha "B Th".

*

Trong Trng B, kinh 33; trong Kinh Pht Thuyt Nh Vy, Chng BaPhp; v trong Tng Chi B, Chng Tm Php, c Pht c dy 3 phphnh to cn bn phc bu trn ng tu tp. l: B th (Dna), Trgii (Sla), v Tu thin (Bhvan): "Ny cc T-khu, c ba phc nghip

s ny. l: Phc nghip s do b th tc thnh, phc nghip s do

gii tc thnh, v phc nghip s do tu thin tc thnh".

B th l mt trong 3 hnh kim c ngi hin tr, bc thin nhn tn thn. l: B th, Xut gia, v Phng dng cha m. "Xut gia" (pabbajj) yc ngha l s thiu dc, s thot ly iu bn rn phin no, th tr phpkhng no hi, sng ch ng, iu phc v ha hp. Trong Tng Chi B,Chng Ba Php, c Pht dy: "Ny cc T-khu, c ba php c ngi


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Hin tr tuyn b, c bc Chn nhn tuyn b. l: B th, Xut gia, vHu h cha m."

B th cng l mt trong bn php thu phc nhn tm, chung sng hiha trong gia nh cng nh trong Tng chng v trong x hi. Tng Chi B,Chng 4 Php, c ghi li li khuyn ca c Pht nh sau:

- Ny cc T-khu, c bn nhip php ny. Th no l bn?

B th v i ng,Li hnh v ng sHi cc v T-khu,y l bn nhip php.

B th v i ng,Li hnh v ng s,i vi nhng php ny, i i x nhau,Ch ny v ch kia,

Nh vy tht tng xng.

V bn nhip php ny,Nh nh u trc xe,Nu thiu nhip php ny,

Thi c m ln chaKhng c cc ngi conTn trng v cung knh..

Do vy bc Hin tr,ng ng nhn nhip phpNh vy h t c,S cao ln, tn thn.

Trong truyn thng Nam tng, mt trong nhng bi kinh m chng ta

thng c nghe tng c l kinh i Hnh Phc (Mah-Mangala Sutta),thuc Kinh Tp, Tiu B. Trong bi kinh ny, c Pht ging rng B th lmt trong 38 iu mang li hnh phc ti thng cho ngi c s ti giachng ta. c Pht cn cho bit rng B th l mt trong ba yu t bitc mt ngi c lng tin trong sch ni Chnh Php, nh ghi li trongTng Chi B, Chng Ba Php:


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"Do ba s kin, ny cc T-khu, mt ngi c bit l c lng tin. Thno l ba? (1) a thy ngi c gii hnh, (2) a nghe diu php, (3) vitm ly cu u ca xan tham, sng trong nh, b th rng ri vi bn tay sch

s, a thch t b, sn sng c yu cu, thch phn pht vt b th."

Mt ngi b th trong sch nh th, theo li c Pht, s to c mt tisn rt ln, khng bao gi b la t chy, lt lm tri mt, b n trm, bchnh quyn tch thu, hay b k th ch ly i mt. Ti sn phc bu dohnh B Th to ra l mt trong 7 loi ti sn cao qu nht - gi l thnh ti -m chng ta c th tch ly c. c Pht dy trong Tng Chi B,ChngBy Php:

Ny cc T-khu, c by ti sn ny. Th no l by? Tn ti, gii ti, tmti, qu ti, vn ti, th ti, tu ti. (...) V ny cc T-khu, th no l th

ti? y, ny cc T-khu, v Thnh t vi tm t b cu u ca xantham, sng ti gia phng x, vi bn tay rng m, a thch x b, sn sng c yu cu, a thch san s vt b th. Ny cc T-khu, y gi l thti.

B Th cng c xem l mt loi hng thm cao qu, ta ra cng khp,theo mi hng, to ra nhiu ting lnh, danh thm cho xm lng hay cngng ni chng ta sinh hot. Trong Tng Chi B, Chng Ba Php, NgiAnanda hi c Pht:

-"Bch Th Tn, loi cy hng g c mi hng bay thun gi, c mihng bay ngc gi, c mi hng bay thun gi ln ngc gi?

c Pht tr li:

-" y, ny Ananda, ti lng no hay ti th trn no, c n nhn hay namnhn quy y Pht, quy y Php, quy y chng Tng, tun gi 5 gii, tm tnhhin lng, sng trong nh vi tm khng nhim xan tham, b th khngluyn tic vi tay rng m, thch th t b, sn sng c yu cu, a thchchia x b th. Ngi nh vy, c cc Sa-mn, B-la-mn, Ch Thin

v cc phi nhn u tn thn. V nh th, ngi l loi cy hng qu.Cy hng , ny Ananda, c mi hng bay thun gi, c mi hng bayngc gi, c mi hng bay thun gi ln ngc gi".

*


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Tuy nhin, hnh B Th khng phi l mt iu d thc hin nh nhiungi thng hiu lm. y l mt php mn tu tp i hi chng ta phitinh tn, c chnh nim v tr tu.

Trc ht, c Pht dy rng khi b th, chng ta phi bit nhn thc rrng v vt cho, cch cho, v tm cho. Trong Tng Chi B, Chng TmPhp, Ngi dy:

"Ny cc T-khu, c tm s b th ca bc chn nhn. Th no l tm?Cho vt trong sch; cho vt th diu; cho ng thi; cho vt thch ng; chovi s cn thn; cho lun lun; khi cho, tm tnh tn; sau khi cho, tm lunhoan h".

Nh th, khi b th, vt cho phi l vt trong sch, vt th diu, vt thch

ng; cch cho phi l cho ng thi, cho vi s cn thn, cho lun lun; vtm cho phi l tm tnh tn khi cho, tm lun hoan h sau khi cho.

Trong Tng Chi B, Chng Nm Php, c Pht dy: "C nm loi b thxng ng bc chn nhn: b th c lng tin; b th c knh trng; b thng thi, b th vi tm khng gng p; b th khng lm thng tnmnh v ngi."Ngi cng dy v nm loi khc l: "C nm loi b th

xng ng bc chn nhn: b th c lng cung knh; b th c suy ngh; bth t tay mnh; b th khng qung b; b th c suy ngh n tng lai".

V b th cho ng thi, c Pht nu r c 5 loi:

- B th cho ngi mi n tr x ca chng ta.- B th cho ngi sp ra i, ri khi tr x ca chng ta.- B th cho ngi au bnh.- B th trong thi i.- Phm nhng hoa qu g mi gt hi c, dnh chng u tin cngdng cc bc gi gii hnh.

Nu c nh th, hnh B Th s mang li cc li ch: "Ty theo vt b th,ty theo cung cch b th, kt qu s a n cho ngi b th vi ti sn

sung mn, vi dung sc th thng nh hoa sen, vi v con, cc ngi lmcng tn ty phc v tun hnh, vi cc vt dng n ng thi, ng lc,vi nm dc cng c c th hng y , v vi cc tai nn khng h

xy n."

Trong cc on kinh khc, c Pht dy thm v cc li ch khc:


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"Ny cc T-khu, c nm li ch ny ca b th. Th no l nm?

- c nhiu ngi i m, a thch;- c bc thin nhn, chn nhn thn cn;- Ting n tt p c truyn i,- Khng c sai lch khi thuyt php;- Khi thn hoi mng chung, c sanh ln ci lnh thin gii."V li ch ca b th thc phm: "Ngi b th ba n, ny cc T-khu, sc hng nm kt qu: sng th, sc din ti p, sng an lc, c sckhe, c bin ti".

Thm vo , theo Ch Gii, c kt qu to ln, s b th phi hi 3iu kin thnh tu:

1. Thnh tu rung phc (khettasampatti), tc l ni n i tng th,ngi th th l bc chnh hnh, bc hi cc n c c bit.

2. Thnh tu vt th (deyyadhammasampatti), tc l c vt th y , hpphp, thanh tnh v thch hp li ch cho ngi nhn.

3. Thnh tu tm (cittasampatti), tc l tc b th c y , c tm tnhtn, c tm hoan h trong ba thi: trc khi lm, ang khi lm v sau khilm.

*C 2 loi b th: b th ti vt (tin bc, thc n, vt dng) v b th php(gio php, cc iu hay, l phi). Trong 2 loi ny, b th php l cao quv c nhiu li lc hn, nh dy trong Kinh Php c (354): "B th Phpl cao thng hn tt c cc php b th khc".

Trong Kinh Pht Thuyt Nh Vy (kinh s 98), c Pht dy: "C hai loib th: B th ti vt v b th Php. Trong , b th Php l b th tithng. C hai s phn pht: Phn pht ti vt v phn pht Php. Trong

, phn pht Php l phn pht ti thng. C hai loi gip : gip bng ti vt v gip bng Php. Trong , gip bng Php l gip ti thng."

Trong Tng Chi B, Chng Mt Php: "C hai loi b th: B th ti vt vb th Php. Trong , b th Php l ti thng."


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Trong Tng ng B, Tp I, Chng I, c ghi li cu chuyn trong mtm n, mt v thin t n hi c Th Tn:

Cho g l cho lc?Cho g l cho sc?Cho g l cho lc?Cho g l cho mt?Cho g cho tt c?

Xin p iu con hi?c Th Tn tr li:

Cho n l cho lc,Cho mc l cho sc,Cho xe l cho lc,Cho n l cho mt.

Ai cho ch tr x,V y cho tt c.Ai ging dy Chnh Php,V y cho bt t.

Cng cn ghi nhn y l c nhiu ngi thng than phin rng v iukin sinh hot lm n kh khn, hay v hon cnh gia nh, nn h khng cd tin ca thc hin hnh b th. Tuy nhin, ch l cc b th ti vt.c Pht c dy rng nu ngi no gi lng tnh tn, quy y Tam Bo v gitrn 5 gii cn bn, th l i b th, v l ngun cng c v lng chochng sinh, v ngi y mang li s an vui, thng yu hi ha n cho mingi, mi loi sng chung quanh ngi y. Trong Tng Chi B, ChngTm Php, c Pht dy:

"C tm ngun nc cng c ny, l ngun nc thin, mn n cho an lc,lm nhn sanh Thin, qu d thc an lc, a n ci tri, dn n kh i,kh h, kh , hnh phc, an lc. l:

- Quy y Pht, Php, Tng l 3 ngun nc u;

- 5 ngun nc k l gi trn 5 gii cn bn. cng l 5 i b th, bi vlm c nh th, s em cho s khng s hi (v y) cho v lng chng

sanh, em cho s khng hn th cho v lng chng sanh, em cho skhng hi cho v lng chng sanh; sau khi cho v lng chng sanh,khng s hi, khng hn th, khng hi, v y s c san s v lngkhng s hi, khng hn th, khng hi."


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Cng xin ghi nhn thm l trong vi ti liu kinh sch pht trin v sau ny,ngoi B th Ti v B th Php, cn c cp n mt loi th ba l B thV y, tc l mang n, san s s khng s hi, khng hn th, khng hi.Theo thin , c th xem B th V y l kt qu ca Ti th v Php th,khng cn phi tch ra thnh mt phn loi ring bit.

*

Nu ch thc hnh hnh B Th khng thi th cng cha trn . TrongTng Chi B, Chng Nm Php, Ngi X Li Pht c dy ng Cp C crng cng dng, b th t vt dng, tuy to nhiu phc bu, nhng cngcha . Ngi c s cn phi gng tu tp thin nh, c h lc do tmx ly sinh ra. Li khuyn ny c c Pht ng v khen ngi.

Do , kinh in nguyn thy cn ghi li vic thc hnh php qun nim vlng B Th, hay "Nim Th", nh l mt trong 6 php ty nim cn phi tutp. Trng B, kinh 34, c ghi:

"Th no l su php cn phi tu tp? l su ty nim x: Pht tynim, Php ty nim, Tng ty nim, Gii ty nim, Th ty nim, Thin tynim. l su php cn phi tu tp."

V c Pht gii thch thm cho ng Mahnma v nim Th nh sau (TngChi B, Chng Mi Mt Php):

"Ny Mahnma, ng hy nim Th nh sau: "Tht l c li cho ta! Thtl kho c li cho ta! V rng vi qun chng b cu u xan tham chi

phi, ta sng trong gia nh, vi tm khng b cu u ca xan tham chi phi,b th rng ri, vi bn tay sch s, a thch t b, sn sng, c yucu, a thch phn pht vt b th".

Ny Mahnma, trong khi v Thnh t ty nim Th, tm ca v y khngb tham m nh, tm khng b sn m nh, tm khng b si m nh; trongkhi y, tm c chnh trc nh duyn Th. V Thnh t, ny Mahnma,

vi tm chnh trc, c c ngha tn th, c c php tn th, c chn hoan lin h n php. Khi c hn hoan, h sanh; khi c h, thn ckhinh an; khi thn khinh an, cm gic lc th; khi c lc th, tm c nhtnh. Ny Mahnma, nh vy gi l bc Thnh t sng t c bnhng vi chng sanh khng bnh ng, sng t c v sn vi chng sanhc sn, nhp c dng lu ca Chnh Php, v tu tp ty nim Th."


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Trong Tng Chi B, Chng Mt Php, ngoi 6 mc qun nim nu trn,cn ghi thm 4 mc khc l nim Hi th, nim Cht, nim Thn, vnim Tch tnh, nh sau:

"C mt php, ny cc T-khu, c tu tp, c lm cho sung mn, an nht hng nhm chn, ly tham, on dit, an tnh, thng tr, gic ng,

Nit-bn. Mt php y l g? Chnh l nim Pht... nim Php... nimTng... nim Gii... nim Th... nim Thin... nim Hi th... nim Cht...nim Thn... nim Tch tnh. Chnh mt php ny, ny cc T-khu, c tutp, c lm cho sung mn, a n nht hng nhm chn, ly tham, ondit, an tnh, thng tr, gic ng, Nit-bn".

Xin gii thch tm tt:

1. Nim Pht (buddhnussati) l nim tng mi n c ca Pht.2. Nim Php(dhammnussati) l nim tng su n c ca gio php.3. Nim Tng(sanghnussati) l nim tng chn n c ca Tng chng.4. Nim Gii (slnussati) l nim tng gii thanh tnh ca mnh.5. Nim Th (cgnussati) l nim tng hnh b th x ti ca mnh.6. Nim Thin(devatnussati) l nim tng cc cng hnh tc thnh chthin v xt li cng hnh mnh c.7. Nim Cht (maransati) l suy nim s cht , ang v s n vichng sanh lun c ta, lm cho tm khng d dui.8. Nim Thn hnh(kyagatsati) l suy nim thn ny cho thy rng bt

tnh, u trc, bnh tt, kh , thc tnh thn ny l nh vy, v.v. t bs luyn i.9. Nim Hi th(npnsati) l nim v hi th v, hi th ra, tr s

phng tm.10. Nim Tch tnh(upasamnussati) l suy nim trng thi Nit-bn, nikhng cn phin no v au kh, mt trng thi vng lng tuyt i. tu tp v php qun nim lng B Th, c th xem thm cc hng dnchi tit ca ngi Lun s Pht m (Buddhaghosa) trong b lun Thanh Tnho (Visuddhi-magga), do Ni s Tr Hi dch Vit, Chng VII, on vit

v Nim Th.*

Tm li, B Th l mt c hnh cao qu m c Pht khuyn tt c Pht tchng ta cn phi tu tp. B th c 2 loi: B th Ti v B th Php, trong, B th Php l cao thng hn. Khi b th, chng ta phi c chnh nim


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v tr tu nhn thc r rng v vt b th, cch thc b th, i tng nhnb th, v tm ca chng ta khi lm chuyn b th. B th cn phi phtngun t lng tnh tn ni Tam Bo v trn gii hnh em li s anvui n cho mun loi. Cui cng, chng ta cn phi hnh thin, trong ,qun nim v lng B th l mt php mn quan trng cn phi c tu tp.

Perth, thng 7-2004

Chnh Ng

Bnh Anson

---*---

Chnh ng l li ni chn chnh, khng to nghip bt thin bng li ni,m tri li, dng li ni to cc nghip thin lnh. Trong Bt Chnh o,Chnh Ng l chi th ba, v c nh ngha nh sau, nh ghi trongTng ng B: "Th no l chnh ng? l t b ni lo, t b ni haili, t b ni li c c, t b ni li ph phim". l v mt tiu cc.V mt tch cc, c Pht cng dy rng chng ta phi c gng tu tp cnhng li ni chn tht, ha hp, du dng, v c ngha. Khi ta thc tpc nhng li ni ny, ta c nhiu ngi qu mn. p li, h s lngnghe nhng g ta ni ra, v s p ng thn thin v xy dng.

Trong Tng Chi B 10.176, c Pht dy:-- "C bn php tnh hnh v li ni:

1) y, c ngi on tn ni lo, t b ni lo. Nu khng bit, ngi yni: "Ti khng bit"; nu bit, ngi y ni: "Ti bit"; nu khng thy,ngi y ni: "Ti khng thy"; nu thy, ngi y ni: "Ti thy". Nh vyli ni ca ngi y khng tr thnh c vng ng, hoc nguyn nhn vmnh, hoc nguyn nhn v ngi, hoc nguyn nhn v mt vi quyn li

g.

2) Ngi y on tn ni hai li, t b ni hai li. Nghe iu g chny, ngi y khng i n ch kia ni, gy chia r nhng ngi ny;nghe iu g ch kia, ngi y khng i ni vi nhng ngi ny, gychia r nhng ngi kia. Nh vy ngi y sng ha hp nhng k ly

gin, tng trng nhng k ha hp, thch th ha hp, ni nhng li an ha hp.


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3) Ngi y on tn li ni c c, t b li ni c c. Ngi y ch dngnhng li ni nhu ha, m tai, d thng, thng cm n tm, tao nh, plng nhiu ngi, vui nhiu ngi.

4) Ngi y on tn li ni ph phim. Ngi y ni ng thi, ni chntht, ni c ngha, ni Php, ni Lut, ni nhng li ng c gn gi. Vni hp thi, nn li ni thun l, c mch lc, h thng, li ch".

cng l 4 thin nghip v Khu trong 10 thin nghip (thp thin nghip)m c Pht thng ging dy cho cc v t c s. Cn cc thin nghipkhc l v Thn c 3: cc hnh ng khng st sanh, khng trm cp, khngt dm; v v c 3: cc tng khng tham, khng sn, khng t kin.

*

Cng c trng hp, khi ta ni chn tht v l m vn chm n t i cak khc, khin h pht lng. Tuy th, i khi cn phi ni s tht d c mtlng nhng hu ch, c kh nng em n li lc trn ng tu tp. Trongkinh s 58, Trung B, Vng t V y hi c Pht rng c th no li nica Ngi lm pht ngi khc hay khng. Ngi tr li:

-- "Ny Vng t V y, li ni no Nh Lai bit khng nh tht, khngnh chn, khng tng ng vi mc ch, v li ni y khin nhng ngikhc khng a, khng thch, Nh Lai khng ni li ni y.

Li ni no Nh Lai bit l nh tht, nh chn, khng tng ng vi mcch, v li ni y khin nhng ngi khc khng a, khng thch, Nh Laikhng ni li ni y.

Li ni no Nh Lai bit l nh tht, nh chn, tng ng vi mc ch, vli ni y khin nhng ngi khc khng a, khng thch, y, Nh Laibit ng thi m gii thch li ni y.

Li ni no Nh Lai bit l khng nh tht, khng nh chn, khng tng

ng vi mc ch, v li ni y khin nhng ngi khc a thch, Nh Likhng ni li ni y.

Li ni no Nh Lai bit l nh tht, nh chn, khng tng ng vi mcch, v li ni y khin nhng ngi khc a v thch, Nh Lai khng nili ni y.


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V li ni no Nh Lai bit l nh tht, nh chn, tng ng vi mc ch,v li ni y khin nhng ngi khc a v thch, y, Nh Lai bit ngthi m gii thch li ni y".

Nh th, chng ta thy rng c Pht chn ng thi ging dy ngikhc, vi nhng li l nh tht, nh chn, a n mc ch gii thot gicng, cho d li y c ngi nghe a thch hoc khng a thch.

*

Trong kinh Li Ni (Tng Chi 5.198), c Pht ging 5 yu t ca mt lini thin lnh nh sau:

--"Thnh tu nm chi phn, ny cc T-khu, cc li l thin thuyt, khngphi c thuyt, khng c phm ti v khng b nhng bc Hin tr ch trch.Th no l nm? Ni ng thi, ni ng s tht, ni li nhu ha, ni liem n li ch, ni vi t tm".

1) Ni ng thi: c khi mt li chn tht nhng khng c pht biu nglc th thnh ra v ch hoc lm cho ngi khc bc mnh. Ngi thin tr

phi t nh p dng li ni ca mnh ng ch, ng lc.

2) Ni ng s tht: bc thin tri thc ni mt li phi da trn s tht,khng ngy bin, khng la di.

3) Ni li nhu ho: li ni cn phi du dng, l php, to khng kh hahp.

4) Ni li em n li ch: li ni phi c mc ch v ngha ca n, d lli chn tht nhng khng c mc ch em li li ch cho ai, th cng chl li ni nhm, v dng.

5) Ni li vi t tm: li ni phi pht xut t tm lng thng yu, cntrng.

Ngoi ra, trong bi kinh Kho Thuyt,Kinh Tp 78, c Pht ging thm:

-- "Thnh tu bn chi phn, ny cc T-khu, li ni c kho ni, khngphi vng ni, khng c li lm, khng b ngi tr qu trch. Th no lbn? y, ny cc T-khu, T-khu ch ni li kho ni, khng ni livng ni; ch ni li ng php, khng ni li phi php; ch ni li kh i,


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khng ni li phi kh i; ch ni li ng s tht, khng ni li khng ngs tht. Thnh tu vi bn chi phn ny, ny cc T-khu, li ni l ckho ni, khng phi vng ni, khng c li lm, khng b ngi tr qutrch."

*

Trong Tng Chi B 10.69, c Pht khuyn chng ta ch nn bn lun vnhng ti thit thc, c ch li trong s tu tp:

-- "C mi ti ng m lun. Th no l mi? l cc ti vt dc, ti v bit , ti v vin ly, ti v khng t hi, ti v tinhtn, ti v gii, ti v nh, ti v tu, ti v gii thot, ti v

gii thot tri kin".

Ngi thin s Buddhadasa (Pht L), Thi Lan, gii thch thm:

1) Gim dc (Appiccha-gatha): m lun gim lng tham, dng nhngli ni khuyn khch ta tit gim lng ham mun.

2) Bit hay Tri tc (Santutthi-gatha): m lun a n s bit ,dng nhng li ni khuyn khch ta tha mn vi nhng g mnh ang c,m khng cn ch n cc tin nghi xa hoa.

3) Vin ly hay c c (Paviveka-gatha): m lun a n s sng mtmnh, dng nhng li ni khuyn khch vic sng v t duy n c, xa lnhcc no ng.

4) Khng t hi hay Gim Tip (Asamsagga-gatha): m lun trnh cctip xc v ch, dng nhng li ni khuyn khch ta trnh ph phm nng lcv th gi.

5) Tinh tn (Viriyarambha-gatha): m lun bo tn v gia tng tinh tn,dng nhng li ni khuyn khch n lc trong tu tp.

6) Gii c (Sila-gatha): m lun gi gii hnh tt, dng nhng li ni khuyn khch gn gi c hnh.

7) Thin nh (Samadhi-gatha): m lun to lp tm an nh, thngbng, chuyn ch, hp nht, dng nhng li ni khuyn khch tm thmtrong sng v n c.


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8) Tr tu (Panna-gatha): m lun to thng minh v tr tu, dng nhngli ni khuyn khch s pht trin tu minh trit.

9) Gii thot (Vimutti-gatha): m lun gii thot, dng nhng li ni khuyn khch s gii thot tm tr khi mi phin no, mi mm mng btthin.

10) Tri kin Gii thot (Vimutti-nanadassana-gatha): m lun to lp trikin gii thot, dng nhng li ni khuyn khch s ch tm v hiu bitv tri kin gii thot, x ly khi mi tham th v phin no.

*

c Pht rt ch trch nhng cuc ni chuyn huyn thuyn, ph thi gianv ch. Nhng li gim pha v n i khng em n li lc g, v chnglm quy ng s yn tnh v nh tm. Ngi cng ging thm rng ngi takhng th tr thnh bc tr ch v ni nhiu, cng khng phi v ni nhiu mngi ta c gi l bc lo thng Php (Dhammadhara), nh trong cc cuPhp C sau y:

"Du ni ngn ngn li,Nhng khng g li ch,Tt hn mt cu ngha,

Nghe xong, c tnh lc." (PC 100)

"Khng phi v ni nhiu,Mi xng danh bc tr.

An n, khng on s.Tht ng gi bc tr." (PC 258)

"Khng phi v ni nhiu,L th tr chnh php.Ngi nghe t diu php,Nhng trc nhn vin dung,

Chnh php khng bung lung,L th tr chnh php." (PC 259)

Trong ngn ng Pli, danh t "Mu-ni" (Muni) trong tn "Thch-ca Mu-ni"(Sakya Muni) c ngha l ngi lun gi s yn lng (bc Tch tnh), thngc dng gi mt v Thnh. c Pht thng khuyn cc v tu s trng: "Ny cc T-khu, khi qu v hi hp vi nhau, c hai vic cn phi


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lm: mt l m lun v Chnh php, hai l gi s im lng ca bc Thnh"(Pht t thuyt, Ud 10).

*

Tm li, li ni c mt nh hng v cng quan trng, khng nhng tcng n i sng hnh phc ca mi c nhn m cn c th tc ng nsinh hot ca x hi. Nu c tnh gic v nh hng tt, li ni qua cccuc m lun, giao tip hng ngy, s mang n nhiu li ch cho s tu tpca nhng ngi con Pht chng ta. Chnh v th m c Pht aChnh Ng vo Bt Chnh o, con ng Tm Chnh dn n gii thotgic ng.


Rm Thng Su:Ngy Chuyn Php Lun

Bnh Anson

---*---

C ba dp l ln trong truyn thng Pht gio Nguyn thy. l ngy lMagha Puja, Vesakha Puja, v Asalha Puja. "Puja"ngha l tn knh, qu

knh, cn c ngha l s dng cng, cng dng. y, Puja cn c ngha lngy l ln. "Magha, Vesakha, Asalha" l tn cc thng trong lch ca n. So vi m lch Vit Nam, "Magha" tng ng vi thng Ging,"Vesakha" tng ng vi thng T, v "Asalha" tng ng vi thng Su.

"Magha Puja" l ngy l Rm thng Ging, k nim ngy c Pht thuytk "Ovada-Patimokkha", l cn bn cho cc gii lut sau ny. "VesakhaPuja" l ngy l Rm thng T, tc l ngy Tam Hp hay Pht n. "AsalhaPuja" l ngy l Rm thng Su, k nim ngy c Pht ging kinh ChuynPhp Lun, v sau , ch Tng Nam tng bt u ma An c Kit h.

Ngoi ra, truyn thng Nam tng cn c cc ngy l khc nh ngy T T(rm thng Chn) -- kt thc ma An c Kit h, v ma l Dng Y Kathinatrong mt thng, t ngy 16 thng Chn n ngy rm thng Mi m lch.

*


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1. Chuyn Php Lun

Ngi B tt S-t-ta ri gia nh, tm o gii thot nm 29 tui, v thnho nm 35 tui, vo m trng Rm thng T. Sau khi Ngi gic ng, c vPhm thin Sahampati cung thnh Ngi v lng t bi thuyt php i. cPht quan st th gian v nhn li thuyt php. u tin, Ngi ngh n os Alra Klma v o s Uddaka Rmaputta, l hai v thy dy o chongi khi cn l B-tt tm s hc o, nhng Ch Thin bo l hai v ny qua i. Tip n, Ngi ngh n nm ngi bn l: Kondanna (Kiu Trn

Nh), Bhaddiya, Vappa, Mahnma v Assaji, m lc trc cng tu khhnh vi ngi, v hin gi h ang vn Lc Uyn, gn thnh Ba La Ni.

T B o trng, ni Ngi gic ng, c Pht i n vn Lc Uyn,mt cuc hnh trnh khong 210 km, mt khong 2 thng, v n ni vo

ng ngy Rm thng Su. Thot tin, khi thy Ngi, anh em Kiu Trn Nhquyt nh khng cho hi, cng khng ng ln nh l Ngi, bi v h chorng lc trc, Ngi t b li tu kh hnh, khng cn l mt bc chn tuna. Tuy nhin, khi Ngi tin n gn, ch v b chinh phc trc v caoqu ca mt bc gii thot, khin h i x vi Ngi v cng knh cn. Chv cm ly bnh bt v thng y ca ngi, sa son ch ngi cho Ngi, rachn Ngi v gi Ngi l "Hin gi" (vuso) theo thi quen. Song c Pht

bc b cch xng h ny, v ni:

"Ny ch v, ng gi Nh Lai (Tathgata) l "Hin gi" nh mt trong cc

v. Nh Lai l bc A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic" -- (i Phm)

Li tuyn b khm ph con ng a n Bt T tc con ng Giithot, gic ng v chng c Chn L ca Ngi c nm ngi bnng tu c p li vi v hoi nghi. Ch v hi: Lm th no mt ngi t b kh hnh chn i sng sung tc, li c th chng c Chn L?c Pht gii thch rng Ngi chng h tham m i sng sung tc. lmsng t mi vic, Ngi thuyt ging bi kinh Chuyn Php Lun, khi ucng trnh hong php ca Ngi. Bi kinh trnh by Php Gii Thot lTrung o, v nu lnBn Chn L Cao Qu (T Diu )- nh ghi litrong Lut Tng v trong Tng ng B:

"C hai cc oan, ny ch v, m ngi xut gia nn trnh. Hai cc oan l g? m mnh vo dc lc, thp km, tm thng, h lit, khng xngng bc Thnh, khng ch li, l mt cc oan. Cc oan kia l chuyn


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tm kh hnh p xc, gy kh au, khng xng ng bc Thnh, v cngkhng ch li.

Ny ch v, Nh Lai trnh xa hai cc oan ny, v tm ra Trung o,chnh l con ng khin cho Ta thy v bit r, con ng a n antnh, thng tr, gic ng, Nit-bn."

Ngi ging tip:

"y l Chn l v Kh: Sanh, gi, bnh, cht l kh; su, bi, u, no lkh; thn cn nhng g ta khng thch l kh; xa la nhng g ta thch lkh; cu khng c l kh; tm li, ng th un l kh.

y l Chn l v Ngun gc ca Kh: chnh l kht i a n tisanh, cu hu vi h v tham, tm thy lc th ch ny ch kia: l Dci, Hu i v Phi hu i.

y l Chn l v Kh Dit: chnh l s on tr, dit tn hon tonkht i , qung b n, chm dt n, x ly n, khng chp th n.

y l Chn l v Con ng Dit Kh: l Thnh o Tm Ngnh, tcl: Chnh Kin, Chnh T duy, Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip, Chnh Mng,Chnh Tinh tn, Chnh Nim, v Chnh nh." -- (i Phm, Tng Lut;Tng ng B)

Nm v tn gi ht sc ch tm lng nghe li ngi. Khi Ngi thuyt ging,tn gi Kondanna qun trit: "Nhng g c sinh khi u phi chu qui luthoi dit", v c qu D lu. Sau , tn gi lin xin c Pht nhn lm t. c Pht ni: "n y, ny T-khu, Gio Php c kho ging,hy sng i Phm hnh on tn kh au"v nhn tn gi lm mt T-khu. Nh vy, tn gi Kondanna l v T-khu u tin trong lch s Phtgio, nh du khi im s thnh lp Tng on, tn ti cho n ngy nay.

Chng bao lu, li dy ca c Pht gip cho tn gi Vappa v Bhaddiya

hiu Php v hai v cng c nhn lm T-khu. Trong lc cc ngiKondanna, Vappa v Bhaddiya i kht thc cung cp thc n cho cnhm, c Pht thuyt ging ring cho tn gi Mahnma v Assaji. Sau, hai v ny c qu bc Nhp lu, v xin lm t. Nh vy, lc csu T-khu trn th gian - c Pht v nm v t ca Ngi.


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Vi ngy sau, c Pht dy bi php v V Ng - kinh V Ng Tng. Khinm T-khu nghe li thuyt ging ny ca c Pht, tm ca ch v thotkhi mi lu hoc, v tr thnh cc bc Thnh A-la-hn gii thot.

*

2. An c Kit h

Mt ngy sau l Rm thng Su, ch Tng trong truyn thng Pht gioNam tng bt u ma An c Kit h.

Trong Chng "Vo Ma Ma", i Phm, Lut Tng, c ghi:

c Th Tn ng ti thnh Vng X, Trc Lm. Lc by gi, vic an cma ma cha c c Th Tn quy nh cho cc T-khu. Cc v T-khu i du hnh trong ma lnh, trong ma nng, v c trong ma ma na.Dn chng phn nn, ph phn, ch bai rng:

-"V sao cc sa-mn Thch T li i du hnh trong ma lnh, trong manng, v c trong ma ma na? Ngay c cc du s ngoi o, d c gio lc thuyt ti t, vn sng c nh mt ch trong ma ma, ngay c nhngcon chim sau khi lm t trn cc ngn cy cng sng c nh trong mama. Cn cc sa-mn Thch T th li i du hnh trong ma lnh, trongma nng, v c trong ma ma na. Cc v y ang dm p ln cc loi

c xanh, ang hm hi mng sng ca loi ch c mt gic quan, v anggy nn vic git hi hng lot chng sanh nh nhoi".

Cc T-khu nghe c nhng ngi y phn nn, ph phn, ch bai. Vth, cc v y trnh s vic ln c Th Tn. c Pht nhn s vic ny m

bo cc T-khu rng:

-"Ny cc T-khu, ta cho php an c trong ma ma. y l hai thi imvo ma an c: thi im trc v thi im sau. Thi im trc l ngyk ca ngy trng trn thng slha, thi im sau l vo ngy sau trng

trn thng sau."

Tnh theo m lch ca Vit Nam nu khng c thng nhun th thi imtrc l ngy 16 thng 6, thi im sau l ngy 16 thng 7. Ngi dy tip:

-"Ny cc T-khu, trong ma an c ba thng th khng nn ra i du hnh.V no ra i th phm ti tc c (dukkata)."


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Tuy nhin, nu c chuyn cn kp v c thnh mi, v T-khu c phpri tr x trong thi hn khng qu 7 ngy. c Pht dy:

-"Ny cc T-khu, ta cho php i khi c thnh mi vi cng vic c thgii quyt trong by ngy; v khng nn i, nu khng c thnh mi."

Sut thi k gi ma min bc n , t thng Su n thng Mi, chTng sng mt ni c nh trong 3 thng an c. Ch v c th la chn ccht mnh xy mt am tht tr ma, hay trong mt tinh x sn c.

Ma an c bt u t ngy rm thng slha (rm thng Su). Tuy nhin,c Pht cng cho php bt k mt T-khu no khi s chm hn mtthng vo ngy rm thng By - gi l "hu An c". Vic nh ch du hnhchm dt vo ngy rm thng Chn (ssina). Nu v no khi s chm hn

mt thng, th chm dt vo thng Mi (Kattik). Ch Tng t chc l smhi B-tt (Uposatha) c bit, tc l l T T (Pavran), kt thc ma anc. Sau , cc T-khu cng b hon tt cc phn s trong Gii Lut, rini an c, v bt u du hnh truyn o.

Tp tc an c ma ma khng ch c l do c truyn, m cn c l do thctin na. Khi tri ma o t v cc con sng chy trn b, khi ng xchm trong bn ly, v nhng mnh t khng ngp nc lm thnh ni trn cho rn rt, b cp, th vic du hnh v cm lu ngoi tri hu nh khngth thc hin c. Hn na, kh m bc hi trong thi gi ma to ra

nhng tai hi khc cho sc khe; v nu mt T-khu b bnh, th d sn scv y ti mt tinh x hn l lc di chuyn.

Tc l an c ma ma cn c li cho Tng chng theo nhiu cch. Trongsut nhng thng du hnh theo ring ca mi ngi, c th l mt vi T-khu no tr thnh bung lung trong np sinh hot. Trong ma an c, ccT-khu chung sng sinh hot vi nhau, nn phi ch tm n quy lut xth v theo ng nguyn tc. Ma an c cn tng cng mi tnh cm trongTng on. Cuc sng chung mt ni v cng hc tp li dy ca bc oS, s trao i kinh nghim v kin thc a n s thit lp cc mi quanh thn hu c gi tr gio dc, c c Pht nh gi cao. Ngi ni:

"Qu tht tt c i sng ng Phm hnh ca Tng chng ct yu tnhthn hu gia nhng ngi a thch iu thin, tnh ng o, ng chhng. Mt T-khu lm bn vi iu thin, l ngi bn giao du, nging ch hng, c trin vng tu tp v lm sung mn Bt Chnh o,

gii thot cho ng bn cng nh bn thn v y".


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C ln c Pht thy mt T-khu b bnh, nm b v khng ai chm sc,Ngi v Trng lo nanda cng n sn sc v y. Ri Ngi gi Tngchng n v dy: "Ny cc T-khu, ch v khng c cha m chm scmnh. Vy, nu ch v khng chm sc nhau, th ai s lm vic y? Ny ccT-khu, bt c ai trong ch v mun chm sc ta, th v y hy chm scngi bn ng Phm hnh".

Vic an c ma ma cng quan trng trong vic hc tp ca ch Tng thi. Ch v tng c li cc bi kinh ca c Pht v hc hi nhng li dymi ca Ngi. Vic hc tp nghe kinh khng ch gii hn vo ma an c,nhng c thun li hn nh s chung sng sut ba thng ca mt hichng T-khu ng o ti cng mt a im. C l Gio Php s khngc truyn tng n thi i chng ta trong hnh thc chnh xc nh ngynay, nu Tng chng thi xa khng c c hi duyt li ton th li gio

hun ca c Pht trong cc ma an c kit h hng nm y.

Perth, thng 7-2004

S Lc V L Duyn Khi

Bnh Anson

---*---

Ting Pli ca l Duyn khi hay Duyn sinh l "Paticcasamuppda", cnc dch l "Ty thuc Pht sinh", ting Anh l "Dependent Origination".Thuyt ny bao gm 12 thnh t, nn cng c gi l Thp Nh NhnDuyn.

Trong Tng Chi B, chng Mi Php, kinh s 92, c Pht ging chong Cp C c:

" y, ny Gia ch Cp C c, v Thnh t qun st nh sau:

Do ci ny c, ci kia c.Do ci ny sinh, ci kia sinh.Do ci ny khng c, ci kia khng c.Do ci ny dit, ci kia dit."

l tm lc l Duyn khi. Ri Ngi ging rng ra:


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"Tc l do duyn v minh, c cc hnh.Do duyn cc hnh, c thc.Do duyn thc, c danh sc.Do duyn danh sc, c su nhp.Do duyn su nhp, c xc.Do duyn xc, c th.Do duyn th, c i.Do duyn i, c th.Do duyn th, c hu.Do duyn hu, c sinh.Do duyn sinh, c gi, cht, su, bi, kh, u, no.

Nh vy, l s tp khi ca ton b kh un ny."

Tip theo, c Pht ging v s on dit cc kh un:

"Do v minh dit, khng c d tn, nn cc hnh dit.Do cc hnh dit, nn thc dit.Do thc dit, nn danh sc dit.Do danh sc dit, nn su nhp dit.Do su nhp dit, nn xc dit.Do xc dit, nn th dit.Do th dit, nn i dit.Do i dit, nn th dit.Do th dit, nn hu dit.

Do hu dit, nn sinh dit.Do sinh dit, nn gi, cht, su, bi, kh, u, no dit.

Nh vy l ton b kh un ny dit. y l Thnh l c kho thy vkho th nhp vi tr tu."

Nh th, khi thuyt ging l Duyn khi, c Pht dy cho chng ta thyrng v v minh v b m si m s hin hu v kh au hin ti pht sinh;do s dit tn ca v minh, v t i dit v th dit, m khng cn s tisinh no tip theo; v nh vy, tin trnh hin hu c dng li, v cng

vi s dng li y, l s chm dt mi au kh.*

y, xin trnh by s lc tm tt v cc lin h gia 12 thnh t ca lDuyn khi nh sau:


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"V minh duyn hnh": Do v minh (avijj), cc hnh (sankhara) c iukin sinh ra. Hnh l nhng t tm s (cetan) hay ch, a n tisinh, cn gi l hnh nghip. V minh y ch yu l v minh v T Diu, v minh v l nhn duyn, v minh v qu kh v hin ti ca chng ta.

Do v minh, i khi chng ta lm nhng hnh ng thin, nhng phn lnchng ta lm nhng hnh ng bt thin, v a phn nhng iu chng talm u bt ngun t tham v sn. Di nh hng ca v minh chng talm mi loi hnh ng. Tht ra, v chng ta khng bit u l ng, ul sai, hoc chng ta ch hiu chung chung rng nhng hnh ng th ny lthin, nhng hnh th kia l bt thin. V m qung bi v minh m chng tathng lm nhng iu lm lc, d rng i khi chng ta cng lm cnhng vic tt.

Hai chi phn ny, V Minh v Hnh, thuc thi qu kh, v y l hai yut em chng ta n th gian ny. Nhng hnh ng thin trong qu khca chng ta nh b th, tr gii, c nhng ngh tt p, v.v. l nhng thinnghip (kusala-kamma), gip chng ta sinh ra lm ngi, c mt trongth gian ny.

"Hnh duyn thc": Ty thuc ni hnh nghip, thin v bt thin, chiphn th ba khi sinh, l Thc (vinnna), tc ti sinh trong th gian ny.Thcl thi hin ti v thuc nhm qu d thc. Thc sinh khi nh kt quca V Minh v Hnh trong qu kh. y, Thc khng c ngha l tt c

cc loi tm m ch l tm tc sinh sau khi cht. Nh vy, khi u ca kipsng hin ti ny, chng ta c Kit Sinh Thc - Thc ni lin - ngha lThc ni lin kip sng hin ti vi qu kh. Thc ti sinh pht khi, chngta c ti sinh, l l do ti sao ta dng ch "ti sinh", m khng dngch "u thai" vi ngha mt linh hn i ti sinh. Bi v khng c mt linhhn bt t trong quan nim ca o Pht.

"Thc duyn danh sc": Tm khng th lm vic mt mnh, n c mt stm s(cetasika)phi hp lm vic chung vi n, v v l tm nn n khngth tn ti n c, n cn mt ci thn vn l kt qu ca nhng hnh ngtrong qu kh. Do vy, ty thuc ni Kit sinh thc - thc ni lin, chng tac tm v thn, tc l Danh (nma) v Sc (rpa). Danhl phn tinh thn,cn Sc l phn vt cht.

"Danh sc duyn lc nhp": Do c thn v tm, hay danh v sc, ta c 6Cn hay 6 Nhp (yatana). Chng ta c nm cn bn ngoi: nhn, nh, t,


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thit v thn. Cn gi l "ng mn" hay nm ca. Chng hn qua nhn mn,chng ta tip nhn mt i tng ca s thy, v qua nhn mn, chng ta

bung b i tng ; v th, con mt c hai chc nng: thu nhnv bungb. Ch "cn" c dng y vi ngha ca mt "cn c", da vo m tm c th thc hin. Cn th 6 l cn. y l mt cn thuc bn trong,hay ni mn. N khng nhng ch l mt cn hay mn, m n cng cn ldng tin sinh ca chng ta - trong Pli gi l Bhavanga hay "hu phn".Chnh dng tin sinh ny dn chng ta i ht kip sng ny n kip sngkhc trong vng sinh t lun hi.

"Lc nhp duyn xc": Ty thuc vo 6 cn, ta c Xc (phassa). Xcl sva chm hay tip xc gia mt i tng gic quan bn ngoi vi b mtca b my cm gic tng xng, hay gia cn v cnh (trn). Ty thucni nm ca gic quan (ng mn)v cn ( mn), ta c Xc. Chng hn,

khi mt cnh sc v phn nhy cm ca con mt (tc nhn cn) nm trongmt khong cch thch hp v c nh sng thch hp, lc , s tip xcgia cn v cnh khi sinh, hnh sc tip chm vi phn nhy cm cacon mt. Tng t nh vy vi m thanh v nh cn, v.v.

"Xc duyn th": V c xc nn ta c cm gic, nh vy, Th (vedan)pht sinh. Khi c s tip chmvi mt i tng qua cn, ta c cm th.Nu s tip xc l mm mi, ta c th cm nghe mt cm gic d chu; nus tip xc l th nhm, ta cm thy mt cm gic kh chu; hoc i khi, tac mt cm th trung tnh, khng kh khng lc, v.v.

"Th duyn i": V c th m i (tanh) khi sinh, khng c th th thami khng sinh khi. Khi c cm th d chu - qua thy, nghe, ngi, nm, v.v.,tham i, thch th sinh khi. Cn i vi cc cm th kh chu th sao?Trong b lun Thanh Tnh o, c gii thch: "Mt bnh nhn ang c mtcn au kinh khng, c mt cm th kh chu. Lc , tham vn khi ln,bi v ngi y c mt c mun thot ra khi cn au , mun thot rakhi ci cm th kh chu . Nh vy tham khi ln bng hai cch: theocm th d chu v theo cm th kh chu".

"i duyn th": Mt khi i sinh th Chp Th (updna) lin theo sau.S khc bit gia i v Th rt r rng: i l tham mun nh nhng, trongkhi Th li l n r thm su, buc cht chng ta vo mt ci g . Tham tn th khng dnh mc, khng tin n trng thi chp th, n ch l s cmun hay mong mun bnh thng. Tuy nhin, vi mt phm nhn khnggic nim, tham i lin dn theo lng chp th.


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"Th duyn hu": V c chp th, nn to duyn to hin hu. Hu(bhava) ngha l ta ang khi s tr thnh, thu thp nghip lc mi cho isng tng lai. Hu c hai mt: nghip hu (kamma-bhava) l hnh ngtch ly ca qu d thc, v sinh hu (upapatti-bhava) l qu d thc hngn ti sinh. Ni mt cch khc, do duyn i v Th, chng ta hnh ngto nghip, by gi l nhng hnh ng hin ti (l nghip hu), v ngthi, chng ta ang chun b cho cuc ti sinh trong tng lai (l sinh hu).

"Hu duyn sinh": Do bi nhng hnh ng hay nghip hin ti, chng taang chun b cho ln ti sinh sp ti, l ti sinh hay Sinh (jti), mang ngha ca s khi u ca kip sng tng lai.

"Sinh duyn gi cht": Do ti sinh trong th gian nn t s a n GiCht (jar-marana).Jar l tui gi, gi mt cch dn dn, v ri, Marana

l cht. Tt c mi hin tng xy ra nh mt h qu tt nhin. Chng ta sinh ra nn phi chu bun ru, bi, kh, u, no, tuyt vng, v.v. v chng shin khi nh kt qu ca vic sinh.

*

Chng ta thy y c c thy 12 chi phn, thng c phn thnh 3 thi:qu kh, hin ti, v v lai. Hai chi V Minh v Hnh thuc v qu kh; nmchi: Thc, Danh Sc, Lc Nhp, Xc, Th thuc hin ti, xem nh l qu dthc ca qu kh. i, Th, Hu cng thuc hin ti v lm nhn cho tng

lai. Sinh v Gi cht thuc v tng lai, kt qu ca nhng nhn gieotrong hin ti. T Sinhn Gi cht, ch c hai chi c cp thi tnglai; tuy nhin, chng bao hm c nm chi phn trong nhm qu d thc hinti - t Thc n Th. S kt hp ca nm chi phn ny to ra ci gi l nng hay n b, v chnh nm chi phn ny l ci c sinh ra, gi cht vri li ti sinh, c tip tc mi mi khng ngng, do nhng hnh nghip tqu kh cng nh trong hin ti.

Trong quyn sch "Cy Gic Ng" (The Tree of Enlightenment), Gio sPeter Santina phn chia 12 chi phn thnh 3 nhm: 1) nhm tai ch (trc): v minh, i v th; 2) nhm hnh ng (nghip): hnh v hu; v 3)nhm kh au: thc, danh sc, lc nhp, xc, th, sinh, v gi cht.

Trong nhm th nht, v minh l cn bn. Do v minh m chng ta thamm vo cc dc lc gic quan, vo hng th, vo nhng tng sai lm,nht l tng v ci Ta c lp v thng cn. Do vy, v minh, i v thl nguyn nhn ca nghip (hnh ng).


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Nhm th hai l nghip (hnh ng), gm c hnh v hu. Hnh bao hmnhng du n, hay thi quen hnh thnh trong dng tm thc, hay s tipdin khng ngng ca thc. Nhng du n y c to thnh bi nhnghnh ng lp i lp li t nhiu kip trc, tr thnh thi quen. Nhng thiquen dn dt nhiu hnh ng ca ta trong hin ti. Ngoi ra, cn cnhng hnh ng to tc trong kip sng ny, v c gi l hu. Nhngthi quen vn pht trin t nhiu kip trc cng vi nhng hnh ng totc trong kip ny dn n ti sinh vi thn ng un, ri gi cht, kh au,v.v. l nhm th ba.

Khi hiu c s vn hnh ca l Duyn khi, ta c th ph v vng lunhi sinh t , bng cch gt b nhng bt tnh ca tm - l v minh, i vth. Mt khi cc bt tnh ny b loi b, s khng cn hnh nghip, v ngunthi quen cng khng sanh khi. Khi nhng hnh nghip ngng th ti sinh

v kh au cng ngng.

*

Trong Trng B, kinh s 15, c Pht c dy ngi Anand rng:

- "Ny Anand, gio php Duyn Khi rt thm su, tht s thm su.Chnh v khng thng hiu gio php ny m th gian ging nh mt cunch ri ren, mt t chim, mt bi rm lau lch, v khng th thot khi cca x, ci d, phi chu kh au trong vng lun hi sinh t."

Trong mt on kinh khc, thuc Trung B 28, Ngi dy rng:

- "Ai hiu c l Duyn khi, ngi y hiu Php; v ai hiu c Php,ngi y hiu l Duyn khi".

Cho nn, gio l Duyn khi l mt gio l tinh yu, thm su, quan trng,khng phi d dng thc chng v thng hiu. L mt phm nhn c s cnang tu hc, y, chng ti ch c th trnh by tm tt s lc theo kingii th thin ca mnh.


V Bt Quan Trai Gii

Bnh Anson


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---*---

Ngoi vic th tr, tun gi 5 iu gii cn bn trong i sng hng ngy,thnh thong, trong cc ngy trai gii, cc dp l ln, hay trong cc kha tuthin tnh tm, ngi Pht t c s chng ta thng gi thm Bt Quan TraiGii. Tm gii da vo nm gii cn bn, nhng c khai trin thm gip to mt i sng tnh hnh, n gin, gip to cc iu kin thun li tu dng tm tr. l:

1) Khng st sanh.2) Khng trm cp.3) Khng hnh dm.4) Khng ni di.5) Khng ung ru v dng cc cht say.

6) Khng n tri gi (khng n sau 12 gi tra).7) Khng tham gia ma ht, thi kn, nh n, xem ma ht, nghe n,kn, v khng trang im, thoa vt thm, di phn v eo trng hoa.8) Khng nm ngi ni qu cao v ni xinh p.

Ngy trai gii cn c tn gi l ngy B-tt, phin m t ch "Uposatha"."Uposatha" c ngha l i n v lu li ti mt ngi cha hay mt tu vin.Theo phong tc n ngy xa, cc gio s B-la-mn thc hin cc nghil thanh tnh ha, ri ri gia nh, chn mt ni thanh vng sng c ctrn ngy, vo ngy trng trn (ngy rm) v ngy u trng (mng 1).Trong bi cnh , c Pht cho php cc v tu s t ca Ngi hi hp li

vo cc ngy tng gii bn Ba-la--mc-xoa (Patimokkha, gii luttu s) v thuyt ging cho hng t c s khi h n lu li ti cha. Ngoira, cng ng Pht t thi cn c 2 ngy trai gii khc l ngy gia tuntrng u (mng 8) v ngy gia tun trng sau (ngy 23).

l bn ngy trai gii cn bn ca truyn thng Pht gio Nguyn thy,vn cn c p dng cho n ngy nay. Tuy nhin, ti Vit Nam, Pht tc s thng th tr 6 ngy trai gii trong thng: 8, 14, 15, 23, 29, 30 (28, 29cho thng thiu), hoc 8 ngy: 5, 8, 14, 15, 20, 23, 29, 30 (28, 29 cho thng

thiu).*

Cc bi ging ca c Pht c lin quan n tm gii ny c ghi litrong Tng Chi B, Chng Tm Php, Phm "Ngy Trai Gii". c Phtging rng ngi no th tr tm gii nghim tc vi tm trong sch, ngi


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y sng tnh hnh nh mt v A-la-hn. V th, cc t ca Ngi phi cgng gi tm gii trong ngy B-tt. Ngi ging chi tit cho b Visakha nhsau:

--"Thnh t y, ny Viskh, suy t nh sau:

1) "Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn t b st sanh, trnh xa st sanh, btrng, b kim, bit tm qu, c lng t, sng thng xt n hnh phcca tt c chng sanh v loi hu tnh. Cng vy m nay v ngy nay, ta

sng t b st sanh, trnh xa st sanh, b trng, b kim, bit tm qu, clng t, sng thng xt n hnh phc ca tt c chng sanh v loi hutnh. V chi phn ny, ta theo gng cc v A-la-hn v ta s thc hnh trai

gii".

2) "Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn t b ly ca khng cho, ch lynhng vt cho, ch mong nhng vt cho, t sng thanh tnh, khng ctrm cp. Cng vy, m nay v ngy nay, ta sng t b ly ca khng cho,ch ly nhng vt cho, ch mong nhng vt cho, t sng thanh tnh,khng c trm cp. V chi phn ny, ta theo gng cc v A-la-hn v ta sthc hnh trai gii".

3) "Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn t b t hnh, tnh tu Phm hnh,sng gii thot, t b dm dc hn h. Cng vy, m nay v ngy nay, tasng t b t hnh, tnh tu Phm hnh, sng gii thot, t b dm dc hn

h. V chi phn ny, ta theo gng cc v A-la-hn v ta s thc hnh traigii".

4)"Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn t b ni lo, trnh xa ni lo, ninhng li chn tht, y ch ni s tht chc chn, ng tin cy, khng la

gt, khng phn li li ha i vi i. Cng vy, m nay v ngy nay, tasng t b ni lo, trnh xa ni lo, ni nhng li chn tht, y ch ni stht chc chn, ng tin cy, khng la gt, khng phn li li ha i vii. V chi phn ny, ta theo gng cc v A-la-hn v ta s thc hnh trai

gii".

5) "Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn t b ru men, ru nu lm chom say, trnh xa ru men, ru nu lm cho m say. Cng vy, m nayv ngy nay, ta sng t b ru men, ru nu lm cho m say, trnh xaru men, ru nu lm cho m say. V chi phn ny, ta theo gng cc v

A-la-hn v ta s thc hnh trai gii".


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6) "Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn n mt ngy mt ba, khng n banm, khng n phi thi. Cng vy, m nay v ngy nay, ta sng n mtngy mt ba, khng n ban m, khng n phi thi. V chi phn ny, tatheo gng cc v A-la-hn v ta s thc hnh trai gii".

7) "Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn trnh xa khng xem ma, ht, nhc,din kch, khng trang sc bng vng hoa, hng liu, du thoa v cc thitrang. Cng vy, m nay v ngy nay, ta sng trnh xa khng xem ma,ht, nhc, din kch, khng trang sc bng vng hoa, hng liu, du thoav cc thi trang. V chi phn ny, ta theo gng cc v A-la-hn v ta sthc hnh trai gii".

8) "Cho n trn i, cc v A-la-hn t b ging cao, ging ln, trnhxa ging cao, ging ln. Cc v y nm trn ging thp, trn ging

nh hay trn m c. Cng vy, m nay v ngy nay, ta t b ging cao,ging ln, trnh xa ging cao, ging ln. Ta nm trn ging thp, trnging nh hay trn m c. V chi phn ny, ta theo gng cc v A-la-hnv ta s thc hnh trai gii".

"Nh vy, ny Viskh, l Thnh trai gii, thc hnh Thnh trai gii, nyViskh, c qu ln, c li ch ln, c chi sng ln, c nh sng ln".

Trong Tng Chi B, Chng Mi Php, c Pht cng khuyn cc c sca b tc Thch-ca (Sakya) trong cc ngy B-tt phi n lc hnh tr bt

quan trai gii, sng tinh cn, nhit tm, khng phng dt trn ngy v trnm. Nhng li lc do cng phu tu tp cn to ln hn ti sn ca ci mh c th tch t c sng sung tc c trm nm; v cng phu s tothin nghip a n ti sinh trong cc ci tri an lc vi tui th c ngnnm. Hn th na, kt qu s gip to iu kin thun li pht trintu gic, a h nhp dng thnh gii thot, qua cc qu v D lu, Nht lai,v Bt lai. Ngi ni:

--" y, ny cc Thch t, t ca Ta, trong 10 nm sng khng phngdt, nhit tm, tinh cn nh li Ta ging dy. Nh vy, v y thc hnh, vy c th sng trm nm, ngn nm, trm ngn nm c cm th nhthng lc. V y c th chng c qu Bt lai, qu Nht lai hay qu Dlu khng c sai chy.

Ny cc Thch t, u phi l 10 nm! y, t ca Ta trong 9 nm ... 8nm, ... 1 nm ... 10 thng ... 9 thng ... 8 thng ... 1 thng ... 10 m 10ngy... 9 m 9 ngy... 8 m 8 ngy ... trong 1 m 1 ngy sng khng


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phng dt, nhit tm, tinh cn nh li Ta ging dy. Nh vy, v y thchnh, v y c th sng trm nm, ngn nm, trm ngn nm c cm thnht hng lc. V y c th chng qu Bt lai, qu Nht lai, hay qu Dlu khng c sai chy".

*

Theo truyn thng, trong ngy trai gii, ngi c s Pht t thc dy sm,sa son thc n, ri cng dng n cc v Tng s i kht thc trong xmlng. Hoc h mang thc n n cha v cng dng n ch Tng .ng thi, cc v Pht t ny xin ch Tng c truyn Tam quy v Bt quantrai gii c th tr trong sut ngy v m hm . C th l sau , htr v nh, sinh hot bnh thng, nhng vn tun gi tm gii cho n snghm sau. C th l h thu xp li cha trn ngy v trn m hm .

Ty theo np sinh hot ca mi cha, chng trnh c th thay i. Cnhng ni Pht t lu li c sch, nghe thuyt php, ng gp vocc cng tc Pht s, lm cng qu ti cha. C nhng ni ch trng nhnh thin, ngi Pht t dnh trn ngy v m tp sng qun nim,tnh tm, xen k cc bui ngi hnh thin v i kinh hnh, v n gp thins tham vn ring v cc vn c lin quan n cng phu tu tp camnh.

C nhng cha t chc m th u , vi tham d vin nguyn khng ng

hay nm, tch cc tham gia vo cc bui thuyt php v tho lun v Phtphp. Trong m u thng v gia thng, nu ti cha c trn 4 v T-khu,ch Tng t hp ti chnh in, ni c kt gii Sima, tng c 227 iugii bn ca hng T-khu, v cuc l ny c th ko di hn mt gi.

*

Ngy nay, trong mi trng x hi kinh t hin i, khi chng ta phi sinhhot, lm vic theo lch Ty phng, rt kh m tun gi cc ngy B-ttng theo m lch. Khuynh hng thng thng l di ngy B-tt vo

nhng ngy cui tun, khi mi ngi c ngh ngi, d thu xp gpnhau, hay i n cha, n cc thin vin. C nhng nhm Pht t linhhot t chc ngy "Tnh Tm" hng thng, vo ngy cui tun k cn vim trng rm, thng l ngy th By v hnh tr bt quan trai gii trnngy v trn m cho n sng ngy Ch nht.


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Nu c ch Tng Ni hin din, chng ta thnh qu ngi truyn quy gii. nhng ni khng c Tng Ni, chng ta c th mi mt v c s ln tui, cuy tn, tuyn c quy gii, mi ngi cng c theo, v t nguyn th tr vitm trong sch. Chng trnh sinh hot th ty duyn, c th l t chc cc

bui thin tp, tham cu kinh sch, xen k vi cc bui thuyt php hocm lun v Pht php, hoc cng tng c cc bi kinh cn bn nh kinhT Bi, i Hnh Phc, Chu Bu, Chuyn Php Lun, v.v., hoc cng nghecc bi ging, cc bi kinh tng thu m trong bng audio-cassette hay aCD.

Tng t trong tinh thn , nhng ni xa xi, khng c nhiu Pht t, tavn c th t t chc mt ngy trai gii ti nh ring, t c ln li nguynquy y Tam Bo v hnh tr Tm Gii, ri lp ra mt chng trnh tnh tu choring mnh trong trn ngy y.

iu quan trng l lm sao gi tm thanh tnh, nhu ha, khng bn rn,khng lo u tnh ton, v lc no cng c gng tnh gic, chnh nim, nhttm hng v Pht Php trong sut thi gian th tr bt quan trai gii.

Thng 9-2004

Nim n c Tam Bo

Bnh Anson

---*---

Hng ngy, vo bui sng sm v bui ti, cc Pht t trong truyn thngNam tng thng tng cc bi kinh vn cn bn, trong , c bi tng v ccn c Tam Bo, Pht-Php-Tng. y, xin mo mui trnh by s lc v ngha cc li tn dng Tam Bo , da theo mt tp sch hc ting Plica T-khu Nguyt Thin Indacanda.

*

Bt u mi bui l, chng ta thng nghe tng cu:

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato samm sambuddhassa

Trong ,


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Namo tassa: Xin cung knh n v y.bhagavato: c Th Tn, c Ph-ga-va.arahato: bc A-la-hn, ng Cng.samm sambuddhassa: ng Chnh Bin Tri, Chnh ng Gic, Bc TGic Ng hon ton, khng ai ch dy.

Ngha ton cu: "Cung knh n Ngi l c Th Tn (Ph-ga-va), bc A-la-hn (ng Cng), ng Chnh Bin Tri".

*

Tip theo, l cc cu tng v n c Tam Bo nh sau:

1) n c Pht Bo:

Itipi so Bhagav Araham Sammsambuddho VijjcaranasampannoSugato Lokavid Anuttaro Purisadammasrathi Satth devamanussnamBuddho Bhagavti

Itipi so: Tht vy, v y l ...Bhagav: c Th Tn.Araham: ngi khng cn nhim, bc A-la-hn, bc ng Cng.Sammsambuddho: ng Chnh Bin Tri, Chnh ng Gic, Bc T Gic

Ng hon ton, khng ai ch dy.Vijjcaranasampanno: Minh Hnh Tc, ngi c tr tu v c hnh thnh

tu mt cch trn vn.Sugato: bc Thin Th, v ra i mt cch trn vn, Nit-bn.Lokavid: ngi hiu bit r rng v th gian, Th Gian Gii.Anuttaro: khng g hn c, V Thng S.Purisadammasrathi: ngi c kh nng iu khin, hun luyn k khc,iu Ng Trng Phu.Satth devamanussnam: v thy ca ch thin v loi ngi, Thin NhnS.Buddho: bc gic ng, c Pht.Bhagav: c Th Tn.

Ngha ton cu: "Tht vy, bc ng knh trng y l A-la-hn, Chnhng Gic, Minh Hnh Tc, Thin Th, Th Gian Gii, V Thng S, iuNg Trng Phu, Thin Nhn S, Pht, Th Tn."

y l on vn rt thng gp trong cc bi kinh thuc i Tng Kinh dongi Ha thng Thch Minh Chu dch sang Vit ng. cng l 10 Danh


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hiu ca c Pht. Tuy nhin, trong mt vi kinh sch, chng ta ch thy cp n 9 danh hiu, l v 2 danh hiu V Thng S v iu NgTrng Phu i khi c gp chung thnh mt, nh c gii thch trong blun Thanh Tnh o, Chng VII, ca ngi Pht m (Buddhaghosa).

Ngoi ra, trong nhiu kinh sch Bc tng, c thy thm vo danh hiu NhLai, to ra 11 danh hiu. c c con s 10 danh hiu, c sch gp chungV Thng Sviu Ng Trng Phu thnh mt, hay gp chungPhtvTh Tn thnh mt danh hiu.

Trong quyn "Nghi thc tng nim" ca cha Php Lun, Texas, Hoa K, cdch l:

Hng danh Pht nhim mu ng Cng,

Chnh Bin Tri, Minh Hnh y,c n Thin Th cao dy,Bc Th Gian Gii ch by l chn,V Thng S php m tnh diu,

Bc Trng Phu iu Ng sanh,Thin Nhn S ng cha lnh,

Pht ton gic, Th Tn trong i.

*

2) n c Php Bo:

Svkkhto bhagavato dhammo sanditthiko akliko ehipassiko opanayikopaccattam veditabbo vinnhti

Svkkhto: kho c thuyt ging.bhagavato: ca c Th Tn.dhammo: gio php.Svkkhto bhagavato dhammo: Php ca c Th Tn kho cthuyt ging

sanditthiko: hon ton hin nhin, c thy r rng.akliko: khng i thi gian, khng b chi phi bi thi gian.ehipassiko: hy n v hy thy, mi n thy.opanayiko: c kh nng hng thng, dn dt v hng thng (Nit-

bn).paccattam: t c nhn, ring r.


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veditabbo: nn c hiu bit.vinnh: bi cc bc tr tu.

Ngha ton cu:"Php ca c Th Tn kho c thuyt ging, honton hin nhin, khng b chi phi bi thi gian, hy n v hy thy, c khnng dn dt v hng (Nit-bn), v nn c hiu bit t c nhn bi ccbc tr tu."

Trong cc b kinh Nikya, Ha thng Minh Chu dch l "y l Php doTh Tn kho thuyt, thit thc hin ti, c qu tc thi, n m thy, ckh nng hng thng, do ngi tr t mnh gic hiu."


Php vi diu, cha lnh kho dy,La danh ngn, gic ng hin tin,Vt thi gian, chng v bin,St na i ng, hot nhin liu tng,

o v thng, n ri thy r,Hng thng tm, thot ng vng trn,Tr nhn t ng gi chn,

Diu thng tnh lc, Php n nhim mu.

*

3) n c Tng Bo:

Supatipanno bhagavato svakasanghoujupatipanno bhagavato svakasanghonyapatipanno bhagavato svakasanghosmcipatipanno bhagavato svakasangho

yadidam cattri purisayugni atthapurisapuggalesa bhagavato svakasangho

huneyyo phuneyyo dakkhineyyo anjalikaranyoanuttaram punnakkhettam lokassti

Supatipanno: tu hnh tt p trong thin o (thin hnh)bhagavato: ca c Th Tn.svakasangho: Tng chng t.bhagavato svakasangho: Tng chng t ca c Th Tn.


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ujupatipanno: tu hnh trong trc o (trc hnh)nyapatipanno: tu hnh trong chn o (nh l hnh).smcipatipanno: tu hnh trong chnh o (chn chnh hnh).yadidam: iu trn c ngha l th ny.cattri: bn (s m).purisayugni: (bn) cp / i hng ngi: o qu D lu, o qu Nhtlai, o qu Bt lai, o qu A-la-hn (o v Qu tnh chung thnh mti).atthapurisapuggal: tm hng ngi, nu tnh n, l o v Qu tchri ra.esa: nhm ngi y, nhm ngi ni trn.bhagavato: ca c Th Tn.svakasangho: Tng chng t.huneyyo: ng c cung knh.

phuneyyo: ng c thn cn.dakkhineyyo: ng c cng dng.anjalikaranyo: ng c chp tay, ng c l bi.anuttaram: khng g hn c, v thng.punnakkhettam: ni gieo nhn phc bu, phc in.lokass: ca th gian.

Ngha ton cu: Trong cc b kinh Nikya, Ha thng Minh Chu dch l"Chng Tng t Th Tn l bc Thin hnh; chng Tng t Th Tnl bc Trc hnh; chng Tng t Th Tn l bc Nh l hnh; chngTng t Th Tn l bc Chn Chnh hnh; tc l bn i, tm chng.Chng Tng t ny ca Th Tn ng c cung knh, ng c thncn, ng c cng dng, ng c chp tay cho, l phc in vthng trn i."


Bc diu hnh, thinh vn Thch T,

Bc trc hnh, php l thin gia,Bc nh l hnh, Tng Gi,Bc chn chnh hnh, di to Th Tn,Thnh o qu bn i, tm chng,

t Pht ng cng tn nghim,Cung nghinh knh l mt nim,Thnh chng v thng, phc in th gian.


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*

Tr tng, ghi nh v thng hiu r rng 3 cu tng trn l mt php hnh cnbn nhng rt quan trng. Khi thng hiu ngha, chng ta tng trngnim tn thnh ni Tam Bo. Khi ghi nh v tr tng u n, thng xuyn,chng ta dng nui s nh tm.

Trong Tng ng B 11.3, kinh u L C, c Pht khuyn cc v T-khu khi hnh thin, sng c c trong rng vng, nn thng xuyn tngnim v qun tng n n c Tam Bo qua cc cu trn gip cc v yc thm t tin, khng cn lo u, s hi. Ngi tm tt trong cu k:

"Ny cc v T-khu,Trong rng hay gc cy,

Hay ti cn nh trng,Hy nim bc Chnh Gic.Cc ng c s hi,S hi s tiu dit.

Nu khng t nim Pht,Ti thng ch i,V cng l Ngu vng,Trong th gii loi Ngi,Vy hy t nim Php,

Hng thng, kho tuyn thuyt.

Nu khng t nim Php,Hng thng, kho tuyn thuyt,Vy hy t nim Tng,

L phc in v thng.

Vy ny cc T-khu,Nh vy t nim Pht,T nim Php v Tng,

S hi hay hong ht,Khng bao gi khi ln".

c Pht cng khuyn hng t c s c nhng ty nim tng t nh th.Trong Tng Chi B 11.12, Ngi dy v c s i Danh (Mahnma) v 6 tynim: nim Pht, nim Php, nim Tng, nim Gii, nim Th (B th), vnim ch Thin. V nim Pht-Php-Tng, Ngi ni:


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--"Ny Mahnma, trong khi v Thnh t ty nim Tam Bo (Pht-Php-Tng), tm ca v y khng b tham m nh, khng b sn m nh, khng b

si m nh. Tm ca v y c chnh trc nh duyn Tam Bo. V Thnh t y, vi tm chnh trc, c c ngha tn th, c c php tn th, cc hn hoan lin h n php. Khi c hn hoan, h sanh; khi c h, thnc khinh an; khi thn c khinh an, cm gic c lc th; khi c lcth, tm c nh tnh. Ny Mahnma, nh vy gi l bc Thnh t

sng t c bnh ng vi chng sanh khng bnh ng, sng t c vsn vi chng sanh c sn, nhp c php lu, tu tp ty nim Tam Bo".

Trong b lun Thanh Tnh o, Chng VII, ngi Pht m cp n ccli ch ca php nim n c Tam Bo nh sau:

-- "Khi v hnh gi ch tm n vic suy nim ng Gic Ng nh vy, suy

nim Chnh Php nh vy, suy nim ch Thnh Tng nh vy, v y c lngtn knh c Pht, tn knh Gio Php ca Ngi, tn knh ch Thnh Tng t ca Ngi. V y t n s vin mn v c tin, chnh nim, tr tu vcng c. V y c nhiu hnh phc v an lc, nhip phc c s s hikhng b, v c kh nng kham nhn, chu ng cc kh au. V y c cm

gic nh mnh ang sng trc mt ng o s, ang sng trong ChnhPhp, ang sng vi cc bc Thnh Tng. Trong khi an tr suy nim nhngc tnh c bit ca Tam Bo, thn th ca v hnh gi y tr thnh mtni ng tn trng nh mt n th. Tm v y hng v ch Pht, hngv Php v thng, hng v ch Thnh Tng. Hnh gi y cm thy h

thn v e s (tm v qu) trc cc c php, v nh th gip v y khngphm gii. Nu v y khng chng t c qu v cao thng trong kipny, th t nht, v y cng s ti sinh vo mt cnh gii an lc sau khi cht".

*

a s Pht t Vit Nam chng ta, thng khng quen thuc vi cc bi kinhtng trong truyn thng Pht gio Nam tng, c l s cm thy b ng, khkhn khi bt u tng nim cc cu n c Tam Bo trnh by trn. Tuynhin, nu c dp gn gi vi ch Tng Nam tng v cc cng ng Pht ttrong vng Nam v ng Nam nh: Thi Lan, Cam-pu-chia, Lo, Minin v Tch Lan, v nu chng ta thng xuyn tham d cc kha tu thin,dn dn, chng ta s quen nghe cc cu tng cn bn . Cc bi tng ny c thu m v qung b rng ri trn cc trang web Pht Gio ca mngInternet, qua cc bng audio-cassette v a CD; v iu s gip chng tahc thuc v tng c d dng hn, nu c quyt tm hc tp.


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Qua kinh nghim bn thn cng nh qua cc trao i vi cc bn thin sinhkhc, mt khi chng ta thng hiu ngha v tr tng n c Tam Bo thunthc u n mi ngy, chng ta s thy c nhiu li lc do php hnh tynim mang n cho s hnh thin v lm phong ph thm cho i sngtinh thn ca mnh, nh c Pht thng khuyn dy cho hng t, khi

Ngi cn ti th.

Thng 9-2004

V Php Tu Thin

Bnh Anson

---*---

Trc ht, chng ta hy th t tr li cu hi: Thin l g? Mt cu hi tuyn gin, nhng c l s c nhiu li tr li khc nhau.

Theo ng nguyn, Thin l cch ni tt ca ch "thin-na", l li phin mHn Vit ca ch Phn Jhana, hay Dhyana trong Sanskrit. Thin-na, trongkinh in nguyn thy, dng ch mc an nh c bit khi luyn tm.

Thin cn c dng dch ch Bhvana v Samadhi. Bhvana c thc hiu nh l mt s tin trin, pht trin tm linh, s tu tm, luyn tm.

Ting Anh thng dch l Mental development. Samadhi thng c dchl nh, Thin nh, Tm nh. Ting Anh thng dch l Concentration,Meditation.

Ngay trong ngn ng Thi Lan, h cng khng c mt t chuyn mn dch. Thng thng, ch cng phu ngi hnh thin, h dng ch "NngSamadhi" ("nng" l ngi), hay "Nng Bhavana". Thnh thong, h dngch "Nng Thang-nay"ngha l "ngi v quay nhn vo bn trong".

Theo thin , c th dch ch "bhvana"l: tu thin, tu tm, luyn tm, lc

tm, dng tm. Cn ch "samadhi"th ty theo ng cnh. Nu c dngtrong ngha "chnh nh" (samma samadhi), mt trong 8 chi phn ca BtChnh o, th ch ny c lin quan n cc tng thin-na, v thng cxem nh cng ngha vi "samatha-bhvana", dch l Thin An Ch, hayThin Ch. Nu c dng trong ngha tam v lu hc Gii nh Tu, th cngha l bao gm 3 chi: Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh Nim, Chnh nh ca BtChnh o.


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Theo Tin s Muller, mt hc gi Bc tng, tc gi quyn T in Thut ngPht hc ng (Dictionary of East Asian Buddhist Terms), Thin nh lting ghp i, t ch Phn l "Thin" (t "thin-na") v ch Hn l "nh",c ngha l quay nhn vo bn trong, vi trng thi tnh lng.

C s on Trung Cn, mt hc gi Bc tng khc, trong quyn Pht hc Tin, cho bit rng Thin l t ch "Thin-na", phin m t ting Phn"Jhana, Dhyana". "Thin nh" dng dch ch "Samadhi", phin m lTam-ma-a, Tam-mui. C khi dch l "tnh l", ngha l lm cho an tnh suy xt (t l).

Theo T in Pht Hc Hu Quang, Dhyna hay Jhna, ngoi ting phinm l Thin-na, cn c phin m l -din-na, Tr-a-na; dch l Tnh l,T duy tu tp, ngha l t duy trong s vng lng.

*

V Thin c lin quan n Con ng Tm Chnh a n gic ng giithot, y, chng ta cng nn n li li Pht dy v 8 chi phn ca conng ny.

Tng ng B, Tp 5, c ghi nh sau:

"Ny cc v T-khu, th no l chnh tri kin? l s thng hiu v kh,

s thng hiu v nguyn nhn ca kh, s thng hiu v s dit kh, v sthng hiu v con ng dit kh.

Th no l chnh t duy? l t duy v s xut ly, t duy v v sn, tduy v v hi.

Th no l chnh ng? l t b ni lo, t b ni hai li, t b ni lic c, t b ni li ph phim.

Th no chnh nghip? l t b st sanh, t b ly ca khng cho, t b

hnh ng t dm.

Th no l chnh mng? l on tr t mng, nui sng vi chnhmng.

Th no l chnh tinh tn? l tinh tn ngn chn khng cho khi sanhcc bt thin php cha sanh, tinh tn tr dit cc bt thin php sanh,


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tinh tn pht khi cc thin php cha sanh, v tinh tn duy tr cc thinphp sanh.

Th no l chnh nim? l sng qun thn trn thn, nhit tm, tnhgic, iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun th trn th, nhit tm,tnh gic, iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun tm trn tm, nhittm, tnh gic, iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun php trn cc

php, nhit tm, tnh gic, iu phc mi tham u trn i.

Th no l chnh nh? l ly dc, ly php bt thin, chng v tr Thin-na th nht, mt trng thi h lc do ly dc sanh, c tm, c t; ri lm chotnh ch tm v t, chng v tr vo Thin-na th hai, mt trng thi h lcdo nh sanh, khng tm, khng t, ni tnh, nht tm; ri ly h tr x,chnh nim, tnh gic, thn cm s lc th m cc bc Thnh gi l x nim

lc tr, chng v tr vo Thin-na th ba; ri x lc, x kh, dit h u cm th trc, chng v tr vo Thin-na th t, khng kh, khng lc, xnim thanh tnh."

Qua on kinh trn, c 2 iu quan trng cn ghi nhn:

1) Chnh nh l cng tc tu tp em tm an tr vo 4 Thin-na, sau khion tr cc dc, cc bt thin php - y thng c hiu l on tr 5trin ci: tham dc, sn hn, hoi nghi, hn trm thy min, v tro hi; vthay th bng 5 thin chi: tm, t, h, lc, nht tm. Sau ln lt x b 4

thin chi u: tm, t, h, lc, ch cn gi li mt trng thi tm chuynnht, thanh tnh, v tnh thc tng thin-na th t.

2) Nu xem nh trong tam hc Gii-nh-Tu l gm 3 chi cui ca BtChnh o, th Chnh Nim v Chnh nh cn phi thc hnh chung vinhau, da trn Chnh Tinh Tn.

*

Tu thin, hnh thin, nh tm l mt cng phu tu tp ti quan trng pht

khi tu gii thot, v thng c ghi li trong rt nhiu bi kinh ging cac Pht. nh trong Con ng Tm Chnh c c Pht tuyn bngay trong bi ging u tin sau khi Thnh o, bi kinh Chuyn PhpLun. Trong nhng ngy cui cng cn ti th, Ngi tm tt v cc php tutp qua 37 phn b , trong , "nh" c cp trong cc nhm: Ngcn, Ng lc, Tht gic chi, v Bt chnh o, nh ghi li trong kinh iBt Nit Bn ca Trng B.


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Ngoi ra, theo Ha thng Thch Minh Chu, trong quyn "Hnh Thin", cbn li ch hay bn cng nng ca Thin:

1) Thin c kh nng on tr cc tham dc qua mt, tai, mi, li, thn.

2) Thin c kh nng i tr s hi, gip hnh gi c th tu tp trong bt chon cnh no.

3) Thin em li h lc cho hnh gi.

4) Thin a n thnh tu tr tu, a n gic ng gii thot, a n Nitbn.

Trong Kinh Php C, k 282, c Pht dy:

Tu thin, tr tu sanh,B thin, tr tu dit.

Trong k 372, Ngi khuyn:Khng tr tu, khng thin,Khng thin, khng tr tu.Ngi c thin, c tu,Nht nh gn Nit Bn.

Trong Tng ng B, Tp 5, Ngi dy rng Bt Chnh o chnh l c xeti thng, l Php Tha, chin thng tham-sn-si:

- Ny nanda, cn phi hiu nh th ny: "C xe th thng, c xe php vthng - php tha - l s chinh phc trong chin trn chng tham, sn, si.C xe php ny chnh l Con ng Tm Chnh".

Ri c Th Tn dy thm rng vt dng to c xe l Gii lut, Thinl trc bnh xe v Nim l ngi nh xe.

*

Trong Trung b 24, Kinh "Trm Xe", ngi X-li-pht ging v 7 trm xe,m ch 7 giai on thanh tnh ha ca mt ngi tu Pht: Gii thanh tnh,Tm thanh tnh,Kin thanh tnh, on nghi thanh tnh, o phi o tri kinthanh tnh, o tri kin thanh tnh, v Tri kin thanh tnh. Trong :

1) "Gii thanh tnh" l tun gi nghim tc cc hc gii th.


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2) "Tm thanh tnh" l nhip phc nm trin ci, a tm an tr vo ccthin-na.

3) "Kin thanh tnh" l phn bit Danh-Sc, s thy ng danh v sc nhvy, mt s thy c an lp trn s khng m m, do vt qua otng v t ng.

4) "on nghi thanh tnh" l thy r qu trnh tm lv vt l t ph bys tht Duyn khi, s tn ti v s tan r ca cc cm th, cc tng, khngcn nghi ng g na.

5) "o phi o tri kin thanh tnh" l bit r cc cm th h, lc u lchng ngi cho s pht trin tr tu rng ln, lin gic tnh, ri khi cmth. Hnh gi c c tr bit r ci g l o v ci g l chng o (hay

Phi o). By gi, hnh gi t mnh bit chc rng: gi y ta mi thc shnh phc.

6) "o tri kin thanh tnh" l thy r qu trnh thc hnh, tu tp; thy rhin tng tan r ca cc qu trnh thn v tm, thy khng c g hin huna; cc i tng ch tm u tan r. Hnh gi thy r ba php n: kh, vthng, v ng.

7) "Tri kin thanh tnh" l tm hon ton thanh tnh do thy v bit. Tronggiai on ny, hnh gi i vo cc tng thnh o-Qu (D lu, Nht lai,

Bt lai, v A-la-hn), sau khi thnh tu Ng cn, Ng lc, Tht gic chi vBt Chnh o.

By giai on thanh tnh ny c trin khai trong b lun Thanh Tnh oca ngi Pht m (Buddhaghosa), trong , c 3 phn: Gii, nh, v Tu.Phn u l tu tp v Gii, a n thanh tnh u tin l Gii thanh tnh.Tip n l phn tu tp nh, c cp n pht trin cc tng thin-na. Tutp nh a n Tm thanh tnh. T , lm nn tng tu tp Tu, phnth 3 ca b lun, a n cc thanh tnh k tip l: Kin thanh tnh,

on nghi thanh tnh, o phi o tri kin thanh tnh, o tri kin thanh

tnh v Tri kin thanh tnh.

*

Trong bi kinh s 107, thuc Trung B, c Pht ging cho ngi B-la-mn Ganaka Moggallna, tm tt con ng tu tp, nh sau:


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- gi gn gii hnh,- h tr cc cn,- tit n ung,- ch tm cnh gic,- thnh tu chnh nim tnh gic,- tm ni thanh vng hnh thin,- loi tr 5 trin ci,- an tr vo 4 tng thin-na.

V cc bc tu tp ny p dng cho bc hu hc - tc l cc v D lu, Nhtlai, Bt lai - ln cc bc v hc, tc l cc v thnh A-la-hn gii thot.

Thm vo , theo kinh Su Thanh Tnh, Trung B 112, sau khi an tr vo 4tng thin-na, c Pht khuyn cc v T-khu hu hc phi tip tc hnhtr, pht trin cc tu minh v tin ti gii thot:

Sau khi an tr trong T Thin, vi tm nh tnh, thun tnh, khng cunhim, khng phin no, nhu nhuyn, d s dng, vng chc, bnh thn nhvy, v y dn tm, hng tm n lu tn tr. V y bit nh tht: "y lkh", bit nh tht: "y l nguyn nhn ca kh", bit nh tht: "y lkh dit", bit nh tht: "y l con ng a n kh dit", bit nh tht:"y l nhng lu hoc", bit nh tht: "y l nguyn nhn ca luhoc", bit nh tht: "y l cc lu hoc c on tr", bit nh tht:"y l con ng a n cc lu hoc c dit tr".

V y nh bit nh vy, nh thy nh vy, tm ca v y thot khi dc lu,thot khi hu lu, thot khi v minh lu. i vi t thn gii thot nhvy, v y khi ln s hiu bit: "Ta gii thot"". V y bit: "Sanh tn, Phm hnh thnh, vic cn lm lm; khng cn tr lui trng thiny na".

Cng xin ghi nhn y, ngay trong chng u tin ca b lun ThanhTnh o, ngi Pht m trch li Pht dy trong Tng ng, Tp 1:

Ngi tr gii c trTu tp tm v tu

Nhit tm v thn trngT-khu y thot trin.

Ngi Pht m gii thch: "ngi tr gii c tr" l ngi c gii thanh tnh,c hiu bit r rng da trn v tham, v sn, v si. "Tu tp tm" y l

php hnh thin an ch, "tu tp tu" m ch hnh thin minh qun , "tu tp


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tm v tu" c ngha l hnh thin Ch-Qun, hay Ch-Qun ng tu. "Nhittm v thn trng" c ngha l c nhiu ngh lc, tinh tn v tnh gic nhnthc. "T-khu" - bhikkhu - y mang mt ngha rng, khng phi chhng tu s, m ch ngi thy c s khn kh ca sinh t lun hi."Thot trin" l thot khi mi tri buc ca sinh t lun hi. Nh th, quacu k trn, c Pht dy chng ta phi an tr trong Gii, tu tp thin nh,

pht trin Tu qun, gic ng gii thot.

*

i khi, trong kinh tng, c Pht c cp n hai php thin: (1) thin anch hay thin ch (samatha-bhavana), v (2) thin minh qun (vipassana-bhavana) hay thin qun. Hai php Ch-Qun ny cn phi c pht trinng u, b tc cho nhau.

Trong Tng Chi B, Chng Hai Php, c Pht dy:

C hai php ny, ny cc T-khu, thuc thnh phn minh. Th no l hai?Ch v Qun. Ch c tu tp, s c li ch g? Tm c tu tp. Tmc tu tp, s c li ch g? Ci g thuc v tham c on tn. Qunc tu tp, s c li ch g? Tu c tu tp. Tu c tu tp, s cli ch g? Ci g thuc v minh c on tn. B tham lm u nhim, nycc T-khu, tm khng th gii thot. Hay b v minh lm u nhim, tukhng c tu tp. V vy, do ly tham, l tm gii thot. Do on v minh,

l tu gii thot.

Trong kinh Kimsuka, Tng ng B, Thin Su X, Ngi c v d php tuCh-Qun nh l hai v thin s cng n bo co cho v ch mt ngi thnh vng bin gii v tnh trng an ninh, bo v phng chng qun ch. Vch thnh l Tm Thc ca chng ta, v ch qun y l cc phin nolu hoc. Ngi gi ca thnh l Nim, v thnh c su ca l su cn. Nhth, ta dng Nim canh gi su cn, v nh c tu tp thin Ch-Qun mta c th ngn chn v phng chng c cc phin no do lu hoc mangn.

*

Tm li, Thin nh l mt php mn tu tp cn thit ca ngi con Pht.Thin nh gip to mt kh nng bn vng c i sng thin, hngthin, v cu cnh l thin. Thin c th c xem l mt tin trnh hun tpv cm th, nui dng cc cm th tt p nh h, lc, x, v t b cc


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cm th khng tt p, nh kh, u. y l mt s gio dc tm l, on tncc tm l khng tt p nh nm trin ci vn bt ngun t tham sn si, vthay th bi nhng tm l tt p l nm thin chi, c cn bn l khngtham, khng sn, v khng si. Thin nh l mt giai on tip theo vic vun

bi Gii c, v l nn tng bc vo giai on k l pht trin Tu gic.


Vi Cu Vn p V Hnh Thin

T-khu DhammikaBnh Anson lc dch

---*---

VN: Thin l g?

P: Thin l mt n lc c thc lm thay i s vn hnh ca tm.Ting Phn Pli cho ch Thin l "Bhavana", ngha l "lm tng trng"hay "pht trin".

VN: Thin c quan trng khng?

P: Vng, thin rt quan trng. Cho d chng ta mun tt p bao nhiu,cng kh m thay i c tm , nu chng ta khng th thay i nhngtham dc vn to nn cch hnh x ca chng ta. V d, mt ngi c thnhn ra rng mnh hay nng ny vi v, v anh y t ha "T y v sau, tis khng nng ny nh th". Nhng mt gi sau, anh y c th la mng vmnh, n gin l v anh y khng t tnh thc, s nng ny pht khi manh khng bit c. Hnh thin gip pht trin s tnh thc v nng lc cnthit chuyn ha cc thi quen n su trong tm .

VN: Ti nghe ni rng hnh thin c th rt nguy him. iu ny c ng

khng?

P: Chng ta cn c mui sng. Nhng nu bn n mt k l mui, thn s git bn. sng trong th gii hin i, bn cn c xe t; nhngnu bn khng tun theo lut giao thng, hay trong lc li xe, bn li sayru, th xe t tr thnh ci my nguy him. Hnh thin cng ging nhth, n cn thit cho s an lc tinh thn, nhng nu bn thc hnh mt cch


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sai lc, n s to ra nhiu vn . Mt s ngi c vn nh bun nn, shi v l hay bnh tm thn, h ngh rng thin l mt phng cch iu trtc thi cho nhng vn ca h. H bt u hnh thin v i khi vn ca h tr nn ti t hn. Nu bn c vn nh th, bn nn tm s gip ca mt chuyn gia tm l; sau khi bn cm thy kh hn, bn mi nn hnhthin. Mt s ngi khc, khi hnh thin, li c gng qu mc, thay v hnhthin t t tng bc mt, h li thc hnh vi qu nhiu nng lc, v chng

bao lu h kit sc.

Nhng c l phn ln nhng vn trong khi hnh thin xy ra l do loi"thin Kng-ga-ru", hay "thin chy nhy" (Kangaroo, i th, l mt loith ln c ti trc bng, c bit c, c th nhy xa bng hai chn saurt khe). Mt s ngi i n mt v thy hc thin ri p dng phng

php thin ca v y trong mt thi gian; sau , h c sch ri quyt nh

thc hnh theo s ch dn trong sch; mt tun sau, c mt thin s ni tingving thm thnh ph ca h v h quyt nh phi hp mt s li dy cav y vo trong vic tu thin ca h; v chng lu sau , h ri vo tnhtrng hoang mang, tht vng. Chy nhy ging nh con Kng-ga-ru, t mt

phng php ny sang mt phng php n, l mt vic lm sai lm.

D sao, nu bn khng c vn nghim trng v bnh tm thn, v bnhnh thin ng chng mc, Thin l mt trong nhng iu tt nht m bnc th t lm cho chnh mnh.

VN: C my php hnh thin?

P: c Pht dy nhiu php hnh thin khc nhau, mi php i trmt vn c bit, hay pht trin mt trng thi tm l c bit. Tuynhin, hai php thin ph thng v hu dng nht l qun nim hi th(anapana sati) v qun t bi(metta bhavana).

VN: Lm th no hnh thin qun nim hi th?

P: Bn lm theo bn bc n gin: chn ni chn, gi t th ngi, theo

di hi th, v i ph nhng tr ngi.Trc ht, bn tm mt ni thch hp,c th mt cn phng khng n o v ti ni , bn khng b quy ry. Thhai, ngi trong t th thoi mi. T th tt l ngi vi chn xp li, dimng c k mt ci gi, lng thng, hai bn tay xp ln nhau t trn bpi, v mt nhm li. Cch khc, bn c th ngi trn gh nhng cn phigi lng cho thng.


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Bc tip theo l phn thc hnh. Trong lc ngi yn tnh vi mt nhm li,bn tp trung vo s chuyn ng ca hi th vo v hi th ra. Thc hiniu ny bng cch m hi th hay theo di s phng xp ca bng. Trongkhi hnh thin, vi vn v kh khn c th sinh khi. Bn c th thynga ngy kh chu trn c th hay au nhc u gi. Nu iu ny xy ra,hy c gng gi c th th gin, khng nhc nhch, v tip tc tm vohi th. C th s c nhiu ngh xut hin tm bn v lm xao lng vicch tm vo hi th.

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