Carbon NanocapsulesCarbon Nanocapsules The Application for LightingThe Application for Lighting

Dr. Haley H. Lu (Dr. Haley H. Lu ( 盧鴻智 博士盧鴻智 博士 ))

PhD from PhD from NTU Electro-Optical EngineeringNTU Electro-Optical Engineering

R&D Director of TCY-Tech Power Energy LimitedR&D Director of TCY-Tech Power Energy Limited

The Emerging Trends of LightingThe Emerging Trends of Lighting

Evolution of LightingEvolution of Lighting

Why LEDWhy LED ??Lower Energy ConsumptionLower Energy Consumption

consumes only 20~ 30% of incandescent lamps, 50% of consumes only 20~ 30% of incandescent lamps, 50% of halogen lamps. halogen lamps.

Longer Life SpanLonger Life Span 50000 ~ 100000 hours (10-12 years)50000 ~ 100000 hours (10-12 years)

Lower Light DecayLower Light Decay A well managed LED light has less than 5% light decay after A well managed LED light has less than 5% light decay after

thousands of hours operation.thousands of hours operation.

Environmental FriendlyEnvironmental Friendly No Filament – No Gas - No Mercury - No UV rays - No Plumbum No Filament – No Gas - No Mercury - No UV rays - No Plumbum

- No Hazardous Substance- No Hazardous Substance

Why LED ?Why LED ?

Eye – ProtectiveEye – Protective LED lighting is free from strobe flash lighting that LED lighting is free from strobe flash lighting that

incandescent lamps and other lamps have.incandescent lamps and other lamps have.

High BrightnessHigh Brightness A more vivid color of lighting, giving clearer A more vivid color of lighting, giving clearer

images than low brightness lampsimages than low brightness lamps

Wide Color TemperaturesWide Color Temperatures Warm white, Cool White, RGB, Ranging from Warm white, Cool White, RGB, Ranging from

2700K – 7000K2700K – 7000K

LED Key FactorsLED Key Factors

Key Factors of LED LightingKey Factors of LED LightingConstant Current Driver TechnologyConstant Current Driver Technology

Power Factor Power Factor EfficiencyEfficiency Stability in static current drivingStability in static current driving

Light DecayLight Decay Maintenance of brightness at a longer periodMaintenance of brightness at a longer period

Heat DissipationHeat Dissipation Maintaining LED junction temperature at low to Maintaining LED junction temperature at low to

increase its lifespanincrease its lifespan

Cost Cost To be Economical in Mass ApplicationTo be Economical in Mass Application

Heat Dissipation Issue ImpactsHeat Dissipation Issue Impacts

LED operation temperature rise with 2 major impacts:LED operation temperature rise with 2 major impacts:

(1) (1) Decrease luminance (LV)Decrease luminance (LV)

(2)(2) Decrease LED Lifespan Decrease LED Lifespan

Luminance decrease example (For x-brand LED Chip):Luminance decrease example (For x-brand LED Chip):While Tj is 25 (typical ambient temp.), the luminance (LV) is 100%℃While Tj is 25 (typical ambient temp.), the luminance (LV) is 100%℃

Tj rises to 75℃Tj rises to 75℃ LV reduced to 93% LV reduced to 93%

Tj reaches to 115℃Tj reaches to 115℃ LV reduces to 85% LV reduces to 85%

Tj reaches to 125℃Tj reaches to 125℃ LV reduces to 83% LV reduces to 83%

Tj reaches to 150℃Tj reaches to 150℃ LV only 80% LV only 80%

LED Junction Temperature & LED Junction Temperature & Lifespan RelationshipLifespan Relationship

TTjj v.s. LED life time (hrs) v.s. LED life time (hrs)

Lower Tj

W

> 50,00030,000

How to Disperse Excess Heat?How to Disperse Excess Heat?

Radiation/ConvectionRadiation/Convection;; Passive/active energy transmission into immediate Passive/active energy transmission into immediate

environment environment

ConductionConduction;; External heat-sink: Copper “ladder” add-on frameExternal heat-sink: Copper “ladder” add-on frame Internal heat-sink: (Copper-INVAR-Copper)Internal heat-sink: (Copper-INVAR-Copper) Thermally conductive substrate (non-metallic) Thermally conductive substrate (non-metallic) Thermally conductive insulated metal substrate (IMS)Thermally conductive insulated metal substrate (IMS)

Heat Dispersion by Heat SinkHeat Dispersion by Heat Sink

PassivePassive ActiveActive

Disadvantage of Active Heat SinkDisadvantage of Active Heat Sink

ExpensiveExpensive

BoggyBoggy

Disadvantage of Passive Heat SinkDisadvantage of Passive Heat Sink

BoggyBoggy

Depends on Depends on Thermal Convection Thermal Convection

Carbon Nanocapsules SolutionCarbon Nanocapsules Solution

Traditional Coating MaterialsTraditional Coating Materials

CeramicCeramic

Boron Nitride, BNBoron Nitride, BN

Silicon Carbide, SCSilicon Carbide, SC

Normally, reducing 3~5 ℃Normally, reducing 3~5 ℃

Carbon Nanocapsules (CNCs)Carbon Nanocapsules (CNCs)

A CNCs is made up of A CNCs is made up of concentric layers of concentric layers of polyhedral closed graphitic sheetspolyhedral closed graphitic sheets, leaving a , leaving a nano-nano-scale cavity scale cavity in its center.in its center.

The size of the CNCs ranges from a few to The size of the CNCs ranges from a few to several several tens of nanometerstens of nanometers, roughly the same as the , roughly the same as the diameters of multiwall carbon nanotubes.diameters of multiwall carbon nanotubes.

It It cancan also also be filled with metal, transitional metals or be filled with metal, transitional metals or rare earth elementsrare earth elements to to exhibit unique photonic, exhibit unique photonic, magnetic and electrical properties magnetic and electrical properties and have and have molecular structures that can be readily molecular structures that can be readily functionalized for a variety of applicationsfunctionalized for a variety of applications

PropertiesProperties

Structure: Structure: Multi-Graphene LayersMulti-Graphene Layers Size: d = 10~60 nmSize: d = 10~60 nm Aspect ratio: 1~2Aspect ratio: 1~2 Thermal Stability (OThermal Stability (O22): ): ＞＞ 600ºC600ºC Dispersion: Easy, after surface functionalized Dispersion: Easy, after surface functionalized

(40mg/ml)(40mg/ml) Disperse in: both organic and water based Disperse in: both organic and water based

solvents/materialssolvents/materials Radical Quenching Rate-(OH) (g/L)Radical Quenching Rate-(OH) (g/L)-1-1 s s-1-1 : 1.16 × 10 : 1.16 × 1088

Electric ConductivityElectric Conductivity （（ RTRT ）） : 10: 1022 ~ 10 ~ 1033 S/cm S/cm22

Thermal ConductivityThermal Conductivity （（ RTRT ）） : ~1600 w/mk: ~1600 w/mk

Radiation Heat Dissipation Radiation Heat Dissipation Technology for LEDTechnology for LED

Increasing The Radiative Increasing The Radiative Capability of Normal Heat SinkCapability of Normal Heat Sink

Heat SourceHeat Source

Heat SinkHeat SinkConductionConduction

ConvectionConvection

Without CoatingWithout Coating

Heat SourceHeat Source

Heat SinkHeat SinkConductionConduction

ConvectionConvection

With CoatingWith Coating

Radia

tion

Traditional vs CNCs CoatingTraditional vs CNCs Coating

Aluminum Heat Sink Aluminum Heat Sink (40%~60% of the BOM (40%~60% of the BOM cost)cost)

BoggyBoggy

Different Design for Different Design for Higher Power Higher Power

Aluminum Thin Plate Aluminum Thin Plate with CNCs Coating with CNCs Coating (30% of the BOM (30% of the BOM Cost)Cost)

ThinnerThinner

Same Design for Same Design for Higher PowerHigher Power

OrOr

Increasing The Radiative Increasing The Radiative Capability of Normal Heat SinkCapability of Normal Heat Sink

Up to 96%Up to 96%

Heat Dissipation Improvement by Heat Dissipation Improvement by CNCs CoatingCNCs Coating

14 W LED Module14 W LED Module

Font ViewFont View

Rear ViewRear ViewWith CoatingWith Coating Without CoatingWithout Coating

The Heat dispatching The Heat dispatching efficiency is the sameefficiency is the same

Test ReportTest Report

With CoatingWith CoatingWithout CoatingWithout Coating

Test ReportTest Report

Comparison of Comparison of Conventional LED and Spiral BulbsConventional LED and Spiral Bulbs

LED LampsLED LampsSpiral Bulbs Spiral Bulbs

PricePrice 11 2~3 ×2~3 ×

Luminous Efficiency Luminous Efficiency (lm/w)(lm/w) 60~7060~70 70-8070-80

>1500>1500 <800<800Max Luminance (lm)Max Luminance (lm)

Lifespan (hrs) Lifespan (hrs) 6,0006,000 50,00050,000

(Expensive)(Expensive)

(Not Brightness Enough)(Not Brightness Enough)

(Power Consumption)(Power Consumption)

(Shorter Lifespan)(Shorter Lifespan)

Does the LED Lamps have Does the LED Lamps have 50,000 Hours Lifespan Real ?50,000 Hours Lifespan Real ?

50,000 Hours Lifespan50,000 Hours LifespanLED ChipLED Chip

NotNot LED Lamps LED Lamps

LED Lamps LED Lamps == ChipChip ++ DriverDriver ++ Heatsink Heatsink ++ Parabolic Reflector Parabolic Reflector ++ LensLens ++ PackagePackage

The 50,000 hours lifespan is estimated not REAL ! The 50,000 hours lifespan is estimated not REAL !

Do not be fooled!Do not be fooled!

LED Lamps Lifespan EstimationLED Lamps Lifespan Estimation

Environmental Protection Environmental Protection Agency & Department of Agency & Department of Energy, USAEnergy, USA

LM-80 Test DataLM-80 Test Data

TM-21 Estimation Method TM-21 Estimation Method

Test Time : Test Time : 6,000 ~10,000 hrs6,000 ~10,000 hrsSampling Interval : Sampling Interval : 1,000 hrs1,000 hrs

The real test is just about 1~1.5 years.The real test is just about 1~1.5 years.

Consumer always say:Consumer always say:“ “ Why is the LED so easily broken?Why is the LED so easily broken?

Light RippleLight Ripple

Non-high temperature Non-high temperature Traditional LEDTraditional LED

LED Lamps ImprovementLED Lamps Improvement

With CoatingWith CoatingWithout CoatingWithout Coating

Luminous efficiency Luminous efficiency (lm/w)(lm/w) 6565 100100

15W LED Lamps15W LED Lamps 975 lm975 lm 1500 lm1500 lm

33 22Lamps Number Lamps Number

with Same with Same LuminanceLuminance

Lifespan (hrs) Lifespan (hrs) 85,00085,000 113,000113,000

Product Excellence ofProduct Excellence ofTCY-Tech’s CNCs FilmTCY-Tech’s CNCs Film

HardnessHardness(1~10)(1~10)

Film ThicknessFilm Thickness

10:Diamond9:Corundum8:Topaz7:Quartz6:Orthoclase

95% 6-9H95% 6-9H

100% 20µm100% 20µm

Excellent CNCs Film Technology !Excellent CNCs Film Technology !

Thank You Thank You ！！

EMI Shielding EffectEMI Shielding Effect

Temperature MeasurementTemperature Measurement

LEDLEDPhosphoric GluePhosphoric Glue

SiliconSilicon

Heat Dissipation Film

Substrate 

T1 T2 T3

Radiative Heat TransmissionRadiative Heat Transmission

Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charges in the material is converted to movement of charges in the material is converted to electromagnetic radiation.electromagnetic radiation.

No medium is necessary for radiation to occur, for it No medium is necessary for radiation to occur, for it is transferred by electromagnetic waves; radiation is transferred by electromagnetic waves; radiation takes place even in and through a perfect vacuumtakes place even in and through a perfect vacuum 。。

Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from higher temperatures to lower temperatures results.higher temperatures to lower temperatures results.

ComparisonComparison