Cau Truc Tinh The

7/21/2019 Cau Truc Tinh The

1/56

Cu trc tinh th


2/56

i c ng v tinh thMng l i tinh th (cu trc tinh th)l mng l i khnggian ba chiutrong c!c nt mng l c!c nv" cu trc (ngu#$n t% & ion& 'h nt% )


3/56


4/56

M t/ tinh th7inh th 8c m t/ b9i 1: t"nh ti;n,c to ? c@a 'hAn t% nhBnht c@a n l c 19(t; bo c b/n)

7; bo c b/n *c tr ng b9i c!c thng12Hng s mng: a, b, c, , ,

S n v cu trc : nS phi tr c ht


5/56

7inh th kim loi7rong tinh th kim loi& c!c ngu#$nt@ kim loi chi;m giD c!c nt mng

E:c li$n k;t l l:c li$n k;t gi5a c!ckim loiC!c loi cu trc

EF' 'h ng t m kh2iEF' 'h ng t m ,i$nG!u 'h ng ch*t kh4t


6/56

Cu trc tinh thHG: 1I' -;' c!c 3u/cAu Jng nhtHCoi c!c n v" cu

trc l c!c 3u/ cAuc5ng v Jng nht7r$n m?t l' c K c!ch1I' -;' c!c 3u/ cAun#

H GI' -;' th5 nhtl *c kh4t nht g


7/56

G: 1I' -;' *c kh4t L 'h ng ti l' th5K

2c b!t ,i.n

2c t5 ,i.n


8/56

C!c loi h2c

Hc t! "i#n Hc b$t "i#n


9/56

Mng lF' 'h ng t m ,i.n

2c b!t ,i.n


10/56

Cu trc lF' 'h ng t m,i.n

A

C

AB

B

%&p ph ng t'm mt

A

A

C

B

S (u) c*u tr+ng mt c s-: ./012 34/014 5 63 S phi tr c7a mi ngu89n t im ;+i;< 02


11/56

!trong mng lF' 'h ngt m ,i.n

S hc t! "i#n : 4 hcS hc b$t "i#n : 0 3 02/016 5 6 hc

%&p ph ng t'm mt

TO

O


12/56

? *c kh4t trong mngEN7O

A

A

C

B

r5a 216 =h> tch (u) c*u t!c ; tch ngu89n t :? c 561@Ar@5 61@ A Ba 216C@

=H> thch tD b


13/56

Cu trc l>c 'h ng ch*tkh4t

2c t5 ,i.n


14/56

Cu trc l>c 'h ng ch*tkh4t

A

B

B

A

A

% c ph ng cht ht A

A

B


15/56

S (u) c*u tr+ng mt c s-: 6/01. 3 6/0102 3 0 5 2S phi tr c7a mIi ngu89n t im ;+i ;< 02

c ht: F6G

a

a

a

a

a

a @

2

a .@

2a .@

a 5 2/rJ cs-

ba


16/56

P!c "nh h2c

S hc t! "i#n : 6

S hc b$t "i#n : 2

E>c 'h ng ch*t kh4t

77 Q

7


17/56

Cu trc lF' 'h ng t mkh2i

2@aa

a

56r

S (u) c*u tr+ng mt c s-: 034/014 5 2S phi tr c7a mIi ngu89n u im ;+i bng

4 c ht: .4G


18/56

70ngk;t


19/56

Cu trc Hng smng

S /v cutrc (n)

S phitr

S hcT

S hcO

!c"ht (#)

$im %&i

' p ph *ngt+m "hi (%pt"

, , ,-. &,0,c 1 2 3 3 42

$im %&i "i5m6B 6 786 96

Cr:' p ph *ngt+m ;i1 2 = ?=

Au6 Ag6 Cu6 @i6 06 ;6

t:' c ph *ngch!t "ht (%pc")

, ,-. & ,>1. &

,0,c1 >1 = 1 ?=

B86 g6 Dn6T%6 Ti:

70ng

k;t


20/56

t4nh kh2i l 8ng ri$ng

Khi ; Lng c7a 0 ngu89n t im ;+i: M1Na =h> tch (u) c*u: ? c 5 6Ar @ 1@

? tb 5 ? c 1 E vOi E ;< c ht c7amng tinh th>Khi ; Lng ri9ng c7a im ;+i ;


21/56

Rik6n

A

A

C

B

a 52

5

5 @,R F BEC

6r

6 / 0,262

rNi 5 0,26 T 5 0,26 /0 U4 cm

E ;ptm: F6G

=V hi:

@ / ,F6 / R4,F6 / @,06 / B0,26/0 U4C@ / ., 2/0 2@

5 W, 6 Bg1cm@C


22/56

Xu8 tYc Zng[; v< \r[][rXu8 tYc Zng[; v< \r[][r ch+ biDt cutrc tinh th> im ;+i h+c hLp im phthuc v


23/56

7inh th natriNa : 0s22s22p.@s0

a 5 0 tinh th>mng ;pt

S phi tr 4 = hi ; thu8Dt:

,W0W = hi th c ngi#m:

,WF


24/56

7inh th magi6Mg : 0s22s22p.@s2

0s22s22p.@s0@p0

a 5 2 tinh th>mng ;pcS phi tr c7a Mg ; mng ;ptmS phi tr: 02

3 = hi ; thu8Dt:2,F 4

3 = hi th cnghi#m: 2,F


26/56

70ng k;t

0s 22s 22p . @s00s 22s 22p . @s20s 22s 22p . @s2@p0

Kim ;+i Na Mg Q;S th! t 00 02 0@

Ngu89n t hi 22,WW 26,@6 2.,W4du hnh [;[ctr+n

Ki>u mng tinh th> %pt %pc %ptm\$n nh ngu89n t 0,4W 0,. 0,6@

\$n nh i+n ,W4 ,F6 ,RF 'm i#n ,W 0,2 0,R =V hi ,WF 0,F6 2,F

Nhi#t neng ch)8 W4 .R0 ..Nhi#t s i 44@ 00 F 2R2 "fn i#n 2 ,4 20,6 @.,0

c!ng ,6 2,R 2,FR

B+dC+d +d +d

Bg1cm@C

BEC


27/56


28/56

G: tr 8t l$n nhau c@a l'trong tinh th kim loi

.............................. . . . .

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......... ...............................

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+

...............

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........................

+

...............

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......... ...............................

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+

...............

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........................................

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. . . .

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........................

+

...............

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..........

.............................. . . . .

. . . .

. . . .

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........................

+...............

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. . . .

......... ...............................

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

........................

+...............

. . . .

. . . .

........................................

. . . .

. . . .

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. . . .

. . . .

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........................

+...............

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. . . .

......... ...............................

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. . . .

........................

+...............

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........................................

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........................

+...............

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..........

.............................. . . . .

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. . . .

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........................

+...............

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........................................

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........................

+...............

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........................................

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........................

+...............

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........................................

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+...............

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........................................

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. . . .

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. . . .

. . . .

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........................

+...............

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..........

.............................. . . . .

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. . . .

. . . .

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+...............

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........................................

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+...............

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........................................

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+...............

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+...............

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........................

+...............

. . . .

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..........


29/56

G: ,"ch chu#n l' iontrong tinh th ion

r

S

SS

S S

SSS

S S


30/56

7hu#;t vTngN Q ce m!c njng ; Lng g*n nhau tk hLp th


31/56

7hu#;t vTng

N Q N MBc$c vlng nhau v ZC

vlng h+$ trc$c M b + h+< [

vlng "fnM h ng b chiDmh+


32/56

7inh th natri

?lng 2p

?lng 2s

Z

Li3 Li4

2p

2s

Li Li2


33/56

7inh th magi$

?lng 2p

?lng 2s

2p

2s

Z

Mg 3 Mg 4Mg Mg 2

?lngo[nph7


34/56

S h^nh th im ;+i %i v< Mg

0s

2s

%i %i2 %i@%i4 %iNZ

?lng

?lng

?lng

0s

2s

2p

@s

@p ?lng

?lng

?lng cm

?lng o[n p

Mg MgNZ

"fn

h+$ tr

cm

"fn

h+$ tr


35/56

t4nh ,Un i.n c@a c!ccht

?l ng h+$ trZ

?l ng "fn/nhi u [;[ctr+n ce mtB h ng ce vl ng cmC

Kim ;+i ce vl ng "fn vu phi trb$t "i#n Bs phi trcua M ;< .C

Nad;, NiQs/

/F@ _ X r M r

_ 0 i>u phi tr;&p ph ng Bs phi trc7a M ;< / mng dsd;/


38/56

7inh th C1Vrt ;#: r C1 Wr\r 50,.W10,WR5 ,4F n9n ;< mng;&p phng n gi)n:

=inh th> dsd; g m hai mng;&p phng n gi)n ; ngv


39/56

7inh th XVYrX W r\r 5 0,@@10,WR5 ,.W

=inh th> ;< mng ;&p ph ng t'm"i#n:d$c i+n \r U oDp th[+ i>u;ptm, c$c i+n K 3 nhx hn chiDmhDt s hc b$t "i#n/ =inh th> K\r

g m hai mng ;&p ph ng t'mmt ; ng v


40/56

7inh th MgQ

r Mg W rQ Z[&L\W]&^Z[&^L n$nl mng lF' 'h ngt m ,i.n

G2 'h2i tr4 c@a c!cion l L

M?t t; bo c ^'h n t% MgQ


41/56

V/ng 1o 1!nh74nh cht C1Vr XVr MgQR_ng l 8ng

mng tinhth(k`Wmol)

L] L = = K^

Rhi.t ?nng ch/#

( [ C )L= =^ K K\

Rhi.t ?1i ]K [ ]^[ ^][[


42/56

7inh th$ vuarit

?uarit ynS

Syn

Q

Qz

\

\z

Q

d$c i+n S2U sYpoDp th[+ i>u ; c phng, c$c i+n yn23

chiDm mt n a shc t! "i#n/Mng vuarit ba+ g mhai mng ; c ph ng

cht ht ; ng v


43/56

Mng spha;[rit

Spha;[rit ynS

S

yn

S2U sYp oDpth[+ i>u ;&pphng t'm

mjt, c$c i+nyn23 chiDmmt n a shc t! "i#n

S phi trc7a S v< yn u bng 6

M i h h hL h "


44/56

Mng tinh th> hLp cht "ngM2{

d$c i+n da23 sYpoDp th[+ i>u ;&pphng t'm mt

c$c i+n |U chiDm c$chc t! "i#n/ dlngi>u mng n c7a Na2

da|

|;+rit Bda|2C


45/56

Mng tinh th ngu#$n t% =r+ng tinh th> ngu89n t , c$c nt mng b chiDmb-i c$c ngu89n t , ;i9n Dt vOi nhau bng ;i9n Dtcng h+$ trP+ ;i9n Dt cng h+$ tr ce tnh nh h Ong n9n cutrc tinh th> v< s phi tr Lc (u8Dt nh b-ic i>m ;i9n Dt cng h+$ tr, h ng ph thucv ngu89n t ce c!ng c bi#t ;On,nhi#t neng ch)8 v< nhi#t s i ca+, h ngtantr+ng c$c "ung m i/ dhng ;< cht c$ch i#n ha8b$n "fn


46/56

ng

d$c ngu89n t d chiDm v tr c$c nh, c$c t'm mt v< mt n a shc t! "i#n/ S phi tr c7a d bng 6/

MIi tD b


47/56

Ei$n k;t trong tinh thkim c ng

d$c ngu89n t d - trng th$i ;aih+$ sp@ t+ ra 6 Q ;ai h+$ h Ongv 6 nh h^nh t! "i#n/ d$cngu89n t d s " ng c$c Q ;ai

h+$ n


48/56

7inh th than ch+

@,@R Q

0,62 Q

H# ;i9n Dt gi)i t+)tr+ng t+


49/56

7inh th Vonitrua , ng m ngthan ch+

du t+ c7a \N ging nhthan ch^, c$c ngu89n t \v< N clng ;ai h+$ sp2/}ing than ch^ \Nm m,chu ; a Btnc @ +dCP+ ngu89n t N ce 'mi#n ;On n9n c$c M nv ch7 8Du - N, "fn Dnc$c [ h ng Lc gi)i t+) nhthan ch^ v< \N h ng"fn i#n B Z 5 6,. U @,. [?C

\N

@,@6 Q

0,66. Q


50/56

=inh th> b+ nitrua mng im cng B\+ra+nC\+ra+n c!ng, c$ch i#n

nh im c ng/ =u8 nhi9n b+ra+n ce tnh

b n v mt c v< nhi#thn im c ng B hi nungneng tr+ng ch'n h ngDn 2F +d b+ra+nh+


51/56

Mng tinh th 'h n t% =r+ng tinh th> ph'n t , mng ; Oi h nggian Lc t+ th ;< ; c ?an "[r aa;s/d$c ph'n t tr+ng mng tinh th> "t$ch hxi nhau, nhi#t neng ch)8 v


52/56

7inh th kh4 tr

7inh th dr& P6& Xr 7inh th 6


53/56

7inh th iotMng ;Oi c7a tinh th> 2 ce i o!ng

"ng tr c th+i vOi c$c th ng s a 5F,2R T, b 5 W,FF T, c 5 6,F4 T/

='m c$c ph'n t 2 nm -

nh, t'm c7a mng mjt th+iKh+)ng c$ch ngYn nht U tr+ngtinh th> ;< 2,F T op o "


54/56

7inh th n c !%i9n Dt gi a c$c ph'n t ; h$ rIng, "+e tinh th> n Oc $ ce hi ; Lngri9ng nhx/ Khi ; Lng ri9ng c7a nOc- $p sut h (u8>n ;On nht -@,W4 +d/

%i9n Dt hir+ "


55/56

7inh th P6e Ktinh th> {[|2 Lc t+b-ic$c ph'n t thng{[|2/ ='m c7a c$cngu89n t {[ nm - nh v< t'm c7a hih^nh ch nh&t/{[|2 ;< cht rYn ,

h ng m


56/56

=inh th> ph'n t {[|6 Eh'n t {[|6 cu

t+ vu ng phng,{[ ;ai h+$ sp@"2

{[|6 ;< cht rYn, "ba8 hi, h$ b n -nhi#t th wng/P 5 6, 6 g1cm@ tnc5 006+d/

a 5

{[|

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Cau Truc Tinh The