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2 2 s s ems A s ese ve v2 2-

OSI Layer

Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984

The primary architectural model for intercomputercommunications.

A conceptual model composed of seven layers, each specifying particular network functions.

Describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a network medium to a software application in another computer.

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Introduction to TCP/IPIntroduction to TCP/IP

Host

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Application Transport Internet Network Interface) Network Access(

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2 2 s s ems A s ese ve v2 -

Summary

The Cisco IOS software platform is implemented on all Cisco hardware platforms.

You will use Cisco IOS software to communicate the configuration details that implement the learning objectives of this course.

You can configure a switch or router from sources that are external to the device.

Cisco IOS software uses a CLI as its traditional console environment. While Cisco IOS software is a core technology, Cisco IOS software operation details vary on different internetworking devices.

The Cisco IOS software supports two EXEC command modes: user and privileged.

:

(Cisco IOS) .IOS Text Base

. . CLI

TFTP Server Web

Browser .

CLI text-base mode :

user mode privileged mode

user mode

privileged mode Mode

.

44

:

retuoR

:

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. ILC .

. pleh ILC .

. .

64


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Router#setup

--- System Configuration Dialog ---

Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: yes

At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.

Basic management setup configures only enough connectivityfor management of the system, extended setup will ask youto configure each interface on the system

Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no

Setup: The Initial Configuration Dialog

Set up Mode :

boot

Yes .

Continue with configuration Dialog? [Yes/no] yes

extended setup .

.

no .

Would you like to enter basic management setup? [Yes/no]: no

50

2 2 s s e s A s ese ve v2 7

Setup Interface Summary

First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]:Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

BRI0 unassigned YES unset administratively down downBRI0:1 unassigned YES unset administratively down downBRI0:2 unassigned YES unset administratively down downEthernet0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Interfaces Found During Startup

Set up Mode :

up down

First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [Yes]:

state

.


Setup Initial Global Parameters

Configuring global parameters:

Enter host name [Router]:wg_ro_cThe enable secret is a password used to protect access toprivileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, afterentered, becomes encrypted in the configuration.Enter enable secret: ciscoThe enable password is used when you do not specify anenable secret password, with some older software versions, andsome boot images.Enter enable password: sanfran

The virtual terminal password is used to protectaccess to the router over a network interface.Enter virtual terminal password: sanjoseConfigure SNMP Network Management? [no]:

Set up Mode :

Enter host name [Router] :

ENTER

.

. CLI

.

authentication .

:

enable password secret password telnet password console password

52

2 2 s s e s A s ese ve v2 -

Setup Initial Global Parameters

Configuring global parameters:

Enter host name [Router]:wg_ro_cThe enable secret is a password used to protect access toprivileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, afterentered, becomes encrypted in the configuration.Enter enable secret: ciscoThe enable password is used when you do not specify anenable secret password, with some older software versions, andsome boot images.Enter enable password: sanfran

The virtual terminal password is used to protectaccess to the router over a network interface.Enter virtual terminal password: sanjoseConfigure SNMP Network Management? [no]:

Set up Mode ) (:

.

setup mode .

enable password secret password telnet password .

SNMP manage . SNMP

option .

no .

2 2 s s ems A s ese ve v2 -9

Setup Initial Protocol Configurations

Configure LAT? [yes]: noConfigure AppleTalk? [no]:Configure DECnet? [no]:Configure IP? [yes]:

Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: noConfigure RIP routing? [no]:

Configure CLNS? [no]:Configure IPX? [no]:Configure Vines? [no]:Configure XNS? [no]:Configure Apollo? [no]:

Set up Mode :

Routing protocol

Interface .

IP no .

.

Configure IP? [Yes]:

54


Setup Interface Parameters

BRI interface needs isdn switch-type to be configuredValid switch types are :

[0] none..........Only if you don't want to configure BRI.[1] basic-1tr6....1TR6 switch type for Germany[2] basic-5ess....AT&T 5ESS switch type for the US/Canada[3] basic-dms100..Northern DMS-100 switch type for US/Canada[4] basic-net3....NET3 switch type for UK and Europe[5] basic-ni......National ISDN switch type[6] basic-ts013...TS013 switch type for Australia[7] ntt...........NTT switch type for Japan[8] vn3...........VN3 and VN4 switch types for FranceChoose ISDN BRI Switch Type [2]:

Configuring interface parameters:Do you want to configure BRI0 (BRI d-channel) interface? [no]:Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [no]: yesConfigure IP on this interface? [no]: yes

IP address for this interface: 10.1.1.33Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : 255.255.255.0Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24

Do you want to configure Serial0 interface? [no]:

Set up Mode :

IP address .

IP address subnet mask .

IP address Subnet mask

subnet mask .

Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [No]: yes

Configure IP on this interface? [No]: yes

IP address for this interface: 10.1.1.33

Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0]: 255.255.255.0


Setup Script Review and Use

The following configuration command script was created:hostname Routeenable secret enable passwor line vty 0 4password sanjono snmp-server!no appletalk rno decnet routip routingno clns routinno ipx routingno vines routino xns routingno apollo routisdn switch-ty

interface BRI0shutdownno ip address!interface Ethernet0no shutdownip address 10.1.1.31 255.255.255.0no mop enabled!interface Serial0shutdownno ip address

end[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.Enter your selection [2]:

Set up Mode :

.

:

[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.

[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.

[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.

[0] CLI .

user mode .

[1]

set up mode .

[2]

)nvram( .

65

2 - 2v ev ese s A s e s s 2 2

retuoR eht ot nI gniggoL

:edoM degelivirP edoM resU

. edom-resu edom ILC toob

>c_or_gw

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:

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elbane . epyt

: tpmorp dnammoc edom degelivirp .ne epyt

# c_or_gw

. elbasid tixe edom

tixe # c_or_gw


You can abbreviate a command to the fewest characters that make a unique character string.

Router User-Mode Command List

wg_ro_c>?Exec commands:access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entryatmsig Execute Atm Signalling Commandscd Change current deviceclear Reset functionsconnect Open a terminal connectiondir List files on given devicedisable Turn off privileged commandsdisconnect Disconnect an existing network connectionenable Turn on privileged commandsexit Exit from the EXEChelp Description of the interactive help systemlat Open a lat connectionlock Lock the terminallogin Log in as a particular userlogout Exit from the EXEC

-- More --

Help User Mode:

mode . help

Mode .

space enter

.

character

. e . e

.

wg_ro_c > e ?

enable, exit

user mode command

prompt :

wg_ro_c>?

58

2 2 s s e s A s ese ve v2 - 4

wg_ro_c#?Exec commands:access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entryaccess-profile Apply user-profile to interfaceaccess-template Create a temporary Access-List entrybfe For manual emergency modes settingcd Change current directoryclear Reset functionsclock Manage the system clockconfigure Enter configuration modeconnect Open a terminal connectioncopy Copy from one file to anotherdebug Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')delete Delete a filedir List files on a filesystemdisable Turn off privileged commandsdisconnect Disconnect an existing network connectionenable Turn on privileged commandserase Erase a filesystemexit Exit from the EXEChelp Description of the interactive help system

-- More --

You can complete a command string by entering the unique character string, then pressing the Tab key.

Router Privileged-Mode Command List

Help Privileged Mode:

Help privileged mode .

User Mode Privilede Mode .

ping privileged mode user mode

Privileged Mode Mode .


pleH evitisneS-txetnoC retuoR

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60


Router Context-Sensitive Help

Router# clokTranslating "CLOK"% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address

Router# cl?clear clock

Router# clock% Incomplete command.

Router# clock ?set Set the time and date

Router# clock set% Incomplete command.

Router# clock set ?hh:mm:ss Current Time

Symbolic Translation

Command Prompting

Last Command Recall

Help ) (:

set Set the time and date

set enter .

. type

history .History .

Ctrl-P .

.

history .

Router# show history

2 2 s s ems A s ese ve v2 - 7

Router Context-Sensitive Help (cont.)

Router# clokTranslating "CLOK"% Unk

Route clear

Route % Inc

Route set

Route % Inc

Route hh:m

Router# clock set 19:56:00% Incomplete command.

Router# clock set 19:56:00 ? Day of the monthMONTH Month of the year

Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 8^

% Invalid input detected at the '^' marker

Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 August% Incomplete command.

Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 August ? Year

Command Prompting

Syntax Checking

Command Prompting

Help )(:

Command History Context-Sensitive Help

.

62

2 2 s s e s A s ese ve v2 - 9

(Automatic scrolling of long lines.)

Ctrl-A Move to the beginning of the command line.

Ctrl-E Move to the end of the command line.

Esc-B Move back one word.

Esc-F Move forward one word.

Ctrl-B Move back one character.

Ctrl-F Move forward one character.

Ctrl-D Delete a single character.

Router>$ value for customers, employees, and partners.

Enhanced Editing Commands (cont.)

CLI:

.

IOS :

Ctrl-A : .

Ctrl-E : .

Esc-B : .

Esc-F : .

Ctrl-B : .

Ctrl-F : .

Ctrl-D : .

Ctrl-P Ctrl-N: History.


show version Command

wg ro a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500 JS L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08 Feb 99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text base: 0x03050C84, data base: 0x00001000ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS BOOT R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)wg ro a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500 js l 120 3.bin"(output omitted)More

Configuration register is 0x2102

Show Version :

.

IOS RAM NVRAM FLASH platform up device

.

(C2500-JS-L) :IOS binary flash

:

C2500 : device .

JS : IOS enterprise .

L : move flash .

Version 12.0(3) : IOS .

flash DRAM IOS

.

64


show version Command

wg ro a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500 JS L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08 Feb 99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text base: 0x03050C84, data base: 0x00001000ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS BOOT R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)wg ro a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500 js l 120 3.bin"(output omitted)More


Show Version :

Registry . password recovery Registry

.



noitarugifnoC eht gniweiV

:MARVN MAR

.MARVN MAR: MOR hsalF

daol TSOP tset-fles no-rewop

. MARVN SOI

MAR

. edom pu tes

. .

MAR gifnoc-putrats MARVN

.gifnoc-gninnur

66


show running-config and show startup-config Commands

wg_ro_c#show startup-configUsing 1359 out of 32762 bytes!version 12.0!

-- More --

wg_ro_c#show running-configBuilding configuration...Current configuration:!version 12.0!

-- More --

In NVRAMIn RAM

Displays the current and saved configuration

RAM NVRAM:

startup-config NVRAM :

wg_ro_c#show startup-config

running-config RAM :

wg_ro_c#show running-config


Summary

The startup of a Cisco router requires that you verify the physical installation, power up the router, and view the Cisco IOS software output on the console.

The router startup sequence is similar to the startup sequence of the Catalyst switch. The router first performs POST, then it finds and loads the IOS image. Finally, it finds and loads the device configuration file.

Use the enable command to access the privileged EXEC mode from the user EXEC mode.

:

Power-on self-test

. load IOS NVARM .

startup-config NVRAM .

NVRAM

setup mode .

NVRAM RAM .

DRAM Flash IOS

show version .

86

:

PI retuoR ocsiC

:

. .

. edoM ILC .

. .

07

2v ev ese s A sme s s 2 2

sedoM retuoR fo weivrevO

: edoM ILC

.edom degelivirp edom resu edom

. edom labolg edom

. locotorP gnituoR edom

erugifnoC edom degelivirp edom labolg

. edom lanimret

lanimret erugifnoC #retuoR

. tpmorp dnammoc edom

#)gifnoc(retuoR

. edom tixe edom labolg


snoitarugifnoC gnivaS

#c_or_gwgifnoc-putrats gifnoc-gninnur ypoc#c_or_gw?]gifnoc-putrats[ emanelif noitanitseDnoitarugifnoc gnidliuB

#c_or_gw

MARVN ot noitarugifnoc tnerruc eht seipoC

:

-gninnur .

. gifnoc

gifnoc-gninnur ypoc . MARVN

. gifnoc-putrats

gifnoc-putrats gifnoc-gninnur ypoc #c_or_gw

. MARVN gifnoc-putrats

: edom degelivirp

gifnoc-putrats esare #c_or_gw

27


dessecca eht rof egassem ro ytitnedi lacol eht steS ecafretni ro retuor

noitacifitnedI retuoR gnirugifnoC

:noitpircsD

. : emantsoH

.

.

nigol yad eht fo egasseM DTOM :rennaB DTOM

. resu

tenlet trop yrailixua trop elosnoc

.

. nigol

emantsoh : noitpircseD emantsoH

.

. gifnoc-gninnur wohs noitpircsed


drowssaP retuoR a gnirugifnoC

:

.

. noitacitnehtua

:

:

drowssaP elbanE .

drowssaP terceS .

drowssaP XUA .

drowssaP tenleT .

drowssaP elosnoC .

47


drowssaP retuoR a gnirugifnoC

:( )

resu . edom degelivirp : drowssap elbanE

. drowssap edom degelivirp elbane edom

ocsic drowssap elbane#)gifnoc(retuoR

raelc nur wohs txet raelc

.

. drowssap elbane :drowssaP terceS

. txet-raelc gifnoc-putrats gifnoc-gninnuR

ocsic drowssap elbane#)gifnoc(retuoR

drowssap terces drowssap terces

edoM gedelivirP drowssaP elbane

. drowssaP terceS


)eunitnoc ( drowssaP retuoR a gnirugifnoC

: ( )

. tenleT lanimreT lautriV : drowssaP tenleT

. noitcitnehtuA tenleT

: edom labolg drowssap tenlet

4 0 ytv enil#)gifnoc(retuoR

SOI eniL noisseS tenleT

. noisseS tenleT

. pleH SOI eniL

? 0 ytv enil#)enil-gifnoc(retuoR

rebmuN eniL tsaL >4-1rc show controller serial 0

clock rate serial :

Router(config)#interface serial 0

Router(config-if)#Clock rate 64000

Bandwidth serial .

Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64

routing protocol

. routing

.

: serial 1.544 Mbps .


2 tenrehte ecafretni#)gifnoc(retuoRtesab01 epyt-aidem#)fi-gifnoc(retuoR

eht rof rotcennoc epyt-aidem eht stceleS ecafretni tenrehtE

dnammoC epyt-aidem tenrehtE

: tenrehtE tsaF ecafretnI tenrehtE ecafretnI

tenrehtE tsaF tenrehtE

. NAL

spbM 0001/001/01 tenrehtE tsaF spbM 001/01 tenrehtE

. NAL

. spbM 001/01 tenrehtE

001 01

spbM 01 .

. .

tesab01 epyt-aidem#)fi-gifnoc(retuoR

86


Router#configure terminalRouter(config)#interface serial 0Router(config-if)#no shutdown%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seria0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line Protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up

Enables an interface that is administratively shut down

Router#configure terminalRouter(config)#interface serial 0Router(config-if)#shutdown%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down

Administratively turns off an interface

Disabling or Enabling an Interface

:

default Shut Down)( .

.

.

Router(config)#interface serial 0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

up state .

:

Router(config-if)#shutdown

: shutdown .


noitacinummoc swolla gnisserdda euqinU .snoitats dne neewteb

.sserdda noitanitsed no desab si eciohc htaP

sesserddA PI gnicudortnI

:sserddA PI

htdiwdnab

.

elosnoc tenleT

.

.

.

. XPI PI PI/PCT

.

88





:( ) sserddA PI

) ( sserdda ecruos)

. ( sserdda noitanitsed

sserddA PI

.

.

.

PI ( rebmuN dna emaN dengissA noitaroproC tenretnI)NNACI

.

noiger ( noigeR) NNACI

. PI





:( ) sserddA PI

:

. : CCN PIR .

. : NIRA .

. : CINPA .

. : CINirfA .

. : CINCAL .

09


gnisserddA PI

:PI sserddA

sserddA PI

.

( tetco) . 4 noisreV PI 4V PI

. tetcO

tetco

tetcO

.

. sserddA PI

: sserddA PI .

.tsoh krowten


gnisserddA PI

:() PI sserddA

noitats . krowteN : DI krowteN

.

452.552.61.271 1.1.61.271 sserddA PI noitats

. 0.0.61.271 krowten .

.

PI DI krowten . sserddA PI : DI tsoH

. DI tsoH PI sserddA

DI tsoH DI krowten

. sserddA PI

DI krowteN DI tsoh tetco DI krowten

.

29


sessalC sserddA PI

:PI

PI

( tetco) sserddA PI

.

. sserddA PI

:

A ssalC .

B ssalC .

C ssalC .

D ssalC .

tetco . tetco : A ssalC

.


sessalC sserddA PI

:() PI

tetco DI krowten tetco A sserddA PI

. DI tsoH

. krowten sserdda PI DI krowteN

452.552.552.01 1.0.0.01 sserddA PI noitats krowten

sserddA PI .

. tetco tetco

.

. tsoh krowten tetco

. 0.0.0.01 DI krowten

tetco A sserddA PI

. DI tsoH tetco DI krowten

49


sessalC sserddA PI

:() PI

. tetco : B ssalC

. tetco

tetco DI krowten tetco B sserddA PI

. DI tsoH

. tetco : C ssalC

. tetco

tetco DI krowten tetco C sserddA PI

. DI tsoH


sessalC sserddA PI

(: )PI

tetco : D ssalC

. tetco .

. gnitsacitlum

noitats

. D

. puorG tsacitlum tetco . gnituoR

D ssalc :

.

. tetco B A

. .

B A sserddA kcabpool 1.0.0.721

.

69


sesserddA tsoH

:sserddA tsoH

. sserddA PI .

. B A PI

. sserddA PI noitats

tetco tetco

sserdda PI 0.0.61.271 . 0.0.0.01 DI krowten

DI krowten noitats .

21.21.61.271 noitats 2.2.61.271 noitats .

noitats 2.2.61.271 noitats .

. 1.1.1.01

PI

. gnituoR

. .


sesserddA tsoH

:( )sserddA t oH

.

elbaT .

.

: elbat

krowten . DI krowteN .

. 0.0.0.01 0.0.61.271 DI

DI krowten .

.

. elbat gnituor

89


sesserddA tsoH

:( )sserddA tsoH

. tcennoc tcennoc .

1E 0.0.61.271 0E

. 0.0.0.01

elbaT gnituoR gnituoR

.

DI krowteN . sserddA PI

. DI tsoH

.

ksam tenbuS . ksam tenbuS

.


ksaM tenbuS

:ksam tenbuS

. sserddA PI tsoh krowteN ksaM tenbuS

ksam tenbuS . DI tsoH DI krowteN ksam tenbus noitats

ksam tenbus .

tluafed ksam tenbus. tsoh krowten

: PI

tetco krowten tetco A : A ssalC

tetcO ksam tenbus . tsoh

: ksam tenbus .

00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111 :yraniB

0.0.0.552 :lamiceD

001


ksaM tenbuS

:( )ksam tenbuS

tetco krowten tetco : B ssalC

: tluafed ksam tenbus . tsoh

00000000.00000000.11111111.11111111 :yraniB

0.0.552.552 :lamiceD

tetco krowten tetco : C ssalC

: tluafed ksam tenbus . tsoh

00000000.11111111.11111111.11111111 :yraniB

0.552.552.552 :lamiceD

. ksam tenbus

DI krowten ksam tenbus noitats sserddA PI

.


ksaM tenbuS

:( )ksam tenbuS

ksam tenbus 21.21.61.271 noitats sserddA PI

0.0.61.271 DI krowten ksam tenbus 0.0.552.552

.

:noitatoN xiferP

. ksam tenbus

: A sserddA PI ksam tenbus

00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111 :yraniB

0.0.0.552 :lamiceD

. tsoh krowten ksam tenbus

tsoh

.

201


ksaM tenbuS

:( )ksam tenbuS

tenbus . ksam tenbus

. ksam

tetcO . ( 8/) A sserddA PI ksam tenbus

. tsoH tetcO krowteN

. krowteN

. 42/ 61/ 8/ C B A ksamtenbuS


snrettaP tiB fo stnelaviuqE lamiceD

:

. lamiceD yraniB gnittenbuS

tetcO

.

:

.

.

:

)

(.

401



:( )

tetcO tetcO :

.

tetcO :

. tetcO

tetcO ( ) :

. tetcO

tetcO :

. tetcO

tetcO :

. tetcO

tetcO :

. tetcO



:( )

tetcO :

. tetcO

tetcO :

. tetcO

tetcO tetcO :

.

601



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 =1 =3 =7 =51 =13 =36 =721 =552 =

:

. gnittenbuS

:tenbuS

. tsoh krowten ksam tenbus

.

. tsoh krowteN

sserddA PI tsoH

ksam tenbuS .

. sserddA PI

: ksam tenbus DI krowten

0.1.861.291 :DI krowteN

000000000.11111111.11111111.111111111 :ksam tenbuS



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 =1 =3 =7 =51 =13 =36 =721 =552 =

:( )

ksam tenbus ksam tenbus

PI . sserddA PI

. sserddA

tetco ksam tenbus tetco

ksam tenbuS tetco 821.1.861.291

721.1.861.291 tetco

.

sserddA PI ksam tenbus

. sserddA PI

ksam tenbuS tsoh

sserddA PI

. sserddA PI tsoh .

801



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 =1 =3 =7 =51 =13 =36 =721 =552 =

:( )

tenbus ksam tenbuS tsoh

.

. tsoh krowten

: ksam tenbus DI krowten

0.1.861.291 :DI krowteN

00000000.11111111.11111111.111111111 :ksam tenbuS

. gnittenbuS


tenbuS

DI krowteN

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

9210 821 271

ksam tluafeD

DI krowteN

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

ksam tluafeD

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH

) 52/ ( 291.552.552.552 = ksam tenbuS

skrowten 2 ot 0.921.821.291 krowten edivid

: gnittenbuS

: ksam tenbus sserddA krowten .

0.1.861.291 :DI krowteN

000000001.11111111.11111111.111111111 :ksam tenbuS

. tsoH

tsoH . tsoh

. tenbus

011



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 DI krowteN

01

)52 / ( 291.552.552.552 : si ksam tenbuS

neht 00000000 si tenbus fI0 921.861.291 : D krowteN1.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsriF621.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsaL721.921.861.291 : sserdda tsacdaorB

neht 00000001 si tenbus fI821.921.861.291 : D krowteN 921.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsriF452 921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsaL552 921.861.291 : sserdda tsacdaorB

(:) gnittenbuS

tenbus

.

. krowten tenbus

. krowten 652 krowten

tetcO

:

:

sserdda PI

. 721.1.861.291 1.1.861.291

. sserddA PI 0.1.861.291 DI krowten



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 DI krowteN

01

)52 / ( 291.552 552 552 : si ksam tenbuS

neht 00000000 si tenbus fI0.921.861.291 : DI krowteN1.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsriF621.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsaL721.921.861.291 : sserdda tsacdaorB

neht 00000001 si tenbus fI821.921.861.291 : DI krowteN 921.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsriF452.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsaL552.921.861.291 : sserdda tsacdaorB

(:) gnittenbuS

:

sserdda PI

. 452.1.861.291 921.1.861.291

sserddA krowten

tsoH sserddA PI sserddA krowteN

. 821.1.861.291 sserddA krowten .

sserddA krowteN sserddA PI

. 621 sserddA tsacdaorB

krowten krowten gnittenbus

. tsoh 621 krowteN tsoh krowten

. tenbus

211



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 DI krowteN

01

)52 / ( 291.552.552.552 : si ksam tenbuS

neht 00000000 si tenbus fI0 921.861.291 : D krowteN1.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsriF621.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsaL721.921.861.291 : sserdda tsacdaorB

neht 00000001 si tenbus fI821.921.861.291 : D krowteN 921.921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsriF452 921.861.291 : tsoh dilav tsaL552 921.861.291 : sserdda tsacdaorB

(:) gnittenbuS

:

. .

. .

. ecnegrevnoC elbat gnituoR .

. ocsiC

tsoh

.

tsac daorb

.


C ssalC ni gnittenbuS

tsoh rof esu eb ton nac tib enO

:C gnittenbuS

gnittenbuS . gnittenbuS

.

.

krowteN ksam tenbuS

.

C . ksam tenbuS

52/ ksam tenbuS

. sserddA PI tsoH sserddA PI

tsoh 03/ ksam tenbus c

. tenbuS

411


C ssalC ni gnittenbuS

tsoh rof esu eb ton nac tib enO

:( ) C gnittenbuS

noitats sserddA PI dilaV

. sserddA tsacdaorB sserddA krowteN

tsoH . 13/

. tsoH sserddA PI

sserdda krowten

. sserdda tsacdaorb


B ssalC ni gnittenbuS

:B gnittenbuS

tsoH B ksam tenbuS

.

611


A ssalC ni gnittenbuS

:A gnittenbuS

tsoH A ksam tenbuS

.


stsoh & skrowtenbuS elbasU gnitupmoC

)stib tsoh fo rebmun eht si m( 2- m^2 = sserdda tsoh fo rebmuN )stib tenbus fo rebmun eht si n( n^2 = stenbus fo rebmuNp^2 = stenbus fo tnemercnI

:C ssalC

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH tenbuS krowteN

26=2 - )6 ^2( = stsoh fo tnuoC4= )2 ^2( = tenbus fo tnuoC46 = 6 ^ 2 = tnemercnI

P , M n : elpmaxE

:krowteN tsoH

ksam tenbuS yraniB lamiceD sserddA PI

. krow tenbuS

krowtenbuS ksam tenbuS .

. krowtenbuS dilaV sserddA PI

42/ s m tenbus C tluafeD .

tenbus krowteN tsoH

.

:krowteN tenbuS

tenbuS

.

)stib tenbus fo rebmun eht si n( n^2 = stenbus fo rebmuN

811


stsoh & skrowtenbuS elbasU gnitupmoC

)stib tsoh fo rebmun eht si m( 2- m^2 = sserdda tsoh fo rebmuN )stib tenbus fo rebmun eht si n( n^2 = stenbus fo rebmuNp^2 = stenbus fo tnemercnI

:C ssalC

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH tenbuS krowteN

26=2 - )6 ^2( = stsoh fo tnuoC4= )2 ^2( = tenbus fo tnuoC46 = 6 ^ 2 = tnemercnI

P , M n : elpmaxE

:krowteN tsoH

:krow tenbuS

42/ 0.1.861.291 krowteN . krowtenbuS

gnittenbus . 652 42/ 0.2.861.291

. DI krowtenbuS krowtenbuS

tetcO ksamtenbuS

C . ksamtenbuS

. tsoH tenbuS

p^2 = stenbus fo tnemercnI

:kroW tenbuS tsoH

tsoH ksamtenbuS

.

)stib tsoh fo rebmun eht si m( 2- m^2 = sserdda tsoh fo rebmuN


0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH tenbuS krowteN

03=2 - )5 ^2( = stsoh fo tnuoC

8= )3 ^2( = krowtenbuS fo tnuoC

23 = 5 ^2 = tnemercnI

1 elpmaxE

0 75 01.002= krowteN422.552.552.552= ksam tenbuS

: krowteN tsoH

0.552.552.552 ksamtenbuS C sserddA krowteN

.

tenbuS 422.552.552.552 ksam tenbuS

. DI tsoH krowtenbuS

. tenbuS tsoH 72/

:

. : krowtenbuS

. :

. : krowtenbuS tsoH

021


0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH tenbuS krowteN




1 elpmaxE

0.75.01.002= krowteN422 552 552 552= ksam tenbuS

:( ) krowteN tsoH

krowtenbuS 0.75.02.002 krowteN

krowtenbuS . .

: DI krowteN

0.75.02.002 : 0 tenbuS

23.75.02.002 : 1 tenbuS

46.75.02.002 : 2 tenbuS

29.75.02.002 : 3 tenbuS

821.75.02.002 : 4 tenbuS

061.75.02.002 : 5 tenbuS

291.75.02.002 : 6 tenbuS

422.75.02.002 : 7 tenbuS


0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH tenbuS krowteN




1 elpmaxE

0 75 01.002= krowteN422.552.552.552= ksam tenbuS

:( ) krowteN tsoH

. krowteN krow tenbuS

. sserddA PI krowtenbuS

. krowtenbuS sserddA PI

. 72/0.75.02.002 krowteN

: krow tenbuS

0.75.02.002 : 0 tenbuS

23.75.02.002 : 1 tenbuS

. sserddA PI 1 tenbuS sserddA PI 0 tenbuS

122


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Network Subnet Host

Count of hosts = (2^ 5) - 2=30

Count of Subnetwork = (2^ 3) =8

Increment = 2^ 5 = 32

Example 1

Network =200.10.57.0 Subnet mask =255 255 255 224

Host Network ) (:

Subnet 0 IP Address :

First IP Address : 200.20.57.1

Subnet 1 Broad cast Address :

Broadcast Address : 200.20.57.31

Subnet 1 IP Address :

Last IP Address : 200.20.57.30

IP Address Broadcast Address Subnet 0 . Subnet

work IP Address .


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH tenbuS krowteN

2- )41 ^2( = stsoh fo tnuoC

4 = )2 ^2( = krowtenbuS fo tnuoC


2 elpmaxE

0.0 61.271= krowteN0.291.552.552= ksam tenbuS

: krowteN tsoH

0.0.552.552 ksam tenbuS B sserddA krowteN

tenbuS 0.291.552.552 ksam tenbuS .

. DI tsoH krow tenbuS

. krow tenbuS

: krow tenbuS

0.0.61.271 : 0 tenbuS

0.46.61.271 : 1 tenbuS

0.821.61.271 : 2 tenbuS

0.291.61.271 : 3 tenbuS

: krow tenbuS sserddA PI

0.0.61.271 : 0 tenbuS

0.46.61.271 : 1 tenbuS

421


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tsoH tenbuS krowteN

2- )41 ^2( = stsoh fo tnuoC

4 = )2 ^2( = krowtenbuS fo tnuoC


2 elpmaxE

0 0.61.271= krowteN0 291.552 552= ksam tenbuS

:( ) krowteN tsoH

. sserddA PI 1 tenbuS sserddA PI 0 tenbuS

: sserddA PI tetcO 0 tenbuS

1.0.61.271 : sserddA PI tsriF

daorB tetcO tetcO 1 tenbuS

: sserddA tsac

552.36.61.271 : sserddA tsacdaorB

PI tsaL tetcO tetcO 1 tenbuS

. sserddA

452.36.61.271 : sserddA PI tsaL

. krow tenbuS sserddA PI


061 2 27161

tsoH 0100000000000101 00001000 00110101

ksaM

tenbuS

tsacdaorB

tsaL

tsriF

061.2.61.271

291.552.552.552

4

1

sserddA tsacdaorB ,sserddA PI tsaL ,sserddA PI tsriF ,DI krowteN etaluclacsselssalC P morf

:sserddA PI sserddA PI

krow tenbuS sserddA krowteN

krow tenbuS sserddA PI .

krowteN ksam tenbuS lluF ssalC sserddA PI

sserddA krowteN 42/ 1.1.861.291 . sserddA

lluf ssalC C sserddA PI .

sserddA PI DI krowten

. sserddA PI DI tsoH

. tetcO tetcO lluF ssalC

. 42/ 0.1.861.291 sserddA krowteN

621


061 2 27161

tsoH 0100000000000101 00001000 00110101

ksaM

tenbuS

tsacdaorB

tsaL

tsriF

061.2.61.271

291.552.552.552

4

1


:( ) sserddA PI sserddA PI

krow tenbuS tsoH krowteN ksam tenbuS

.

sselssalc sserddA PI .

. krow tenbuS

:

:

. yraniB sserddA PI


10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

00000010 Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

16172 2 160

calculate Network ID, First IP Address, Last IP Address, Broadcast Address from P Classless

:

Subnet mask binary .

Subnet mask Subnetting .

821


00110101

11111111

00001000

11111111 11111111

00000101

00000011

tsoH 01000000

ksaM

tenbuS

tsacdaorB

tsaL

tsriF

061.2.61.271

291.552.552.552

1

2

3

7

061 2 27161


:

tsoH krowteN ksam tenbuS

.

.

. sserddA PI tsoH krowteN


00110101

11111111

00001000

11111111 11111111

00000101

00000011

00000001

tsoH 01000000

ksaM

tenbuS

tsacdaorB

tsaL

tsriF

061.2.61.271

291.552.552.552

1

2

3

4

061 2 27161


821.2.61.27111111111 11111111 11111111

:

. DI kroW tenbuS

. tsoH sserddA krowteN

ksaM tenbuS tsoH sserddA PI

krowteN lamiceD .

. 821.2.61.271 sserddA

031


00110101

11111111

00001000

11111111 11111111

00000101

00000011

00000001

01000000

11111101

tsoH

ksaM

tenbuS

tsacdaorB

tsaL

tsriF

061.2.61.271

291.552.552.552

1

2

3

4

56

061 2 27161


11111111 11111111 11111111

11111111 11111111 11111111

821.2.61.271

191.2.61.271

:

sserddA PI tsoH sserddA tsacdaorB

tsoH .

. sserddA tsacdaorB

: lamiceD

191.2.61.271 : sserddA tsacdaorB


00110101

11111111

00001000

11111111 11111111

00000101

00000011

00000001

01000000

11111101

10000001

tsoH

ksaM

tenbuS

tsacdaorB

tsaL

tsriF

061.2.61.271

291.552.552.552

1

2

3

4

56

061 2 27161


11111111 11111111 11111111

11111111 11111111 11111111

11111111 11111111 11111111

821.2.61.271

191.2.61.271

921.2.61.271

:

kroW tenbuS sserddA PI

sserddA PI . tsoH

.

. 191.2.61.271

132


10101100

11111111

00010000

11111111 11111111

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

10111111

10000001

10111110

Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

1

2

3

4

56

7

16172 2 160

calculate Network ID, First IP Address, Last IP Address, Broadcast Address from P Classless

11111111 11111111 11111111

11111111 11111111 11111111

11111111 11111111 11111111

11111111 11111111 11111111

172.16.2.128

172.16.2.191

172.16.2.129

172.16.2.190

:

Host . IP

Address 172.16.2.190 .

:

eciveD ocsiC

431

:

. .

. .


ecneuqeS putooB/nO-rewoP retuoR

.)TSOP( tset fles no-rewop mrofreP .1.edoc partstoob nur dna daoL .2.erawtfos SOI ocsiC eht dniF .3.erawtfos SOI ocsiC eht daoL .4.noitarugifnoc eht dniF .5.noitarugifnoc eht daoL .6.erawtfos SOI ocsiC derugifnoc eht nuR .7

:

daol SOI . ( SOI)

daol MARVN

no rewop

. tpmorp dnammoc

TSOP . :

. tset-fles no-rewop

. partstoob :

.

tluafed SOI . SOI :

hsalF SOI . hsalF

. daoL

631


ecneuqeS putooB/nO-rewoP retuoR

.)TSOP( tset fles no-rewop mrofreP .1.edoc partstoob nur dna daoL .2.erawtfos SOI ocsiC eht dniF .3.erawtfos SOI ocsiC eht daoL .4.noitarugifnoc eht dniF .5.noitarugifnoc eht daoL .6.erawtfos SOI ocsiC derugifnoc eht nuR .7

:( )

( MAR) daol SOI :

.

. SOI daol :

. gifnoc-putrats

MARVN gifnoc-putratS

.

daol gifnoc-putrats :

. (MAR)

daol gifnoc-putrats :

MAR . MAR .

.


stnenopmoC lanretnI retuoR

:

. toob

. retuor putrats

. toob . :MAR

MAR hsalF daol SOI

. gifnoc-putrats

.

. elbat gnituor

.

. :MOR

MOR .

831


stnenopmoC lanretnI retuoR

:( )

letnI SOI :hsalF

.

. :MARVN

. gifnoc-putrats

wohs . toob :retsiger noitarugifnoC

. noisrev

MARVN hsalf SOI 2012x0

.

. yrevocer drowssap


snoitcnuF MOR

snoitcnuf cisab rof edocorcim sniatnoC

:MOR

MOR

: MOR .

partstooB .

TSOP .

elif erawtfos SOI iniM .

rotinoM MOR .

:partstooB

. daol SOI MOR

. noisrev wohs

041


snoitcnuF MOR

snoitcnuf cisab rof edocorcim sniatnoC

:MOR

. MOR :TSOP

.

daoL SOI hsalF SOI MOR :SOI iniM

hsalf . TSOP

PU SOI iniM . SOI

. daol SOI

edom MOR :rotinoM MOR

MOR .

edoM .

edom yrevocer drowssap . kaerB lrtc SOI tooB

.


trahcwolF putratS retuoR

:putratS retuoR

. toob

no rewop

. ILC

MOR TSOP no rewop

.

. MOR partstoob

. daol SOI

. retsiger noitarugifnoC

241



:( ) putratS retuoR

: SOI

0012X0 .

daol hsalf SOI 0012x0

. rotinoM MOR

1012X0 .

. SOI SOI iniM 1012x0

. hsalf SOI

F012X0-2012X0 .

daol hsalf SOI F012X0 2012X0

.



:( ) putratS retuoR

:2012x0

. SOI hsalf

:

hsalf SOI .

. SOI daol hsalf

hsalf SOI .

PTFT SOI . hsalF

SOI . daol revreS

. . daol

441



:( ) putratS retuoR

:

2412x0 . edom putes MARVN

. MARVN

MARVN 2412x0

. edom putes

edom

.

resu edom golaid putes

. edom



:( ) putratS retuoR

2012x0 gifnoc-putrats MARVN

MAR daol MARVN .

edom putes MARVN .

.

. toob

641

-2 2v ev ese s A s e s s 2 2

erawtfoS SOI ocsiC eht gnidaoLyromeM hsalF morf

.MAR otni desserpmoced si elif yromem hsalf ehT

:MAR SOI

SOI . daol SOI

. sserpmoced MAR

. ( nib.) SOI

. MAR sserpmoced

. hsalf

hsalf wohs>retuoR

. edom degelivirp edom resu


dnammoC hsalf wohs

hsalf wohs#a_or_gw:yrotcerid hsalf metsyS sutats/emaN htgneL eliF

nib.3-021_l-sj-0052c 69648001 1]latot 61277761 ,elbaliava 6542966 ,desu setyb 06748001[ )YLNO daeR( hsalf metsyS draob rossecorp fo setyb K48361

:hsa F wohS

. hsalf wohs hsalf

SOI

. . revreS PTFT hsalf

: hsalF wohS . SOI

nib 3-0.21-l-sj-0052c

. 0052 ecived ecived : 0052C

. (esirpretne) SOI SJ :

daol hsalf SOI : L

. MAR

. SOI : 3-0.21

. nib SOI :niB

841

-2 2v ev ese s A s e s s 2 2

noitarugifnoC eht gnidaoL

.MARVN morf noitarugifnoc eht etucexe dna daoL .edom putes retne ,MARVN ni tneserp si noitarugifnoc on fI

:MAR MARVN daoL

. daol daol SOI

. MARVN gifnoc-putrats

MAR MARVN SOI daol

. MARVN .

gifnoc-putrats wohs #retuoR

edom degelivirp

txet raelc

. edom .

MAR

. .

. MAR

gifnoc-gninnur wohs #retuoR


dna gifnoc-gninnur wohssdnammoC gifnoc-putrats wohs

gifnoc-putrats wohs#c_or_gwsetyb 26723 fo tuo 9531 gnisU!0.21 noisrev!

-- eroM --

gifnoc-gninnur wohs#c_or_gw...noitarugifnoc gnidliuB:noitarugifnoc tnerruC!0.21 noisrev!

-- eroM --

MAR nIMARVN nI

noitarugifnoc devas dna tnerruc eht syalpsiD

: MARVN MAR

gifnoc-gninnur wohs MARVN MAR

. MARVN gifnoc-putrats wohs MAR

.

. MARVN MAR

MARVN gifnoc-gninnur

.

MARVN MAR :

.

150

2 2 s s e s A s ese ve v2 2-

Determining the Current Configuration Register Value

wg ro a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500 JS L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08 Feb 99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text base: 0x03050C84, data base: 0x00001000ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS BOOT R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)wg ro a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500 js l 120 3.bin"More


Configuration register value in show version

:

IOS . boot

.

0x2142 NVRAM setup mode

0x2101 NVRAM RAM

.

privileged mode .

Router# show version


Determining the Current Configuration Register Value

wg ro a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500 JS L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08 Feb 99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text base: 0x03050C84, data base: 0x00001000ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS BOOT R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)wg ro a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500 js l 120 3.bin"More


Configuration register value in show version

) (:

:

. configuration register

. RAM

. NVRAM

. Flash

. UP

. IOS

. Bootstrap

password recovery .

152

2 2 s s e s A s ese ve v2 2-

Summary When a router boots, it performs tests, finds and loads

software, finds and loads configurations, and finally runs the software.

The major internal components of a router include RAM, ROM, flash memory, NVRAM, and the configuration register.

When a router boots, it searches for the IOS software image in a specific sequence: location specified in the configuration register, flash memory, a TFTP server, and ROM.

The configuration register includes information specifying where to locate the Cisco IOS software image. You can examine the register with a show command and change the register value with the config-register global configuration command.

:

power on .

safe .

IOS load RAM .

NVRAM

RAM . setup mode .

. 0x2142

NVRAM setup mode .

NVRAM .

CLI Mode .

:

sretuoR ocsiC

451

. PI locotorP detuoR PI

. krowteN

tekcap tenrehtE tsaF NAL

. krowteN

. tekcap noitanitsed

tekcap

.

. tekcap

.

.

651

:

.gnituoR .

. etatS-kniL rotceV ecnatsiD .

.tluafeD citatS .

.FPSO PRGIE PRGI PIR .

gnituoR gnituoR

krowteN .

.

.

.

.

esabataD

.

. elbaT gnituoR esebataD

851


era taht snoitanitsed nrael tsum sretuoR .detcennoc yltcerid ton

).tnoC( ?gnituoR sI tahW

:()

elbaT gnituoR krowteN

. elbaT gnituoR.

0E 0.2.021.01 sserdda krowteN elbat

0S ( tcennoC ) 0.0.61.271

.

:gnituoR cimanyD gnituoR citatS

. tcennoc

:

gnituor citats .

gnituor cimanyd .

krowteN

nimda .

.

. krowteN

elbaT gnituoR tcennoc

061

:( ) gnituoR cimanyD gnituoR citatS

nimda citats .

nimda . elbaT gnituoR

.

krowteN

. .

.

.

.

:( ) gnituoR cimanyD gnituoR citatS

e

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