13

ch1

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: ch1

� ��������� �

� � ������� � ��� � ������� ����� "! �#�$�&% �

')(+*,(.-/(.021304*,576/(98:(<;,1=1>02021@?A*,BC(.DE*,[email protected];28H-/I/0JBC?K1>0203LNMPOK1@?K13G.13;Q8.5.IRG7BC02BS*T(VUW(+XY5Z;M[1@-\0JB]*21_^"`)5A5Za.DC1.bdce(.OK575/fCbEghUN(.i@5Z?jL [email protected];�*2OK5ZI/02(.?/6K0�5.lm02UN(.D]DC1@;T02B]*2130Q*2O/(<*n ;,5+G7BC6o1pB]?olq5Z;2UW(<*2BC5.?r^"*2O/1@;,1pBs0_(R6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1p-u13OKB]?u6v*,OK1V0,kw13?K130_021@;,GABC?KaI n *2O/1BC?olq5.;,UW(+*2BC5.?F8Z5.IF;21>xAIK130J*3Lzy{5.; n 5Z;,(<*2BC5.?/0mUW(<BC?A*,(<BC?H(<DCDd*2O/1@BC;hBCU n 5.;2*,(.?A*|;21>kw5.;t6K0}BC?6K(<*,(<-u(.021303L}')(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0|(<;,1TDCB]~Z1@�zBs0J1Tlq5.IK?/6:(+*|*,OK1=k@5.;,1Q5<l�UW(<?78F02k@B]13?Z*,BS��kQB]?7GZ130J*2B]�aZ(<*2BC5.?/03L{�}O/1@8V;21 n ;21>0J13?A*m*,OK1�6K(<*,(WaA(+*,OK1@;,136�-78V(Z0Y*,;25Z?K5.UN1@;t03bA-78VB]?7GZ130J*2BCaZ(+*,5.;t0m5<l*2O/1zOAI/UN(.?Na.1@?/5.UN1.b.(.?/6_-78�-KBC5oktOK1@UNBs0Y*t0�1w� n DC5.;,B]?Ka n ;,5 n 1@;2*2BC130�5.l n ;25.*21@BC?/03b.(<UN5Z?KaUW(<?78�5.*2OK13;|02k@B]13?Z*,BS��k)(Zk�*,B]G7B]*2BC1303L�}OK1 n 5+�m1@;T5.lz6/(+*,(.-/(.02130�kw5.UN1>0Qlq;,5.U�(H-u5o6o8[5<lz~7?K5+�zDC136oaZ1�(<?/6\*213ktO/?K5.DC5.aZ8*2Ou(+*NO/(.0_6o1@GZ1@DC5 n 136�5+G.1@;_0J13G.13;,(.D{6o1>k@(.6K130_(<?/6�BC0_1@U=-u5o6oBC136�B]?�0 n 13k@BC(.D]BCi@1>6v025<l�*J��}(<;,1_k3(<DCD]1>6R(\�.�<���Z�t�9�@���W�+���@�A�w�W�@�/�|���9�����w�_b�5Z;Q���z�V �bj5.;�UN5.;,1Nkw5.DCDC57xAIKBs(<DCDC8(¡ 6/(+*,(.-/(.021{028o0Y*,1@UFL ¢g£'4¤}¥:¦�BC0§( n 5+�{13;JlqIKDA*,5A5ZDAlq5.;§kw;,13(<*2BC?Ka)(.?/6TUW(.?/(<aZB]?Ka)Ds(<;,a.1(<UN5ZIK?A*,0m5<l�6K(+*t(=1@¨�kwBC1@?A*2DC8p(<?u6�(.D]DC5+�zB]?/a�B]*z*25 n 13;,02Bs0Y*}5+G.13;mDC5.?/a n 1@;,B]5o6K0}5.l�*,B]UN1.b0,([email protected]§�}OK1>0J1Q028o0Y*,1@UW0}(<;,14(<UN5Z?Ka�*,OK1�UN5Z0J*[email protected] n DC1w�W*Y8 n 130}5<l©0J5.l�*Y�m(.;21)(9G9(.B]Ds(<-/D]1ZLª�?[*2OKBs0T-�575.~�b��m1�02O/(<DCD�DC13(<;,?rOK5+�«*,56o1302BCa.?\6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0@bEOK5+�«*,5H�z;2B]*21 n ;25Za.;t(<UW0BC?*2O/1=G+(<;,BC5.I/04DC(.?Ka.Iu(<a.1>0h(Z02025okwBs(+*21>6F�zBS*,O[(�'4¤}¥:¦dbj(<?/6HO/5+��*25�B]U n DC1@UN1@?A*�*2O/1')¤m¥R¦pB]*,021@D]lYL

¬�­3¬ ®°¯F±�²´³=µ_¶@·�¸�¹@µ=º"µ=»½¼¿¾)¸©¾TÀF¾QÁ©±ÃÂ�ÄpÁ�¸©±4ÅÃÁMPO/(<*mBs0{(=6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J19Æ�ª�?�130,0J13?/kw1)(T6K(<*,(<-u(.021hBs0e?K5.*2OKBC?Ka=U_5Z;21|*2O/(.?�([email protected]]1>k�*2BC5.?p5<lBC?olq5.;,UW(+*2BC5.?�*,O/(+*�1w�oBs0Y*t0�5+GZ1@;�(hD]5Z?Ka n 1@;,B]5o6Q5.lo*2BCUN1.b<5.l�*21@?�UN(.?78)8Z13(.;,03Ldª�[email protected].?n (.;2Ds(<?/[email protected]*,OK1�*213;2U��.�+���.�t�+�w�|;21@lq1@;t0m*25�(Nkw5ZD]DC13kw*2BC5.?V5<l§6K(+*t(=*2O/(<*|BC0zUW(.?/(<aZ136�-A8�(')¤m¥R¦�L/�}OK1T')¤}¥:¦�BC0}1@� n 13kw*21>6p*,5/ÇÈ L|g|DCD]5+�ÉI/021@;t0�*25Rk@;21>(+*,1p?K13�Ê6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0�(<?u6�0 n 1>kwB]lq8r*2OK13B];��@Ë,Ì/�w�W�9��ÍÎD]5Za.Bsk@(.D0Y*,;2I/kw*2IK;,1�5<lE*2OK1T6K(<*,(AÏ�bKI/02BC?KaW(_0 n 13kwBs(<DCBCi@136r�.�<���<ÐJ�.�ÒÑ��uÓ��ÒÓÎÔ<�RÕ]�<�A�.Ö/�@�A�wL

È

Page 2: ch1

� ����������� �������������������������������� ��!�"#�%$&�'��)(*�

� Lh`)B]GZ1TI/021@;t0|*,OK1=(.-KB]DCB]*Y8�*,5�+@Ö/�-,��T*2OK1_6K(+*t(:ÍÎ( ¡ xAIK13;28o¢NBs046K(<*,(.-/(.021TDCB]?KaZ5�lq5Z;(:xAIK130J*2BC5.? (<-�5.Io*_*2OK1F6K(<*,(ZÏ=(<?u6vUN5o6oBSlq8r*,OK1F6K(+*t(Kb�I/02BC?KaR(.? ( n/n ;25 n ;,BC(<*21DC(.?Ka.I/(.a.1ZbA5.l�*213?Vk3(<DCD]1>6V(.+@Ö/�-,��WÕC�+�A�.Ö/�@�A�}5Z;��.�+���+Ð��W�+�uÓ /�ÖoÕ]�<�ÒÓÎÔ<�rÕ]�+�7�<Ö/�3�Z�@L0 Lh¦7I nKn 5.;2*|*2O/1=0J*25.;t(<aZ1Q5<l§G.13;28�DC(.;2aZ1T(<UN5.I/?Z*t0|5.l§6/(+*,(N^�UW(<?78�*213;,(.-A8A*,130z5Z;U_5Z;21T^ 5+G.1@;�(�D]5Z?Ka n 1@;,B]5o6:5<le*,B]UN1Zbj(<DCD]5+�zBC?Kap1@¨�kwBC1@?A*T(.k@k@130,0|*,5p*,OK1W6K(+*t(lq5.;|xAIK1@;,BC130}(<?/6F6K(<*,(.-/(.0214UN5o6oB]�uk@(<*2BC5.?/03L1uL�2�?/(.-KD]1��<Ö",2�.�@Ó�Õ Ó�� �+b|*,OK1:;,13k@5+G.1@;,8v5.l)*,OK1R6/(+*,(.-/(.021HBC?P*2OK1:lÎ(.k@15<lQlÎ(.B]DCIK;,1303b1@;,;25Z;,0{5<l©UN(.?78�~7B]?/6/0@bK5Z;zB]?A*,1@?A*2BC5.?/(.DdUNBC02I/021.L3 L4y{5.?A*2;,5.D�(Zk@k@130,0z*25�6K(+*t(Wlq;,5.U UN(.?78�I/021@;t0h(<*45Z?/kw1Zbu�zB]*2OK5ZIo*)(.D]DC5+�zBC?KaWIK?K1@�A�n 1>k�*21>6WBC?Z*,1@;t(.kw*2BC5.?/0{(<UN5.?Ka�I/0J13;,04ÍÎk3(<DCD]1>6FÓs�wÔ<Õ]�+� ÓÎÔ+�7Ïm(<?/6W�zB]*2O/5.Io*}(.k�*,B]5Z?/0�5Z?*2OK1�6K(+*t(T*,5=-�1 n 13;Jlq5Z;2UN1>6 n (.;J*,BC(.D]DC8N-KIo*z?K5<*zkw5ZU n D]1@*213D]8ÍÒk@(<DCDC136R�<��Ô<�=ÓÎË@Ó�� �@Ï�L

46574&574 8:9�;=<?>A@B9DC"9DE!96FHGJIK9�L�9�M&G�N G�L)C#OP>QFHC"G�NRF

�}OK1e�/;,0J*©[email protected]@;tkwBs(<DA6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1�UW(.?/(<aZ1@UN1@?A*E028o0Y*,1@UW0�( nKn 1>(<;,136�BC?T*,OK1eDs(+*,1 ÈTSHU�V=W 03L�}OK1>0J1h028o0Y*,1@UW0§13G.5.DCG.1>6Tlq;,5.U$�/DC1h02870J*213UW0@bZ�zOKBCktO n ;25+G7Bs6o1|0J5ZUN1z5<ldBS*,1@U Í 0 ϧ(<-�5+G.1HX�/DC14028o0Y*,1@UW0{0J*25Z;2146K(+*t(T5+G.13;e(TDC5.?/a n 13;2BC5o6�5.ld*2BCU_1Zbo(<?/6N*,OK1@8W(.D]DC5+��*2OK1�0Y*,5.;t(<aZ1z5<lDs(<;,a.1=(.UN5.IK?A*,045<lm6K(+*t(KLZYh5+�{13G.1@;>bu�/D]1N02870J*213UW0)6K5�?K5.*)aZ1@?K13;,(.D]DC8Va.I/(.;,(.?Z*,1@1�*2O/(<*6K(<*,()k@(<?/?K5<*§-�1mDC5Z0J*�BSl�BS*§Bs0©?K5<*§-/(Zkt~.136�I n b.(.?/6�*2OK138�6o5.? W *�02I nKn 5.;2*©1@¨Wk@B]13?A*§(Zk@k@130,0*25W6K(<*,(NB]*213UN0}�zO/5Z021)DC5ok@(<*2BC5.?VB]?H( n (<;2*2BskwI/DC(.;}�/D]1�Bs0z?K5.*}~7?K5+�z?�L[KI/;J*,OK1@;>b7�/DC1�028o0Y*,1@UW0z6o5N?K5.*z6KB];,13kw*2DC8p0JI nKn 5Z;J*zB]*213U Í � Ï�b/(NxAIK1@;,8WDs(<?KaZI/(<aZ1hlq5Z;*2O/146K(<*,(QBC?W�/DC1303L§�}OK1@BC;{02I nKn 5.;2*�lq5.;)Í È Ï©^Ã(T02ktO/1@UW(�lq5.;e*2OK1)6K(+*t()^&Bs0{D]BCUNBS*,136N*,5*2O/1_k@;21>(+*2BC5.?H5.le6oBC;21>k�*25Z;28F0J*2;,I/k�*,IK;21>0zlq5Z;h�/DC1303L)ª�*21@U Í\1AÏhBC04?K5<*�(<DC�m(98o0|02I nKn 5.;2*21>6-78:�uD]1p028o0Y*,1@UW0TX§8.5.I\k3(<?rD]5A0J1�6K(+*t(V*2O/(<*�O/(.0�?K5<*=-u131@?\-/(Zkt~.136[I n L:[©BC?/(<DCDC8.b©�/DC102870J*213UW0©6K54?K5.*�0,(+*,BC0Jlq8�Í 3 Ï�L©MPOKBCD]1m*2O/1@8�(.D]DC5+�vkw5Z?/kwIK;,;,1@?A*©(Zk@kw1>020�*254�/DC130�[email protected];,(.DI/021@;t0T5Z; n ;,57k@130,0J1>0@b�(F�/DC1p028o0Y*,1@U¿a.1@?/1@;t(<DCD]8R�zB]DCD{?/5<* n ;,1@GZ1@?A*=02BS*,I/(+*,B]5Z?/0�02I/ktOv(Z0*Y�m5TI/021@;t0�UN5o6oBSlq87BC?KaT*,OK140,(<UN1z�uD]1)(+*m(.-u5ZIo*e*,OK140,(<UN1z*,B]UN1Zb7025T*,OK14ktOu(<?KaZ130§UW(.6K1-78�5.?/1QI/0J13;mlÎ(<BCDd*25�( nKn 1>(<;}BC?�*,OK1��/DC1.L�}OK1z�u;,0J*eBCU n 5.;2*,(.?A*m( n/n D]Bsk@(<*2BC5.?/0�5<l�')¤m¥R¦ W 0{�m1@;,1z5.?K1>0��zOK13;21h6/(+*,(T�m(Z0ekw5ZU_�n 5Z02136P5.l�UW(<?78P0JUW(<DCD)BS*,1@UW0@b)(<?/6 UW(<?78PxZI/1@;,B]1>0p5Z;pUN5o6oBS��k@(+*,B]5Z?/0V�{13;21:UN(Z6o1.L

2§�K(.U n D]1>0}5<l�*,OK13021T( n/n D]Bsk@(<*2BC5.?/0}(.;21ZÇÈ L|¤m(.?K~7B]?/a�0J8o0J*213UN03ÇvUW(<BC?A*,(.B]?KBC?Ka�(.k@[email protected]?A*t0p(<?u6½UW(<~7BC?Ka�02IK;21:*2O/(<*F028o0Y*,1@UlÎ(<BCD]IK;,130z6K5_?/5<*|k@(.I/0J1�UN5.?/1@8W*,5�6oBC0,( n/n 1>(<;>L� L|g|BC;2DCB]?/1�;21>0J13;2G+(<*2BC5.?Q0J8o0J*213UN03Ç�*2O/13021.b+DCB]~Z1�-/(<?/~ABC?Kah028o0Y*,1@UW03b3;,13xAIKBC;21{(.0,0JIK;t(<?ukw1*2O/(<*=6K(+*t(H�zBCD]Dm?K5<*_-u1�D]5A0Y*>b§(<?/6[*,OK1@8rU�Iu0Y*N(.k@k@1 n *=G.1@;,8:Ds(<;,a.1WGZ5.DCIKUN130�5<l0JUW(<DCDj(.kw*2BC5.?/0}-78pk@I/0J*25.UN13;,03L0 L4y{5.; n 5Z;,(<*21m;21>kw5.;t6=~.1@1 n BC?Ka/ÇE1@U n DC5+8AUN13?Z*e(.?/6_*,(<�=;,13k@5.;t6K0@b+BC?7G.13?Z*,5.;,B]1>0@bZ02(.D]1>0;21>kw5.;t6K03bm(.?/6P(\aZ;21>(+*�G+(<;,B]1@*Y8�5.l�5.*2OK13;�*Y8 n 130�5.lQB]?olq5Z;2UW(<*2BC5.?jbzU=I/ktOP5<lQB]*kw;,BS*,BCk3(<D L�}OK1�1>(<;,D]8r')¤m¥R¦ W 0=;,13xAIKBC;21>6:*,OK1 n ;25Za.;t(<UNUN1@;Q*,5G7BC02I/(<DCBCi@1p6K(<*,(HU=I/ktO�(Z0TB]*�}(.0V0Y*,5.;,136dL��}OK13021[6/(+*,(.-/(.021:028o0Y*,1@UW0pIu0J1>6 [email protected];,(.Dh6oB^]�13;213?A*F6K(<*,(�U_5o6o13DC0�lq5Z;

Page 3: ch1

��� �������� � �����P��� ��� ��� �������� ����"#��$&�����(*� 0

6o1>02k@;2BC-KBC?Ka*,OK1V0J*2;,I/kw*2IK;,1p5.lz*2OK1VB]?Klq5.;,UN(<*2BC5.?vBC? (R6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1Zb§ktOKB]1@l4(<UN5Z?Ka*,OK1@U*2O/1 ¡ O/B]13;,(.;,ktOKBsk@(.DC¢_5Z;|*2;,1@1@� -u(.02136FUN5o6o1@D�(<?/6V*,OK1_a.;t( n Oo��-/(Z0J1>6 ¡ ?K1w*Y�m5.;,~o¢NU_5o6o13DÒL�}OK1TDs(+*2*213;|�m(Z0|0J*,(<?u6K(<;t6oBCi@136VBC?F*2OK1=DC(<*21 È S�U�V=W 0m*,OK;,5.IKaZOF(�;21 n 5Z;J*|5.ley�)'hg4¦Ac�Í y{5ZUNU_B]*J*,1@1Q5Z?F')(+*t(W¦78o0Y*,1@UW0z(<?/6�E(<?KaZI/(<aZ130tÏ�L� g n ;25Z-KDC1@UÊ�zB]*2O�*2OK1>0J1)13(.;2DC8WUN5o6o1@Ds0}(<?/6V0J8o0J*213UN0m�}(.0e*2O/(<*}*2OK138p6oBs6p?K5.*}02I n �n 5.;2*4OKBCa.Oo��[email protected];28VDC(.?Ka.Iu(<a.1>0@L�[/5.;)1w�K(<U n DC1.bu*2O/1Ny�)'|g)¦Ac� xZI/1@;,8VDs(<?/a.I/(.a.1O/(Z6R0J*,(<*21@UN13?Z*t04*2O/(<*Q(.D]DC5+�m136F*,OK1NI/0J13;)*25_XYIKU n lq;,5.U 6K(+*t(p13D]13U_13?A*)*,5V6/(+*,(�1@DC1w�UN1@?A*3b/*2OK;,5.I/a.OF(Na.;t( n OF5<l n 5.BC?Z*,1@;t0|(<UN5Z?Ka_*2OK1>0J1Q13D]13U_13?A*,03L{�}OK13;21Q�}(.0zk@5.?/02BC6K1@;2�(<-/D]1�1-]�5.;2*|?K13136o1>6�*,5W�z;2B]*21Q02I/ktO n ;25Za.;t(<[email protected]@?�lq5.;zGZ1@;,8�0JBCU n DC1TxZI/1@;,B]1>0@L

46574&5�� � G�<79DC�����L�96< @B9DC"9DE!96FHG OP>�F�C"G�NRF

[K5ZD]DC5+�zBC?Ka\([lÎ(<UN5.I/0 n ( n 1@;��z;,B]*J*213?£-A8���1>6½y{576/6£B]? ÈTS�� V b �R6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1H02870J*213UW0ktO/(.?Ka.1>6 02B]aZ?KB]�uk@(.?Z*,D]8ZL#y{5o6K6 n ;,5 n 5Z02136 *2O/(<*p6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1H028o0Y*,1@UW0�02OK5.IKDs6 n ;,13021@?A**2O/1WI/0J13;Q�zBS*,Ov(VGABC1@��5<l}6K(+*t(F5.;,aZ(.?KB]i3136R(.0)*,(.-KDC130Qk@(.D]DC136 ,2�@Õ]�<�ÒÓÎÔ<�K��Lp¤m1@OKBC?/6R*2O/10,kw1@?/1303b�*,OK1@;,1�UNB]aZOA*=-�1p(kw5ZU n D]1@�r6/(+*,(H0J*2;,I/kw*2IK;,1W*2Ou(+*_(.D]DC5+�m136R;,( n BC6r;,130 n 5.?/021*25F(�G9(.;2BC1w*Y8H5.l{xAIK1@;,BC1303L�¤mIo*3bdIK?/D]BC~.1_*2O/1 n ;,5.aZ;,(.UNU_13;,0|lq5.;�13(.;2DCBC1@;�6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1_0J8o0J�*213UW0@b/*2OK1 n ;25Za.;t(<UNUN1@;}5<l§(N;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.Dj0J8o0J*213U �m5.IKDs6V?K5<*|-�1�k@5.?/k@1@;,?K136V�zB]*2OF*2O/10J*25.;t(<aZ1p0J*2;,I/k�*,IK;21ZL��4IK13;2BC130_kw5ZIKDC6�-u1F1@� n ;21>0202136\BC? (RG.13;28rOKBCa.OK� DC1@GZ1@D}DC(.?Ka.Iu(<a.1Zb�zOKBsktOWa.;,13(<*2DC8=BC?/kw;,13(Z0J1>6=*2OK141w¨�kwBC1@?/k@8=5.l�6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1 n ;25Za.;t(<UNUN1@;t0@LjM[1402O/(.D]D�kw5+G.13;*2O/1_;,1@Ds(+*,B]5Z?/(<D©UN5o6o1@D�5<lm6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1_0J8o0J*21@UW04*2O/;25ZIKa.OK5ZIo*�U_5A0Y*�5<le*2OKBs0�-u575Z~�L�¦���Í ¡ ¦A*2;,I/kw*2IK;,136��4IK13;28�E(<?KaZI/(<aZ13¢AÏ�bA*2OK1QUN5A0Y*|BCU n 5Z;J*t(<?A*|xZI/1@;,8pDs(<?KaZI/(<aZ14-/(Z0J1>6p5Z?*2O/1Q;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.D�UN5o6o13DÒbKBs0|k@5+G.1@;,136�1w�7*213?/0JBCG.13D]8ZL¤m8 ÈTS�SHV bZ;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.D/6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1)0J8o0J*213UN0e�{13;21h*2OK14?K5.;,UFL©c�1w*m*2OK1�6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1|�/1@Ds6kw5Z?A*2BC?AI/130§*,5=13G.5ZD]GZ1.bZ(.?/6W?K13�PBC0,02IK130m(<?/6p( nKn ;,5Z(ZktOK130§*25T*,OK1hUW(.?/(<aZ1@UN1@?A*e5.lE6K(+*t(02IK;JlÎ(Zkw14;213a.IKDs(<;,D]8ZL��4-KXY13k�*2� 5Z;2BC1@?A*,136_lq13(<*2IK;,130mO/(9GZ1|BC?o�/DC;,(<*2136�*2OK1);,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<D�U_5o6o13DÒL¦75ZU_1)5<l�*2OK1�Ds(<;,a.130J*{6K(<*,(.-/(.02130m(<;,1h5Z;2aA(<?KBCi@1>6W;,(<*2OK13;m6KB ]�1@;,1@?A*2DC8Nlq;,5.U°*2O/5Z021hI/02B]?/a;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<D�UN1@*2OK5o6o5ZD]5Za.8.L)ª�?H*,OK1=-u(<Ds(<?/k@1�5<l§*,OKBs0)0213kw*2BC5.?jb��m1=02O/(<DCD�kw5.?u0JBs6o1@;�025.UN15<l©*2O/1QU_5o6o13;2?�*2;,1@?u6K0}B]?H6K(<*,(.-/(.021)028o0Y*,1@UW03L

46574&5� OQN 9�< <?G';�96L�! OQN�96< <?G'; OP>�F�C"G�NRF

�4;,B]aZB]?/(.D]DC8.b{'4¤}¥:¦ W 0N�m1@;,1�Ds(<;,a.1Zbe1w� n 1@?/02BCG.1F0J5.l�*Y�m(.;21V0J8o0J*21@UW0N;,IK?K?KBC?Kar5.?�Ds(<;,a.1kw5ZU n Io*213;,03L��}OK1|0JBCi@1z�}(.0�?/13kw1>020,(<;,8.b+-�13k3(<I/021m*25T0J*25Z;21z(�a.BCaZ(.-78Z*,1}5<ld6K(+*t(4;,13xAIKBC;,136(RDC(.;2aZ1�kw5ZU n Io*213;_028o0Y*,1@UFL��E5o6K(98.b�O7IK?u6o;21>6K0=5<l4aZB]aA(<-78A*21>0Q�K*W5.?�(:02B]?/a.DC1V6oBs02~�b(<?u6NBS*mBC0{xZI/BS*,1zlq13(Z0JBC-KDC1z*25T;,IK?�(T')¤}¥:¦N5Z?N( n 13;,025.?/(.D/kw5ZU n Io*213;3L§�}O7I/03bZ6K(<*,(.-/(.02102870J*213UW0�-/(Z0J1>6T5Z?Q*2OK1m;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<DAU_5o6o13D7O/(9G.1�-�[email protected]}(9G9(.B]Ds(<-/D]1§lq5Z;�[email protected]?TG.13;28�02UN(.D]DUW(.ktOKBC?K1>0@b§(<?u6[*2OK138r(.;21W-�1@aZB]?/?KB]?/a*25R( nKn 13(.;=(.0=(kw5ZUNU_5Z?r*2575.Delq5.;_kw5.U n IK*21@;( n/n D]Bsk@(<*2BC5.?/03boU�IuktOV(Z0z0 n ;,13(Z6K02OK1@1@*,0}(<?/6V�m5.;t6 n ;,5okw1>02025.;t0{6KBC6V-�1wlq5.;,1�*2O/1@UFLg|?/5<*2O/1@;zBCU n 5.;2*,(.?A*m*,;213?/6�BC0}*,OK1�I/021Q5<l©6K57k@IKUN1@?A*,03bK5.l�*21@?�*,(.a.aZ136�I/0JBC?Ka#"4¥$Íq1%"|*,1@?/02B]-/D]1r¥H5o6o1@DCBC?Ka&E(<?KaZI/(<aZ1>Ï�L'E(<;,a.1:[email protected]]1>k�*,B]5Z?/0�5.l�0JUW(<DCD46K57k@IKUN1@?A*,0Vk@(.?(*),+.-0/2143657-98;:<8�=>8@?BA�CD8@?FEHGJIFK;LNMO/JMDIQPSR�T@U%VWTYXJA�M%K@IQ:[ZD\�]J^_Za`>bQced�f;gihDjk ]Jfmlnl6Z>o>j.pJjqZsri\tg�b�u�vNw�xqf;y*vWu2zfmlnb{u>|Sf;gYu�vWgi};bH~��*vWgib{l�lnvNwBv#�*vWyah%~�Z ��)�K;�����2/�)��OZ��%��� �aZ

�n� j*�@�;���%�;�@�%Z����@�W�aj

Page 4: ch1

1 ����������� �������������������������������� ��!�"#�%$&�'��)(*�

021@;,G.1�(Z04(�6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1Zb�(.?/6F*2O/1=UN1w*,OK5o6K045<lexAIK1@;,87B]?/a�(<?u6HUW(<?KB n IKDs(+*,B]?Kap*2OK13U (<;,16oB^]�13;213?A*zlq;25ZUÉ*2OK5A0J1�I/02136VBC?F;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.D�028o0Y*,1@UW03L46574&5�� � �7M&M&G'; 96L�!�� �7M&M&G';#O)>�FHC G%N F

�4?v*,OK1F5<*,OK1@;NO/(.?/6dbe(Ra.BCaZ(.-A8A*,1pBs0N?K5<*_*2O/(<*WU�I/ktO�6K(+*t(R(.?A8rUN5.;,1.L£y{5.; n 5Z;,(<*216K(<*,(<-u(.02130�;,5.IK*2BC?K1@DC8_0J*25Z;21h*213;,(.-A8A*,130hÍ ÈTV �h-A8A*,130tÏ�L©c�1w*m*2OK13;21)(<;,1|UW(<?78W6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0*2Ou(+*z0Y*,5.;,1 n 1@*,(.-A8A*,130)Í ÈTV �� -78Z*,130tϧ5.l�6K(+*t(�(<?u6�0J13;2GZ1|B]*}(.D]Du*25=I/0J13;,03L�¦75.UN14B]U n 5.;2�*,(.?A*|1w�K(<U n DC1303ÇÈ Lh`)5A5Za.DC1TOK5ZDC6K0 n 1@*,(.-A8A*,13045<le6K(<*,(WaZD]1>(<?K1>6Flq;25ZU B]*,0)kw;t(9�zD�5.l§*2OK1_M[1@-jL)�}OKBC06K(+*t(vBs0�?/5<*FOK1@Ds6½BC?´(�*2;t(.6oB]*2BC5.?u(<D�'4¤}¥:¦�b}-KIK*FBC?´0 n 13kwBs(<DCBCi@136´0Y*,;2Iuk�*2I/;21>05 n *,B]UNBCi@136plq5.;|0213(.;,ktOK� 13?Ka.BC?K1�xZI/1@;,B]1>0@L� Lh¦o(+*,1@DCD]B]*21>0�021@?/6\6o5+�z? n 1w*t(<-78A*21>0T5<l|BC?olq5Z;2UW(+*,B]5Z?[lq5.;=0J*25Z;,(.a.1WBC?v0 n 13k@BC(.D]BCi@1>60J8o0J*21@UW03L0 L|g n BCkw*2IK;,1WBC0Q(Zk�*,I/(<DCD]8:�{5Z;J*,OR�}(98HUN5.;,1=*,O/(<?r(V*2O/5.I/0,(<?/6R�m5.;t6K0@L=c�5.Irk@(.?0Y*,5.;,1 ÈTVHV�V �m5.;t6K0TBC?v�/GZ1�5.;N02BS�r*2O/5.I/0,(<?/6r-78A*21>0@L\¦A*,5.;,B]?KaR( n Bsk�*,IK;21p*Y8 n BS�k@(<DCDC8H*,(.~.130�U=I/ktOrUN5.;,1�0 n (Zkw1ZL��z1 n 5Z02BS*,5.;,B]1>0Q0JIuktOr(Z0 [©D]Bskt~7;T0Y*,5.;,1NU_BCDCD]BC5.?/05<l n Bsk�*,IK;21>0N(<?/6v02I nKn 5.;2*W0J1>(<;tktO\5<l|*,OK5Z021 n Bsk�*,IK;,1303L 2eG.13?�(:6K(<*,(.-/(.021�DCB]~Z1g|UW(<i35.? W 0}O/(.0}UNBCD]DCBC5.?/0}5.l n Bsk�*,IK;,130}5<l n ;,5o6oI/k�*t0m*25W021@;,G.1.L1uL|g|?/6_B]l�0J*2BCD]D n Bsk�*2I/;21>0§kw5.?u0JIKUN1|0 n ([email protected]<UN5+G7BC130§kw5Z?/02IKUN1mU=I/ktONUN5.;,1.LEgh?WOK5.I/;5<l/G7Bs6o1@5);21>xAIKB];,130©(+*�DC13(.0J*§(haZB]aA(<-78A*21.L©¦7BS*,130§02I/ktO=(Z0jc�5ZI/�EIK-u1}OK5ZDC6=O7IK?/6o;,136/05<l�*,OK5.Iu02(.?/6K03bo5.;zUNB]DCDCB]5Z?/[email protected]©UN5+G7BC130z(<?u6pUW(<~Z1)*2OK13U (9G+(<BCDC(.-KDC141>(.02B]DC8.L3 L��1@1@;2� *25<� n 1@1@;e�/DC1w��0JO/(.;2BC?Ka_0J8o0J*21@UW0mI/0214Ds(<;,a.14?K1w*Y�m5.;,~o0e5.l©k@5.?7G.13?Z*,B]5Z?/(<D�kw5ZU_�n Io*213;,0m*,5W0Y*,5.;,1)(.?/6�6KBC0J*2;,B]-/Io*21T6K(<*,(=5<l�G+(<;,B]5ZI/0m~ABC?/6K03L§g|D]*2OK5ZIKa.OF1>(.ktOp?/576K1B]?P*,OK1[?K1w*Y�m5.;,~ UW(98£5.?/D]8P0J*25.;,1R(vlq1@� O7IK?u6o;21>6Pa.BCaZ(.-78Z*,1303b}*25Za.1w*,OK1@;�*2O/16K(+*t(<-/(Z0J14*2OK138p13U�-�576K8�BC0|1@?K5Z;2UN5.Iu0@L

46574&5� � L W�&;=N 9DC �{��L�� L�C"G'M�; 9DC�����L

�E5p(�aZ;21>(+*h1@�A*,1@?A*3bu*2O/1�5.Ds6 n ;,5.-/D]13U 5.l�-KIKBCDC6oBC?KaV(<?/6HUW(.B]?A*,(.B]?/B]?Ka�6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0|O/(Z0-�13kw5ZUN1�5Z?K1p5.l�Ó����wÔ ,��N�<�ÒÓÎÔ<�½Ó��/����� ,2�<�ÒÓÎÔ<�EÇ�XY5.BC?KBC?Ka:*,OK1VB]?olq5Z;2UW(<*2BC5.? k@5.?A*,(.B]?/136\BC?UW(<?78�;,1@Ds(+*,136p6/(+*,(.-/(.02130mBC?A*25W(_�zOK5.DC1.L6[K5Z;z1w�K(<U n DC1.bK(_Ds(<;,a.1�kw5ZU n (<?78WO/(.0}UW(.?A86oBCG7BC02B]5Z?/03L 2e(ZktO\6oB]G7Bs0JBC5.?rUW(98:Ou(9G.1W-KIKBCD]*�BS*t0T5+�z?\6K(<*,(<-u(.021_5.l n ;25o6oIuk�*,0T5.;T13U=�n DC5+8.131{;,13k@5.;t6K0�BC?/6o1 n 13?/6o13?Z*,D]8�5<lu5.*2OK13;§6oB]G7Bs0JBC5.?u0@L���1@;,O/( n 0©025.UN1{5.l/*,OK13021z6oB]G7Bs0JBC5.?u0I/02136_*,5T-u14B]?u6o1 n 1@?/6K1@?A*[email protected] n (<?/B]1>0@bA�zOKBsktOW?/(+*,IK;,(.D]DC8�Ou(.6_*2O/1@BC;{5+�z?N�}(98�5<l�6K5.BC?Ka*2O/B]?KaA0@L��}OK1>0J1_6oB]G7Bs0JBC5.?u0|UW(98FI/0J1_6oB^]�13;213?Z*�'4¤}¥:¦ W 0�(<?u66oB^]�13;213?Z*�0Y*,;2Iuk�*2I/;21>0|lq5Z;BC?olq5.;,UW(+*2BC5.?�L©�}OK138=UW(98=I/0J146oB ]�1@;,1@?A*�*,1@;,UW0§*25�U_1>(<?_*2O/140,(<UN1}*2OKBC?KaT5Z;§*2O/140,(<UN1*213;2U�*25WUN13(.?H6oB ]�1@;,1@?A*z*,OKB]?/aZ03L{�E5WUN(.~.1�UW(+*2*21@;t0z�m5.;t0J1Zb7*2OK1Q1@�oBC0J*213?/kw1Q5.l©DC1@aA(.kw8( n/n D]Bsk@(<*2BC5.?/0}Iu0JBC?KaN13(ZktO�5.lE*,OK13021T6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0mUN(.~.1>0}BS*h(.D]UN5Z0J*zB]U n 5Z0,0JBC-KDC1�*25W0,kw;t( n*2O/1@UFbK1@GZ1@;>Lgh0E(|;,1302IKD]*3b9BS*©O/(.0�-u1>kw5ZU_1{?K13k@130,02(.;284�zBS*,OTBC?/kw;,13(Z0JBC?Ka}lq;,13xAIK1@?ukw8)*25|-/IKB]Ds6�0J*2;,I/kw�*2I/;21>0{5Z?�*,5 n 5.lE1@�7Bs0J*2BC?Ka_6/(+*,(.-/(.021303bA�zBS*,Op*,OK1�a.5Z(.Du5.l�BC?Z*,1@aZ;,(<*2BC?KaT*,OK1�B]?olq5Z;2UW(<*2BC5.?

Page 5: ch1

��� � ��� � � � �? � ��� � �������� ��!� B( ���!���Q�( s� � ��$&�'��)( 3

6oBs0Y*,;2BC-KIo*,136[(<UN5.?/ap*,OK1@UFL#�4?/1 n 5 n IKDC(.;Q( nKn ;,5Z(ZktOBs0h*,OK1Wkw;,13(<*2BC5.?:5.l)�.�<�����e� ,2�@ÐÌKÔ<Ö7�@����b��zO/1@;,1=BC?olq5.;,UW(+*,B]5Z?:lq;,5.U UW(<?78DC1@aA(.k@8F6/(+*,(.-/(.02130)Bs0Qkw5 n B]1>6 n 1@;,BC576KBCk3(<DCD]8Zb�zB]*2O[*2OK1�( nKn ;,5 n ;,Bs(+*21_*,;,(.?/0JDs(+*,B]5Z?jbd*,5F(Hk@1@?A*2;t(<D§6K(<*,(.-/(.021.L�gh?K5<*,OK1@;T( nKn ;,5Z(.ktORBC0*2O/1�BCU n D]13U_13?A*,(+*,B]5Z?H5<le(WUN1>6oBC(<*25Z;3bu5.; ¡ U_Bs6K6oDC1@�}(<;,1.b ¢N�zOK5A0J1QlqI/?/k�*,B]5Z?BC0|*25p02I n �n 5.;2*e(<?NB]?A*,1@a.;t(+*,[email protected]�*2OK1h6/(+*,()5.l�*,OK1|G+(<;,BC5.I/0§6K(<*,(.-/(.021303b<�zOKBCD]1}*,;,(.?/02DC(<*2BC?Ka-�1w*Y�m1@1@?V*,OKBC0}UN5o6o13D�(<?/6�*,OK1T(.kw*2I/(.DdU_5o6o13DC0}Iu0J1>6�-78�1>(.ktOF6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1ZL¬�­�� ��³_±��³�¹@±� µ�»½¾�¼¿¾)¸©¾TÀF¾QÁ©± � ¾TºF¾���±hÅ ±hº_¸

Â�ÄpÁ�¸©±4Ū�? [©BCa/L È L È �m1{021@1}(<?�5.Io*,D]BC?K1m5<lu()kw5ZU n D]1@*21{')¤}¥:¦�L.¦7BC?KaZD]1m-u59�o1>0�;,1 n ;,13021@?A*E028o0Y*,1@Ukw5ZU n 5Z?K1@?A*,03b9�zOKBCD]1e6K5.IK-KDC1e-�59�o130d;,1 n ;21>0J13?Z*jBC?o��UN1@UN5.;,8)6/(+*,(h0Y*,;2I/kw*2IK;,1303L��}OK1{0J5ZD]Bs6DCB]?K1>0}B]?u6oBCk3(+*,1�k@5.?A*2;,5.D�(<?u6�6K(<*,(��/5+�Qbo�zOKBCD]1Q6K(Z0JO/136�DCBC?K130}BC?/6oBsk@(<*21Q6K(+*t(��u5+�½5.?KDC8.L¦7BC?/kw1}*,OK1|6oBs(<aZ;,(.U�BC0�[email protected] n DCBCk3(+*,136db<�m1|02O/(<DCDKkw5Z?/0JBs6o13;�*2OK1|6o1@*,(.B]Ds0�B]?W021@GZ1@;t(<Do0Y*t(<aZ1303L[©B];t0J*3bd(+*)*2OK1=*25 n bd�m1=02IKa.aZ130J*h*2Ou(+*)*2OK13;21N(<;,1Q*Y�m5�6oBs0Y*,B]?uk�*T0J5ZIK;tkw130h5<l{[email protected](<?/6/0*25_*,OK1T'4¤}¥:¦dÇÈ L4y{5.?7G.13?Z*,B]5Z?/(<D/I/0J13;,0m(<?u6p( n/n D]Bsk@(<*2BC5.? n ;25Za.;t(<UW0�*2Ou(+*z(.02~=lq5Z;m6/(+*,(�5.;mUN576KBSlq86K(+*t(KL� L|g��.�<���Z�,�+�@���.�<�=Ó��uÓs�t� ,2�<��Ô ,AÇz( n 1@;t025.?H5.; n 13;,025.?/0h;21>0 n 5.?u0JBC-KDC1�lq5.;|*,OK1=0J*2;,I/kw�*2IK;,1�5.;��@Ë,Ì/�w�W��5.l�*2O/1T6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1ZL

465��Q574 @#9%C"9�� @#G���L � C �{��L��Z9�L�M���9�M&G�� ��NRN 9�L !�F

�}OK1W0213kw5Z?/6~7BC?/6[5<l}kw5.UNUW(<?u6Bs0)*2OK1W02B]U n DC1@;�*,5 n ;25okw1>0203bj(<?u6:�m1_02OK5+�«B]*,0Q*2;t(<BCD-�[email protected]?K?KBC?KaT(<*�*2OK1zI nKn 13;e;,B]aZOA*e0JBs6o1z5<l'[©BCa/L È L È LD[/5.;§1w�K(.U n D]1Zb<*2O/1h6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1z(Z6oUNB]?o�Bs0Y*,;,(<*25.;>b/5Z;)�����Qb/lq5Z;4(WI/?KB]GZ1@;t0JB]*Y8V;213a.Bs0Y*,;,(.; W 0z6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1�U_BCa.OA*46K13kwBs6o1�*2O/(<*h*2O/1@;,102OK5.IKDs6F-�1=(N*t(<-KDC1T5.;h;213DC(<*2BC5.?H�zB]*2Okw5ZD]I/U_?u0zlq5.;)(�0J*2I/6o13?A*3b�(�kw5ZIK;,021�*2O/1=0J*2I/6o13?A*O/(Z0h*t(<~Z1@?jb�(.?/6:(VaZ;,(Z6o1Tlq5Z;4*,O/(+*�0J*2Iu6o1@?A*QB]?R*2Ou(+*Tkw5ZIK;,021.L=�}OK1W'4¤}g�UNB]aZOZ*T(.DC0256o1>kwBs6o1�*,O/(+*=*2OK1�5.?KDC8\(<DCD]5+�}(<-KDC1Wa.;t(.6K130T(.;21pg�b©¤)b�y4b©'=b§(<?/6 [{L��}OKBs0=0J*2;,I/kw*2IK;,1(<?u6½kw5Z?/0Y*,;,(.B]?A*�BC?olq5.;,UW(+*,B]5Z?PBC0V(<DCD n (.;J*�5<lQ*2O/1R0,ktOK1@UW(\5.l)*,OK1R6/(+*,(.-/(.021.L�ª�*VBC002OK5+�z?:BC?�[EBCa/L È L È (.0)13?Z*,1@;,136R-78H*2OK1W')¤}gTbj�zOK5F?K13136K0Q0 n 13kwBs(<D�(.Io*2O/5.;,BS*Y8F*,5V1@�7�13k@Io*21=02ktOK13UW(+��(<D]*21@;,[email protected](<?/6/0@b�0JBC?/kw1�*,OK13021�k3(<?FO/(9G.1 n ;,5<lq5ZIK?/6V1-]�13kw*,0h5.?F*2O/16K(<*,(<-u(.021.L£�}OK1302102ktO/1@UW(+��(<D]*213;2BC?KaR6/(+*,(<��6K1w�/?KB]*2BC5.?�Ds(<?KaZI/(<aZ1[ÍÒ'4'�EÏ[email protected](<?/6/0(<;,1 n (.;,02136�-A8W(='4'� n ;25okw1>02025.;{(<?/6 n (.0,0J1>6_*25=*2OK141w�o13k@Io*2BC5.?�1@?KaZB]?/1.bA�zOKBCktOp*2OK13?a.571>0}*2OK;,5.I/a.OV*2OK1�B]?/6K1w���>�/DC1 �+;21>kw5Z;,6pUN(.?/(<aZ1@;}*,5p(<D]*213;z*2OK1p�N�@���Z�.�<���<b/*,O/(+*hBs03bK*2O/10,ktOK1@UW(_B]?Klq5.;,UN(<*2BC5.?�lq5.;}*,OK1T6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1ZL465��Q5�� !#"�G�;$"Y�?G�% � '&(��G';">*) ; ��+ G�F F��7L�M�}OK1=a.;,13(+*|UW(<XY5.;,BS*Y8�5<l�BC?Z*,1@;t(.kw*2BC5.?/0z�zB]*2O*2OK1_'4¤}¥:¦Hlq5.DCD]5+�´*2OK1 n (+*,O5.?F*,OK1�DC1wl�*02BC6o1�5<l&[©B]auL È L È L}g�I/021@;h5.;h(.?( nKn DCBsk@(+*,B]5Z? n ;25Za.;t(<UÊBC?KB]*2Bs(+*,130h025.UN1�(Zk�*,B]5Z?jbKI/02B]?/a*2O/1[6K(<*,(<� UW(<?/B n I/DC(<*2BC5.?PDs(<?KaZI/(<aZ1�ÍÎ')¥�EÏwL|�}OKBs0�[email protected](<?/6½6K5A1>0V?K5<*F( ]�13k�*V*2O/10,ktOK1@UW(r5<l�*,OK1R6K(<*,(.-/(.021.b}-KIo*�UN(98£( ]�13kw*�*2O/1Rkw5Z?A*21@?A*�5.l)*,OK1R6/(+*,(.-/(.021vÍqB]lQ*2O/1

Page 6: ch1

U ����������� �������������������������������� ��!�"#�%$&�'��)(*�

Buffers

Storage

Index/file/rec−

Storage

ord manager

Executionengine

Transactionmanager

manager

Logging andrecovery

Databaseadministrator

table

Querycompiler compiler

Concurrencycontrol

Lock

managerBuffer

DDL

User/application

queries,updates

queryplan

index, file, andrecord requests

commandspage

read/writepages

transactioncommands

statisticsmetadata,

logpages

commandsDDL

data,metadata,

indexes

metadata

[EBCa.I/;21 È L È Ç§')(+*t(<-/(Z0J1�UW(<?/(.a.13U_13?A*z028o0Y*,1@U�[email protected] n 5.?K13?Z*t0

Page 7: ch1

� � � � �? � ��� � �������� ����"B( ���!���Q�( s� � ��$&�����( �

(.kw*2BC5.?=BC0�(4U_5o6oB]�uk3(+*2BC5.?_kw5ZU_UW(.?/6/ÏE5.;©�zB]DCDo1w�7*,;,(Zk�*§6K(+*t(zlq;,5.U *2O/1}6/(+*,(.-/(.0214ÍÎBSl�*2O/1(.kw*2BC5.?Bs0)(pxAIK1@;,8KÏ�L)'4¥��0J*,(+*,1@UN1@?A*t04(.;21TOu(<?/6oDC136-A8V*Y�m5�021 n (.;,(<*21�02IK-/028o0Y*,1@UW03b(.0mlq5ZD]DC5+�|03L����������� �����������������

�}OK1�xAIK13;28Bs0 n (.;,02136[(<?/6[5 n *2BCUNB]i3136[-78:(�+wÖ/� ,��:ËtÔ+��/�Ó�Õ]� ,�L��}OK1W;,1302IKD]*2BC?Ka +wÖ/� ,��/�ÕC�+�/b{5.;W0213xAIK1@?ukw1p5.l4(.kw*2BC5.?/0=*,OK1V')¤}¥:¦��zB]DCD n 13;Jlq5Z;2U�*,5[(.?/0J�m1@;=*2O/1VxAIK13;28Zb�BC0n (Z0202136£*,5�*,OK1P���7�tËwÖo� ÓÎÔ+���@�A�.Ó����@LÊ�}OK1R1@�o13kwIK*2BC5.? 13?Ka.BC?K1RBC0,0JI/130V( 0213xAIK13?/kw1R5<l;,13xAIK130J*,0|lq5.;)0JUW(<DCD n B]1>kw13045<l�6K(<*,(/b/*Y8 n Bsk@(.D]DC8�;,13k@5.;t6K0z5Z;|*2I n D]1>0h5.l�(�;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?�bK*25�(;,13025.IK;tkw1NUW(<?/(.a.13;�*2O/(<*=~7?K5+�|0Q(<-�5.IK*V�.�<���_Ñ�ÕC���WÍqOK5ZDC6KB]?Ka:;213DC(<*2BC5.?/0tÏ�b�*2OK1plq5.;,UN(<*(<?u6[02BCi@1W5<lz;,13k@5.;t6K0)B]?r*,OK5Z021N�/DC1303b©(.?/6�Ó����.���_Ñ�Õ]�w��bE�zO/BCktOrOK13D n �/?u6r1@DC1@UN1@?A*,0T5<l6K(<*,(=�/DC130|xAIKBskt~7D]8ZL�}OK1N;,13xAIK130J*,0)lq5Z;T6K(+*t(F(<;,1 n (.0,0J1>6*,5�*,OK1:�@Ö��h�-,N�W�+���@�A�-,�Lp�}O/1W-KI"]�1@;TUW(<?K�(<aZ1@; W 0e*,(Z0J~pBC0m*,5=-K;,BC?KaW( nKn ;,5 n ;2Bs(+*,1 n 5.;2*2BC5.?/0m5<lE*2OK1T6/(+*,(�lq;,5.U�0213k@5.?/6K(.;28W0J*25Z;,(.a.1ÍÎ6KBC02~KÏ©�zOK1@;,1}BS*�Bs0§~.1 n * n 13;2UW(.?K1@?A*2DC8.b.*25)*2O/1zUN(.B]?K� UN1@UN5Z;28T-/I"]�13;,03L��|5.;,UW(<DCD]8Zb+*2O/1n (.a.1�5.; ¡ 6KBC02~�-KDC5okt~7¢_Bs0m*2OK1QI/?KBS*45<l�*,;,(.?/0Jlq1@;z-�1w*Y�m1@1@?V-KI"]�1@;t0|(.?/6�6KBC02~�L�}OK1|-/I"]�13;eUW(<?u(<a.13;ekw5ZUNU�IK?KBsk@(<*21>0§�zBS*,Op(T0J*25Z;,(.a.1}UW(<?/(.a.1@;�*25TaZ1w*{6K(<*,()lq;,5.U6oBs0J~�L��}OK1R0J*25Z;,(.a.1HUW(<?/(.a.13;pUNB]aZOA*�BC?AGZ5.DCG.1H5 n 13;,(<*2BC?Ka<��0J8o0J*213U&[email protected](<?/6K03bz-KIo*UN5.;,1)*Y8 n BCk3(<DCD]8Zb7*2OK1T')¤}¥:¦�BC0,0JI/130zkw5ZUNUN(.?/6K0z6oBC;,13k�*,D]8�*25N*2O/1T6oBC02~pk@5.?A*2;,5.DCD]13;3L �!"����!$#%���'&(�*)+,&-#.�/����� ���

�4IK13;2BC130}(<?u6p5.*2OK13;|'4¥�\(Zk�*,B]5Z?/0}(<;,1)aZ;25ZI n 136�BC?A*25F� ,2�+�/�w�ZËw� ÓÎÔ+�/��bK�zOKBsktOV(.;21�IK?KB]*,0*2Ou(+*�U�Iu0Y*�-�1|1w�o1>kwIo*,136N(+*,5.UNBCk3(<DCD]8=(<?/6=B]?NBs0J5ZDC(<*2BC5.?=lq;25ZU 5Z?K1|(<?K5.*2OK13;3L©g|?78=xAIK13;285.;QUN5o6oB]�uk@(<*2BC5.?\(.kw*2BC5.?\k@(.?r-u1�(V*,;,(.?/02(Zk�*,B]5Z?R-78B]*,021@D]lYLpª�?v(Z6K6oB]*2BC5.?jb�*2OK1�1@�o13kwIK�*2BC5.?V5<l©*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?u0eU=I/0Y*|-�1��+Ö",2�Z�wÕC�wbuU_1>(<?KBC?Ka=*2O/(<*z*2OK1Q1 ]�1>k�*z5<l§(<?78�[email protected] n DC1w*21>6*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?FU=I/0Y*)-u1 n ;,13021@;,G.136V13G.1@?:BSl§*,OK1=028o0Y*,1@U lÎ(<BCDC04B]?R0J5ZU_1��m(98�;2BCa.OA*4(<l�*21@;kw5ZU n D]1@*2BC5.?v5.lz*2OK1�*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?�L:M[1V6oBCG7BC6K1p*,OK1�*,;,(.?/02(Zk�*,B]5Z? n ;25ok@130,0J5Z;�BC?Z*,5*Y�m5UW(+XY5Z; n (<;2*,03ÇÈ L|gÃË,Ô<��Ë@Ö", ,2�@��Ë@�+ÐJË,Ô<�/� ,2Ô+ÕQ�W�+���@�A�-,�b=5.;r�@ËtÌK�t�+ÖoÕ]� ,�b�;,130 n 5.?/02B]-/D]1rlq5Z;:(.0,0JI/;2BC?Ka(+*25ZUNBCk@BS*Y8p(.?/6�BC025.Ds(+*,B]5Z?�5.l�*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?u0@bo(<?u6� L|g ÕCÔ2�>�<Ó��7�R�<���:,,�,ËtÔ%09� ,��F�N�<���@�A� ,�b�;,130 n 5Z?/0JBC-KDC1�lq5Z;�*2OK1W6oI/;,(.-KB]DCB]*Y8H5<le*,;,(.?/0J�(.k�*,B]5Z?/03L

465��Q5� OPC��&; 9�M&G 96L�! �#�21 G'; IK9�L�9�M&G�N G�L)C

�}OK1T6K(<*,(N5.l§(W6/(+*,(.-/(.021�?K5.;,UW(<DCD]8p;21>0JBs6o130}BC?0213kw5Z?/6K(.;28p0J*25Z;,(.a.1HXoB]?V*25o6K(98 W 0|kw5ZU_�n Io*,1@;e028o0Y*,1@UW0 ¡ 0J1>kw5.?u6K(<;,8T0Y*,5.;t(<aZ13¢4a.1@?/1@;t(<DCD]8TUN1>(<?/0§UW(.a.?K1@*2Bskz6oBC02~�LDYh5+�{13G.13;3b9*,5n 1@;2lq5.;,U (.?78�I/021wlqI/D©5 n 13;,(<*2BC5.?H5Z?:6K(+*t(Kb�*2Ou(+*Q6K(+*t(WU�I/0J*�-u1_B]?:UN(.B]?:U_13UN5.;,8.L)ª�*Bs0m*2OK1}XY5Z-V5.lE*,OK1_����Ô ,2�@�A�=�N�<���@�A� ,e*,5�kw5.?A*,;25ZDu*,OK1 n Ds(.k@1@UN1@?A*z5<l§6K(+*t(_5.?F6oBC02~p(.?/6B]*,0zUN5+G.13UN1@?A*m-�1w*Y�m1@13?H6oBC02~p(.?/6VUN(.B]?VUN1@UN5.;,8.Lª�?r(�02B]U n DC1W6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1_0J8o0J*213UVbj*2OK1W0J*25.;t(<aZ1�UW(<?u(<a.13;4UNBCa.OA*Q-u1N?K5.*2OKBC?KaFUN5.;,1*2Ou(<?N*2O/1z�/DC1h0J8o0J*213U 5<l�*,OK1|IK?/6K1@;,D]87BC?KaQ5 n 1@;t(+*,B]?KaQ028o0Y*,1@UFL6Y|5+�[email protected];3b9lq5Z;�1w¨�k@B]13?/kw8

Page 8: ch1

� ����������� �������������������������������� ��!�"#�%$&�'��)(*�

n IK; n 5Z021303b7')¤}¥:¦ W 0m?K5.;,UW(<DCD]8�k@5.?A*2;,5.D�0Y*,5.;t(<aZ1|5.?p*2OK1Q6oBs0J~�6KB];,13kw*2DC8.bo(+*}D]1>(.0J*mI/?/6o1@;025.UN1WkwBC;,k@IKUW0Y*t(<?/k@1303LN�}O/1F�t��Ô ,,�@�A�W�W�+���3�Z� ,�~.131 n 0)*,;,(Zkt~H5<lm*2OK1WDC5ok@(+*,B]5Z?R5.le�/DC1305.?R*2O/1�6oBC02~R(.?/6R5.-o*t(<BC?/0)*2OK1p-KD]5okt~5Z;�-KD]5okt~o0Qkw5Z?A*,(<BC?KBC?KaH(��/D]1W5Z?R;,13xAIK1>0Y*�lq;,5.U*2O/1Q-KI"]�1@;|UW(<?u(<a.13;3L�}OK1W�wÖ��4�-,��W�+���3�Z� ,eBs0};,130 n 5Z?/0JBC-KDC1|lq5Z; n (<;2*2B]*2BC5.?KBC?Ka=*2OK1Q(9G+(<BCDC(.-KDC14UW(<BC?pUN13U=�5.;,8\BC?Z*,5 �wÖ��4�-,t��be�zO/BCktOP(<;,1 n (<aZ1w��0JBCi@1>6v;,[email protected].?u0=BC?A*25r�zOKBsktOP6oBC02~v-KDC5okt~o0Wk@(<?�-�1*2;t(<?u0Ylq13;2;,136dL��}O7I/03bu(.D]DE'4¤}¥:¦Vkw5ZU n 5Z?K1@?A*,0z*2O/(<*h?K1@1>6VB]?olq5Z;2UW(<*2BC5.?Vlq;25ZUÊ*,OK1T6oBs0J~�zBCD]DuB]?A*213;,(Zk�*��zB]*2OW*,OK1|-KI ]�13;,0{(<?/6=*2O/1h-KI"]�1@;{UW(<?/(.a.1@;>b<13BS*,OK1@;e6KB];,13kw*2DC8=5Z;§*2OK;,5.I/a.O*2O/1=1@�71>kwIo*,B]5Z?1@?/a.BC?K1.LQ�}OK1_~7B]?/6/045.l�B]?Klq5.;,UN(<*2BC5.?H*,O/(+*�G+(<;,B]5ZI/0)kw5.U n 5.?K13?A*,04UN(98?K13136VB]?ukwDCI/6o1.ÇÈ Lh�=�<���/Ç�*2OK1Tk@5.?A*213?A*,0}5<lE*2OK1T6/(+*,(.-/(.021�BS*t0J13DSlYL� L���@���.�.�<���/ǧ*,OK1T6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1�0,ktOK1@UW(�*2O/(<*h6o130,kw;,B]-�130{*,OK1T0Y*,;2Iuk�*2I/;21)5<lYb/(.?/6Vkw5.?K�0Y*,;,(.B]?A*,0m5Z?jbo*2O/1T6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1ZL0 L���Ô,���4�,ËtÔ ,2�9�.ÇHBC?olq5Z;2UW(+*,B]5Z?�(.-u5ZIo*�;,13kw13?A*pktO/(<?KaZ130=*25r*,OK16K(<*,(<-u(.021�X}*2O/130210JI n/n 5Z;J*|6oIK;t(<-/B]DCBS*Y8p5<l©*2OK1T6K(<*,(.-/(.021.L1uL� u���+� Ós�t� ÓÎËw�.Ç:BC?olq5.;,UW(+*,B]5Z?PaZ(+*,OK1@;,136£(.?/6£0Y*,5.;,136£-78�*,OK1:')¤}¥:¦P(<-�5.IK*�6K(+*t(n ;25 n 13;J*,B]1>0Q0JIuktOr(Z0)*2OK1�0JBCi@1>0Q5<lYb©(<?/6[G+(<DCIK130TB]?jb©G+(<;,B]5ZI/0�;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u0�5.;T5.*2OK13;kw5.U n 5.?K13?A*,0}5<lE*2OK1T6/(+*,(.-/(.021.L

3 L������Z���7�w�.ǧ6K(+*t(N0Y*,;2I/kw*2IK;,130m*,O/(+*h02I nKn 5.;2*|1w¨�k@B]13?Z*|(Zk@kw1>020m*,5_*2OK1T6K(<*,(/L465��Q5�� � ; 96L!FH9 + C �{�)L*) ; ��+ G�F F��7L�Mª�*eBs0§?K5Z;2UW(<D7*,5Qa.;,5.I n 5.?/1z5.;§UN5.;,1z6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1}5 n 1@;t(+*,B]5Z?/0�BC?Z*,5T(N� ,,�+�K�@�ZËw� ÓÎÔ+�ub.�zOKBsktOBs0T(VIK?KB]*T5<l}�{5Z;2~F*,O/(+*TU=I/0Y*T-�1W1w�o1>kwIo*,136r(+*,5.UNBCk3(<DCD]8R(<?/6[BC?r( nKn (.;213?Z*�Bs0J5ZDC(<*2BC5.?lq;,5.U 5<*,OK1@;E*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/03Ldª�?=(Z6K6oB]*2BC5.?jb+(4'4¤}¥:¦T5 ]�1@;t0d*2O/1{aZI/(<;t(<?A*2131§5<lu6KIK;,(.-KBCD]B]*Y8�Ç*2Ou(+*Q*2O/1W�{5Z;2~5.l}([email protected] n DC1w*21>6R*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?:�zBCDCD�?K1@GZ1@;Q-�1�DC5Z0J*3L��}OK1H� ,2�+�/�@�.Ë@�ÒÓÎÔ<��W�+���3�Z� ,Q*,OK1@;,1wlq5Z;21p(Zk@k@1 n *t0�� ,2�+�/�w�ZËw� ÓÎÔ+�PËtÔ+�_�N�<���+�Qlq;25ZU�(.?v( nKn D]Bsk@(<*2BC5.?jb��zOKBsktO*213D]D�*,OK1h*,;,(.?/0,(.k�*,B]5Z?WUW(<?/(.a.1@;{�zOK1@?p*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/0e-u13a.BC?p(<?u6�1@?u6dbo(.0{�{13D]D�(.0{B]?Klq5.;2�UW(+*,B]5Z?_(.-u5ZIo*E*,OK1z1w� n 13kw*,(+*,B]5Z?/0©5<lu*2OK1z( n/n D]Bsk@(<*2BC5.?VÍÎ025.UN1}UN(98Q?/5<*§�zBC02OT*,5�;21>xZI/B];,1(+*,5.UNBskwB]*Y8.b>lq5.;j1@�K(<U n DC1>Ï�L©�}OK1�*,;,(.?/0,(.k�*,B]5Z? n ;25ok@130,0J5Z; n 13;Jlq5Z;2UW0d*,OK1�lq5ZD]DC5+�zBC?Ka}*,(Z0J~o03ÇÈ L���Ô,�3�.Ó��A��Çpª�?�5.;t6o13;T*25[(.0,0JI/;21p6KIK;,(.-KBCD]B]*Y8.b§13G.1@;,8rktO/(<?KaZ1�BC?\*2OK1F6K(<*,(<-u(.021�BC0D]5Za.a.1>6N0J1 n (<;t(+*,1@DC8=5Z?p6oBs0J~�L��}OK1�Õ]Ô,�N�W�+���@�A�-,§lq5ZD]DC5+�|0�5Z?K1h5.l�0J13G.13;,(.D n 5ZD]BskwBC1306o1302B]aZ?K136Q*254(Z0202IK;,1§*2Ou(+*�?K5hUW(+*2*213;E�zOK13?=(40J8o0J*21@U#lÎ(.B]DCIK;,1e5.; ¡ k@;,(Z0JOu¢}57k3kwIK;t03b( ,2�tË,Ô%09� ,��_�N�<���@�A� ,§�zB]DCD/-�14(.-KD]1}*,5T1w�K(.U_BC?K1z*,OK1hDC5.aQ5.ljktO/(<?KaZ130�(.?/6N;,130J*25.;,1*2OK1W6K(<*,(<-u(.021�*,5F025.UN1Wkw5Z?/02BC0J*213?Z*T0J*,(<*21.LW�}OK1NDC5.aVUW(<?/(.a.1@;�BC?KB]*2Bs(<DCD]8R�z;2B]*21>0*2OK1�DC5.ahB]?Q-KI ]�13;,0E(<?/6�?K13a.5.*2Bs(+*21>0d�zB]*2OQ*,OK1e-KI ]�13;�UW(<?/(.a.13;d*25|UW(.~.1�02IK;21�*2O/(<*-KI"]�1@;t0©(.;21m�z;,BS*2*21@?=*25�6oBs0J~�Íq�zOK13;21}6K(+*t(4k3(<?N0JI/;2G7BCG.1{()kw;t(.02OuÏE(+*�( n/n ;25 n ;,BC(<*21*2BCU_1>0@L� L�§Ô<��Ë@Ö", ,2�@��Ë@�HËtÔ<�/� ,2Ô+Õ�Ç��E;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/0)U�Iu0Y*�( nKn 1>(<;)*25H1@�o13kwIK*21WBC?[Bs025.Ds(+*2BC5.?�L¤{IK*hB]?HUN5A0Y*h028o0Y*,1@UW0@b/*2OK13;21��zB]DCD�BC?F*2;,Io*2OH-�1TUW(<?78p*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/0}1@�71>kwIo*,B]?/a

Page 9: ch1

� � � � �? � ��� � �������� ����"B( ���!���Q�( s� � ��$&�����( S

����G�� � � @ ) ; ��� G';"C �7G�F � � ; 96L�F 9 + C �{��L!F

�e;25 n 13;2DC8�B]U n DC1@UN13?Z*,136=*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?u0©(.;21}kw5ZUNU_5Z?KDC8�02(.BC6�*25�UN1@1@*�*2OK1 ¡ ghy{ªY'*,130J*3b ¢_�zOK1@;,1.Ç� ¡ g4¢\0Y*t(<?/6K0_lq5Z; ¡ (<*25ZU_BskwB]*Y8.b ¢r*,OK1(<DCDS��5.;2��?K5<*,OKB]?/aR1@�71>kwIo*,B]5Z?£5<l)*2;t(<?/0J�(.kw*2BC5.?/03L� ¡ ªY¢40Y*t(<?/6K0�lq5.; ¡ Bs025.Ds(+*2BC5.?�b ¢|*2OK1{lÎ(.kw*E*,O/(+*©13(.ktOT*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?QU�Iu0Y*§( nKn 13(.;*25-�1�1@�71>kwIo*,136\(Z0QBSlz?K5:5<*2O/1@;Q*,;,(.?/02(Zk�*,B]5Z?[Bs0Q1@�71>kwIo*,B]?/a:(+*Q*,OK1�0,(<UN1*2BCUN1.L� ¡ ')¢ 0J*,(.?/6K0plq5.; ¡ 6oI/;,(.-KB]DCB]*Y8.b ¢�*2OK1rkw5Z?/6oB]*2BC5.?P*,O/(+*V*2OK1[1-]�13kw*V5Z?½*,OK16K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1N5.l}(�*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?RU�I/0J*T?K13G.1@;Q-�1WDC5Z0J*3b�5Z?/kw1_*,OK1N*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?O/([email protected] n DC1w*,136dL

�}O/1m;,1@UW(.B]?KBC?Ka�DC1w*J*,1@;>b ¡ y4b ¢)0Y*t(<?/6/0�lq5.; ¡ kw5.?u0JBs0Y*,1@?/[email protected] ¢H�}O/(+*�Bs03b.(<DCDK6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0Ou(9G.1Wkw5Z?/0JBs0J*21@?ukw8Rk@5.?/0J*2;t(<BC?A*,03b�5Z;T1w� n 13k�*t(+*,B]5Z?/0�(.-u5ZIo*T;213DC(<*2BC5.?/02OKB n 0T(.U_5Z?Ka6/(+*,(�1@DC1@UN13?Z*t0NÍq1.L a/LCbj(.k3kw5ZIK?A*)-/(.DC(.?/kw1>0hUW(98H?K5.*)-�1N?K1@aA(+*,B]GZ1=(+l�*,1@;Q(p*2;t(<?/0J�(Zk�*,B]5Z?��u?KBC02OK1>0,ÏwL}�E;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/0z(.;21Q1@� n 13kw*21>6F*25 n ;,13021@;,G.1�*,OK1�k@5.?/02BC0J*213?/kw8�5<l*,OK1T6K(<*,(<-u(.021.L

(+*|5.?ukw1.L{�}OAIu0@b/*2OK1T0,ktOK136KIKD]13;�ÍÎk@5.?/k@IK;,;213?/kw8A��kw5.?A*,;25ZDuUW(<?u(<a.13;tÏ{U=I/0Y*h(Z0202IK;,1*2O/(<*h*2O/1�BC?/6oBCGABs6oI/(.D©(Zk�*,B]5Z?/0|5.l�U�IKD]*2B n DC1T*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?u0h(<;,1Q1w�o1>kwIo*,136HBC?:02I/ktO(<?P5.;t6o13;�*2Ou(+*p*,OK1:?/1w*�1 ]�1>k�*FBC0�*2OK1r0,(<UN1:(.0pBSl�*2OK1:*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/0WOu(.6PBC?lÎ(.k�*_1w�o13k@Io*21>6vBC?\*2O/1@BC;_13?A*2BC;21@*Y8.b�5.?K1@��(<*J��(+� *2BCUN1.LRg�*Y8 n Bsk@(<D}0,ktOK136oI/D]13;=6o57130BS*t0T�m5.;,~:-78rUN(.B]?A*t(<BC?KB]?/avÕ]Ô>Ë��+�Q5.?vkw13;J*t(<BC? n BC13kw1>0T5.lz*2OK1V6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1ZLF�}O/13021D]5okt~o0 n ;213G.13?Z*)*Y�m5�*,;,(.?/0,(.k�*,B]5Z?/04lq;25ZU (.k3kw130,02B]?Ka�*2O/1�02(.U_1 n BC13k@1N5<lm6/(+*,(VBC?�m(98o0h*2O/(<*TB]?A*213;,(Zk�*Q-/(Z6oD]8ZL7j5okt~o0Q(<;,1=aZ1@?K13;,(.D]DC80Y*,5.;,136RB]?r(VUW(<BC?o� UN13U_5Z;28Õ]Ô3Ë�=���.�@Õ]�wb7(.0{0JI/a.a.1>0Y*,136=-78 [©BCa/L È L È L©�}O/1h02ktO/136oIKDC1@;{( ]�13k�*t0§*,OK1|1w�o1>kwIo*,B]5Z?W5<lxZI/1@;,B]1>0�(<?/6�5<*2O/1@;{6/(+*,(.-/(.021|5 n 13;,(<*2BC5.?/0§-78_lq5.;,-KBs6K6oBC?KaQ*,OK1h1@�71>kwIo*,B]5Z?W1@?KaZB]?/1lq;25ZU�(.k3kw130,02B]?Ka_DC57kt~Z136 n (<;2*,0m5.lE*,OK1T6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1ZL0 Lh�=�t�.�oÕ]Ô3Ë� ,2���@Ô<Õ Öo�ÒÓÎÔ<�EÇQg40)*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/0�kw5ZU n 1@*21_lq5.;�;,13025.IK;tkw1>0|*,OK;25ZIKa.OR*2O/1D]5okt~o0m*2O/(<*z*2OK1T0,ktOK1>6oIKDC1@;za.;t(<?A*t0@b7*,OK1@8Vk@(<?Va.1@*|B]?A*,5�(_02B]*2I/(<*2BC5.?F�zOK1@;,1�?K5.?/1k@(<? n ;,5okw1@1>6p-�13k3(<I/021Q13(ZktO�?/1@136/0|0J5ZUN1w*2O/B]?KaW(.?K5<*,OK1@;}*,;,(.?/02(Zk�*,B]5Z?�O/(Z0@L��}O/1*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?NUW(<?/(.a.1@;{O/(.0e*2O/1h;,130 n 5Z?/0JBC-KBCD]B]*Y8=*25�BC?A*213;2GZ1@?K1)(<?/6�k3(<?/k@1@D©Í ¡ ;,5.DCD]�-/(.kt~o¢=5.; ¡ (.-K5.;2*,¢AÏ�5Z?K1Q5.;}UN5.;,1)*2;t(<?/0,(.kw*2BC5.?/0{*25WDC1w*z*,OK1�5<*,OK1@;t0 n ;,57k@1@1>6dL

465��Q5� ���G &(��G�;">*) ; ��+ G�F F ��;�}OK1 n 5Z;J*,B]5Z?p5.lj*2OK1�')¤m¥R¦W*,O/(+*}UN5Z0J*}( ]�1>k�*,0{*,OK1 n 1@;2lq5.;,UW(<?/k@1|*,O/(+*}*2O/14I/021@;z021@1>0Bs0Q*2O/1 +wÖ/� ,�� / ,2Ô3Ët�w�t�wÔ ,�LHª�? [©B]auL È L È *2O/1pxAIK1@;,8 n ;25okw1>02025.;QBs0Q;,1 n ;,13021@?A*,136[-78:*Y�m5kw5ZU n 5Z?K1@?A*,03Ç

Page 10: ch1

ÈTV ����������� �������������������������������� ��!�"#�%$&�'��)(*�

È L|�}OK1�+wÖ/� ,��)ËtÔ<��/�Ó�Õ]�-,�b+�zO/BCktO)*2;t(<?u0JDs(+*,130�*,OK1exAIK1@;,8hBC?A*25|(.?)BC?A*213;2?/(.D+lq5.;,U´k3(<DCD]1>6( +@Ö/�-,�� /�Õ]�<�/LT�}OK1=DC(<*J*213;4Bs0�(p0213xAIK13?/kw1=5<l�5 n 1@;t(+*,B]5Z?/0z*,5p-�1 n 1@;2lq5.;,UN136H5Z?*2OK1p6/(+*,(/L$�hl�*21@?v*2OK1�5 n 13;,(<*2BC5.?/0TB]?�(HxAIK13;28 n Ds(<?v(.;21WBCU n D]13UN1@?A*,(<*2BC5.?/0�5<l¡ ;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<DE(.D]aZ1@-K;t(.¢N5 n 13;,(<*2BC5.?/03b��zOKBsktOR(<;,1=6KBC0,kwI/0,02136BC?[¦o13k�*,B]5Z? � L 1uL��}O/1xZI/1@;,8�kw5.U n BCDC1@;|kw5Z?/02BC0J*,0}5.lE*,OK;2131�UN(<XY5.;}IK?KB]*,03ÇÍÎ(ZÏ�g +@Ö/�-,���//� ,t�@� ,�b/�zOKBsktOF-KIKBCDC6/0|(_*2;,1@1T0J*2;,I/k�*,IK;,14lq;,5.U�*2OK1�*,1w�7*2Iu(<Ddlq5Z;2U5<l©*2O/1TxZI/1@;,8.LÍq-uÏVg +@Ö/�-,���/ ,2� / ,2Ô>Ët���t�@Ô ,�b��zOKBsktO n 13;Jlq5Z;2UW0z021@UW(<?A*2BskQktOK1>kt~70}5Z?V*2OK1�xAIK13;28Íq1ZL auL]buUW(<~7B]?/ap0JI/;21T(.D]DE;213DC(<*2BC5.?/0}UN1@?A*,B]5Z?K136F-78�*2OK1�xAIK13;28V(.kw*2I/(.D]DC8�1@�7�Bs0Y*�Ï�bZ(.?/6 n 13;Jlq5Z;2UNBC?Ka)025.UN1{*2;,1@1m*2;t(<?u0Ylq5Z;2UW(+*,B]5Z?/0�*254*2IK;,?�*,OK1 n (.;,021�*,;2131BC?Z*,5_(T*2;,1@145<lE(.D]aZ1@-K;t(<Bskz5 n 1@;t(+*,5.;t0§;,1 n ;,13021@?A*2BC?KaQ*,OK1)B]?KB]*2Bs(<DdxAIK13;28 n Ds(<?jLÍÒk3ÏVgA+@Ö/� ,��VÔ /��ÒÓ��_Ó��>�-,�bd�zO/BCktOF*,;,(.?/0Ylq5Z;2UW0|*2OK1=B]?KB]*2Bs(<D�xAIK1@;,8 n DC(.?HB]?A*,5�*2O/1-�130J*h(9G9(.B]Ds(<-/D]1Q0213xAIK1@?ukw1�5<l©5 n 1@;t(+*2BC5.?u0{5Z?V*2OK1T(Zk�*2Iu(<Dj6K(<*,(KL�}OK1|xAIK1@;,[email protected] n BCD]13;§I/0J1>0§UN1w*t(.6K(<*,(Q(<?u6_0J*,(<*2Bs0Y*,BCk30�(<-�5.IK*§*2OK1h6/(+*,()*,5T6o13k@BC6K1�zOKBCktOF0213xAIK1@?ukw1)5<l�5 n 1@;t(+*2BC5.?u0eBs0zDCB]~Z1@DC8N*25N-u1�*,OK1�lÎ(.0J*21>0Y*>L6[K5.;z1@�K(<U n DC1.b7*2O/11w�oBC0J*213?/kw1z5.lj(<?HÓ����Z���ZbA�zOKBsktOWBC0�(�0 n 13k@BC(.D]BCi@1>6_6/(+*,(�0Y*,;2I/kw*2IK;,1}*2Ou(+*�lÎ(ZkwBCD]B]*,(<*2130(.k@k@130,0�*25=6K(+*t(KbAa.BCG.1@?WG+(.D]IK1>0§lq5Z;e5.?/1h5.;eU_5Z;214kw5.U n 5.?K13?A*,0�5.ld*2O/(<*m6K(<*,(/bZk@(.?UN(.~.1)5.?K1 n DC(.?�U=I/ktOplÎ(Z0Y*,1@;}*,O/(<?H(<?/5<*2O/1@;>L

� L|�}OK1V���7�,Ë@Öo� ÓÎÔ+�v�w�7�<Ó����wbd�zO/BCktORO/(.0h*2OK1_;,130 n 5Z?/0JBC-KBCD]B]*Y8Vlq5.;)1w�o13k@Io*2BC?Ka�13(.ktO:5<l*2OK1_0Y*,1 n 0)BC?H*2OK1NktOK5A0J13?:xAIK1@;,8 n DC(.?jL)�}O/1=1@�71>kwIo*,B]5Z?1@?/a.BC?K1�BC?A*21@;t(.kw*,04�zBS*,OU_5A0Y*T5.l}*2OK1�5.*2OK13;[email protected] n 5Z?K1@?A*t0Q5<l}*2O/1p'4¤}¥:¦db�1@B]*2O/1@;=6KB];,13kw*2DC8R5Z;Q*2OK;,5.I/a.O*2OK1T-/I"]�13;,03L}ª�*hU�Iu0Y*haZ1w*|*,OK1�6K(<*,(_lq;,5.U *2OK1=6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1QBC?A*25W-KI"]�1@;t0|BC?H5.;t6o13;*25_UN(.?KB n IKDs(+*21)*,O/(+*h6K(<*,(/L©ª�*z?K13136K0m*,5NB]?A*213;,(Zk�*z�zB]*2O�*2OK1Q0,ktOK136oI/D]13;}*25W(9G.5ZBC6(.k@k@130,0JBC?Ka�6K(+*t()*2O/(<*eBs0§D]5okt~Z136dbA(<?/6_�zB]*2ON*2O/1|D]5Za�UN(.?/(<aZ1@;�*,5QUN(.~.1|02IK;,1}*2O/(<*(<DCDj6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1�ktO/(<?/a.130}(.;21 n ;,5 n 1@;,D]8pD]5Za.a.1>6dL¬�­�� � ·�¸§¶@¹3ºF± µ�» ¼ ¾)¸�¾TÀF¾QÁE±��jÂ�Ä�Áj¸�±hÅ ÂW¸�·��¹w±hÁM[1=6oBCG7BC6o1=*2O/1=0J*2I/6o8F5.l{6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0zBC?Z*,5��/GZ1 n (.;J*t0@L4�}OKBC0)0213k�*,B]5Z?Bs04(.?5.Io*,D]BC?K1=5<l�zO/(<*z*25N1w� n 13k�*|BC?F13(ZktO�5.l�*2O/13021QIK?KB]*,03L) !$���� � ���'! ���'&(��!���� !$��!���!$����� &������'� ����}OK1V;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.D{UN5o6o13DmBs0_130,0J13?A*2Bs(<D{lq5.;N(R0J*2I/6K8\5<l46K(<*,(.-/(.021�028o0Y*,1@UW0@L\g|l�*21@;W1@�7�(<UNBC?KBC?KaH*2O/1p-/(Z0JBskWkw5Z?/kw1 n *,03b��{[email protected]�BC?A*25H*,OK1�*,OK1@5Z;28R5<l|;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<D�6K(<*,(<-u(.021303L�}O/(<*40Y*,I/6o8VB]?ukwDCI/6o130 �tÖo��Ë@�ÒÓÎÔ<���+Õ§�.� //�w���.�@��Ë@ÓÎ����bd(_lq5.;,UW(<Dj�}(98�5<l�0J*,(<*2BC?KaN*2O/(<*h5.?/1~7B]?u6W5<lE6/(+*,(TBC0{IK?KBsxAIK1@DC8�6o1w*,1@;,UNB]?K1>6W-78W(<?K5.*2OK13;3L©ª�*}(.DC025TBC?/kwDCI/6o1>0h��Ô ,��W�+Õ Ó��>�<�ÒÓÎÔ<�/b*2O/1 n ;25okw1>020©�zOK13;213-78�lqIK?/k�*,B]5Z?/(<DK6K1 n 1@?/6o13?/kwBC130§(.?/6=5<*2O/1@;©lq5.;,UW(<Do6o1 n 1@?u6o1@?/k@B]1>0§(<;,1I/02136�*25NBCU n ;25+GZ1h*,OK1T6o1>0JBCa.?V5<l§(_;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.D�6/(+*,(.-/(.021.LM[1|(<Ds0J5Tk@5.?/02BC6K1@;§OKBCa.Oo��[email protected]/6o1>0JBCa.?N?K5.*,(+*,B]5Z?/03L©�}OK1>0J1zUN1>ktO/(<?KBs02UN0�B]?/k@D]Iu6o1z*2O/12�?A*,BS*Y8A� �z1@Ds(+*,B]5Z?/0JO/B n Í\2 � �hÏEUN576K1@D b��|?KB]�/1>6_¥576K1@DCB]?KaHE(<?KaZI/(<aZ1)Í��h¥�©Ï�b.(.?/6#�4-K�XY13kw*{'41w�/?KB]*2BC5.? E(<?KaZI/(<aZ1QÍi�)'�EÏ�LA�}OK1@BC; n I/; n 5Z021zBC0§*25T(<DCDC5+� BC?olq5.;,UW(<DK1@� n D]5Z;,(<*2BC5.?5<l§6o1>0JBCa.?VBC0,02IK130}-�1wlq5Z;21��m1)BCU n DC1@UN1@?A*z*2O/1T6o1302B]aZ?FI/0JBC?KaW(_;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.Dd'4¤}¥:¦�L

Page 11: ch1

�����"���_�P���,�{�� ��� �������� ��!� �� ��$&�'��)( �'���%� �?)� ÈZÈ) !$��� � � � � ! ��� & ��!���� ! ��!���!$����)+,& � ,!���� � ���

M[14*,OK1@?�*,(.~.14I n *,OK1�UW(+*J*,1@;}5<lEOK5+�½;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<D�6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1>0{(.;21)xZI/1@;,B]1>6p(<?u6�UN5o6oBS��/1>6dL©g|l�*213;©(.?QB]?A*2;,5o6oI/kw*2BC5.?Q*,54(<-u0Y*,;,(Zk�* n ;,5.aZ;,(.U_UNBC?KazDs(<?KaZI/(<aZ130d-/(Z0J1>6�5.?�(.D]aZ1@-K;t((<?u6\D]5Za.BskÍ �|1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<D{ghD]aZ1@-K;t((.?/6v')(+*,(.D]5Za/b©;21>0 n 13kw*2BCG.13D]8KÏ�b§�m1W*,IK;2?�5.IK;_(+*J*,1@?o�*2BC5.?r*,5*,OK1p0J*,(<?u6K(<;t6rDC(.?Ka.Iu(<a.1_lq5Z;�;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<De6K(<*,(.-/(.021303Ç_¦���eL�M[1�0J*2I/6K8[-�5<*,O*2O/1)-u(.02BCk30{(.?/6�BCU n 5Z;J*t(<?A*}0 n 13kwBs(<D�*,5 n Bsk@03boB]?ukwDCI/6oBC?Ka_k@5.?/0J*2;t(<BC?A*}0 n 13kwB]�uk3(+*2BC5.?u0{(.?/6*2;,BCa.a.13;,0VÍÎ(Zk�*,B]GZ1V6K(<*,(.-/(.021p13D]13U_13?A*,0tÏ�beBC?/6o1@�o130W(<?u6v5<*,OK1@;W0J*2;,I/k�*,IK;,130=*25[1@?KOu(<?/k@1n 1@;2lq5.;,UN(.?/kw1ZbKlq5Z;2UNBC?Kap¦���\BC?A*25W*,;,(.?/02(Zk�*,B]5Z?/0@bu(<?/6H0213k@IK;2B]*Y8�(.?/6 n ;,B]G+(Zkw8p5.le6K(+*t(BC?H¦����LM[1R(<Ds025 6oBs02k@I/0,0pOK5+� ¦���«Bs0�Iu0J1>6PB]?#kw5ZU n D]1@*21R028o0Y*,1@UW03L�ª�*FBs0�*Y8 n Bsk@(.Dh*,5kw5ZU�-KBC?K1W¦�����zBS*,O[(Vkw5Z?7G.1@?A*,B]5Z?/(<D©5.;�ÌKÔ+���§DC(.?Ka.I/(.a.1_(<?/6*25 n (.0,0�6K(+*t(p-�1w*Y�m1@13?*2O/1}6/(+*,(.-/(.021}(<?/6�*2OK1zk@5.?7G.13?Z*,B]5Z?/(<D n ;,5.aZ;,(.U#G7Bs()¦���Vk3(<DCDC03L�M[1z6oBs02k@I/020§(4?7IKU�-�1@;5<lm�m(98o04*25HUW(.~.1_*2OKBs0Qkw5Z?K?K1>k�*2BC5.?�b�BC?/kwDCI/6oBC?KaF1@U=-u1>6K6o136\¦���eb ��1@;t02BC0J*213?Z*T¦A*,5.;,136¥H5o6oIKDC130FÍ��{¦o¥:Ïwb{ym(<DCDS�Qj13G.13Deª�?A*213;JlÎ(Zkw1rÍ y�jªJÏwb��Z(9G+(:')(+*t(<-/(Z0J1�ª�?A*21@;tkw5Z?K?K1>k�*2BCG7BS*Y8Í�A')¤zy}Ïwb/(<?u6 �)Y ��L) !$��� � � � ��� �'��� ,��#.����,� � � ! ��! � &������'� ����!$� � )+�&(� �! ��� �'���

�}OK1 n 1@;,G+(.02B]GZ1@?K1>020�5.lu*,OK1|M[1@-WO/(Z0 n Io*{( n ;,1@UNBCIKU�5.?_*2OK1zUW(.?/(<aZ1@UN1@?A*§5<ldOKBC1@;t(<;2�ktOKBsk@(.D]DC8)0J*2;,I/kw*2IK;,136Q6K(<*,(/b>-�13k3(<I/021�*,OK1{0J*,(.?/6K(.;,6K0dlq5.;E*2OK1{MR13-�(<;,1�-/(Z0J1>6�5.?T?K1>0Y*,136db*,(.a.aZ136 1@DC1@UN1@?A*,0:Í��@�w�_Ós��� ,�Ö/Ë@� Ö",2�t�\�.�+���@ÏwL´M[1HBC?Z*,;25o6oIukw1e"4¥$�(<?/6�B]*,0�0,ktOK1@UW(<�6o1@�/?KBC?KaN?K5<*t(+*2BC5.?u0@ǧ'457k@IKUN1@?A*h�{8 n 1Q'h1@�/?KB]*2BC5.?/0�ÍÎ')�z')Ïz(.?/6 "4¥�\¦oktOK13UW(KL§M[1(<Ds025Q1w�K(<UNBC?K1}*2OK;,1@1|xAIK13;28=DC(.?Ka.Iu(<a.1>0©lq5.; ")¥��Ç " �dg§�QY�b " �4IK13;28ZbZ(<?u6 2��7*21@?u0JBC-KDC1¦A*Y87DC1302OK1@1@*��(<?/a.I/(.a.14�E;t(<?/0Jlq5.;,U Í "�¦�o�|Ï�L) !$������ � !$��!���!$����-�-� ����� ����� �'��� �/� ��! ���'&(�

M[1)-�1@aZB]?V�zB]*2OH(=0J*2Iu6o8p5.le����Ô ,2�@�A�Q�W�+���@�A�w�W�@�/�wǧOK5+�´6oBC02~A� -u(.02136p0J*25Z;,(.a.1)k@(<?V-�15.;,aZ(.?KBCi@136�*,5�(<DCDC5+�#1@¨�kwBC1@?A*�(Zk@k@130,0z*25V6K(+*t(KL4MR1=1w� n Ds(<BC?H*2OK1Nkw5ZUNU_5Z?KDC8�I/02136R¤{�*2;,1@1Zbo(Q-/(<Ds(<?ukw136W*2;,[email protected]�6oBs0J~W-KDC5okt~o0e(<?u6W5<*,OK1@;}0 n 13k@BC(.D]BCi@1>6�0,ktOK1@UN130elq5.;{UW(<?/(.a.BC?KaU�I/DS*,BC6oBCUN1@?/02BC5.?/(.Dj6K(+*t(KLM[1�*,OK1@?�*,IK;2?�5.I/;N(<*J*,1@?A*2BC5.? *25#+@Ö/�-,�� / ,,Ô3Ët�w�,��Ó��7�<LP�}OK13;21F(<;,1V*Y�{5 n (<;2*,0=*,5*2O/BC0W0J*2I/6K8.LB[©B];t0Y*>be�m1F?K1@1>6v*,5[DC13(.;2? +@Ö/�-,��\���7�tË@Öo�ÒÓÎÔ<�/ÇV*2OK1H(.D]aZ5.;,BS*,OKUW0=Iu0J1>6v*,5BCU n D]13U_13?A*|*2OK1�5 n 1@;t(+*2BC5.?u0mlq;25ZU��zOKBsktOxAIK1@;,B]1>0z(<;,1Q-KIKBCDS*>L}¦oB]?/k@1T6K(+*t(NBC0|*Y8 n BCk3(<DCD]85.?�6oBs0J~�b§*,OK1H(<DCa.5.;,B]*2OKUW0�(.;21F025.UN1@�zO/(<*_6oB^]�1@;,1@?A*=lq;,5.U �zOu(+*N5.?K1V�{5ZIKDs6v1w� n 13kw*�m1@;,1N*2OK138:*,5:0Y*,I/6o8[*2O/1p02(.UN1 n ;,5.-KDC1@UW0Q-KIK*_(.0,02IKUNB]?KaF*,O/(+*_6K(+*t(H�{13;21WBC?\UW(<BC?UN1@UN5.;,8.Lm�}OK1�0213k@5.?/6F0J*21 n Bs0Z+@Ö/�-,��VË,Ô<��/�Ó�Õ Ó��A�.L�Y|13;21ZbK�m1�0Y*,I/6o8�OK5+� *,5p021@DC13k�*h(.?1w¨�k@B]13?Z*�xAIK13;28 n DC(.?[lq;25ZU (<UN5Z?KaV(.D]D�*2OK1 n 5Z0,0JBC-KDC1W�m(98o0)BC?[�zO/BCktO\(Fa.BCG.13?[xAIK13;28k@(.?�-�1Q1w�o1>kwIo*,136dL�}OK13?jbo�{1Q0J*2I/6K8� ,,�+�K�@�ZËw� ÓÎÔ+� / ,2Ô>Ë,�w�t��Ó��A�.Le�}OK1@;,1�(<;,1)021@GZ1@;t(<D�*2OK;,13(Z6K0{*25_lq5.DCDC5+�QL�4?K1hk@5.?/k@1@;,?/0zÕ]Ô,�>�<Ó��7��ǧUN(.B]?A*t(<BC?KB]?/aQ;213D]Bs(<-KDC1|;,13k@5.;t6K0�5<lj�zO/(<*�*2O/14')¤m¥R¦_BC0m6o5.BC?KaubBC?�5.;t6o1@;�*25�(.D]DC5+� ,,�,ËtÔ%09� ,��|BC?N*[email protected]?A*e5<lj(Tk@;,(Z0JOjL�g|?/5<*2O/1@;�*,OK;,13(.6NBs0h�wËtÌK�t�<ÖoÕ Ó��A��Çkw5Z?A*2;,5.DCD]BC?Ka�*,OK1N5.;t6o1@;)5<lm1@GZ1@?A*,0)BC?:*,;,(.?/02(Zk�*,B]5Z?/0|*,5H(.0,0JIK;,1T*,OK1Wghy{ªY' n ;,5 n 1@;2*2BC1303LM[1|(<Ds0J5Qkw5Z?/02BC6o13;§OK5+�v*,5T6o13(.Do�zBS*,O�6o13(Z6oDC57kt~o03b<(<?/6=*,OK1zUN576KBS�uk3(+*,B]5Z?/0�*25Q5ZIK;�(<DCa.5.�;,BS*,OKUW0©*2O/(<*§(.;21m?K13136o1>6��zOK13?_(h*2;t(<?u02(Zk�*2BC5.?=BC0z�<Ós�t� ,�ÓÎ�@Öo���t�m5+G.13;EUW(.?A8QBC?/6o1 n 13?/6o13?Z*

Page 12: ch1

È � ����������� �������������������������������� ��!�"#�%$&�'��)(*�

02BS*,1303L) !$�� � � &���� ,� � ! ��!���!$����-�-� ����� ���������/�ª�?F*2O/BC0 n (<;2*3bK�m1Q*t(<~.1QI n (N?AI/U�-�1@;|5.l©*,OK1T�}(98o0}B]?H�zOKBsktO6K(<*,(<-u(.021w��0J8o0J*21@U°*,13ktOo�?K5ZD]5Za.8:Bs0T;,1@DC1@G+(.?Z*=-u138.5.?u6[*2OK1�;21>(<DCU 5<lhk@5.?7G.13?A*2BC5.?/(.DÒbE;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.De'4¤}¥:¦ W 03LM[1kw5Z?/02BC6o13;�OK5+���@�t� ,2ËtÌN�@�A�.Ó����w���m5.;,~�b>(.?/6�*,OK1{0 n 1>kwBs(<DCB]i3136T6/(+*,(h0Y*,;2I/kw*2IK;,130j*2O/(<*EUW(<~Z1*2O/1@BC;Q5 n 1@;t(+*2BC5.? n 5A0202B]-/D]1ZL�M[1_DC575.~(<*�BC?olq5Z;2UW(+*,B]5Z?:BC?A*21@aZ;,(<*2BC5.?jbd(.?/6:UN1@*2OK5o6o5ZD]5.�a.BC130zlq5.;hUW(.~ABC?Ka�6K(<*,(.-/(.02130|02O/(.;21�*,OK1@BC;46K(<*,(�0213(.UND]1>0202D]8ZL}�_�+�����=Ó��uÓ��A�TBC04(�0Y*,I/6o8*2Ou(+*hBC?/kwDCI/6o1>0h(N?7IKU=-u13;h5<l§BC?A*21@;,130J*2BC?Ka�(.?/6VB]U n 5.;2*,(<?A*4(.D]aZ5.;,BS*,OKUW0mlq5.; n ;25ok@130,0JBC?KaDs(<;,a.1W(<UN5.I/?Z*t0�5<lz6K(+*t(FB][email protected] n DC1w�:�}(98o0@LV�=�<���<Ð��t� ,2�t�+� ���9�t���@����6o13(.D��zBS*,Ov6K(+*t(*2Ou(+*e(<;,;,B]GZ130�(+*§*,OK1|0J8o0J*213U$kw5Z?A*2BC?AI/5.I/02D]8Zb<(<?/6_�zOK5A0J1zxAIK13;2BC130§(.;21z(<?u0J�m1@;,136_kw5Z?Z*,B]?K�IK5ZI/0JDC8H(<?/6:B]?[(�*,B]UN13D]8FlÎ(Z0JOKBC5.?�L��z�t�-,�Ð���Ô+Ð //�t�-,=���9�t���@��� n ;,13021@?A*)UN(.?78FktOu(<DCD]13?Ka.1>0lq5.;zUW(.?/(<aZ1@UN1@?A*z5<l�6oBC0J*2;,BC-KIo*21>6F6K(+*t(=O/1@Ds6�-78�B]?/6K1 n 1@?/6o13?A*|OK5Z0J*,03L

¬�­�� � ±|».±�§±hº��z±|Á »<µ ��°¯F¾��¸�±��¬�E576/(98.bA5.?o��D]BC?K1�0J1>(<;tktO/(<-/D]1|-/B]-KDCBC5.a.;t( n OKB]1>0ek@5+G.1@;{130,0J13?A*2Bs(<DCD]8W(<DCD�;21>kw1@?A* n ( n 1@;t0mkw5.?K�kw13;2?/B]?KaT6/(+*,(.-/(.021|02870J*213UW0@L��}O7I/0@bZB]?�*2OKBs0�-�575.~�b.�m1h02O/(<DCDK?K5.*�*2;,8�*,5T-�1|1w�oO/(.I/0Y*,B]GZ1BC?:5.I/;)k@BS*t(+*2BC5.?u0@bd-KIK*);t(+*,OK1@;�0JOu(<DCDEUN1@?A*,B]5Z?:5.?/D]8F*,OK1 n ( n 1@;t0h5.leOKBs0Y*,5.;,BCk3(<D©B]U n 5.;2�*,(.?/kw1F(<?u6\UW(+XY5.;N0213kw5Z?/6K(.;28r0J5ZIK;tkw130�5.;_I/021wlqIKDz02IK;2GZ1@8o03LRg 0J1>(<;tktO/(<-/D]1WBC?/6o1@�v5<l6K(<*,(<-u(.021h;,130213(<;tktO n ( n 13;,0m�}(.0}kw5Z?/0J*2;,I/k�*,136�-78�¥HBsktO/(.1@DJj138 � 3�� bo(.?/6pOu(.0m;21>kw13?Z*,D]8-�1@1@?\1@� n (<?/6K136:*25BC?/kwDCI/6o1W;,1wlq13;213?/kw1>0)lq;25ZU UW(<?78:�/1@Ds6K03Lpg|D]l��Yy{O/;2Bs0Y*,BC(.?\ghktOKBCD]DC130UW(<BC?A*,(<BC?/0m(�0213(.;,ktO/(.-KDC1|6oB];,13kw*25Z;28_5<l�UW(.?A8NBC?/6o1@�71>0e;,1@DC1@G+(.?Z*e*25=*2OK1�6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1|�/1@Ds6� 0�� L MPOKBCD]1)UW(<?78 n ;25.*25.*Y8 n 1hBCU n DC1@UN1@?A*,(<*2BC5.?/0{5<l©6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1h028o0Y*,1@UW0mkw5.?A*,;2BC-KIo*,136N*,5*2O/1�*21>ktOK?K5ZD]5Za.8:5.l}*2OK1p�/1@Ds6db�*Y�m55<l}*2O/1pUN5Z0J*��zBs6o1@DC8r~A?/5+�z?v(<;,1N*2OK1F¦78o0Y*,1@U �

n ;,5<XY1>k�*E(<*©ªY¤}¥ÊghD]UW(.6K1@? �z1>0J1>(<;tktO=y{1@?A*213;�� 1 � (<?/6Q*2OK1mª �4` ��2m¦ n ;,5<XY1>k�*©(<*©¤m1@;,~.1@�DC1@8�� ��� LZ2e(ZktO�m(Z04(.?:1>(<;,D]8F;,1@Ds(+*2BC5.?u(<D�0J8o0J*21@U (.?/6O/1@D n 1>6:1>0Y*t(<-KDCBC02O*,OKBs0)*Y8 n 1_5<l02870J*213U�(Z0�*2O/1h6o5.UNBC?/(<?A*{6/(+*,(.-/(.021m*21>ktOK?K5.DC5.aZ8.L�¥(<?78=5<l�*2OK1h;21>0J1>(<;tktO n ( n 13;,0§*2O/(<*02O/( n 136�*2O/1�6/(+*,(.-/(.021)�/1@Ds6F(<;,1hlq5ZIK?/6VBC?�� U�� L�}OK1 � VHV�0 ¡ j5+�m1@DCDe;,1 n 5.;2*,¢�� È�� Bs0=*2OK1FUN5Z0J*_;,13k@1@?A*=BC? ([021@;,B]1>0�5.lh;21 n 5Z;J*t0�5Z?6K(<*,(<-u(.021w��0J8o0J*21@U#;,130213(<;tktOQ(<?/6=6oBC;21>k�*2BC5.?u0@LEª�*�(.DC025hO/(Z0�;,1wlq13;213?/kw1>0d*,541>(<;,D]BC1@;E;21 n 5Z;J*t05<l©*2O/BC0m*Y8 n 1.Lc�5.I k@(<?v�/?/6\UN5.;,1�(.-u5ZIo*�*,OK1�*,OK1@5Z;28r5.lh6K(+*t(<-/(Z0J1p028o0Y*,1@UW0�*2O/(.?vBC0_kw5+GZ1@;,136OK13;21)lq;,5.U�� ��� (.?/6�� ��� LÈ Lh¦�L@g|-/BS*,1@-�5.IKDZ1w*E(.DÒLCb ¡ �}OK1 j5+�m1@DCD<6K(<*,(<-u(.021©;,130213(.;,ktO�021@D]l���(Z0202130,0JUN13?Z*>b ¢ ��Ô<�=���

� �E������Ç 3 Í � VHVH3 Ï�b n/n L ÈZÈ.È! �È.È � L#"%$%$'&)(+*'*-,/.10-.'23,�4�")57698'4�,/:/0-:3;3$<5+4-:�6=*/>�?%,%23@*'A':-B1.CA'A%*3DC:-B/.CA%A-E%23$/2�F/2/0-.�G/.10�.'2-,�4�"CH%.%A-;3I�0%0�.10'0�6=.�JC$K5L"C$�6

� Lh¦�LZgh-KBS*,1@-�5.IKD b �QL Y|IKDCDÒbo(.?/6NM�L'MhBs(<?7Ijb/O�Ô<Öo���Z�+� ÓÎÔ+�K�QÔ��m�=�<���Z�,�+�@����bogh6K6KBC025.?o�MR1>0JDC1@8Zb �z13(Z6oB]?/a/bK¥g�b ÈTSHSH3 L0 L)"%$%$'&)(+*'*%A18%8�J'B%B%B)5P8�,/2Q5SR%T/2U5WVC.%*�F=8�F#AC8�:-?',C2-&%"'@1*�EC23$C2-FC210-._L

Page 13: ch1

�����"������)�9� ��)� �P�� ���!�������R� È 01uL|¥\L{¥\L}gh0J*2;t(<Ou(<?£1w*F(<D L]b ¡ ¦78o0Y*,1@U �QÇm(v;213DC(<*2BC5.?/(.Dh( nKn ;25A(.ktO *25�6K(<*,(.-/(.021UN(.?/(<aZ1@UN1@?A*>b ¢ � �©��� ,2�<�K� �§Ô+�F�=�<���Z�,�+�@�Q ��9�t���@������Ç � b nKn L S6� �ÈT0�� b ÈTS6� U L3 L)"%$%$'&)(+*'*�B%B%B)5 8�J/;C:�,�6=2-$�8�T<5 R%J 8���$',=8�.�,<5 V%.%*1>-A-.3@/*-V3F1*18 J/VC.��<5S"C$�6 A_Leg«U_BC;2�;25Z;�02B]*21}BC0§lq5.IK?/6_(+*U"C$%$'&)(�*%*�B%B%B<5�214 6 5 :3,%?C*/0%8�?�6�:'V%*3V-F#A�&1*3V�F#*18 JCV%.�K5L"C$�6=A4LU L|¥\L�¦A*25Z?K1@-/;,(.~.1@;Q(.?/6 �uL�¥\L%Y|1@DCDC1@;t0Y*,1@BC?�ÍÎ136K03L Ïwb �4�,�Z�+Ó��7�+�WÓ��R�_�+���.�t�9�@�� u�9��Ð���@����bK¥H5Z;2aA(<?o��Q(<IKlqUN(.?K?jbo¦o(<?.[/;,(.?/kwBs02k@5/b ÈTSHS � L� L|¥\LZ¦A*,5.?K13-K;,(.~.13;3b 2hL<MR5Z?Ka/b ��L��;,1 n 03b.(<?u6N`_L Y|13DC6db ¡ �}OK1|6K1302B]aZ?N(.?/6_B]U n DC1w�U_13?A*,(+*,B]5Z?p5.lEª �4` ��2{¦�b ¢ � �E� � ,2�+�/� �©Ô<�V�_�+���.�t�9�@�Q u�9�����@�=���uÇ 0 b n/n L È �HS� ����� b ÈTS6� U L

� L �/LK'=L �hD]DCUW(<?jb���,�Ó���Ë@Ó /�Õ]�w�_Ô��4�=�<���Z�,�+�@�_�<��������Ô �}Õ]�t�@�A�@ÐÒ�h�+�w�= ��9�����@�������uÔ<Õ ÐÖo�N�w� �=�+��� � �wb�y{5.U n IK*21@;h¦KkwBC1@?/k@1 �e;21>0203b$�|13�½c�5Z;2~�b ÈTS � � b È S �HS L