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8/2/2019 Chakravarthy Ppt
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FOOD RESOURCE
BY
CHAKRAVA
8/2/2019 Chakravarthy Ppt
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CHAKRAVA
Food is any substance consumed to providenutritional support for the body. It is usually
of plant or animal origin, and containsessential nutrients, such ascarbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,or minerals. The substance is ingested by an
organism and assimilated by the organism'scells in an effort to produce energy, maintainlife, or stimulate growth.
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Agriculture Sector is changing thesocio-economic environments
of the population due to liberalizationand globalization
About 75% people are living in ruralareas and are still dependent onAgriculture. About 43% of India’sgeographical area is used foragricultural activity
Agriculture continues to play a majorrole in Indian Economy
Indian Agriculture
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Provides about 65% of the livelihoodAccounts for 27% of GDP
Growth Rate in production - 5.7%Food grains production – 211.17 mtContributes 21% of Total Exports, andSupplies Raw materials to Industries
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India’s position in world Agriculture Rank
Total AreaSeventh
Irrigated Area First Population
Second Economically Active population Second Total Cereals Third Wheat
Second
RiceSecond Coarse grains
Fourth Total Pulses First Oil Seeds
Second
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Total Geographical Area (TGA) - 329M.H Potential for Biological Production - 265M.H
Net Sown Area (NSA) - 143M.H Net Irrigated Area - 56 M.H Area threatened by land degradation - 50%
of T GA Drought-prone Area - 190 M.H
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Mile Stones in AgriculturalDevelopment
Green Revolution (1968)
Ever-Green Revolution (1996)
Blue Revolution (water, fish)
White Revolution (Milk)
Yellow Revolution (flower, edible)
Bio-Technology Revolution ICT Revolution
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Development of Indian Agriculture : Basic
Issues
Revitalization of Cooperative
Institutions
Improving Rural Credits
Research, Education & Extension
Human Resources Development
Trade & Export Promotion
Land Reforms Enabling Environment for higher
Agricultural Growth
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The thrust areas:Diversification of Agriculture
Inter-cropping
Micro Management
Water Management
Organic Farming
Agri-Clinics and Agri-business Centres Bio-Technology
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Efforts on Policies, strategies and
Frameworks
National Agriculture Policy (2000) National Seeds policy (2002) Cooperative Policy Agricultural Price policy Agricultural Extension Framework (2001) WTO/GATT agreement (1994)
In addition to, various working groups, taskforces,mid-term appraisals and plan schemes (~68)
(for further details www.agricoop.nic.in)
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Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural
Development
Biotechnology Pre & post harvesting technology
Energy saving technology Environment protection technology Information and Communication technology
GIS & RS technology Internet/Intranet Technology
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Ecosystem Services of Natural Areas:Ecosystem Services of Natural Areas:
1.1. Wildlife habitat (protect species)Wildlife habitat (protect species)2.2. Flood and erosion controlFlood and erosion control
3.3. Soil formation/maintenanceSoil formation/maintenance
4.4. Groundwater rechargeGroundwater recharge
5.5. Recycle wastes (nutrient cycles)Recycle wastes (nutrient cycles)and break down pollutantsand break down pollutants
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Pasture and Open RangelandPasture and Open Rangeland
Predominantly grassesPredominantly grasses
with a fibrous rootwith a fibrous rootsystem. Rangelandssystem. Rangelands
occupy about 26% of occupy about 26% of
the world’s landthe world’s land
surface.surface.
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Pasture and Open RangelandPasture and Open Rangeland
There is twice as much permanent grazing land as areaThere is twice as much permanent grazing land as area
given to agricultural crops in the world. Much of thegiven to agricultural crops in the world. Much of thewestern Great Plains and the Prairie provinces of western Great Plains and the Prairie provinces of
Canada fall in this category.Canada fall in this category.
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Pasture and Open Rangeland:Pasture and Open Rangeland:
Carefully managed, grazing can be sustained in grasslandsCarefully managed, grazing can be sustained in grasslands
(with the loss of a few grazing-intolerant plant species),(with the loss of a few grazing-intolerant plant species),
becausebecause most species are tolerant of being grazedmost species are tolerant of being grazed..
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Pasture and Open Rangeland:Pasture and Open Rangeland:
Benefits of grazing include:Benefits of grazing include:
Hooves create seed-to-soil contactHooves create seed-to-soil contact
Natural grazers break soil crusts that keep seedsNatural grazers break soil crusts that keep seedsfromfrom growinggrowing
Grazers trample standing vegetation into mulchGrazers trample standing vegetation into mulch
Grazers act like living compost piles, turningGrazers act like living compost piles, turningvegetationvegetation into high-quality fertilizer into high-quality fertilizer
By pruning stale growth, they keep forage plants atBy pruning stale growth, they keep forage plants atpeakpeak productionproduction
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Pasture and Open Rangeland:Pasture and Open Rangeland:
Effects of overgrazing grazingEffects of overgrazing grazinginclude:include:
Compacting soil thusCompacting soil thus
preventing seeds frompreventing seeds from
germinating and water fromgerminating and water from
seeping into soil.seeping into soil.
Overfeeding on plants notOverfeeding on plants notallowing them time toallowing them time to
recover and adequately root.recover and adequately root.
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OvergrazingOvergrazingOvergrazingOvergrazing is when plants are consumed such that theis when plants are consumed such that the
plant community does not quickly recoverplant community does not quickly recover.
1/31/3rdrd of the world’sof the world’s
range is severelyrange is severelydegraded bydegraded by
overgrazingovergrazing, making it, making it
the largest cause of soilthe largest cause of soil
degradationdegradation.
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OvergrazingOvergrazing
The first symptom of overgrazing is the loss of palatableThe first symptom of overgrazing is the loss of palatable
species of herbs and grasses.species of herbs and grasses. Continued overgrazingContinued overgrazing
compacts the soil, strips the ground bare, and leads tocompacts the soil, strips the ground bare, and leads to
erosionerosion..
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DesertificationDesertification
Continued degradation leads to a fertile land becoming moreContinued degradation leads to a fertile land becoming more
desert-like.desert-like.
Without plants toWithout plants to
hold soil moisture,hold soil moisture,
surface runoff surface runoff
increases, wellsincreases, wells
dry, thedry, the
microclimatemicroclimatebecomesbecomes
inhospitable forinhospitable for
plants, and desertsplants, and deserts
occur.occur.
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DesertificationDesertification
In Africa, deserts have increased by 50 million hectares,In Africa, deserts have increased by 50 million hectares,
and humid or semiarid lands have decreased by thatand humid or semiarid lands have decreased by thatamount. Is human activity responsible?amount. Is human activity responsible?
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Remember theRemember the
Tragedy of theTragedy of the
CommonsCommons
Any commonly heldAny commonly held
resource becomes degradedresource becomes degraded
or destroyed because theor destroyed because the
narrow self-interests of narrow self-interests of
individuals tend to outweighindividuals tend to outweigh
the public interests.the public interests.
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Forests and Forest ProductsForests and Forest Products
The amount of fuel wood consumed by each person inThe amount of fuel wood consumed by each person in
developing countries isdeveloping countries is roughly equal to that used asroughly equal to that used aspaper products by each American.paper products by each American.
Demand for fuel woodDemand for fuel wood will be twice the availablewill be twice the available
supply in just 25 years.supply in just 25 years.
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The Rates of Deforestation Are IncreasingThe Rates of Deforestation Are Increasing
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Causes of Tropical Rainforest DestructionCauses of Tropical Rainforest Destruction
Commercial Logging:Commercial Logging: tropical forests harvested fortropical forests harvested for
timber.timber.
Subsistence agriculture:Subsistence agriculture: “slash and burn tacticsslash and burn tactics” (also” (also
calledcalled swiddenswidden oror milpa agriculturemilpa agriculture).).
Cattle ranching:Cattle ranching: After commercial harvesting or afterAfter commercial harvesting or after
subsistence agriculture, or on its ownsubsistence agriculture, or on its own.
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““Slash and Burn” (Swidden or MilpaSlash and Burn” (Swidden or Milpa
Agriculture.Agriculture.
Farmers clear a small plot (2 acres), burn the dried plantsFarmers clear a small plot (2 acres), burn the dried plants
to provide a burst of nutrients (and ash is basic,to provide a burst of nutrients (and ash is basic,
increasing the release of minerals from clay).increasing the release of minerals from clay).
On field, they practiceOn field, they practice polyculturepolyculture (using some(using some
perennials). Banana/plantain, papayas, cassava and sweetperennials). Banana/plantain, papayas, cassava and sweet
potato (root crops), beans (increase nitrogen), and maizepotato (root crops), beans (increase nitrogen), and maize
(plots hold the soil because there is a variety of roots).(plots hold the soil because there is a variety of roots).
In time, the plot is given over to encroaching forestIn time, the plot is given over to encroaching forest
because the fertility has decreased, and the farm begins inbecause the fertility has decreased, and the farm begins in
a new area.a new area.
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Milpa AgricultureMilpa Agriculture
Depends on land to rotateDepends on land to rotate
through.through. If the farm remainsIf the farm remains
long term, the productivitylong term, the productivity
of the land declines.of the land declines.
Higher populations areHigher populations are
increasing the pressure on theincreasing the pressure on the
land and not allowing enoughland and not allowing enoughtime for recovery.time for recovery.
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Cattle RanchingCattle Ranching
Ranching often introduced after commercial harvesting orRanching often introduced after commercial harvesting or
after subsistence agriculture, or on its own.after subsistence agriculture, or on its own.
Tropical soils areTropical soils are OxisolsOxisols andand
ultisols -ultisols - soils that aresoils that are highlyhighly
leachedleached and nutrient poor.and nutrient poor.
Minerals are locked up in theMinerals are locked up in the
vegetation; if vegetation is lost,vegetation; if vegetation is lost,
minerals are lost.minerals are lost.
So, it is hard to go from a pastureSo, it is hard to go from a pasture
back to a forest again.back to a forest again.
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Clear cuttingClear cutting:: removal of all wood in a compartment.removal of all wood in a compartment.
Strip cutting:Strip cutting: harvesting strips within a compartment on aharvesting strips within a compartment on arotational basis.rotational basis.
Selective cuttingSelective cutting:: planned removal of individual trees orplanned removal of individual trees or
small groups of trees within a forest stand.small groups of trees within a forest stand.
Kinds of cuttingKinds of cutting::
Cl C ttiCl C tti
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Clear CuttingClear Cutting:
Cost effective because large machines can be used, makingCost effective because large machines can be used, making
it easier to fell, trim and skid logs.it easier to fell, trim and skid logs.
But:But: 1.1. Eliminates almost all habitatEliminates almost all habitat
2.2. Increases soil erosion greatlyIncreases soil erosion greatly
3.3. Favors early succession tree species and deer (game)Favors early succession tree species and deer (game)
4.4. Increases soil and water temperatures.Increases soil and water temperatures.
Sometimes seed trees or nurse plants leftSometimes seed trees or nurse plants left
Cl C ttiCl C tti
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Clear CuttingClear Cutting:
Cl C ttiClear C tting
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Clear CuttingClear Cutting:
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Strip CuttingStrip Cutting
1. R1. Reduces erosion compared to clear cuttingeduces erosion compared to clear cutting
2. P2. Provides seed sources for establishment,rovides seed sources for establishment,
But stripBut stripcutting stillcutting still
favors earlyfavors early
successionalsuccessional
tree speciestree speciesand edgeand edge
animals.animals.
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Selective CuttingSelective Cutting
• FFavors the more shade-tolerant trees like red spruce,avors the more shade-tolerant trees like red spruce,
sugar maple and hemlock because the shade is notsugar maple and hemlock because the shade is not
broken.broken.
2.2. Provides a continuing supply of food and cover forProvides a continuing supply of food and cover for
wildlife throughout the life of the forest.wildlife throughout the life of the forest.
3.3. An uneven-aged stand is particularly favorable to birdsAn uneven-aged stand is particularly favorable to birds.
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Selective CuttingSelective Cutting
Need intensive skilled management to prevent degradationNeed intensive skilled management to prevent degradation
of the remaining stand (genetically superior trees are likelyof the remaining stand (genetically superior trees are likelyto be removed).to be removed).
Management and skidding costs are likely to be higher,Management and skidding costs are likely to be higher,
road construction and maintenance must be moreroad construction and maintenance must be moreextensive.extensive.
High gradingHigh grading - taking out- taking out
the few choice trees forthe few choice trees forprofit and leaving the rest.profit and leaving the rest.
Lowest impact, butLowest impact, but
requires other skiddingrequires other skidding
techniques.techniques.
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The Food Security Scenario inSouth Asia
Country FoodProduction
Food Exports Food Imports Food Balance
Bangladesh 26,924 1.6 2,827 -4,601
India 1,74,655 9,490 56 23,826
Nepal 5,839 11 39 57
Pakistan 24,936 2,966 288 3,818
Sri Lanka 1,938 9.8 1,307 252
Source: FAO, 2004. Figures in thousand metric tones for 2002
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India’s AnnualGrowth Rate
Year GDP Per capitaincome
1951-79 3.6 1.3
1980-91 5.6 3.5
1992-06 6.5 4.7
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P o p u la t io n , G D P a n d F o o d g r a
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 2 0 0
1 4 0 0
1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 7 1 1 9 8 1 1 9 9 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 6
P o p u la t i
G D P
F o o d g r a
P r o d u c t
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Growth of GDP i
0
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
annual increase5.1 6.2 7.0 7.3 7.5 5.1 6.5 6.1 4.4 5.6 4.4 8.5 7.5 8.4
1992
93
1993
94
1994
95
1995
96
1996
97
1997
98
1998
99
1999
00
2000
01
2001
02
2002
03
2003
04
2004
05
2005
06
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1 6 5
1 7 5
1 8 5
1 9 5
2 0 5
2 1 5
F o o d g r a in P r o d u c t io n ( m ill i
Series1 199.4 192.3 203.6 209.8 196.8 211.9 174.2 210.8
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Foodgrain exports in million tonnes
Total exports 4.685 12.385 10.308 0.753 28.131
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Total
% f W k F d d t
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69.569 .7
66 .5
64 .8
59.8
59
62
65
68
71
19 61 19 71 19 81 19 91 20 01
% of Work Force dependent onAgriculture
P t
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Percentage below poverty line1973 56
1987 39
1994 35
1999 26
2004 28
Poverty
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There should be no food
insecurity in IndiaBoth GDP and foodgrain production haverisen faster than the growth in population
over the last 50 years And yet chronic hunger and starvation persist in large
sections of the population. There has been a declining
calorie consumption especially in the bottom 30% of the population.
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N e t a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f o o d g r a i n s p e r c a
400
420
440
460
480
500
1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 200
I di h th l t f d
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India has the largest foodschemes in the World Entitlement Feeding Programmes
ICDS (All Children under six, Pregnant and lactating mother) MDMS (All Primary School children)
Food Subsidy Programmes Targeted Public Distribution System (35 kgs/ month of subsidised food grains
Annapurna (10 kgs of free food grain for destitute poor)
Employment Programmes National Rural Employment Scheme (100 days of employment at minimum
wages)
Social Safety Net Programmes National Old Age Pension Scheme (Monthly pension to BPL) National Family Benefit Scheme (Compensation in case of death of bread winner
to BPL families)