Choosing the Right Materials: Class D

Table of Contents

(Student articles appear alphabetically by object researched.)

Baseball bat………….………………………..…Nabeel Mowlood Bow and arrow…………………………………..David Finnegan Candle wax…………………………………………Weeam Abdelouahed CD………………………………………………………..Catherine Samia Flute……………………………………………………Prisha Singh Football gloves………………………………….Shea Gallo-Kolegue Football helmet………………………………..Austyn Demers Frying pan………………………………………….Arashleen Pannu Jewelry………………………………………………Phoebe Gullion Lightbulb…………………………………………….Rahul Razdan Money………………………………………………….Jacqueline Leo North Face jacket……………………………Claudia Clermont Paintball……………………………………………..Zak Khan Sailboat………………………………………………Ben Wehrle Skis……………………………………………………..Jason Ames Ski pole……………………………………………….Jacob Smith Soccer ball………………………………………..Caroline Birney Softball………………………………………………Sofia David Synthetic sports turf…………………….Jonathan White Tennis racket……………………………………Syon Khosla Toothbrush……………………………………….Jacob Paquette UGG boot……………………………………………Alexa Weinman Vans shoe……………………………………………Tommy Wang

 

Nabeel Mowlood Baseball Bats

http://www.hamiltonheightsyouthsports.com/baseball/bat-selection-tips/ there are 4 main types of baseball bats. They are wood, composite,alloy and aluminum. The majority of modern wood bats are made of white ash and maple. This kind of wood is preferred because of its density. The reason wooden bats are used in the MLB is because the wood doesn't have the hitting power of metal bats. This lessens the amount of homeruns in games. Composite bats are made of graphite and carbon materials which are fused together by resin

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which is a a sticky substance that acts as cement. Composite bats take a while to break in. One they are broken in you can hit the ball very far. the bats hitting power keeps improving until the bat gives out and breaks. You can not use composite bats in cold weather because it will become fragile and break. This kind of bat is banned in some leagues because it improves performance vastly. Alloy bats are made of aluminum mixed with other metals. This makes a slightly stronger and more durable. The alloy bat is an all around bat with barely any weather restrictions. aluminum bats were a huge sucess. Aluminum is a strong and durable metal. But its a light metal. So its easy to swing. But the best part about the aluminum bat is the trampoline effect it gives the ball. When the ball hits the bat the metals flexes inward and bounces back which makes the ball go farther. Aluminum bats also do not need to be broken in to play well with them.Composite bats are very easy to break. In tests some of the composite bats broke before they reached 100 hits. Aluminum bats are much more durable but they are known to dent making them less effective. Composite bats are not recommended to be used in any temperature below 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Aluminum bats have no weather restrictions

Work Cited

Livestrong. Demand Media Inc., 21 Aug. 2013. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Louisville Slugger. Hillerich&Bradsby, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Rip-it Blog. Rip-it, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

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David Finnegan November 5, 2014

THE BOW AND ARROW

The bow and arrow has been used throughout human history as a tool and weapon of offense and defense. It's been discovered the bow and arrow had been used since the first humans wandered the earth. And now in 2014, it is still around.

The design of a bow and arrow from now and in medieval times are very different. But they both follow the same basic principle of firing a projectile using potential and kinetic energy. When you pull the

David Finnegan �1

The modern day compound bow, created by Diamond Infinite Edge. Photo courtesy of http://t.dickssportinggoods.com/product/index.jsp?productId=16254776&cp=4406646.4413993.4414427.4414430

David Finnegan November 5, 2014

bowstring back, it's creating potential energy. And when you let go, it creates kinetic energy. The only difference is now we use pulleys, cables and better materials.

The materials used to make a bow in medieval times were simple. Some twine, silk or linen as a string and a wooden limbs. They were cheap to make, but not efficient. Bows today are a lot more complex. They're made of carbon fiber which is widely used in aircraft and automobiles. The string is a reinforced cable connected to a wheel. When you pull it back, the bow gets energy from the cables and wheels. It fires at 150 to 370 feet per second.

Also, the bow and arrow is still a somewhat cheap weapon to use. Even though prices for a compound bow today range from 100-700 dollars, the arrows are cheap and effective. With a firearm, you're not sure where you'll hit. But with a bow, it's powerful and you can aim better. The arrow will also guarantee a hunting kill if you hit a bear perhaps. It will either die of bleeding or a

direct hit. It's silent too, so if you miss you can fire again.

In conclusion, the bow and arrow is a classic, effective and efficient weapon. Although it may not have the power of a firearm, it's still a good hunting tool. And that's been proven throughout all of human history.

David Finnegan �2

The original longbow being used. Very simple and cheap. Photo from http://www.rackettsac.co.uk/images/long-bow.gif "I have been

practicing archery for a long time; a bow and arrow helps me to unwind." -Paulo Coelho

Proof of early humans using the bow and arrow represented on cave paintings. http://www2.outdoorchannel.com/article.aspx?id=17727&articletype=article&key=Brief-History-of-The-Bow

Weaam Abdelouahed D

Candle Wax An article of what really is inside of candle

wax.

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

What is in candles? What is in store bought candles and how it

came to be

Wax is not just made out of one material, wax can be made by many different things. Like bee wax or soy wax. Normal store bought candle wax is made out of paraffin and mineral oil. However, people don't like how the paraffin and mineral oil,produce some gas and not just the nice fragrance

you expect. The many make it your self websites like candle science, craftionary.net,and diynatural say that bee wax and soy wax is the best wax to use because there is little to no paraffin in the wax. They say that the normal waxes you get from Yankee Candle are filled with toxins and soy wax and/or bee wax are the best way to go. The color and smell of the candle are not related what so ever. You can chose any scent you want and mix it with any color you want to. For example, if you have an orange scent candle the color doesn't have to be orange, it can be blue if you want! The wick of the candle is as important to a whole candle just as much as the wax. The wick is just simply made out of tied cotton made so the flame will self-consume. The wick is very simple compared to the wax.(The picture is of some of the many Yankee Candles scents.)

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

The History of Wax How the idea of candles started.

The history of wax started in way back in the China in the Qin Dynasty (221-206BC) they used whale fat as the wax and in India, they used boiling cinnamon as wax and in East Africa,and Europe they used olive oil. Candle making was starting to become really popular in the Middle Ages when they started using bee wax and purified animal fat. The wick was tied rope, nothing too complicated. Candle making was becoming so popular, during the industrial revaluation, there were whole factories for candle making! However, even thought candle making was popular, it was in competition with lamps. And lamps won. Even though candles aren't used as our main source of light, they are still used in special occasions

like a birthday party. Candle making is an ancient idea that has lasted for thousands of years. (The picture is the oldest known bee wax to ever exists!)

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

Fun Facts: If you light a crayon up it will last for 30 mins.

The flame on a candle is yellow because of the carbon dioxide in the candle.

One billion pounds of wax is used in the USA per year

Candles were once used to tell time.

Nine out of ten people who use candles say they use them to make the room "cozy"

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

Biography: Franz Willhöft and Rudolf Horn "Candles" in Ullmann's

Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_029

Telesco, Patricia (2001). Exploring Candle Magick: Candle Spells, Charms, Rituals, and Divinations. Career Press. p. 10. ISBN 1-56414-522-0.

Dawson, Raymond. (2007). Sima Qian: The First Emperor; Selections from the Historical Records. Preface by K.E. Brashier. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922634-2.

Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 79–80.

http://picasaweb.google.com/mishalin77/082702#5111013648927170082

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

Mays, Dorothy A. (2004). Women in Early America: Struggle, Survival, and Freedom in a New World. ABC-CLIO. p. 438. ISBN 1-85109-429-6.

Thompson, Holland (2003). Age of Invention: Chronicles of America Part 37. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-7661-6013-0.

Phillips, Gordon (1999). Seven Centuries of Light: The Tallow Chandlers Company. Book Production Consultants plc. p. 74. ISBN 1-85757-064-2.

Golan, Tal (2004). Laws of Men and Laws of Nature: The History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England and America. Harvard University Press. pp. 89–91. ISBN 0-674-01286-0.

"Using stearic acid or stearin in candlemaking". happynews.com. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

"Stearic acid (stearin)". howtomakecandles.info. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

A Brief History of Candles

Ball, Michael; David Sunderland (2001). An Economic History of London, 1800-1914. Routledge. pp. 131–132. ISBN 0-415-24691-1.

http://bestonlinecandles.com/article/the-king-of-candles

Franz Willhöft and Rudolf Horn "Candles" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_029

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

Creek (27 March 2012). "Yes, that’s a Tampon in my mouth : The Swiss Army Survival Tampon : 7 Survival Uses". WillowHavenOutdoor.com. Retrieved 5 January 2014.

http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml03/03105.html[dead link]

"Chandler". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

"chandelier". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

European Candle Association FAQ.

Franz Willhöft and Fredrick Horn "Candles" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_029

Camp, William R.; Vollenweider, Jeffrey L.; Schutz, Wendy J. (12 October 1999). "Scented candle gel". United States Patent 5,964,905.

"Using stearic acid or stearin in candlemaking". happynews.com. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

"Stearic acid (stearin)". howtomakecandles.info. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

Hamins, Anthony; Bundy, Matthew; Dillon, Scott E. (November 2005). "Characterization of Candle Flames" (PDF). Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 15: 277. doi:10.1177/1042391505053163.

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

On Fire – Background Essay, NOVA on Teachers' Domain, WGBH. Retrieved January 5, 2009.

National Council of Educational Research and Training. "Science: Textbook for Class VIII". Publication Department, 2010, p.72.

"Internet History Sourcebooks". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-25.

John Hall, NFPA 2009, http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/Research/Fire_overview_2009.pdf.

K.M. Allan, J.R. Kaminski, J.C. Bertrand, J. Head, Peter B. Sunderland, Laminar Smoke Points of Wax Candles, Combustion Science and Technology 181 (2009) 800–811.

Candle and Candle Accessory Regulation SGS North America Inc., Retrieved 03/27/2013

"Candle". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

Malbrough, Ray T. (1998). The Magical Power of the Saints: Evocation and Candle Rituals. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 68. ISBN 1-56718-456-1.[dead link]

Shillito, M. Larry; David J. De Marle (1992). Value: Its Measurement, Design, and Management. Wiley-IEEE. p. 33. ISBN 0-471-52738-6.

"history of candle". national candle association.

"History of candles". National Candle Association. Retrieved 2012-05-19.[dead link]

Wax

Weaam Abdelouahed D

Whitrow, G. J. (1989). Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-19-285211-6.[dead link]

Geddes, Gordon; Jane Griffiths. Christianity. Heinemann. p. 89. ISBN 0-435-30693-6.

Tushar Burman (December 20, 2013), Flying Tiger Motorcycles' two stroke smoke puts you in the powerband, motovore.com

http://www.countrylightcandle.com/candlefacts.html

http://www.connemaracandles.ie/trivia.htm

Link for Pictures: http://eofdreams.com/candle.html for heart shaped candle.

http://www.sodahead.com/fun/do-you-prefer-candles-or-incense/question-4537093/ for normal white candle.

http://6thgradeenglishvocabulary.wikispaces.com/Candle for the swirl design candle

http://thisotterbegood.wordpress.com/2013/06/17/practical-crayon-burning/ crayon on fire

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_candle_making old candle

http://crayzbees.com/2014/01/yankee-candle-company-exotic-escapes-sweepstakes.html Yankee candle pic.

Wax

November 5, 2014

By Catherine Samia

What Is A CD? A CD is for electronically recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, text, and other information in a compact form. The meaning of the abbreviation CD is compact disk. There are several different forms, the most common being a CD-ROM. The other forms are CD-Rs, CD-RWs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks. The type of CD you use depends on the type of system. For example, Blu-ray disks are used in a. Blu-ray DVD player. CD-ROMs are typically used to music or data; ROM means read- only memory. Manufacturers use this disk when selling music because the consumer cannot use the CD to record music and data files; the data on the disk can't be erased or changed.

What Is A CD Made Of And Why? CDs are made of molded polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate plastic is rigid, temperature resistant, and impact resistant. After the polycarbonate is molded, a thin layer of aluminum or sometimes gold makes it shiny. It is made to be shiny in order for a laser beam to bounce off of it and read the information stored on it. A layer of lacquer is used to protect the metals and the polycarbonate from scratches because of its low scratch resistance. A tightly wound track that is three miles long is molded onto the polycarbonate. The spiral track holds the data that is meant to be on the device.

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CDs: Replacing The Cassette Tape

Diagram of CD layers.

A. A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.

B. A shiny layer reflects the laser.

C. A layer of lacquer protects the shiny layer.

D. Artwork is screen printed on the top of the disc.

E. A laser beam reads the CD and is reflected back to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data.

November 5, 2014

Prototypes of the CD were made by the companies Philips and Sony. They collaborated to create a standard format. James T. Russel created the first system and was given a patent. Sony and Philips licensed Russels patents. L. Ottens, a director of the audio industry group within the Philips Technology Corporation in Eindhoven, the Netherlands created seven-person project group to develop an

optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm with a sound quality superior to that of the large and fragile vinyl record. During a meeting of the audio group, two engineers from the Philips research lab recommended the use of a digital format on the 20 cm optical disc, because an error-correcting code could be added. I 1977 the directors of the group decided to create a lab with the mission of creating a small optical digital audio disc and a small player. They chose the term "compact disc".

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History Of CDs

November 5, 2014

Works Cited

"Compact Disk." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Compact_disc>.

Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What Are CDs Made Of?" About Education. About.com, n.d. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://chemistry.about.com/od/howthingsworkfaqs/f/What-Are-Cds-Made-Of.htm>.

"What Are the Different Types of CDs?" WiseGeek. Conjecture Corp., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.wisegeek.com/in-electronics-what-are-cds.htm#comments>.

Woodford, Chris. "CD and DVD Players." Explain That Stuff. Explain That Stuff, n.d. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://www.explainthatstuff.com/cdplayers.html>.

Picture 1: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc

Picture 2: http://chemistry.about.com/od/howthingsworkfaqs/f/What-Are-Cds-Made-Of.htm

Picture 3: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc

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Why We Use These Materials Flute makers have a reason for using the materials that they do. The body of a flute consists of silver, platinum, or gold because they are noble metals, which means that they don't corrode easily so flute will last. Gold and silver are also transition metals which are hard, strong, and easy to shape. This makes flute durable. Nickel is also a transition metal which is used in making flute bodies. Steel, another element in a flute, is an alloy (mixture of metals) of iron and carbon or other elements. Alloys are strong and easy to use and it keeps flute from falling apart (pins and screws are made from alloys). The keypads are made of cork and felt because of many reasons. Cork is a very elastic material. With a compression of 50%, it is able to regain 95% of its original shape. It also has very good vibration and sound absorption, which is good for key pads. Cork is also watertight. This is great for the key pads. Due to this, the condensation that forms inside the body of the flute will not seep into the key pads. Because cork is so elastic, it is very durable. This is great for the flute because don't want your key pads wearing down. It will hurt the flute's surface and will make a harsh clacking sound when you press the (continued on the next page)

Why Do We Need The Flute?

So, what is the purpose of a flute? Well, other than to produce music, many traditions use the flute for religious purposes. The American Indians use the flute for religious and sacred use where they used wood or cane flutes. Pueblo farmers also used flutes in religious ceremonies along with the Apache, who used a form of flute to communicate with the spirit world. The American Indians also used the flute for personal enjoyment and they were considered very personal objects and were usually buried with the owner. But of course, other than religious means or sentimental value, the flute is used to create beautiful tunes in which everyone can relax to.

Silver, Alloy, ... and Wood?!

What is in the flute that makes it sound so beautiful? Well, it depends on what kind of flute it is. There are two types of flutes and they are; wooden flutes and flutes made of metal. Flutes made of wood produce a darker sound while metal flutes create a brighter sound. Although, both sound amazing. Flutes made of wood, are mainly tubular shaped with holes carved into the outside while a metal flute is very complex with many parts to it.

THE FABULOUS, FASCINATING FLUTE

Written by: Prisha Singh | Material Research Project

http://www.amazon.com/Jupiter-Plateau-Offset-Silver-Plated-Flute/dp/B002BX1CE2

keys. Felt is also used with logic because felt is very wear resistant, durable and lasting. Even if it wears, it still maintains it's physical properties. This material is very pliable (it is able to regain its shape after being pressed upon many, many times). It is also a very good vibration damper and a good sound insulator so you can hear the beautiful, hollow sound of the actual flute instead of clacking keys. Similar to the cork, felt can be very absorbent and can hold many times it's weight in water. It can also be manufactured to be water resistant. This is, again, good for the condensation that forms in the flute.

Citations "The Advantages of Felt." AETNA Felt Corporation. AETNA Felt, n.d. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://www.aetnafelt.com/felt_advantages.htm>.

Bush, Kent. "Flute Information." Sun Dog Flute Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://www.sundogflutes.com/flute-information/>.

"How Products Are Made- Flute." Made How. Advameg, n.d. Web. 30 Oct.

2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Flute.html>.

"Learn about Metals." Home Science Tools. Home Training Tools, n.d. Web.

7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/learn-about-metals-

science-teaching-tip>.

"Natural Properties of Cork." iCork Floor LLC. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://icorkfloor.com/natural-properties-of-cork-floor.html>.

Slingo, Mark. "What Materials Is the Flute Made Of?" eHow. Demand

Media, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ehow.com/list_6810349_

materials-flute-made-of_.html

The keys on the flute are made from either steel or nickel alloy and they can be created as connected groups or separate pieces. The springs that hold the tension between the holes in the flute are made from gold, bronze, or steel and the rest of the screws and pins that keep the flute together consist of steel. The key pads (which are on the underside of a key) are usually made of cork covered with felt- to provide a muffling sound and to not damage the actual body of the flute. The mouthpiece of a flute can be made with the same materials as the rest of the flute or can be made of platinum, silver, gold, etc., although, the gold mouthpieces are considerably pricier!

History of the flute

Believe it or not, flutes have been around for thousands of years. Discovered in Slovenia in 1995, scientists found a section of a cave bear's thigh bone which had two holes in it. Some scientists believe that it was the first flute used by Neanderthals approximately forty-three thousand years ago years ago. Fast forwarding to the Renaissance period, flutes then, were cylinders consisting of wood (usually boxwood) with six finger holes and a cork stopper in one end. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the flute was completely upgraded, or redone by Theobald Bohm, a German instrument maker. He increased the hole size and changed the position of them. His modifications are used in modern day flutes still.

What are cutters sports gloves and their functions:

Cutters are performance enhancing sports gloves geared for action sports such as football, baseball, soccer, golf, and rugby. Cutters main focus is to provide a product that can enhance a players ability to perform their best every time they step on the field. One way that cutters gloves differ from other brands is their grip material on each glove. As athletes we look for a product that allows us to perform to our best potential and that is why so many people use these gloves.

~ Cutters Football gloves ~

Do you catch what I'm saying !

http://www.sportsunlimitedinc.com/how-to-buy-football-gloves.html

What materials are used to make Cutters and why:

The high quality materials used in Cutters are crucial to the overall outcome of the glove. These materials involve synthetic panels, C-Tac grip, Cabretta leather and thin mesh. The synthetic panels provide extra support for a firm comfortable fit around your hand. The cutters C-Tac technology is a extra sticky material that coats the hand side of the glove. The C-Tack grip can also easily be restored when stick is lost by simply wiping with a damp cloth. Cabretta leather keeps the form and shape of the glove while providing ventilation for your hands to breathe. The thin mesh material allows flexibility and makes sure your gloves won't bunch up or tear. Cutters gloves are weather proof too and can withstand any temperature. All materials are washable too so if your gloves get dirty you can just throw them in the wash.

What is the history of Cutters:

The story of how cutters football gloves were founded is unique. I found this great video while researching the history of Cutters and this is where I got my information. I highly suggest you watch the video in addition to reading my notes. The company founder Jeff Beraznik played football in Canada and he got a finger injury that required him to wear a glove. Beraznik couldn't seem to find one that he liked. Beraznik came across gloves that were made for glasswork and carpentry and found that they could protect his finger. The gloves were fairly sticky so Beraznikgave them a shot. As the season progressed more and more athletes on his team started wearing these gloves and that's what inspired Beraznik to make his Cutters brand. Now years later Cutters a popular brand that provides products for a broad variety of sports.

http://www.stack.com/video/1685994704/the-history-of-cutters-gloves/

http://www.cuttersgloves.com

What professional athletes does Cutters use to endorse their product:

Cutters uses mostly football and baseball athletes to endorse their gloves. These athletes include Jamaal Charles, Anquan Boldin and Yoenis Cespedes.

My personal experience with cutters:

I have used many different sports glove brands including Nike and Under Armor but realized that they are expensive and wear out easily. After using Cutters gloves found that they have really nice features for the same price. One particular feature that I like about my cutters are that they are very light and breathable so my hands never get sweaty.

http://www.examiner.com/article/will-anquan-boldin-report-to-training-camp

http://rotoprofessor.com/football/?p=6583

http://www.komonews.com/sports/Cespedes-homers-as-As-beat-Mariners-4-1-in-Japan-144890315.html

Austyn Demers November 6, 2014 The Football Helmet

Introduction Have you ever played football? Or have you even flipped the channels to a football game? Most likely you have seen or played football, so you must have seen a football helmet. You might not know much about this hard hat, but evidently it's a pretty cool tool. Made from high tech foams and hard plastic pellets it protects millions of football players everyday.

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http://footballhelmets.com/products/michigan-wolverines-matte-blue-full-size-replica-football-helmet

The Function of the Football Helmet Some parents around the United States are cautious and frightened about their kids playing football and the chance that they could receive a head injury, more specifically a concussion. But nevertheless, injuries to the head is in everyday football life. Not only children but adults can receive concussions too, during the 2010 season, about 160 NFL players suffered concussions in one year. Because of these injuries many people have got involved to make the game of football safer. That is the whole reason why football helmets were created, to prevent head injuries to a contact full game. Such an full contact sport, it is against football rules to hit with the head because it may cause severe brain or neck injury. Playing the game of football in itself can cause injury, but people everywhere are trying to make this sport more safe with high tech improvements to the football helmet.

http://clevelandsports360.com/wordpress/illegal-hits/

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The Materials in the Football Helmet There are many crucial components that come in to play when making a football helmet. The people who produce these helmets don't choose random materials to add to football helmets, they choose specific materials because of their intensive properties. A material used for the mold of the helmet are polycarbonate shells, which are used today because of their strength and weight. The helmet outer shell is constructed of a tough plastic called polycarbonate alloy. The polycarbonate alloy arrives at the manufacturing plant in pellet form. Another component to the football helmet is the chin strap, which helps to secure the helmet to the player's head, began as straps designed to attach around the neck. The redesign of the straps to attach around the chin took place in 1939. The chin straps that are made from Shutt are constructed of polycarbonate (just like the helmet itself), to make a hard cup while the interior is a soft foam cup that forms to your chin, which gives the chin strap a greater impact

absorption. Directly above the chin strap, comes the face mask, which is usually made of plastic or steel wire coated with plastic, attaches to the front of the helmet. There are two types of face masks, the open cage and the closed cage. The open cage is preferred by quarterbacks, running backs, wide receivers and defensive backs. with two or three horizontal bars and enables better visibility. The closed cage is the choice of linesmen because the closed cage has a vertical bar running the length of the mask over the nose with two, three, or four horizontal bars. It helps to keep other players' fingers and hands out of their eyes. The next very important addition the the helmet is air. In the early 1970s Dr. Richard Schneider from the University of Michigan Hospital is reported to have discovered that air was the most effective way to protect against blunt force, especially to the head. Because of this theory, helmets have protective air liners that are produced threw out the helmet. Like air, these are designed to absorb the force of movement and decrease the impact of a blow to the head. To protect the players mouths and jaw line, jaw pads are added below the earlobes. They come in different sizes and shapes, made of foam padding. A piece of vinyl is loaded into a vacuum former. Its makes an air- tight seal. This is repeated many times to make a thick foam. Also, one of the most notorious component to the helmet is the logo on the sides. Not until 1948 was the first logo created, the Rams horns, painted on a pro leather helmet. in the first days of

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the forward pass, allowed receivers to finally be distinguishable to the quarterback when they were heavily covered and far down the field.

History of the Football Helmet The modern day football helmet evolved from the ever so famous leather helmets, that were created by an Annapolis shoemaker in the late 1800's. This particular shoemaker took on the task of creating the first helmet. He got word from a Navy doctor that an admiral named

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http://www.pasttimesports.biz/history.html

https://storify.com/J_Kimbro/football-helmet-concussion-safety

Joseph Mason Reeves, could die or possibly go clinically insane, if he took another kick to the head. This notorious shoe maker used what he had and his brain to create a piece of head gear that could somewhat protect this man's head. Furthermore, he created a leather hat, that paved the future of protective-wear forever. Many additions were added to the original leather helmet such as, the chin strap. In 1896 a Lafayette College halfback George Barclay added three heavy leather straps that were tightened by a harness, this created the “head-harness." Football helmets were not mandatory until the 30’s. Most of the games during 1890-1915 were played without the recently invented helmets. It was not unusual to see half of the early players with and half without helmets. Work cited: Blakley, Louis F. "History of the Football Helmet." Past Time Sports. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://www.pasttimesports.biz/about.html>. Gaffney, Andrew. "10 Steps in the High-Tech Evolution of Pro Football Helmets." Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communication, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.popularmechanics.com/outdoors/sports/football/4281378>. "Football Helmet." How Products Are Made. Vol. 3. 2006. Print.

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The Story Behind Your Frying Pan November 10 2014

Omelet Anyone?

Omelet, bacon, fried dough. What do all of these things have in common? Not only are they all foods, they are all foods prepared with a frying pan. For years, frying pans have been a faithful companion to thousands of chefs around the world, helping them fry and sauté. However, many don't give these pans a second thought. Believed to be a simple thing, frying pans are a lot more complex than people realize.

Your Frying Pan Has More History Than You Think

As modern as frying pans are today, these kitchen utensils date back to the Mesopotamian Empire, where they were made of metals like copper. They were later utilized in places like Greece and Rome, who may have been the first people to use non-stick frying pans. In order to make their pans non-stick, they put holes on one side of the pan so the oil would spread evenly on the griddle when making bread, so the dough wouldn't stick. Traditionally, in the early years of America, most kitchen utensils like frying pans were made put of cast iron, a metal that is still used today, but as technology in the kitchen is becoming more and more advanced, your frying pan could be made of a lot more.

!1Arashleen Pannu

THE STORY BEHIND YOUR FRYING PAN

By Arashleen Pannu

The Story Behind Your Frying Pan November 10 2014

What Your Frying Pan Goes Through Before It's Goes in the Box

Believe it or not, there many important decisions that are made while making frying pans. The metal that is chosen to be used is just one of them, and since every metal has it's own pros and cons, this is probably the hardest decision. The metals are chosen mainly by 3 factors, reactivity, conduction of heat, and how evenly the metal cooks the food. Many people use stainless steel and ceramic pans because they are non-reactive. If a pan is non-reactive it will not react to the food and change the color and taste of the substance that is inside the pan. However, these pans do not conduct heat very well. However, aluminum, copper, steel, and iron are all reactive to acidic, and alkaline foods. While frying the food, the metal will leave a metallic taste, and alter the food's chemical structure. Although these metals are reactive, they conduct heat very well, and cook food evenly, while ceramics and stainless steel have hot spots. In order to balance out the weak spots in both metals, manufactures now layer multiple metals in order to make one pan. A metal that conducts heat well will be used as the core, but since this metal will be reactive, manufacturers have to layer a coat of stainless steel, or another metal which isn't reactive. In addition to this, all of these metals are heat resistant, and won't melt easily. They are also impermeable, don't rust easily, and are waterproof, which makes for a long lasting utensil.

Another aspect of a frying pan is it's coefficient of friction. Friction is the force that one surface exerts on another when two surfaces rub against each another. Think back to the last time you fried an egg. Was it a big mess, with the yolk sticking to the pan? Or did the egg come out of the pan in one, neat piece? Your answer to this question all depends on the friction of your pan. If your pan has a high coefficient of friction, chances are that you won't be eating your omelet in one piece, mostly because half of it is hopelessly stuck to your pan. If it has a low coefficient of friction, your pan is the best type to use, because it won't stick. All non-stick frying pans have a low coefficient of friction, but the question is; how do manufacturers do it? Companies have found a way to coat the frying pan with a substance with an exceptionally low coefficient of friction. Commonly known as Teflon, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), this substance is known for it's all time low coefficient of friction of only 0.05-0.01. Almost no substance can stick to, or be absorbed by Teflon, and is a great fit for frying pans because it has a melting point of 620.3°F. Invented by Roy Plunkett in 1938, and manufactured by DuPont, Teflon is the second most slippery thing in the world, following diamonds

!2Arashleen Pannu

The Story Behind Your Frying Pan November 10 2014

which is the slipperiest. This coating is used in many things we use everyday, from home furnishings, to paint, and is long lasting, and dishwasher resistant.

The Teflon coating is put on the pan in 3 layers.

A unique topcoat — for easy food release and easy cleanup A tough mid-coat — for excellent resistance to scratches and abrasions A rugged primer — for long-lasting durability

!3Arashleen Pannu

The Story Behind Your Frying Pan November 10 2014

Works Cited

DuPont. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/>.

"Food Science: Explaining Reactive and Non-Reactive Cookware." The Kitchn. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov.

2014. <http://www.thekitchn.com/food-science-explaining-reacti-73723>.

"Frying Pan." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Wikipedia. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying_pan>.

"In the Kitchen..." The Learning Zone. Oxford University Museum of Natural History, n.d. Web. 4 Nov.

2014. <http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/minerals/usage/cook.htm>.

"Non-stick Surface." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Wikipedia. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-stick_surface>.

"Polytetrafluoroethylene." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene>.

!4Arashleen Pannu

PROPERTIES OF JEWELRY

Written by: Phoebe Gullion History and Function of Jewelry Jewelry is often associated with treasure -gold, gemstones, and valuable materials, it infact derives from the ancient custom of burying the dead in their finest garments. It is plausible that prehistoric humans thought of decorating the body before they would clothing it. During this time people's resources were limited, they had to use the elements. Before precious metals were discovered people who lived by the sea used colored pebbles, shells, fish ones, and fish teeth to decorate

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themselves. People who lived further inland used parts of the animals they had killed for food as jewelry, reindeer antlers, mammoth tusks, and different types of bones. Look at now far we've come.The function of jewelry is to adorn the body, to show wealth and status. Jewelry is also used to show craftsmanship, both modern and ancient.

Major Materials and Why They Were Chosen Precious metals are often used as a base or chain, gold or silver are often used for their intensive properties. Gold is very malleable, which means that it can be hammered out into thin sheets. Because it is malleable, gold is also very soft. You don't want a piece of jewelry made out of pure gold because it will bend and break. To remedy this many jewelers will melt stronger metal and mix in with the gold in order to make it stronger. Mixing gold with another metal also decreases the price, the less real gold there is, the cheaper the product. Silver is popular metal in jewelry making. We use it not only because it's pretty but because it is A. Stronger than gold, and B. Cheaper than gold. You can use silver by itself and will not break or bend the way gold does. However, many jewelers will still mix in other metals with silver in order to use less material. Gold necklace: http://www.hdwallpaperscool.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Jewelry-diamond-necklaces-hd-wallpapers-high-resolution-jewelry-best-images-fullscreen.jpg

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NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/bright-lightbulb-clip-art-3131681.jpg

!1RAHUL RAZDAN

DID YOU KNOW ABOUT THE LIGHTBULB?

By:Rahul Razdan

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

!2RAHUL RAZDAN

History of the Lightbulb

As always, the world is always shifting and changing. In order to

adapt, we make technological breakthroughs that change the

aspect of the world entirely. One major technological

breakthrough was obviously the discovery of the light bulb. Before

the bulb was discovered, we did our work under candlelight. Not

only was the candlelight vulnerable to the ferocious wind, but it

was very inefficient and dim. Then came Thomas Edison, and with

his brilliant mind, the light bulb was born. When Thomas Edison

made the first lightbulb, he selected a carbonized cotton thread for

his filament and platinum wires and a glass bulb. As time has

passed, we have improved the light bulb to make it more efficient,

more eco-friendly, and more durable.

Comparing the Lightbulbs

http://conservationteam.com/

incandescents.html

http://www.eslightbulbs.com/

cfl-bulbs

http://

www.electronicstakeback.com/

2013/01/16/new-research-shows-

cfls-and-led-lightbulbs-have-higher-

toxicity-and-resource-depletion-

than-incandescent/

The top light bulb is an example of an

incandescent bulb. The bulb in the middle is a CFL bulb while the last bulb is

an LED bulb.

Three?

As the world has improved the bulb, we have

made three different types of bulbs. One is the

incandescent bulb, another is the CFL bulb and

finally the LED bulb. In this article, each one of

these bulbs will be discussed separately,

examining the materials chosen, intensive

properties of each material, and finally whether

or not it is eco-friendly.

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

!3RAHUL RAZDAN

Materials Used

In incandescent bulbs, the filament is made out of

tungsten and binder. The wiring inside the bulb is made

of copper and nickel. The bulb, or outer covering, is

made of glass while the bass is made of either brass or

aluminum. Inside the bulb, the molecules making up the

empty space are argon and nitrogen molecules. The fuse

of a light bulb is made of

nickel, manganese, copper/

silicon alloys.

http://www.911signalusa.com/comparison-

incandescent-strobe-tube-and-led-lights-

a-290.html

Intensive Properties of Materials

The intensive properties of the materials that are used

in the lightbulbs are ones that relate to the function.

Tungsten, used in the filament, can withstand

temperatures up to 4500 degrees Fahrenheit. The

incandescent bulb lights up when the filament turns so

hot that it gives off light and, as a result, it is mandatory

for the filament to withstand high temperatures. The

wiring inside the bulb is made of nickel and copper

because copper is a very good conductor of electricity.

Since wires bring electricity to the bulb, it is mandatory

for the material to be made of copper. The wires are

also made of nickel because nickel does not corrode

which is necessary so the wires do not wear out. It is

necessary for argon to be present in the bulb because

otherwise the very thin metal filament inside the bulb

would react with oxygen and burn away

if the bulb was filled with air instead of

argon. Argon stops the filament from

burning.

http://

www.enchantedlearning.com/

inventors/page/i/

incandescentbulb.shtml

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Phase-

out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

!4RAHUL RAZDAN

Other Information on the Incandescent Bulb

The incandescent bulb had a very low manufacturing

price causing it to be popular and very cheap.

However, incandescent bulbs were not at all eco-

friendly.This is because the incandescent bulb uses as

much as 90% of the electricity in producing heat. In

addition the bulb gives off carbon dioxide. Due to

these facts, in 2007, we banned the manufacturing of

the incandescent bulb.

http://inhabitat.com/republicans-attempt-to-

repeal-ban-on-incandescent-lightbulbs/

CFL Bulbs

Materials Used in CFL Bulbs

Though the incandescent bulb and CFL(Compact

Fluorescent Lamp) bulbs are both lightbulbs, they are

made with different materials. The glass tube used in cfl

light bulbs is made of soda lime glass and the end cap is

made of aluminum. In addition, mercury, in small

amounts, and phosphorus are present. The bulb is made

from glass. The wiring inside the bulb is made from

tungsten.

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/120-a387/

Intensive Properties of Materials

In a CFL bulb, phosphorus is the white, powdery

like substance. This phosphorus makes white,

visible light whenever it absorbs light waves which

is why we use phosphorus. This invisible light

travels to the phosphorus coating on the bulb,

where it is transformed into light visible to the

human eye. Though mercury is harmful, it is

necessary for the bulb. CFLs only produce light

when the mercury molecules are excited by

electricity running between two electrodes in the

base of the bulb. Tungsten is conductive which

makes sense because they are used in the wiring

that carries electricity to the lightbulb.

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

!5RAHUL RAZDAN

Other Information on CFL Bulbs

Mercury is present only in small amounts. On

average, manufacturers use about 4mg, which is

not harmful enough to cause health problems.

CFL bulbs only have one problem- it takes time to

come to full brightness. In other words, when you

turn it on it starts very dim and gets brighter.

CFLs need a little more energy when first turned

on, but when the electricity starts moving it uses

75% less energy than incandescent bulbs. CFL

bulbs are sort of eco-friendly because they use less

energy than incandescent ones but more than

LED bulbs.

Materials Used

Diodes are electric valves that allow

electric current to flow in one

direction. The diodes are made of

thin layers of semiconductor

material. One layer will have an

excess of electrons. Some of the

different semiconductors used are

gallium arsenide, gallium

phosphide, gallium arsenide

phosphide. The different materials

used as impurities are made of zinc

or nitrogen, but silicon,

germanium, and tellurium have

also been used.

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Light-Emitting-

Diode-LED.html

http://

www.shutterstock.com/s/

phosphorous/search.html

Light Emitting

Diodes(LEDs)

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

!6RAHUL RAZDAN

Intensive Properties of Materials

The many materials used in a LED light bulb

are somewhat different from other bulbs. A

semiconductor is a crystalline material that

conducts electricity only when there is a high

density of impurities in it. This is why

gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, and

gallium arsenide phosphide are used as

semiconductors. Impurities are introduced

on purpose to make the LED function

correctly. This process is called doping. In

order to function, these impurities are put in

so that the semiconductor conducts

electricity. The different semiconductors and

impurities used result in the variety of colors

in the LED light. The picture on the left

shows the many different colors possible. For

the bulb, LEDs use a strong material that

does not break easily.

http://hidkitpros.com/faq-

led/

http://www.eaglelight.com/product/A19-

E27-6W60-D/6W-LED-Dimming-Light-Bulb---

replaces-up-to-60W.html

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

!7RAHUL RAZDAN

More Information on LEDs

LED lights can be functional up to 60,000 hours, while

incandescent bulbs can go a max of 1300-1500 hours and

CFL bulbs have a max of 8000-9000 hours. Over time,

the prices of LEDs have dropped, making them more

popular as they are cost-effective. LEDs are eco-friendly

to nature as they use only 6-7 watts to equal an

incandescent 60 watt bulb. This saves energy which is

therefore eco-friendly.

http://www.igreenspot.com/

100watts-incandecents-to-

eco-friendly-led-light-bulbs/

Summary

As technology advances, we might invent another

form of a light bulb that is even more eco-friendly.

However, for now the LED seems to be the best

deal as it is eco-friendly and it is as bright as an

incandescent bulb. Though CFLs are a good

choice, they have small amounts of mercury which

could be harmful to health. Finally, the

incandescent bulb takes up too much energy to

produce light, making it illegal to manufacture in

the US.

http://shareonfacebook.net/cree-led-60w-bulbs-

vs-cfl-vs-incandescent/

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 LIGHTBULB

!8RAHUL RAZDAN

Bibliography

BBC. BBC, 2014. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

ehow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

ENERGY STAR. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.

Homedepot. N.p., 28 Dec. 2004. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

Joy. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

Madehow. Advameg, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

madehow. Advameg, 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.

Pepitone, Julianne. “Compact Fluorescent Bulbs and Mercury:Reality Check.” Popular Mechanics 11 June 2007:

n. pag. Print.

The Money Magazine November 6, 2014

A Part of Everyday Life Money. We use it for many things- to pay for a coffee, to buy as song on iTunes. Money is used to buy an assortment of items and property and public service in the world, and we don't think about it much. How do we make money? How does money differ per country? In this article, we will delve into the history of money, how it is made, and why we use these materials to make our dollars.

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The History of Money

Money is used all around the world to pay for public services and items needed. It was created to make trade easier between countries and states, for example, in the colonial times, each state had their own currency. Money was invented in 3000BC when the Sumerians started using metal coins instead of bartering with barley. Paper money began in China during the 7th century and our government didn't start using a particular design until 1861. The early settlers used English, French, and Spanish money. In 1792, Congress passed the 'Coinage Act', creating the United States Mint, and in the period of 1793-1861, approximately 1600 banks were permitted to printed their own money, and about 7000 different 'state bank notes' were in circulation. Now, about 14-28 million coins are minted each year in Denver, Philadelphia, West Point (New York), and San Francisco.

IT'S ALL ABOUT THAT MONEY Jacqueline Leo

The Money Magazine November 6, 2014

The Parts of a Do!ar The dollar bill is made up of a special blend of 75% cotton and 25% linen to give the money a proper feel. The bills contain small threads of red and blue fibers scattered throughout for visual identification and also contain a strip of polymer security thread that cannot be duplicated and can only be seen while being held up to a light.

The ink on the dollar bill is made up of dry color pigments blended with oils and chemicals that make the ink last longer to produce thick printing inks. Black ink is used on the front of the bills and green on the back, giving the dollar the nickname 'greenbacks'.

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How's it Made?

Coins Coins start out as long, rolled-up strips of flat metal- about a foot wide, 1500 ft. long, and can weigh up to 6000 pounds, which is about the weight of a medium sized elephant. The coins go through the process of 'blanking', or punching the coin circles out of the strips. Next, the coins are heated in a furnace to make them soft, then run through a washer and dryer. The good coins are then run through an 'upsetting' mill, which raises the edges of the coin. The coins are then stamped or 'coined' to make them American coins, then inspected, counted, bagged, and stored.

Image URLs:

http://www.carefulcents.com/the-big-secret-how-much-money-i-made-in-2011/

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2820086/While-money-lies-idle-the-real-economy-suffers.html

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-us-government-made-money-38040654/

http://www.onedollarbill.org/decoding.html

Works Cited

"The History of United States Currency." MyCreditUnion.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.mycreditunion.gov/Pages/money-101-history-united-states-currency.aspx#history>.

"How Money Is Made." MyCreditUnion.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.mycreditunion.gov/Pages/how-money-is-made.aspx>.

"Paper Currency." How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.

The United States Mint. US Government, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usmint.gov>.

"Why Money Is Used." MyCreditUnion.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.mycreditunion.gov/Pages/why-money-is-used.aspx>.

The Money Magazine November 6, 2014

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November 6, 2014

NORTH FACE Written By : Claudia Clermont

The north face has many different types of coats, and backpacks and hats and many other products. The north face Denali fleece jacket is just one of these many jackets. It is a jacket by the north face and it comes in many colors and is said to be warm and a winter jacket. The North Face coat is made of mostly fleece. Fleece is the main product in the north face jacket for many reasons, of course it's warm! Traditional fleece is made just from polyester, but many fleeces are combined with cotton or wool or another fabric. Fleece is a very warm fabric which is perfect for north faces because you wear them when it's cold outside in order to keep you warm. Fleece is an ideal fabric because it is machine washable, and it dries very quickly so if you wear it in the rain or snow it will dry fast. The north face jacket isn't made of just

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November 6, 2014

any fleece though. It's are made of TKA 100, TKA 200, and TKA 300 fleece. This fleece is made of mostly polyester and is made to keep the person warm. It traps the warmth and keeps it even I'm the freezing cold. So if your outside in the winter or a day that's cold it was made to keep the warmth inside and the cold out. It's great for when your doing an outdoors activity in the winter or any cold day. It also has a long lasting lifetime, meaning it will be able to last a long time because of the fabrics used. On some parts of the north face they use 2-ply nylon which is also recycled because it gives reinforcement and durability. They use this nylon on the upper half top, the bottom, the sleeves, over the zipper, and on the neck. The nylon also helps to keep warm and is a good compliment to the heavy fleece. The cuffs are elastic bound and the hem is a draw cord, they also have this same nylon surrounding them to keep the elastic or Crawford on the jacket. The zippers are like any other zipper and they are coil zippers and are made of nylon.

They use coil zippers because they are very flexible and are still water resistant so they don't let water get to you. All together the fleece, nylon and polyester creates a perfect warm water resistant coat, that is great for winter which is exactly what it was made for. It's 2014 and The north face company originated in 1968 and was founded by Douglas Tompkins. The first north faces ever were only highly selected products that were

targeted to climbers and backpackers. So throughout the years the north face company has found better materials to use, and better ways to make the north faces and who to sell it to.

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Coil zipper

"A mid-weight fleece ideally suited to function as a mid-layer. This 100 percent polyester, pill-resistant fabric is warm, breathable and has a great warmth-to weight ratio."

- THE NORTH FACE

November 6, 2014

The North Face. TheNorthFace, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.thenorthface.com/en_US/our-story/ chemical-responsibility/>. "The North Face Denali Fleece Jacket - Women's." Rei. Recreational Equipment, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.rei.com/product/799083/the-north-face-denali-fleece-jacket-womens>. "The North Face Fleece Jackets." Indoor Climbing. www.indoorclimbing.com, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://www.indoorclimbing.com/N-Fleece_Jackets.html>.

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Zak Khan November 7, 2014

HOW IT'S MADE This week: Paintball's

What is Paintball:

Paintball was started in the 1980's which is now known worldwide. In order to play this game you need an air powered gun, paintballs, and safety goggles. This game is a combination of tag, capture the flag, manhunt, and king of the hill. Most games are played outdoors where you have to eliminate other players by hitting them with paintball.

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http://airsoftgun.blogspot.com/2010/06/paintball-guns-vs-airsoft-rifles.html

Zak Khan November 7, 2014

What is inside a paintball:

Paintballs are actually made different depending on which company made it. In this one they have a secret ingredient using different food ingredients and then gelatin to make it squishy so it will pop on impact. They then strain out the liquid so the chunks are left behind and then shape it. The inside of a paintball is tote which is then dyed and blended together so it sticks and has color.

Why were these ingredients chosen:

Manufactures decided to use non-toxic food ingredients for two reasons, cost and rivalry. When paintball started it was introduced to it's rival, air soft guns. The only difference between Air soft guns and Paintballs is the Paintball gun shoots paintballs and the Air soft gun shoots plastic pellets. The main reason why the paintballs aren't made of real paint is because paint is toxic and if you get shot in the face, the mask will prevent any real damage but the paint could get in your mouth or you could inhale the scent.

What was the change of paintballs over time:

Paintballs have always been made the same. Even way back when it started they used machines. They don't even have to use machines. Making a paintball is as simple as mixing flour, corn-type oils, and gelatin. The reason they use machines is because they can make 350 rounds in 15 minutes, where at home it would make 40 rounds in one days time.

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Zak Khan November 7, 2014

Citations: Draxxus. "How to Make Paintballs." MadPaintballer.com. Mad Paintballer, n.d.

Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madpaintballer.com/

make_paintballs.php>.

How It's Made 206 Diamond Cutting - Wood Doors - Paintballs - Newspapers. Dir.

How It's Made. YouTube. Google, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.YouTube.com>.

Oppenheimer, Alex. "Homemade Paintballs." eHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 30 Oct.

2014. <http://www.ehow.com/way_5896472_homemade-paintballs.html>.

Woodward, Angela. "How Products Are Made Volume: 6." How Products Are Made.

Advameg Inc., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/

Paintball.html>.

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The Science Behind Sailboats By Benjamin Wehrle

�1THE SCIENCE BEHIND SAILBOATS - BEN W.

Introduction Sailboats are a sort of novelty and hobby for people braving the seas, or

just taking a relaxing sail on a lake. But did you know that there is much more than just a flashy hobby? how is it possible that something possibly weighing as much as your car can float on water?

The science

Sailboats are very special, and boats in particular. I chose a sailboat because of its unique ability to sail. Did you know that the average density of a boat made of steel and air within, is less dense than the density of water? This is because of the air that they hold inside the boat. If we took a pure steel cube and dropped it in the ocean, surely it would sink. The floating of the boat has to do with pressure rather than weight. The force that pushes the ship up is called the buoyancy force. And is very unique in the world of science. Here is Archimedes' principle: "Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.” So let's take a look of what materials they are made of, and why these were chosen in the making of a sailboat.

Citations: "WHY OCEAN CRAFT MARINE?" - Ocean Craft Marine Military Boats. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. "Why can boats made of steel float on water when a bar of steel sinks?" 01 April 2000. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/question254.htm> 30 October 2014. "Science Niblets." Why Can Heavy Steel Ships Float? Web. 8 Nov. 2014. "Sailcloth." - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

�2THE SCIENCE BEHIND SAILBOATS - BEN W.

�3THE SCIENCE BEHIND SAILBOATS - BEN W.

modern sails are rarely made from natural fibers. Most sails are made from synthetic fibers ranging from low-cost nylon or polyester to expensive aramids or carbon fibers. On either side of the sails different air pressures exist, High pressure on the windward surface of the sail, and low pressure behind it. This pressure difference sucks the boat forward.

The hull of a sailboat can be made of steel, fiberglass, or thick wood beams treated and cut a certain way. The most common material though, is steel. Fiberglass because of the weight is a very good material in hulls. Fiberglass is a great insulator so you can keep the inside of the boat cooler or warmer during summer or winter. Steel is a very strong and sturdy material, which is why it is mainly preferred in the hulls of sailboats. Perhaps your boat ends up in rough waves, you won't have to worry with steel. Water-proofed treating of thick wood beams add a great charm and lux to your boat. They were the only source of material hundreds of years ago. Which is why many go for that classic look. The material of the hull of a sailboat is important depending on where you will sail.

The Truth Behind Skis

Jason ames A Short History of SkisArchaeologists have found evidence of skis in caves from 5000 years ago. Early humans used strips of wood for skis to chase animals through snow. For hundreds of years skis were used for movement through snow and hunting.

As years passed, improvements were made to skis and by the 1800s skiing became a sport and not just for hunting. The sport of skiing has evolved more and today millions of people enjoy cruising down slopes on skis.

What People Want from Their Skis People that go skiing are looking for a thrill ride. They want their skis to go fast but at the same time have control. They also want the skis to be light weight and not too bulky. Skiers don't want to have to spend a million dollars on a pair of skis but they also don't want a ski that falls apart the first time they use it. Because of this, manufacturers strive to have the best materials in their skis for 100% customer satisfaction.

Evolution of Manufacturing and Design of Skis During the mid 1800s the cambered ski was invented. A cambered ski is a ski that is raised in the center. Before this invention, skiers had a hard time skiing because the skis would bend inward with the weight of the rider and it would drag through the snow.

http://backcountryskiingcanada.com/index.php?p=page&page_id=Black-Diamond-Carbon-Megawatt

In 1893 the two layer laminated ski was invented. Laminating is the process of gluing together many thin layers of wood. The new laminated ski consisted of light pieces of hickory or ash and reduced the need to destroy expensive hardwoods. Unfortunately the glue was not waterproof so unless you had a good covering the skis would delaminate.

Beginning in the 1900s, recreational skiing popularity really exploded and manufacturers began making faster and better skis. In 1934 full aluminum skis were produced. In 1947 the first sandwich aluminum ski was produced but was not very effective and broke very easily so they stopped producing it.

In 1959 there was a major breakthrough in ski technology. The first successful plastic and fiberglass ski was invented. The idea spread and soon fiberglass replaced wood skis. A popular brand called HEAD created different types of skis for specialties like slalom and downhill. The slalom skis were easy to turn and had metal edges along the side. The downhill ski was used for going mostly straight.

Modern Skis: What Are They Made of and Why?Most skis today include materials that form a core, a composite layer, sidewalls, edges, bases and the top. The core is used as a skeleton of the ski by providing most of the ski's strength and shape. The core is also used as the layer that all of the other parts attach onto. Today's skis usually have a core made of wood or foam to provide a flexible but strong base. Most wood used for the core is a sturdy hardwood. Some examples are birch, beech, ash and fir.

The next layer around the core is a composite layer which provides more strength and flexibility. A composite is a mix of different materials to make an ideal ski. Some materials that are used in composite are fiberglass (the most common one), Kevlar, carbon fiber and some times even titanium.

Fiberglass is very common because it is strong, light and also very cheap. Kevlar is also a good material because it is very strong, pretty light and good under tension. Carbon fiber is light, strong, good under stress but very expensive. Titanium is like carbon as it is strong and light but very, very expensive.

Sidewalls form the sides of the ski and also protect the inside of the ski. A common material used for sidewalls is ABS plastic. This plastic is very tough and resists damage making it an ideal material for a ski.

http://www.mechanicsofsport.com/skiing/equipment/skis/

Metal goes on the edges of skis to help the rider turn. The metal is pretty sharp so it can cut through the snow. The metal is usually steel or stainless steel. Steel is a good material for the edge because it is durable and sharp. Steel also has a good durability so it will not be destroyed. This solved the problem from early skis that used wood "edges" that did not provide a good cutting edge.

The topsheet of a ski is used for decoration and also protects the inside of the skis. The top of the ski made of plastic or fiberglass. The plastic is where the graphics are drawn to customize the ski for the rider.

The base is the layer that goes along the snow. The base is made of "P-Tex" which is a plastic material known for its durability and can easily slide along the snow. Ski designers can choose form many different materials, and might use a chart like the one I created below.

Frosting on the Cake On the bottom of the ski, wax goes on to help the skier go faster. The wax reduces friction and prevents snow from absorbing into the ski. The wax does not get put on at the manufacturing line but the owner makes the decision to put wax on or not. The wax helps the ski go faster along the snow so almost everybody does put wax on their skis. Since the 1800s people have been trying to use different waxes to make the skis go faster. During the California gold rush, locals had races and used wax made from whale oil to go faster. These days, waxes come in many different forms and are chosen for specific weather conditions like in the table below.

https://www.skiwax.ca/tp/select.php

Works Cited

"ABS and Other Specialist Styrenics." Plastipedia.co.uk. British Plastic Federation, n.d. Web. 9

Nov. 2014.

Ames, George. Telephone interview. 9 Nov. 2014.

"Glide Wax Table." Ski Go. Ski Go Canada, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

How Its Made: Alpine Skis. SCI: Question Everything. Discovery Communications, n.d. Web. 4

Nov. 2014.

Jenkins, Mark. "On the Trail with First Skiers." National Geographic. National Geographic

Society, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Judd, Naomi. "What Are Skis Made Of." Trails.com. Trails.com, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

Long Live Longboards. Plumus Ski Club, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Lund, Morten, and Seth Masia. "A Short History of Skis." Internatinal Skiing Histroy

Assocaition. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

"Ski Construction." Mechanics of Sport. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Stability and Vibration Damping in Alpine Skiing. By Liam McHugh. NBC Learn. N.p., n.d.

Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

Ski Magazine November 6, 2014

Importance of Materials

First will we start of with the Aluminum Pole. Well One main reason they use aluminum is because it is light weight so better for smaller skiers. Aluminum also does not absorb as much shock as composite poles do. Composite poles conduct less cold so that means that cold doesn't travel quick through the poles to make the skiers hands cold. With Aluminum poles they are more conducive so cold travels through the poles faster making the skiers hand get cold quicker. Down hill skiers prefer aluminum poles because of its light weight which allows them to turn quicker. Composite poles are heavy because of materials like carbon fiber. Aluminum poles have a less chance of breaking but can bend and composite boles can't bend but break easier. The Reason of Rubber hand grip over plastic is that rubber give better grip.

History Of Ski PolesNot much to say but When the First ski pole was made it was made of all wood and no straps. No we are making them out of Plastic, Aluminum, nylon fiber, carbon fiber, and graphite so a lot has changed. We now have removable ski pole straps.

Ski Magazine �1

Major materials

Well First of al there are 2 Types of ski pole one is a aluminum pole. Which the shaft is made up of aluminum, grip is made of plastic or rubber and strap made of nylon fiber. The other type of ski pole is A composite ski pole. A composite Ski Pole is made out of many different materials, here are a few, Carbon fiber, fiber glass and graphite. All those are just what the shaft is made out of the feast is the rubber grip,Nylon a fiber strap and plastic basket.

Function of Ski Poles

Well ski poles are used to help the skier keep balances while skiing. They also help in many other ways like turning, hitting gates while racing and doing trick while in the air. Most average skiers will use regular straight poles but racers used curved poles.

SKI POLE, WHAT ARE YOUR'S MADE OF By Jake Smith

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/

http://www.banjohangout.org/archive/

Ski Magazine November 6, 2014

Work Cited"Compositor Ski Poles vs Aluminum Ski Pole." Ebay. Ebay, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.ebay.com/gds/Aluminum-Ski-Poles-Vs-Composite-Ski-Poles-/10000000177635893/

g.html>.

"Ski Poles Buyer Guide." Ridmteverest. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.ridemteverest.com/buying-guide/ski-poles>.

Ski Magazine �2

SOCCER BALLS

What are they made of?

As you can see from the picture above a soccer ball has many different parts, all of which are made of different materials. The first layer, called the cover, is usually made of some type of synthetic leather. This leather is used to make panels which are then stitched together. For high-end balls polyester thread is used for the stitching. Lower end balls can be used of polyester-like thread or glued. The lining of the ball can also be made of polyester, or it can be made of cotton. The bladder of the soccer ball is used to hold the air in the ball and it can be made of latex or butyl.

The picture to the left shows all the different layers in a soccer ball

http://www.dunhamssports.com/resource-center/soccer-balls/

Why use those materials?

The materials are not just chosen randomly, they each have reasons behind why they are used. Synthetic leather is used for the cover because it is cheaper than real leather, it's flexible, and it is easy to work with. Leather is also known for holding it's shape well. They used to use full grain leather but that absorbed to much water, synthetic leather absorbs less which is why that is used more often now than full grain. Polyester is used often throughout different parts of the ball. In the stitching they use polyester thread which is a strong thread that is easy to sew with and can be invisible so the stitch is not shown in the ball when it is finished. The lining of the ball also uses polyester, and it uses cotton. Cotton is strong and can be easily blended with polyester. The lining is easy to make since both cotton and polyester are easy to work with. Butyl which is used for the bladder is better than latex because it can hold air for a longer amount of time.

Written by: Caroline Birney

What was it made of before?

Very early balls were made form animal bladder, such as pig or cow. Eventually people started covering the balls in leather. In the 1800's people started making the bladders out of rubber. The covers were always made of leather. By the 1900's stronger rubber was used for the bladders. In the late 1900's people's switched the cover from full-grain leather to synthetic.

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http://www.football-bible.com/soccer-info/what-

is-a-soccer-ball-made-of.html

http://www.superiorthreads.com/polyester-thread/

http://www.supplierlist.com/prod_img/longding/51332_Lichee_design_PU_Synthetic_leather_.jpg

The first picture in the upper right shows a diagram of the ball and it's materials

The second one shows the cotton the lining of the ball can be made of

The next picture shows the polyester thread used for stitching

The last picture shows synthetic leather for the ball's cover

Works Cited

"COTTON PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTS." Cotton Australia. Cotton Australia, n.d. Web. 6 Nov.

2014. <http://cottonaustralia.com.au/cotton-library/fact-sheets/cotton-fact-file-cotton-

properties-and-products>.

"The History of the Soccer Ball." Soccer Ball World. Rig-Tech, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.soccerballworld.com/History.htm>.

"Leather Properties." Muirhead. A Scottish Leather Group Limited company, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.muirhead.co.uk/AndrewMuirhead/Understanding_Leather/

AMS_Leather_Properties.aspx>.

"The Right Spool: Different Types of Sewing Thread." Craftsy Sewing. Craftsy and Sympoz, 22 Oct.

2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.craftsy.com/blog/2013/10/types-of-sewing-thread/>.

"Soccer Ball Construction and Design." Soccer Ball World. Rig-Tech, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.soccerballworld.com/Soccer_Ball_Construction.htm>.

"SYNTHETIC LEATHER." ATS Synthetic. ATS Synthetic, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.atssynthetic.com/ats/asp/content.asp?cat=1&pid=0>.

Specifications Fast-pitch softball games today are played with 7 ounce softballs with a circumference of 12 inches. The materials that are used in the softball are used for certain reasons. They have a certain type of stitching which prevents players hands from getting blisters. The American Amateur Softball Associations only allows horsehide or cowhide leather materials to be used.

Materials Used To Make A Softball

Softballs are made out of very few materials. They are made with two pieces of white or yellow leather cut in a figure eight pattern. The stitching is made out of red yarn.

Manufacturers

Softballs are mostly produced by companies in United States. But they are also produced in China and Japan. These balls are licensed to use the American Amateur Softball Associations certification marks.

The Process of Making Softballs

A core may be produced by injecting a thermoplastic rubber or plasticized vinyl into a mold cavity and allowing it to solidify. Once the core is made they heart it and apply it in beads beneath the two leather pieces.

INSIDE A SOFTBALL

By: Sofia David

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=softballs&source=images&cd=&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Falagames.net%2Fsport%2Fsoftball&ei=XbhgVLT-NrDfsATzzIDwDg&bvm=bv.

Work Cited

Wolski, Chris. "Construction of A Softball." Ehow.com. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://www.ehow.com/about_6396810_construction-softballs.html>.

Object: Synthetic Turf Tire crumb is used to make field, tracks, and rhode construction. Synthetic turf was invented in the mid 1960s and has gained popularity around the country. Synthetic rubber only started in stadiums and fields but now it is used in golf courses, play grounds and cruise ships. The fields are made of tire crumbs. The fields have involved over the years to become softer and safer. The artificial surface changed the industry with a design designed to replicate real grass.The artificial surface changed the industry with a design designed to replicate real grass.An advantage to synthetic turf is it requires much less care than is to keep natural grass in optimum condition for play. Grass fields can not be used in some condition such as frozen fields, muddy fields, and slippery fields that are not able to be used for play. The turf fields can be used in almost any condition without damage.

http://www.motortrend.com/features/

http://www.epa.gov/nerl/features/tire_crumbs.html http://www.stargazette.com/story/sports/high-school/2014/09/02/turf-grass-football-fields/14968217 The artificial surface changed the industry with a

November 7, 2014

A tennis racket, as many other objects, are very self explanatory when it comes to their function. They are simply a tool that enables an athlete to hit a tennis ball with accuracy, power, and precision. However, what many people don't know about the tennis racket is what many can be made out of and why those materials are used. For example, I can safely bet that you know a tennis racket is made aluminum. However, you probably have no clue if their is a specific purpose for that specific material to be used in this instrument. My goal is to be able to explain to you what I have researched in the materials of tennis rackets, and by the end of this article, you will know as much as I do.

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Follow Syon Khosla and his research to figure out many things about the tennis racket.

Tennis Rackets: What's Inside of Them?

http://www.besportier.com/archives/tennis-rackets-from-prince-the.html

http://tennis.topbuzz.com/tennis-pics/v/rafael-nadal/Rafael+Nadal+racket+up+ready+to+strike+a+forehand.JPG.html

November 7, 2014

Major MaterialsThere are many different rackets out in the market, each with similar or the exact same materials that compose it. Many beginner rackets have an alloy of aluminum that contain silicone, magnesium, chromium, and copper. There is another popular alloy that consists of the same materials except for the silicone, which would be replaced by zinc. These alloys are very strong. Another material used for the frame may be carbon fiber or graphite. The strings used in the rackets differ, mainly on feel of a tennis player, as each material brings a different trait to the table. The most common material is what makes a synthetic gut, which would be nylon. There are many others, such as a natural gut. These, as disgusting as it may seem, are made from animal intestines. Many people do not sell these anymore, as they are extremely difficult to string because of their delicacy. Kevlar is also sometimes used, however it is mixed with nylon to make sure it is not too tough and it won't break. Leather is used for the grip occasionally, however many people have switched over to using synthetic materials instead. Finally, plastic is used in some parts, such as the butt, or the end of the handle.

Properties of These MaterialsAs I had mentioned earlier, different materials have different traits, and these characteristics help the racket perform the functions it must do.

FrameAluminum

Aluminum is used for various reasons, mainly because it's characteristics permit it to be useful in a tennis racket. Aluminum is a very light metal, as it has a density that is smaller than many metals (2.7 g/cm^3). It is strong, with a strength that ranges from 70-700 MPa. Companies also use it because it is easy to cut, bend, or drill into. In my opinion, another characteristic came into play, however I am not sure if companies use aluminum for this reason. Aluminum forms a thin layer of oxide when it reacts with the air. This helps prevent corrosion.

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http://www.sportswearmegastore.com/racket-sports/head-youtek-three-star-tennis-racket

November 7, 2014

Carbon Fiber

Carbon Fiber is used for the frame for similar reasons as the aluminum. Carbon fiber is very light, with a measly density of 1.55 g/cm^3. The weight of the racket would help a player tremendously, as many players like to play with a lighter racket for more control on their shots. It has a very high tensile strength as well. It has great vibration damping, which is great for tennis players such as me, as it does not give me an uncomfortable feeling, and you do not have to waste money on a shock absorber. It is very resistant to fatigue as well.

StringsNylon

This materials is used for the strings for many different reasons, as it has many characteristics that help it perform well. Nylon is a very durable material. It will last for a long time if it is treated well. It is also very strong, which helps you put less effort into a swing without losing much power. It has a high elongation, which means it can be lengthened a lot before breaking. This is a big advantage over the natural gut, which is very delicate and snaps very easily when putting it on the racket. These are also the least expensive string to purchase, and sometimes these are made with Kevlar.

Kevlar

Kevlar is used mainly with Nylon to make sure the strings are not too hard. This fiber is used because it is one of the stiffest and most durable products. It is also used because it is extremely hard to break, hence why they may use it in tennis racket strings. It has great tension holding as well. It has a density of 1.44 g/cm^3, which means it is lighter than other materials, yet it still has a tensile strength of 3620 MPa.

Intestines (Natural Gut)

Strings made of this material are not common anymore, however people can still buy them from places. These were very expensive strings, which made people like the nylon a lot better. However, they do have some pros. For one, these things were very

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November 7, 2014

resilient. This means they can come back to their normal form after bending. This material also has the ability to remain soft at high tensions, which helped with keeping accuracy with each shot without having to worry about power.

Handle or GripLeather

This material is not used much anymore, however it can still be used. The reason it may still be used is it is durable. It has a high resistance to puncture and tearing. This would make the grip survive for a much longer time rather than tear after a couple months, as other materials may.

Vinyl

This material is a synthetic one, meaning it was made by humans. Vinyl is a lot more popular than leather. It has many properties that enable it to be a good grip. It is very durable and it doe not wear and tear quickly. It also is a very cheap material to make and to sell. It requires lesser amounts of natural materials to make it as well.

History The history of the tennis racket is an interesting one. The first rackets ever were made with a wooden frame. They used ash, maple, and sycamore. The strings were made of animal intestines as well. Soon in 1953, Rene Lacoste made the first metal racket, the Wilson T2000. This was used by Jimmy Connors and succeeded him for the Wimbledon finals. The success of this racket made other companies start to make rackets out of aluminum and Carbon steels. Prince, the racket company, decided to make other head sizes as well, which was soon copied by other competitors. Once these were made, companies made more rackets out of Carbon fibers and graphite, as they were stronger than steel. A lot of handwork was involved in making rackets with Carbon fiber. These days, many beginner rackets are made from aluminum while many adults prefer to use composite rackets, with carbon fiber or graphite.

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November 7, 2014

Works Cited

"Characteristics/Properties of Carbon Fibers." Textile Learner.

Textile Learner, 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://

textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/03/carbon-fiber-

characteristicsproperties.html>.

"History." International Tennis Federation. International Tennis

Federation, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.itftennis.com/technical/rackets-and-strings/other/

history.aspx>.

"Kevlar." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Kevlar#Structure_and_properties>.

"Leather Properties." Muirhead. Scottish Leather Group, n.d.

Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.muirhead.co.uk/

AndrewMuirhead/Understanding_Leather/

AMS_Leather_Properties.aspx>.

"Nylon." Wikipedia. N.p., 2014. Web. 3 Nov. 2014. <http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon#Characteristics>.

"Properties of Aluminum." Aluminum Design. Sapa Profiles UK,

n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

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November 7, 2014

www.aluminiumdesign.net/why-aluminium/properties-

of-aluminium/>.

"Rackets Materials." Tennis Rackets UK. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov.

2014. <http://www.tennisracketsuk.com/what-are-tennis-

rackets-made-from/>.

"Strings (Tennis)." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_(tennis)>.

"What Is Vinyl." What Is Vinyl. Geno Jezek, n.d. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://www.whatisvinyl.com>.

Woodward, Angela. "Tennis Racket." How Products Are Made.

Advameg, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Tennis-Racket.html>.

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The Toothbrush and it's Function

The toothbrush is used to remove plaque from the surface of the teeth and to keep our teeth clean. This can also be done chemically, but brushing your teeth is the most popular method of maintaining oral hygiene. This is also because it is the best way to remove all debris in your mouth, which can't be done by just using mouthwash. Taking good care of your teeth will also result in healthy gums. Which will prevent loose teeth, bleeding gums, and bad breath.

The Materials in a Toothbrush The toothbrush has a few major materials that do the work of keeping your teeth clean. The main part of the toothbrush is the plastic handle, which holds the bristles up at the top. Most toothbrushes also have rubber on the part where your thumb is placed. Although, the most important part of the toothbrush is the bristles. Most toothbrushes in the world today are made from nylon, and manufacturers trim these bristles based on the style of the model with a trimming machines. Then all these materials are combined together using industrial heating glue to complete the brush.

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Why These Materials Are Used

The specific materials in a toothbrush are used for important reasons. The bristles on it are made out of nook because it is strong, but also soft and flexible. It is proven that a nylon thread is stronger than a steel wire. The rubber on the toothbrush is used because it provides a grip when you are holding the toothbrush.

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History of the Toothbrush

Toothbrushes obviously weren't always the same, but the ones that were made back then didn't even look like a toothbrush anymore. People in Egypt and Babylonia in 3500 B.C. used chew sticks, which were twigs with frayed ends which was used to brush against teeth, and the other end was used like a toothpick. They were originally made out of wood, bamboo, or Siberian hog hair. The first bristled toothbrush was found during the Tong Dynasty in China, which was a big upgrade. Ones that are like today's modern toothbrush were first sold in 1938, which is when nylon bristles started to be made. The toothbrush was invented about 5000 years ago, and it has improved drastically since then.

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Works Cited Ehow. Demand Media, 1999. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ehow.com/facts_4830676_materials-toothbrush.html>. Everyday Mysteries. Library of congress, 23 Aug. 2010. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html>. Intelligent Dental. N.p., 19 July 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.intelligentdental.com/2011/07/19/what-is-the-function-of-a-toothbrush/>. Meritnation. Applect Learning Systems, 28 Feb. 2012. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/why-nylon-is-used-for-making-carpets-toothbrush-bristles-an/synthetic-fibres-and-plastics/1840146>. Tooth Club. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. <http://www.toothclub.gov.hk/en/en_adu_01_03_01.html>. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush>. YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12zuwuNL9IQ>. Picture 1: http://moreelectrictoothbrushreviews.yolasite.com/electric-toothbrush.php Picture 2: http://www.popsugar.com/fitness/What-Eat-White-Teeth-Video-31567761 Picture 3: http://www.photo-dictionary.com/phrase/1376/toothbrush.html Picture 4: http://www.intelligentdental.com/2011/07/19/what-is-the-function-of-a-toothbrush/ Picture 5: http://www.colgateprofessional.com/products/type/toothbrushes Picture 6: http://www.youjustmademylist.com/?p=712 Picture 7: http://imgarcade.com/1/ancient-egyptian-toothbrush/

What Uggs Consist Of Uggs are a complex shoe made up of various materials, this each material that was used was thought through carefully to keep you foot comfortable and warm. The outer part of the shoe is made out of sheep skin, and the inside, also known as the fur, is made out of wool they shaved off a sheep. This material is from a twin faced sheepskin is what one of Ugg Australia's core products, they use the finest sheepskin they can. Also on the inside of the boot, competing brands such as bearpaws and such just use rubber for the sole of the shoe, Ugg Australia uses rubber and foam that makes the rubber more comfortable and better for your foot to walk on.

Why We Use These Materials

Ugg Australia uses these certain materials to make sure your foot is comfortable, but also keep it warm. Also these materials allow your foot to breath,mouth keeping out water and such with the rubber bottom.

History of Uggs

Ugg Australia started out in 1978, an Australian surfer was in Southern Calirornia founded Ugg. In 1980 they came up with the ugg symbol, they started to sell in California. Then in 2000 Oprah told people how much sen loved them, there bussiness went only uphill after that.

Why Wear Uggs?

Uggs are not only fashionable but they are comfortable and good too walk on unlike most shoes. Also since they use foam and rubber on the sole it is good to the bottom off your foot.

UGG AUSTRALIA By: Alexa Weinman

http://www.uggaustralia.com/women-boots-classic/?icid=home_sectionb_bottommiddle_featuredshops

Citations

"About Sheepskin." Ugg Australia. Deckers Outdoor, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.uggaustralia.com/about-sheepskin.html>.

Diffen.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.diffen.com/difference/

Bearpaw_Boots_vs_Ugg_Boots>.

Ugg Boots? N.p., 1998. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://www.truthorfiction.com/rumors/u/

UGG-Boots.htm#.VFGg2Ce9KK0>.

1 November 5, 2014

VANS: ARE THEY REALLY OFF THE WALL? By Tommy Wang

The Creation of Vans

As of March 16th, 1966, at street 704E Broadway, in Anaheim, California, Paul Van Doren and three partners opened up their first ever store and Vans were cre-

ated. Paul Van Doren used to work at Randy's for over 20 years before he became the Vice-Executive. But he then quit, creating his own brand called "Vans", it was created in the Boston area with its top three competitors as; Randy's, Ked's, and Converse. Vans shoes were originally made right in the store. They took custom orders and had them ready for pick-up

within a few days.

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Interesting Fact

Vans shoes did not have its own name at first, they were usually called by number, such as the #44 (Authentic)

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The Process of Making Your Shoes

It's amazing how Vans are made to be so light. They are originally made from Canvas materi-al for the purpose of having the shoe be light and durable. Canvas is a thick cotton that is heavy, it makes up most of Vans shoes. The sides include extra padding while providing

maximum flexibility with thick canvas or leather reinforcements. Canvas dries quickly, which allows the one who wears not to worry. The word "canvas" is derived from the Latin

word "cannabis" which means hemp. And a nice feature of canvas shoes is that it is quite excellent for dying, because of this characteristic, the brand is able to create a variety of colors, including custom

shoes. Thick rubber soles with premium traction that provides plenty of wear, which allows the feet to have strong traction.

Why Do People Buy Vans In The First Place?

Why would they buy them? It's simple, Vans shoes are designed so that they will fit in any style.

From skateboarding to formal dress ware, an effective shoe must have the features of shock ab-

sorbency, motion control of the foot striking the ground, flexibility and responsiveness, and the

measure of durability. Because of these characteristics, Vans shoes are popular for its usage of

sports activities, and everyday wear. Because the rubber grip soles, it offers a slick resistant

during rainy or snowy weather. Vans are easy to put on and are versatile. There are even more

reasons! Vans were mainly created for the use of the friction of the shoe for skateboarding, and

because skateboarding can be expensive. Vans can get pretty cheap which can be very useful. An-

other point like I have said, many skateboarders would like to find cheap shoes (Vans) which will

last long, they can hold up to tons of abuse over several months and will still be in good use.

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Works Cited

eBay. eBay, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.ebay.com/gds/Vans-Shoes-Buying-

Guide-/

10000000178608337/g.html>.

"Running Shoes." Science in Context. Gale, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://ic.gale-

group.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/

ReferenceDetailsWindow?

failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-qu

ery=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&u=mlin_c_oakms&currPage=&dis

ableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC

&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCV2644830371>.

Street Directory. Singapore Directory, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.street-

directory.com/ travel_guide/34694/shoes/popularity_of_basic_canvas_shoes.html>.

Vans Off The Wall. Vans, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.vans.com/sustainabili-

ty.html>.

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