chuong 1

Ni dung

I. Khi nim, c trng ca tn dng ngn hng

II. Vai tr ca tn dng ngn hng

III. Cc hnh thc tn dng ngn hng

IV. Cht lng tn dng

V. Quy trnh tn dng

VI. Chnh sch tn dng

I. Khi nim, c trng ca TDNH

1. Khi nim 1:

Tn dng l s chuyn nhng tm thi mt lng gi tr t ngi s hu sang ngi s dng v sau mt thi gian nht nh c quay tr li ngi s hu mt lng gi tr ln hn gi tr ban u.

I. Khi nim, c trng ca TDNH

Khi nim 2:

Tn dng Ngn hng l quan h chuyn nhng quyn s dng vn hoc ti sn t NHTM cho khch hng trong mt thi hn nht nh vi mt khon chi ph nht nh da trn nguyn tc hon tr v iu kin c vn gc v li cho bn cho vay (NHTM) khi n hn thanh ton.

c trng ca TDNH

Ch th ca quan h TDNH bao gm ngi nhng quyn s dng vn (NHTM) v ngi nhn quyn s dng vn (khch hng). Trong mt s trng hp, cn c ch th th ba l ngi bo lnh.

i tng ca giao dch TDNH bao gm 2 hnh thc: bng tin v ti sn.

S chuyn nhng c da trn c s nim tin v theo nguyn tc hon tr v iu kin.

Gi tr hon tr phi ln hn gi tr lc cho vay (bao gm c vn gc, li v ph tn dng).

iu chnh quan h TDNH c thc hin bng hp ng tn dng gia NHTM v khch hng.

c trng ca TDNH

Hai nguyn tc vay:

- Vay phi c s dng ng mc ch

- Vay phi c hon tr c gc v li ng thi hn cam kt trong hp ng

5 iu kin vay vn

- C t cch php l{

- Vn vay phi c s dng hp php

- C nng lc ti chnh lnh mnh, m bo hon tr vn vay ng hn

- C phng n, d n kh thi c hiu qu

- Khch hng phi thc hin m bo tin vay ng quy nh


i vi sn xut kinh doanh:

- Tn dng ngn hng cung ng vn cho sn xut kinh doanh, gp phn ti sn xut trong nn kinh t.

- Tn dng ngn hng gp phn y mnh qu trnh chuyn dch v hp l{ ha c cu nn kinh t.

- Tn dng ngn hng gp phn bnh qun ha t sut li nhun trong ton b nn kinh t.

- Tn dng ngn hng thc y tch t v tp trung vn


i vi lu thng tin t:

- Tn dng ngn hng thc hin chc nng to tin cho nn kinh t.

- Tn dng ngn hng gp phn thc y qu trnh lun chuyn tin t.

- Tn dng ngn hng ng vai tr iu chnh chin lc kinh t, gp phn chng lm pht.

III. Cc hnh thc tn dng

2.1. Cn c vo thi hn tn dng: a) Cho vay khng kz hn - Cho vay gi tr (To Call Credits) - Cho vay thu chi (overdraft) b) Cho vay ngn hn: - Cho vay qua m (Overnight Credit) - Tomorrow Next (T/N Credit) cho vay c thi hn vay l 1

ngy - Cho vay ngn hn c thi hn 60 ngy, 90 ngy, 180 ngy,

360 ngy c) Cho vay trung hn: t 1-5 nm d) Cho vay di hn:trn 5 nm


2.2. Cn c vo mc ch tn dng:

a) Cho vay phc v SXKD

b) Cho vay tiu dng

2.3. Cn c vo mc tn nhim i vi khch hng

a) Cho vay c bo m

b) Cho vay khng c bo m

2.4. Cn c vo phng thc hon tr n

a) Cho vay tr gp

b) Cho vay phi tr gp


2.5. Cn c vo hnh thi gi tr ca tn dng:

a) Cho vay bng tin

b) Cho vay bng ti sn

2.6. Cn c vo li sut:

a) Cho vay thng thng

b) Cho vay u i


2.7. Cn c vo xut x tn dng

a) Cho vay trc tip

b) Cho vay gin tip:

- Chit khu thng phiu

- Mua li cc hp ng tr gp ca cng ty bn hng

- Mua li cc khon n ca doanh nghip (nghip v factoring)

IV. Cht lng tn dng

1. Khi nim

2. Cc ch tiu nh gi

- Cc ch tiu nh tnh

- Cc ch tiu nh lng

3. Cc nhn t nh hng n cht lng TDNH

- Cc nhn t thuc v ngn hng

- Cc nhn t thuc v khch hng

1. Khi nim cht lng TD

Cht lng tn dng ngn hng phm tr kinh t

nh gi mc tha mn nhu cu v vn tn dng v mang li li ch kinh t cho khch hng, p ng mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi v m bo li ch kinh t, s an ton vn u t ca ngn hng.

Cht lng tn dng thng c nh gi t 3 gic :

- NHTM

- Cc khch hng

- Nn kinh t.

2. Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng TD

Cc ch tiu nh tnh:

- S phong ph ca cc hnh thc tn dng

- Kh nng p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng (s hi lng ca khch hng)

- Thng hiu, uy tn, hnh nh ca ngn hng

2. Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng TD

Cc ch tiu nh lng:

1. D n

2. N qu hn, n xu

3. Hiu sut s dng vn vay

4. Vng quay vn tn dng

5. Kh nng sinh li

6. Gi c tn dng

Ch tiu: D n

Ch tiu ny phn nh quy m hot ng tn dng ca ngn hng.

Tng d n = D n (VN) + D n (ngoi t quy VN)

D n thng c phn loi theo:

+ Theo loi tin (thng quy ra VN v USD)

+ Theo thi gian tn dng

+ Theo c cu khch hng

Cc ch tiu: N qu hn, n xu

T l n qu hn = x 100%

T l n xu = x 100%

N qu hn

Tng d n

N xu

Tng d n

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N qu hn!!!

N qu hn l thc o quan trng nht nh gi s lnh

mnh th ch. N tc ng ti tt c cc lnh vc hot ng

chnh ca NH

Theo Q s 493 ca NHNN th N qu hn l khon n

m mt phn hoc ton b n gc v/hoc li qu hn.

iu 3 (Q 493): t nht mi qu{ mt ln, trong thi hn 15

ngy lm vic u tin ca thng tip theo, TCTD thc hin

phn loi n gc v trch lp d phng ri ro n thi im

cui cng ca qu{ (thng) trc

20

Phn loi n

Nhm 1: N tiu chun, bao gm: + Cc khon n trong hn. + Cc khon n qu hn di 10 ngy v c kh nng thu hi

y gc v li ng thi hn cn li; Nhm 2: N cn ch : + Cc khon n qu hn t 10 ngy n 90 ngy + Cc khon n iu chnh kz hn tr n ln u v c kh nng

tr n n gc v li ng kz hn. Nhm 3:N di tiu chun: + Cc khon n qu hn t 91 ngy n 180 ngy + Cc khon n c cu li thi hn tr n ln u, tr cc khon

n iu chnh kz hn tr n ln u phn loi vo nhm 2. + Cc khon n c min hoc gim li do khch hng khng

kh nng tr li y theo hp ng tn dng;

Phn loi n (tip)

Nhm 4: N nghi ng

+ Cc khon n qu hn t 181-360 ngy

+ Cc khon n c cu li thi hn tr n ln u qu hn di 90 ngy theo thi hn c c cu li ln u;

+ Cc khon n c cu li thi hn tr n ln th hai;

Nhm 5: N c kh nng mt vn:

+ Cc khon n qu hn trn 360 ngy

+ Cc khon n c cu li thi hn tr n ln u qu hn t 90 ngy tr ln theo thi hn c c cu li ln u.

+ Cc khon n c cu li thi hn tr n ln th hai qu hn theo thi hn c c cu li ln th hai;

+ Cc khon n c cu li thi hn tr n ln th ba tr ln, k c cha b qu hn hoc qu hn;

+ Cc khon n khoanh ch x l{.

Trch d phng ri ro tn dng

S tin d phng c th i vi tng khon n c tnh theo cng thc sau:

R = max {0, (A - C)} x r

Trong :

R: s tin d phng c th phi trch

A: gi tr ca khon n

C: gi tr ca ti sn bo m

r: t l trch lp d phng c th

Ch tiu: Hiu sut s dng vn

H = x 100%

Tng d n

Tng vn huy ng c

Ch tiu: Vng quay vn tn dng

Vng quay vn tn dng = x 100%

Doanh s thu n trong kz

D n bnh qun trong kz

Ch tiu: Kh nng sinh li t hot ng tn dng

T l thu nhp t TD = x 100%

T l sinh li ca TD = x 100%

Li t hot ng TD

Tng thu nhp

Li t hot ng TD

Tng d n bnh qun

Ch tiu: Gi c tn dng

Gi c tn dng = Li sut cho vay + Ph

Trong :

- Li sut cho vay c ghi trong HTD, thng c tnh theo %/nm.

- Ph l khon tin khch hng phi tr lm cc th tc lin quan khi vay vn ti ngn hng.


Nhn t ch quan t pha Ngn hng 1. Chnh sch tn dng 2. Quy trnh tn dng 3. Nng lc v phm cht ca cn b tn dng 4. Thng tin tn dng Nhn t thuc v khch hng 1. KH doanh nghip: Nng lc doanh nghip; Trnh qun l{, Vn ha DN 2. KH c nhn: o c ca ngi i vay; Mc tiu vay vn; Ngun tr n ca KH


Nhn t khch quan

1. Mi trng kinh t

2. Mi trng php l{

3. Mi trng t nhin

V. Quy trnh tn dng

Khi nim:

Quy trnh tn dng l tp hp nhng nguyn tc, quy nh ca ngn hng trong vic cp tn dng

y l mt qu trnh bao gm nhiu giai on mang tnh cht lin hon, theo mt trt t nht nh, c quan h cht ch, gn b vi nhau. Khng th thay i th t thc hin cc bc v bc trc l tin , c s thc hin bc sau.

Quy trnh tn dng tng qut

1. Lp h s xin cp tn dng

2. Phn tch tn dng

3. Quyt nh tn dng

4. Gii ngn

5. Gim st v thu n

6. Thanh l{ hp ng tn dng

Ti sao phi thit lp quy trnh tn dng?

VI. Chnh sch tn dng

1. Khi nim

CSTD ca mt NHTM l mt h thng cc mc tiu v cc bin php nhm t c mc tiu .

Cc cu hi:

- i tng khch hng ch yu?

- Quy m ca cc khon tn dng?

- Thi hn bao nhiu l thch hp?

- S dng cc hnh thc cho vay no?

- Lnh vc cho vay no ang c xu hng pht trin?

2. C s hnh thnh CSTD?

Ngun vn v tnh cht n nh ca ngun vn

Kh nng sinh li v s ri ro ca khon vay

Tnh n nh ca cc khon tin gi

Chnh sch tin t ca NHTW

Cc iu kin v mi trng kinh t v m

Kh nng v trnh ca i ng nhn vin NHTM

3. Cng c thc hin chnh sch

Cng c tc ng trc tip:

- Hn mc tn dng

- Tiu chun cp tn dng

- Mng li v c cu b my qun l tn dng

Cng c tc ng gin tip:

- Li sut

- D tr bt buc v d tr thanh ton

4. Mc tiu ca CSTD?

Li nhun

An ton

Lnh mnh

Mi quan h gia cc mc tiu?

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chuong 1