Chuong 5_2. Môi trường Nông thôn

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014MI TRNG NNG THN

126

lc v ngun lc cho kim sot cht lng nc nhiu a phng cn rt hn ch. n nay, mi ch c khong gn 50% cc Trung tm Nc sch v VSMT tnh c phng phn tch cht lng nc, ngun kinh ph hng nm dnh cho hot ng ny cng cn rt hn ch.

i vi cc ch tiu v v sinh mi trng khc, mc d, t l cc trng hc mm non, ph thng v trm y t x nng thn c s dng nc sch, nh tiu hp v sinh t t l kh cao (trn 90%), tuy nhin t l s h gia nh nng thn c s dng nh tiu hp v sinh mi ch t 63% v t l h gia nh nng thn chn nui c chung tri hp v sinh t 45%.

Thc t, cng vi p lc t cc ngun nhim th tp qun sinh hot lc hu ca ngi dn nng thn nhiu vng ng bng v min ni cng l tc nhn gy nhim mi trng v khng m bo v sinh mi trng. S liu thng k cho thy, n cui nm 2014, vn cn ti 5% h gia nh (tp trung ch yu vng ni pha Bc, Ty Nguyn v vng duyn hi Bc Trung B) cha c nh tiu v 12% h gia nh s dng cu tiu ao c (ch yu tp trung khu vc pha Nam, ng bng sng Cu Long).

V vn VSMT, n thng 7/2011 c nc mi c 18,5% s x v 8,5% s thn xy dng h thng thot nc thi chung tng ng vi mc di 1/5 s x v di 1/10 s thn c h thng thot nc thi chung. y l ngun gc cc vn nhim nc phc v nhu cu i sng ca ngi dn cn ph bin.

Khung 5.4. Kt qu kim tra cht lng

nc ti mt s c s cp nc tp trung khu

vc nng thn

Theo Bo co kt qu kim tra 1.371 c s cp nc trn 1.000 m3/ngy m v 1.270 trm cp nc c cng sut nh hn 1.000 m3/ngy m cho thy: t l cc nh my t v sinh chung ln lt l 81% v 79%; t l t ch tiu l ha ln lt l 83% v 79,3%, t l t ch tiu vi sinh ln lt l 92% v 84%.

Mt s ch tiu khng t thng gp l nhim vi sinh v cht hu c, lin quan n nhng khu vc thng b ngp lt nh mt s tnh thuc ng bng sng Cu Long. Ch tiu nitrit, ni-trat cao hn tiu chun cho php c th do cht lng ngun nc khai thc b nhim hoc quy trnh x l nc khng m bo hay do mng li b cha, ng ng r r...

Ngun: Bo co s 3000/BC-BNN-TCTL ngy 14/4/2015

ca B NN&PTNT

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Chng 5Quan ly moi trng nong thon

5.5. QUN L V X L NHIM MI TRNG NNG THN

Nh trnh by trong chng 2, nhim mi trng khu vc nng thn bt ngun chnh t cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut ca cng ng dn c. Chnh v vy, cng tc kim sot v x l nhim mi trng khu vc nng thn cng c qun l theo ngnh, lnh vc.

5.5.1. Qun l v x l cht thi t hot ng trng trt

Mi nm, hot ng nng nghip pht sinh mt lng ln cht thi nng nghip nguy hi, ch yu l thuc BVTV, phn bn ha hc, trong khng t loi thuc c c cao b cm s dng. Hin tng lm dng thuc BVTV trong phng tr dch hi, s dng phn bn khng tun th quy trnh k thut, khng m bo thi gian cch ly dn n cc hu qu nh ng c, mt an ton v sinh thc phm, gy nhim mi trng t, nc

Hin nay, vic qun l v x l bao b v ha cht BVTV tn lu trong mi trng

vn cn gp rt nhiu kh khn v cha c qun l, x l trit do thiu kinh ph cng nh ngun lc trin khai thc hin.

Ngoi cc loi cht thi nu trn, trong hot ng trng trt, cht thi l rm r, thn cc loi cy lng thc sau thu hoch cng chim t trng kh ln. Ti hu ht cc a phng khu vc min Nam, lng cht thi ny c tn thu ti a lm thc n cho gia sc v nui trng nm rm nn hu nh khng gy nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin, khu vc pha Bc, cc loi cht thi ny khng c ti s dng, thng c thi v t ngay trn ng rung, c bit vo nhng thi im ma thu hoch. Vic t tp trung mt khi lng ln rm r gy hin tng khi m, nhim mi trng khng kh cho cc vng ln cn. Mc d, trong nhng nm gn y, c mt s chng trnh, ti nghin cu vic s dng rm r lm ch phm vi sinh nhng kt qu mi ch dng phm vi nghin cu, ng dng trong quy m nh, cha c trin khai ng dng rng ri.

Khung 5.5. Hot ng thu gom v bao b thuc BVTV ti mt s a phng cha pht huy hiu qu

X An ng, huyn Qunh Ph, tnh Thi Bnh l mt trong s t a phng t chc thu gom v bao thuc BVTV. Nhim v ny do Hi nng dn ch tr, t chc thu gom 2 ln/ v v chung vi bi tp kt rc thi sinh hot. Tuy mi trin khai c 2 t trong v xun nm 2009 song c nguy c phi dng li do khng c kinh ph thc hin

Hp tc x Trung Lao, huyn Nam Trc, Nam nh u t xy dng mt s ng bi ti b rung cha v bao thuc BVTV nhng ngi dn khng thc hin. Nguyn nhn do cng tc tuyn truyn cha tt, b con nng dn vn n gin ngh v bao thuc BVTV l mt loi rc thi thng thng nn vt b chng u khng quan trng.

Ngun: ThS. V Quc Chnh, Tp ch KH&CN Thy li, Vin Khoa hc Thy li Vit Nam, 2013


128

5.5.2. Qun l v x l cht thi t hot ng chn nui

Cht thi chn nui l mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim ln nht trong sn xut nng nghip. Phng thc chn nui nng h vn chim t l ln, v vy vic x l v qun l cht thi chn nui ngy cng kh khn. C nc hin c khong 8,5 triu h chn nui quy m gia nh, 23.500 trang tri chn nui tp trung, nhng mi ch c 8,7% s h xy dng cng trnh kh sinh hc (hm biogas). T l h gia nh c chung tri chn nui hp v sinh cng ch chim 10% v ch 0,6% s h c cam kt BVMT. Vn cn mt s h chn nui khng x l cht thi bng bt k phng php no m x thng ra mi trng bn ngoi. Ti mt s trang tri chn nui gia sc, cht thi c thu gom v bn li cho cc c s ch bin phn vi sinh hoc c ti s dng nui c hoc biogas. Tuy nhin, cc hot ng ny ch mang tnh nh l vi khi lng cht thi c x l l rt nh so vi tng khi lng cht thi ngnh chn nui.

Nhn chung, hin nay, nc ta cng cha c c nhng bin php hu hiu qun l v kim sot ngun thi t hot ng chn nui. Ti mt s a phng, ty theo mc pht trin ca ngnh cng vi vic c cc ngun kinh ph h tr, hot ng qun l v kim sot cht thi t hot ng chn nui c trin khai vi cc hnh thc v quy m khc nhau. Ti Tp. H Ch Minh hin ang trin khai d n Nng cao nng lc hot ng ca cc tri chn nui nhm kim sot nc thi u ra ca hot ng ny.

Mt vn khng th khng cp l vic kim sot, qun l v x l dch bnh trong chn nui. Trong nhng nm va qua, vn dch bnh trn gia sc, gia

cm cng gy ra tnh trng cht hng lot cc n gia cm ti nhiu a phng. Chnh v vy, cng tc chn lp, tiu hy cc loi gia sc, gia cm b dch bnh nu khng ng yu cu k thut, m bo v sinh an ton th y l nhng ngun c nguy c gy nhim mi trng nghim trng v nh hng trc tip n sc khe cng ng.

5.5.3. Qun l v x l cht thi t cc lng ngh

Hin nay, hu ht cc lng ngh ca nc ta vn cha u t h thng x l cht thi. Vi quy m nh l, li nm xen ln trong khu dn c (chung ni sn xut v sinh hot ca h gia nh) nn vn qun l v x l nhim mi trng t hot ng ca cc lng ngh gp rt nhiu kh khn.

Vic p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn ti cc lng ngh cn rt hn ch. Ch c mt s c s sn xut gm s s dng l nung bng kh gas thay l nung bng than v mt s c s ch bin nng sn kt hp vi chn nui xy hm biogas. Cn cc loi hnh sn xut khc th hu nh cha p dng. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l do thiu cc h tr t cc c quan chc nng cc cp t vic ban hnh cc chnh sch, quy nh cho n vic cung cp thng tin v cng ngh, thng tin vay vn...

Hin nay, c mt s d n trin khai p dng cng ngh thn thin mi trng ti lng ngh nhng hu ht u thiu tnh bn vng, khng nhn rng c m hnh. Cng c nhiu l do c t pha cc cp chnh quyn v bn thn cc c s sn xut song vic phi m bo tnh bn vng ca kt qu cc d n l mt vic lm nn c u tin.

Cng tc qun l mi trng lng ngh hin ang giao cho B TN&MT l c

129


quan u mi. Tuy nhin, thc t trin khai cho thy, c nhiu c quan cng tham gia ch o theo ngnh qun l nh B Cng thng, B NN&PTNT,... Chnh iu ny cng gy rt nhiu kh khn trong cng tc qun l do chng cho v chc nng nhim v gia cc B, i khi, cng tc qun l cn b b ng do cha r trch nhim gia cc bn tham gia qun l.

5.5.4. Qun l v x l rc thi sinh hot

Trong thi gian qua, cng tc qun l CTR sinh hot t khu vc nng thn v ang l vn bc xc nhiu a phng. Chnh vic phn cng khng r rng v n v u mi chu trch nhim qun l nh nc trong lnh vc ny khin cho cng tc qun l CTR khu vc nng thn cha nhn c s quan tm thch ng.

hu ht cc vng nng thn, CTR sinh hot t cc h gia nh phn ln u c thi trc tip ti vn nh. Ti mt s huyn x khc, vic thu gom rc thi sinh hot c xy dng thnh nhng m hnh t qun. Mt s m hnh in hnh:

M hnh thu gom t qun do dn t t chc: y l hnh thc ph bin cc vng nng thn, do ngi dn t tha thun v c ngi thu gom cho 1 xm hoc 1 cm dn c. Rc thi sau khi thu gom thng l thin ven ng lng, b mng. Do cha c s quan tm, h tr ca cc cp a ph ng c v ti chnh v chnh sch, ngi thu gom rc phi t trang b phng tin thu gom, thu nhp trung bnh ch t 100.000 - 150.000 /ngi/thng, khng c hng cc ch bo him y t, x hi v bo h lao ng. Hot ng cha chuyn nghip ha, s ln thu gom trung bnh 1 ln/tun, c ni 2 tun/ln, ch yu thu gom rc cho khu vc ven ng chnh v khu tp trung dn c .

M hnh thu gom do x, thn t chc: chnh quyn a phng h tr v phng tin thu gom, nhiu a ph ng quy hoch c im tp kt, bi chn lp rc. Tuy nhin, cc m hnh ny cng ch dng li nhim v thu gom rc thi t khu dn c n cc im tp kt, ch a c cc bin php k thut trong phn loi, x l. M hnh cha xy dng c c ch v ngun ti chnh duy tr cng tc thu gom, x l rc thi. S ln thu gom rc 2-3 ln/tun. Thu nhp ca ngi thu gom trung bnh 200.000-300.000 /thng, ngi thu gom cha c hng cc ch bo him y t, x hi. Hot ng thiu chuyn nghip dn n hiu qu thp. Trch nhim ca cc cp a phng ch yu l h tr m ch a xy dng c quy trnh thu gom, x l rc thi m bo cc yu cu VSMT.

Cc m hnh HTX dch v VSMT: c coi l m hnh hot ng hiu qu nht nng thn. M hnh ny hot ng theo Lut Hp tc x, c iu l hot ng, phng n sn xut dch v, kt hp nhiu loi dch v mi trng nh thu gom rc thi, thot nc, cy xanh, qun l ng-ha trang... Hnh thc ny ch yu cc th trn, th t, rt t cc x c hnh thc dch v ny. Hu ht cc HTX dch v mi trng c u t xe thu gom rc, mt s ni c u t xe vn chuyn rc thi. Thu nhp ca ngi lm dch v mi trng trung bnh t 500.000 - 1.000.000 /ngi/thng, ngi lao ng c trang b bo h lao ng, bo him y t v bo him x hi. S ln thu gom l 3-7 ln/tun.

M hnh cng ty trch nhim hu hn hoc cng ty c phn: Rt t c cc vng nng thn do cc dch v v mi trng khng mang li li nhun v kinh t.


130

M hnh cng ty mi trng th: Mt s vng ven , cc cng ty mi trng th m rng dch v thu gom rc thi cho cc cc x ln cn. Cng ty c th lm dch v trn gi t thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc thi hoc ch vn chuyn v x l. Kinh ph hot ng ca cng ty t ngun thu ph ca dn v ngn sch ca thnh ph. Thu nhp ca ngi lm dch v t 1.200.000-2.000.000 /ngi/thng v c hng y cc ch ca lao ng nng v c hi. Hin ch c mt s rt t cc x ven cc thnh ph ln nh Tp. H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh c hng cc dch v ny.

Khung 5.6. M hnh thu gom, x l rc thi nng thn da vo cng ng

Qung Tr

Nm 2014, S TN&MT Qung Tr phi hp vi UBND x Gio Hi (Gio Linh) xy dng m hnh thu gom, x l rc thi nng thn da vo cng ng vi tng kinh ph l 430 triu ng. Cng trnh gm cc hng mc nh xy dng 6 im trung chuyn rc tp trung, u t 6 xe trung chuyn rc, 4 thng ng rc ti cc im sinh hot cng ng x v trang b o qun bo h lao ng. nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn trong vic thu gom, x l rc thi v gip chnh quyn a phng qun l, vn hnh c hiu qu cng trnh, sau khi tin hnh nghim thu, bn giao cng trnh, S TN&MT t chc lp tp hun thu gom, x l rc thi nng thn da vo cng ng cho 150 hi vin Hi ph n x vi cc ni dung chuyn nh: nhim mi trng do rc thi nng thn v k thut phn loi rc thi; gii thiu v h thng thu gom x l rc thi da vo cng ng; quy ch thu gom rc thi trn a bn x Gio Hi. Cng thng qua tp hun, Chng trnh ph bin rng ri v nhng tc hi do nhim rc thi gy ra; gp phn nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn, c bit l ch em ph n trong vic thu gom, x l rc thi.

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Qung Tr, 2014

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Bng 5.3. Tng hp hot ng ca cc m hnh dch v qun l cht thi nng thn

TT Ni dung

M hnh dch v

T qunHTX dch

v mi trng

Cng ty TNHH

Cng ty mi trng

th

1 a bn hot ngPh bin cc vng nng thn

Ch yu cc th trn,

th t

Ch yu cc vng ven

KCN

Ch yu cc vng ven

2 Kinh ph hot ng

Ngn sch nh nc (%) 0 10-20 5-10 80-90

ng gp ca dn (%) 100 80-90 90-95 10-20

3Thu nhp (1000 /ngi/thng)

100-300 500-1.000 500-1.0001.200-2.000

4 Bo h lao ng (b/nm) Khng c 1 1 2

5 Bo him x hi Khng c T ngCng ty

ngNh nc

u t

6 Bo him y t Khng c HTX ngCng ty

ngNh nc

u t

7 Thit b thu gom T tcHTX trang

bCng

ty trang bNh nc

u t

8 TB vn chuyn Khng cu t t ngn sch a phng

Cng ty u t

Nh nc u t

9 Tnh n nhKhng n

nhTng i n nh

Khng n nh

n nh

Ngun:ThS. V Quc Chnh, Tp ch KH&CN Thy li, Vin Khoa hc Thy li Vit Nam, 2011


132

Mt vn kh khn chung i vi hu ht cc m hnh thu gom rc thi v ang trin khai l vic quy hoch cc bi rc xa khu dn c lm pht sinh chi ph vn chuyn rc t im trung chuyn n bi rc. Trong khi , vi cc m hnh hin nay, kinh ph mi ch chi tr c mt phn cho hot ng thu gom, khng chi tr cng nh duy tr cho hot ng vn chuyn. Chnh v vy, hu ht cc m hnh hin nay cha m bo tnh bn vng.

i vi cng tc qun l CTR sinh hot ni chung, CTR sinh hot nng thn ni ring, vic phn loi rc thi ti ngun trc khi x l s gip cho vic gim thiu chi ph x l, ng thi tn thu, ti ch mt khi lng ng k rc thi hu c lm phn bn. Tuy nhin, vn phn loi rc ti ngun cha nhn c s quan tm ng mc, cng nh cha c trin khai ph bin.

i vi hot ng thu gom v x l nc thi sinh hot, cc cng trnh xy

dng ng giao thng nng thn ca Nh nc cng nh cng trnh do dn t xy dng hu ht u khng xy dng h thng thot nc v x l nc thi. Phn ln cc loi nc thi sinh hot u khng c x l, chy t do, ngm xung t v chy xung ao h gy nhim mi trng.

5.6. VN TI CHNH, U T CHO BO V MI TRNG NNG THN

Cho n nay, phn kinh ph u t cho cng tc BVMT khu vc nng thn l rt t c cp trung ng v a phng.

Theo s liu ca B NN&PTNT, ngun kinh ph s nghip mi trng chi cho B NN&PTNT mi nm c cp t 14 - 42 t ng v c chia cho hot ng mi trng ca 7 lnh vc: Trng trt - Bo v thc vt; Chn nui - Th y; Lm nghip; Dim nghip; Thy li; Thy sn v Pht trin nng thn. Tuy nhin kinh ph ny ang gim dn trong nhng nm gy y.

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

20

42,43 39,89

20

14

t ng

Biu 5.3. Chi cho hot ng BVMT t ngun ngn sch s nghip mi trng ca B NN&PTNT qua cc nm

Ngun: B NN&PTNT, 2014

133


So vi cc B/ ngnh khc, B NN&PT-NT l mt trong cc B c giao kinh ph t ngun s nghip mi trng kh ln. Tuy nhin, thc t chi ph cho hot ng qun l mi trng ca ngnh li rt thp (khong 7-10 t ng/nm) v phn ln kinh ph (khong t 10 - 30 t ng/nm) dng cho cc d n iu tra ngun li thy sn thuc n 4713 (ch yu l hot ng iu tra c bn). Theo thng k, trong cc ni dung chi v mi trng (khng bao gm n 47), phn chi thng xuyn chim t l trn 60% (nm 2014, chi cho hot ng quan trc khong 3,5 t ng, hot ng kim tra v tuyn truyn, hi tho-tp hun khong 1 t ng/nm) nn kinh ph cn li rt t cho cc hot ng khc ca ngnh (2 -3 t ng/nm). Vi ngun chi nh vy, nhiu d n, nhim v v mi trng nng thn c ph duyt nhng khng c cp kinh ph trin khai, thm ch c nhng lnh vc khng c kinh ph trin khai.

cp a phng, cng tc u t, ti chnh trong hot ng BVMT nng thn cha c quan tm thch ng cng nh cha c s cn i. Hu ht, ngun kinh ph mi ch tp trung ch yu chi cho Chng trnh nc sch, VSMT. Trong khi , phn chi ph cho cc hot ng u t h tng mi trng, h thng x l cht thi... chim t l rt nh.

Mt vn khc cn phi k n, l ph bo v mi trng (ph BVMT i vi nc thi v cht thi rn) cha p dng c cho lng ngh, cng nh cha c quy nh bt buc cc h sn xut gy

13. Quyt nh s 47/2006/Q-TTg ngy 01/3/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt n tng th v iu tra c bn v qun l ti nguyn mi trng bin n nm 2010, tm nhn n nm 2020.

nhim nghim trng, thit hi v mi trng phi ng gp ti chnh khc phc hoc chu x pht hnh chnh. Kinh ph cho hot ng BVMT do chnh quyn x t trang tri ly t ngun c php chi 10% ngun thu thu ca cc h sn xut. V vy, cc lng ngh u khng kinh ph xy dng h thng x l nc thi, x l kh thi, CTR gim nhim mi trng, p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn. Ch c mt s c s tham gia v cc ti, d n l c h tr cho nhng hot ng ny.

Mt s lng ngh pht trin dch v thu gom v x l CTR. Kinh ph chi tr cho dch v ny c thu trc tip t cc h sn xut v h dn c vi mc thu trung bnh tng ng l 10.000 ng/h/thng v 3.000-5.000 ng/h/thng. Thc t lng thu ny cha chi cho t dch v v trang b cc dng c thu gom nn c nhiu kin ngh tng mc ph ny ln v tnh theo lng CTR thi ra dch v ny c tt hn v cng l yu t cc h phi gim lng thi ca mnh.


134

5.7. HUY NG S THAM GIA V NNG CAO NHN THC CNG NG

5.7.1. Huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong cng tc BVMT nng thn

Ngh quyt s 41/NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr v cng tc BVMT trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc nu mt s gii php y mnh vic huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong hot ng BVMT, trong bao gm vic huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong hot ng BVMT khu vc nng thn. Cc ni dung tp trung vo vic to c s php l v c ch chnh sch khuyn khch t chc, c nhn v cng ng tham gia cng tc BVMT, ch trng xy dng v thc hin cc hng c, quy c, cam kt v BVMT v cc m hnh t qun v BVMT ca cng ng dn c. Pht trin cc phong tro qun chng tham gia BVMT. Pht hin cc m hnh, in hnh tin tin trong hot ng BVMT khen thng, ph bin, nhn rng.

Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 v nm 2014 c th ha cc ch trng, chnh sch nhm huy ng s tham gia

ca cng ng trong BVMT nng thn nh: thnh lp t chc t qun v BVMT, xy dng v t chc thc hin hng c v BVMT. c bit, Lut BVMT 2014 dnh 01 chng quy nh trch nhim ca Mt trn T quc Vit Nam, t chc chnh tr - x hi, t chc x hi - ngh nghip v cng ng dn c trong BVMT.

trin khai thc hin, cp Trung ng, B TN&MT k 8 ngh nh lin tch vi cc t chc on th nhn dn v vic phi hp hnh ng BVMT. Chng trnh quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn trong 2 giai on 2001-2006 v 2006-2011 cng a vic huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng l mt trong nhng gii php trong qu trnh thc hin.

cp a phng, mt s cc m hnh huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong cng tc qun l v BVMT nng thn cng c trin khai nh cc m hnh thu gom rc thi sinh hot di cc hnh thc t qun do dn t t chc, do x, thn t chc hoc thnh lp HTX dch v VSMT. y l nhng m hnh tt cn c tip tc nhn rng pht huy th mnh qun l da vo cng ng dn c.

Khung 5.7. Pht huy vai tr ca HTX trong cng tc BVMT nng thn

Hin nay, trn c nc c khong gn 9.000 HTX nng nghip, gn b vi hot ng trng trt, chn nui, nui trng, nh bt thy sn, mi trng khu vc nng thn. Theo s liu thng k nm 2014, c nc c 274 hp tc x trin khai cng tc mi trng (trong c 120 HTX mi trng v 154 HTX tham gia hot ng mi trng). a s cc hp tc x ny hot ng a bn nng thn v ch yu hot ng trong lnh vc thu gom, x l rc thi, cung cp nc sch.

Mt s tnh c chnh sch tt, h tr cho cc HTX mi trng trin khai vic huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong BVMT, c bit l trong hot ng thu gom rc thi, to cnh quan xanh cho nng thn v t hiu qu cao, pht trin mnh m hnh HTX trong nhng nm 2011 - 2014 nh H Tnh, Vnh Phc

Ngun: Lin minh Hp tc x Vit Nam, 2014.

135


Hin nay, vic n gin ha cc quy nh php lut bng cch chuyn th hnh thc vn bn thnh cc hng c ca lng x v ang pht huy hiu qu. Vic xy dng v trin khai cc hng c v BVMT ca lng, x cng c nhiu a phng trin khai thc hin v bc u thu c kt qu tt. in hnh nh hng c v BVMT x An Chn (Tuy An, Ph Yn) (Khung 5.7) hay vic a cc tiu ch BVMT vo hng c, quy c ca thn, lng (Khung 5.8).

Khung 5.8. Trin khai hng c c lng ghp cc yu cu v BVMT x An Chn, huyn Tuy An, tnh Ph Yn

M hnh Xy dng hng c BVMT vi s tham gia ca cng ng c Chng trnh SEMLA trin khai ti x An Chn, huyn Tuy An - Ph Yn l mt trong nhng m hnh im thc hin vic huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong cng tc BVMT pht huy hiu qu. Nhng vn bc xc v mi trng ca tng thn c ngi dn bn bc, a vo hng c. l cc quy nh v thu gom v x l rc thi, v thot nc v x l nc thi, v x l kh thi, ting n, bo v h sinh thi, a dng sinh hc v t chc ngy xanh - sch - p hng thng. Cc quy nh v khen thng, x pht cng c quy nh rt c th, chi tit da trn c s ca cc vn bn php lut v mi trng. T khi c hng c, bn thn mi ngi dn thy c vai tr trch nhim ca mnh trong hot ng BVMT ti a phng.

M hnh ny c nhn rng ny ti x Xun Th 2 (th x Sng Cu, Ph Yn) v hng n nhn rng trong cng ng nhng nm tip theo nhm gp phn nng cao nhn thc BVMT cho tng ngi dn v chuyn bin nhn thc thnh hnh vi c th cho h, ng thi tng cng nng lc qun l mi trng cho cn b x, cc hi, on th.

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014


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Ti cc a phng khu vc min ni, vic trin khai chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng rng cng mang li hiu qu tch cc. Chnh sch ny c trin khai nhm huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong cng tc bo v rng, huy ng ngun lc x hi, c bit ca cc t chc, c nhn c hng li t dch v mi trng rng vo vic bo v v pht trin rng gn vi xa i gim ngho...

Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng kt qu t c, s tham gia ca cng ng vo cc qu trnh ng gp kin ra quyt nh, hoch nh chnh sch v cc hot ng qun l mi trng ti khu vc nng thn, lng ngh vn cn nhiu hn ch. Hu nh, s tham gia ca cng ng a phng ch mc by t s phn khng khi b nh hng do nhim mi trng, hoc khi cc cng trnh v sinh cng cng nh bi chn lp d kin c xy dng gn ch .

Khung 5.9. Trin khai hng c c lng ghp cc yu cu v BVMT

nng cao nhn thc, trch nhim ca ngi dn trong cng tc BVMT, Ban ch o x Hng Sn (Bnh Xuyn, Vnh Phc) ch o cc thn dn c a tiu ch BVMT vo hng c, quy c ca thn, lng. ng thi y mnh phong tro thi ua ton dn on kt xy dng i sng vn ha khu dn c; phong tro ton dn tch cc BVMT vi phng chm sch nh, sch ng, sch ni cng cng.

n nay, ton x c 93,26% s h s dng nc hp v sinh, trong c 40,3% s h s dng nc sch; t l s h c 3 cng trnh v sinh hp v sinh chim 97,5%, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip t chun VSMT chim 86%; s h chn nui theo mi hnh trang tri c 60/80 h t tiu chun VSMT.

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014

Khung 5.10. Kt qu thc hin Chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng rng

Sau 3 nm thc hin (t 2012 - 2014), Chnh sch Chi tr mi trng rng to ngun lc ti chnh mi, n nh, bn vng phc v cng tc qun l bo v rng, gp phn nng cao i sng ca nhng ngi dn gn b vi rng, c bit l ng bo dn tc thiu s, vng su, vng xa. Mc thu nhp bnh qun hng nm ca cc h gia nh nhn khon bo v rng t chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng rng ca c nc t 1,8 triu ng/h. n nay, c nc c 36 a phng thnh lp Qu Bo v v Pht trin rng, trong c 32 tnh n nh t chc b my hot ng. Ton quc k c 351 hp ng y thc dch v mi trng rng vi cc c s s dng dch v mi trng rng thu tin dch v mi trng rng chi tr cho ch rng. Thu tin dch v mi trng rng ca c nc hng nm trn 1.000 t ng. Sau hn 3 nm, c nc thu c hn 3.3 t ng chi tr cho ch rng. y l ngun lc ng gp rt ln vo cng tc bo v v pht trin rng, m bo kinh ph duy tr bo v din tch rng bnh qun t 2,8 triu ha n 3,37 triu ha rng/nm.

Ngun: Tng cc Lm nghip, B NN&PTNT, 2014

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Cc hot ng t chc cho cng ng tham gia qun l cht thi nng thn cn mang nng tnh phong tro, ch yu thc hin trong cc dp l, tt m cha c duy tr thng xuyn, cha tr thnh nhim v ca cc c quan v cc cp chnh quyn. rt nhiu a phng c hng c v lng vn ha mi, trong quy nh rt c th v np sng vn ha trong ci hi, tang l nhng rt t cc hng c cp n cc quy nh v qun l cht thi v VSMT hoc ch cp mt cch chung chung. Nhiu ni cha khuyn khch v hng dn c th vic thc hin v pht trin Hng c, quy c, hay quy ch v xy dng lng vn ho trong thn xm. Mt v d in hnh nh Quy c lng vn ho Thanh Lng (Bch Ho, Thanh Oai, H Ni) c UBND x Bch Ho ban hnh thng 12 nm 2001, nhng nhng iu v BVMT, cnh quan lng xm trong Quy c cho n nay vn cha thc hin c.

Vic pht huy sc mnh cng ng trong u tranh vi cc ch c s sn xut thc hin cc gii php gim thiu nhim mi trng cha c y mnh. Nguyn nhn l do ngi dn trong cng ng cng cha thc s nm c lut v chnh sch ca nh nc v BVMT, mt khc do tnh lng ngha xm, nn cng ng khng c c nhng gii php kin quyt.

5.7.2. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng

Trong nhng nm gn y, cng tc nng cao nhn thc BVMT nhn chung t c rt nhiu kt qu, tuy nhin nhn thc v vn mi trng ca ngi dn, c bit l ngi dn khu vc nng thn

vn cn hn ch. Nguyn nhn mt phn do tnh bo th c hu ca ngi nng dn, mt phn do quan nim khng ng v s pht trin kinh t, mc ch t c cui cng l kinh t m khng ch trng n cng tc BVMT. Ngi dn cha thc s hiu v nm bt c chnh xc v lut v nhng chnh sch ca nh nc.

Tnh cng ng khu vc nng thn c nh hng rt ln ti vic qun l mi trng cng nh vic thc hin ngha v v trch nhim ca ngi dn i vi mi trng. Nhng ni ngi dn c tnh cng ng cao th vic phi hp v lin kt cng thun li hn nhng i khi cng rt kh khn trong vic ph b nhng quan nim lc hu. Thm ch, chnh mi quan h lng x, lng ging, h hng trong cng ng dn c nng thn cng lm nh hng xu, gy kh khn trong vic p dng, thc thi cc ch ti x pht khi c vi phm. i vi nhng ni c tnh cng ng thp th cng tc qun l cn kh khn hn rt nhiu.

Cng tc tuyn truyn v gio dc v mi trng cha c thc s ch trng ti cc khu vc nng thn, cc hnh thc tuyn truyn thiu tnh sng to v hnh thc, cha phong ph v ni dung, cha kt hp cht ch vi cc on th khc nh trng hc, t chc x hi, ngh nghip, t chc tn gio... Ngoi ra, cng tc tuyn truyn cn hn ch v khng gian, ch yu tp trung cc th hay cc huyn ng bng. Ni dung thng tin v cch ph bin cng cn nhiu vn khng hp l, cha ph hp vi c th khu vc nng thn.


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