Chuyen de 2- Huy Dong Von Va Quan Ly Huy Dong Von

Ti liu QTKD NHTM - Chuyn Qun l ngun vn v Qun l ti sn

Trung tm Bi dng v T vn v Ngn hng Ti chnh - H Kinh t Quc dn

1

Ngun vn v qun l ngun vn

Ngn hng kinh doanh tin t di hnh thc huy ng, cho vay, u t

v cung cp cc dch v khc. Huy ng vn - hot ng to ngun vn cho

ngn hng thng mi - ng vai tr quan trng nh hng ti cht lng

hot ng ca ngn hng. Ngun vn v qun l ngun vn tp trung nghin

cu cc loi ngun tin c truyn ti n ngn hng theo cc knh dn

khc nhau, c im v cc phng php qun l chng nhm thc hin

mc tiu kinh doanh m ngn hng ra.

1. Ngun vn v nghip v ngun vn ca NHTM

1.1.Vn ch s hu

bt u hot ng ngn hng (c php lut cho php) ch ngn

hng phi c mt lng vn nht nh. y l loi vn ngn hng c th s

dng lu di, hnh thnh nn trang thit b, nh ca cho ngn hng. Ngun

hnh thnh v nghip v hnh thnh loi vn ny rt a dng tu theo tnh

cht s hu, nng lc ti chnh ca ch ngn hng, yu cu v s pht trin

ca th trng.

1.1.1. Ngun vn hnh thnh ban u

Tu theo tnh cht ca mi ngn hng m ngun gc hnh thnh vn

ban u khc nhau. Nu l ngn hng thuc s hu nh nc, ngn sch

Nh nc cp (vn ca Nh nc). Nu l ngn hng c phn, cc c ng

ng gp thng qua mua c phn hoc c phiu. Ngn hng lin doanh c

cc bn lin doanh gp: ngn hng t nhn l vn thuc s hu t nhn.

1.1.2. Ngun vn b sung trong qu trnh hot ng

Trong qu trnh hot ng, ngn hng gia tng vn ca ch theo nhiu

phng thc khc nhau tu thuc vo iu kin c th.

Ngun t li nhun: Trong iu kin thu nhp rng ln hn khng, ch

ngn hng c xu hng gia tng vn ca ch bng cch chuyn mt phn

thu nhp rng thnh vn u t. T l tch lu tu thuc vo cn nhc ca



2

ch ngn hng v tch lu v tiu dng. Nhng ngn hng lu nm, thu nhp

rng ln, ngun vn tch lu t li nhun s cao so vi vn ca ch hnh

thnh ban u.

Ngun b sung t pht hnh thm c phn, gp thm, cp thm

m rng qui m hot ng, hoc i mi trang thit b, hoc p ng

yu cu gia tng vn ca ch do Ngn hng Nh nc qui nh c im

ca hnh thc huy ng ny l khng thng xuyn, song gip cho ngn

hng c c lng vn s hu ln vo lc cn thit.

1.1.3. Cc qu

Ngn hng c nhiu qu. Mi qu c mc ch ring. Trc tin l qu

d phng tn tht. Qu ny c trch lp hng nm v c tch lu li

nhm b p nhng tn tht xy ra. Qu bo ton vn nhm b p hao

mn ca vn di tc ng ca lm pht. Qu thng d l phn nh gi li

ti sn ca ngn hng v chnh lch gia th gi v mnh gi c phiu khi

pht hnh c phiu mi. Tu theo qui nh c th ca tng nc, cc ngn

hng cn c th c qu phc li, qu khen thng, qu gim c

Cc qu ca ngn hng thuc s hu ca ch ngn hng. Ngun hnh

thnh cc qu ny l t thu nhp ca ngn hng. Tuy nhin mt s qu NH

khng th s dng lu di.

1.1.4. Ngun vay n c th chuyn i thnh c phn

Cc khon vay trung v di hn ca ngn hng thng mi m c kh

nng chuyn i thnh vn c phn c th c coi l mt b phn ca vn

s hu ca ngn hng (vn b sung) do ngun ny c mt s c im nh

s dng lu di, c th u t vo nh ca, t ai v c th khng phi

hon tr khi n hn.

1.2. Vn n

1.2.1. Tin gi v cc nghip v huy ng tin gi

Tin gi khch hng l ngun ti nguyn quan trng nht ca ngn

hng thng mi. Khi mt ngn hng bt u hot ng, nghip v u tin

l m cc ti khon tin gi gi h v thanh ton h cho khch hng,



3

bng cch ngn hng huy ng tin ca cc doanh nghip, cc t chc v

ca dn c.

Tin gi l ngun tin quan trng, chim t trng ln trong tng ngun

tin ca ngn hng. gia tng tin gi trong mi trng cnh tranh v

c c ngun tin c cht lng ngy cng cao, cc ngn hng a ra v

thc hin nhiu hnh thc huy ng khc nhau.

- Tin gi thanh ton (tin gi giao dch, hoc tin gi thanh ton)

y l tin ca doanh nghip hoc c nhn gi vo ngn hng nh

ngn hng gi v thanh ton b.Trong phm vi s d cho php, cc nhu cu

chi tr ca doanh nghip v c nhn u c ngn hng thc hin. Cc

khon thu bng tin ca doanh nghip v c nhn u c th c nhp vo

tin gi thanh ton theo yu cu. Nhn chung, li sut ca tin ny rt thp

(hoc bng khng), thay vo ch ti khon c th c hng cc dch

v ngn hng vi mc ph thp. Ngn hng m ti khon tin gi thanh ton

(ti khon c th pht sc) cho khch hng. Th tc m rt n gin. Yu

cu ca ngn hng l khch hng phi c tin v ch thanh ton trong phm

vi s d. Mt s ngn hng kt hp ti khon tin gi thanh ton vi ti

khon cho vay (thu chi - chi tri trn s d c ca ti khon tin gi thanh

ton. Mt s ngn hng s dng nhiu hnh thc "bin tng" ca ti khon

thanh ton nng li sut li tin gi ny nhm cnh tranh vi cc t chc

tn dng khc.

- Tin gi c k hn ca doanh nghip, cc t chc x hi

Nhiu khon thu bng tin ca doanh nghip v cc t chc x hi s

c chi tr sau mt thi gian xc nh. Tin gi thanh ton tuy rt thun

tin cho hot ng thanh ton song li sut li thp. p ng nhu cu

tng thu ca ngi gi tin, ngn hng a ra hnh thc tin gi c k

hn. Ngi gi khng c s dng cc hnh thc thanh ton i vi tin

gi thanh ton p dng i vi loi tin gi ny. Nu cn ch tiu, ngi

gi phi n ngn hng rt tin ra. Tuy khng thun li cho tiu dng

bng hnh thc tin gi thanh ton, song tin gi c k hn c hng li



4

sut cao hn tu theo di ca k hn.

- Tin gi tit kim ca dn c

Cc tng lp dn c u c cc khon thu nhp tm thi cha s dng

(cc khon tin tit kim). Trong iu kin c kh nng tip cn vi ngn

hng, h u c th gi tit kim nhm thc hin cc mc tiu bo ton v

sinh li i vi cc khon tit kim, c bit l nhu cu bo ton. Nhm thu

ht ngy cng nhiu tin tit kim, cc ngn hng u c gng khuyn

khch dn c thay i thi quen gi vng v tin mt ti nh bng cch m

rng mng li huy ng, a ra cc hnh thc huy ng a dng v li sut

cnh tranh hp dn (v d nh tin gi vi cc k hn khc nhau, tit kim

bng ngoi t, bng vng). Ngn hng c th m cho mi ngi tit kim

nhiu trng mc tit kim (hoc l s tit kim) cho mi k hn v mi ln

gi khc nhau. S tit kim ny khng dng thanh ton tin hng v dch

v song c th th chp vay vn nu c ngn hng cho php.

- Tin gi ca cc ngn hng khc

Nhm mc ch nh thanh ton h v mt s mc ch khc, ngn

hng thng mi ny c th gi tin ti ngn hng khc. Tuy nhin, qui m

ngun ngy thng khng ln.

1.2.2. Tin vay v nghip v i vay ca NHTM

Tin gi l ngun quan trng nht ca ngn hng thng mi. Tuy

nhin, khi cn, ngn hng thng vay mn thm. Ti nhiu nc, ngn

hng Trung ng thng quy nh t l gia ngun tin huy ng v vn

ca ch. Do vy nhiu ngn hng vo nhng giai on c th phi vay mn

thm p ng nhu cu chi tr khi kh nng huy ng b hn ch.

- Vay NHNN (Vay Ngn hng Trung ng)

y l khon vay nhm gii quyt nhu cu cp bch trong chi tr ca

ngn hng thng mi. Trong trng hp thiu ht d tr (thiu d tr bt

buc, d tr thanh ton), ngn hng thng mi thng vay ngn hng Nh

nc. Hnh thc cho vay ch yu ca ngn hng Nh nc l ti chit khu

(hoc ti cp vn). Cc thng phiu c cc ngn hng thng mi



5

chit khu (hoc ti chit khu) tr thnh ti sn ca h. Khi cn tin, ngn

hng mang nhng thng phiu ny ln ti chit khu ti ngn hng Nh

nc. Nghip v ny lm thng phiu ca NHTM gim i v d tr (tin

mt hoc tin gi ti ngn hng Nh nc) tng ln. Ngn hng Nh nc

iu hnh vay mn ny mt cch cht ch; ngn hng thng mi phi

thc hin cc iu kin m bo v kim sot nht nh. Thng thng

Ngn hng Nh nc ch ti chit khu cho nhng thng phiu c cht

lng (thi gian o hn ngn, kh nng tr n cao) v ph hp vi mc tiu

ca ngn hng Nh nc trong tng thi k. Trong iu kin cha c thng

phiu, ngn hng Nh nc cho ngn hng thng mi vay di hnh thc

ti cp vn theo hn mc tn dng nht nh.

- Vay cc t chc tn dng khc

y l ngun cc ngn hng vay mn ln nhau v vay ca cc t chc

tn dng khc trn th trng lin ngn hng. Cc ngn hng ang c d tr

vt yu cu do c kt d gia tng bt ng v cc khon tin huy ng hoc

gim cho vay s c th sn lng cho cc ngn hng khc vay tm kim li

sut cao hn. Ngc li, cc ngn hng ang thiu ht d tr c nhu cu vay

mn tc thi m bo thanh khon. Nh vy ngun vay mn t cc

ngn hng khc l p ng nhu cu d tr v chi tr cp bch v trong

nhiu trng hp n b sung hoc thay th cho ngun vay mn t ngn

hng Nh nc. Qu trnh vay mn rt n gin. Ngn hng vay ch cn

lin h trc tip vi ngn hng cho vay hoc thng qua ngn hng i l

(hoc ngn hng Nh nc). Khon vay c th khng cn m bo, hoc

c m bo bng cc chng khon ca kho bc. Kt qu l d tr ca

ngn hng cho vay gim i v ca ngn hng i vay tng ln.

- Vay trn th trng vn

Ging nh cc doanh nghip khc, cc ngn hng cng vay mn bng

cch pht hnh cc giy n (k phiu, tn phiu, tri phiu) trn th trng

vn. Rt nhiu ngn hng thng mi thiu ngun tin gi trung v di hn

dn n khng p ng c nhu cu cho vay trung v di hn. Do vy, cc



6

khon vay trung v di hn nhm b sung cho cc ngun tin gi, p ng

nhu cu cho vay v u t trung v di hn. Thng thng y l khon vay

khng c m bo, nhng ngn hng c uy tn hoc tr li sut cao s vay

mn c nhiu hn. Cc ngn hng nh thng kh vay mn trc tip

bng cch ny; h thng phi vay thng qua cc ngn hng i l hoc

c bo lnh ca Ngn hng u t. Kh nng vay mn cn ph thuc

vo trnh pht trin ca th trng ti chnh, to kh nng chuyn i cho

cc cng c n di hn ca ngn hng. Nghip v vay mn tng i phc

tp. Ngn hng cn nghin cu k th trng quyt nh qui m, mnh

gi, li sut v thi hn vay mn thch hp. Cc vn chuyn nhng,

iu chnh li sut, bo qun h cng c cc ngn hng quan tm.

1.2.3.Vn n khc

Loi ny bao gm ngun u thc, ngun trong thanh ton, cc ngun

khc.

- Tin u thc

Ngn hng thng mi thc hin cc dch v u thc nh u thc cho

vay, u thc u t, u thc cp pht, u thc gii ngn v thu h Cc

hot ng ny to nn ngun u thc ti ngn hng. V d Ngn hng nng

nghip v pht trin nng thn cho vay u thc h cho Nh nc i vi mt

s d n trng rng vi ngun Ngn sch hoc ngun ODA. Theo hp ng

gia cc bn, cc ngun vn trn c chuyn v ngn hng Nng nghip v

pht trin nng thn, t chuyn ti n a im c xc nh

trc. Cng vi s pht trin ca cc mi quan h a phng, rt nhiu cc

t chc kinh t x hi c cng mc tiu pht trin nh ca ngn hng, c

ngun ti chnh, s dng mng li ngn hng nh cc knh dn vn ti

cc mc tiu. Kt qu l hnh thnh ngun u thc, lm gia tng ngun vn

ca ngn hng.

- Tin trong thanh ton

Cc hot ng thanh ton khng dng tin mt c th hnh thnh

ngun trong thanh ton (sc trong qu trnh chi tr, tin k qu m



7

L/C...). Nhng ngn hng l ngn hng u mi trong ng ti tr c kt s

d tr tin ca cc ngn hng thnh vin chuyn v thc hin cho vay

- Tin khc: Cc khon n khc nh thu cha np, lng cha tr

Ngun vn ca NHTM

Khon mc S d (31/12/X)

n v: T VN

1. Tin gi ca doanh nghip v c nhn 50945

1.1. Tin gi ca doanh nghip 15521

1.2. Tin gi tit kim ca c nhn 35425

2. Tin gi ca cc t chc hnh chnh 7270

3. Pht hnh k phiu, tri phiu 3,8

4. Vay Ngn hng Nh nc v cc t chc tn dng

khc

4335

5. Cc khon phi tr khc 791

6. Ngun khc 1100

7. Vn ch s hu 1814

7.1. Vn iu l 1150

7.2. Cc qu v li cha phn phi 664

Tng ngun 66259,8

2. c im v cc nhn t nh hng

2.1. c im tin gi v cc nhn t nh hng c im chung ca tin gi l chng phi c thanh ton khi khch

hng yu cu ngay c khi l tin gi c k hn cha n hn. S thay i,

c bit l tin gi ngn hn, lm thay i cu thanh khon ca ngn hng.

Qui m ca tin gi rt ln so vi cc ngun khc. Thng thng

ngun ny chim hn 50% tng ngun vn v l mc tiu tng trng hng

nm ca cc ngn hng.

Tin gi l i tng phi d tr bt buc, do vy chi ph tin gi

thng cao hn li tr cho tin gi. nhiu nc, ngn hng phi mua bo



8

him cho tin gi.

Tin gi, c bit l tin gi ngn hn, thng nhy cm vi cc bin

ng v li sut, t gi, thu nhp, chu k chi tiu v nhiu nhn t khc. Li

sut cao l mt nhn t kch thch cc doanh nghip, dn c gi v cho vay.

Trong iu kin c lm pht, ngi c tin tit kim thng quan tm ti li

sut thc, iu c ngha l li sut thc dng mi thc s hp dn cc

ngun tin tit kim. Cc yu t khc nh a im ngn hng, mng li

chi nhnh v quy tit kim, cc loi hnh huy ng a dng, cc dch v a

dng u nh hng ti qui m v cu trc ca ngun tin. Thi v chi

tiu nh hng n qui m v tnh n nh ca ngun tin. Vo dp tt,

ngun tin tit kim cng nh tin gi ca doanh nghip c xu hng gim

st, c bit trong iu kin thanh ton bng tin mt cn ph bin. Ti cc

thnh ph ln, ni tp trung tng lp dn c c thu nhp cao, hnh thnh

ngi gi tin ln. Thu nhp gia tng l iu kin gia tng qui m v thay

i k hn ca ngun tin. Khi ngn hng m rng cho vay, tin gi ca cc

doanh nghip v cc c nhn cng gia tng. Cc ngun tin gi thanh ton

thng bin ng mnh (km n nh) hn tin gi tit kim.

Ngn hng nghin cu cc nhn t nh hng n tin gi thng qua

nghin cu c im th trng ngun tin ca ngn hng c bin php

qun l v s dng thch ng. Tuy nhin ngn hng thng kh d tnh c

chnh xc vic thay i qui m v kt cu ca tin gi.

2.2. c im tin vay v cc nhn t nh hng T trng ca loi ngun ny trong tng ngun thng thp hn ngun

tin gi. Cc khon i vay thng l vi thi hn v qui m xc nh trc,

do vy to thnh ngun n nh cho ngn hng. Khc vi nhn tin gi,

ngn hng khng nht thit phi i vay thng xuyn: ngn hng ch vay lc

cn thit, ngn hng hon ton ch ng quyt nh khi lng vay ph hp

vi nhu cu s dng. Ngun vay c th khng phi chu d tr bt buc v

bo him tin gi. Tuy nhin do ri ro ln hn nn li sut tr cho tin vay

thng ln hn li sut tr cho tin gi vi cng k hn. Cc khon vay



9

ngn hng Nh nc v vay ngn hng khc tuy li sut thp song thng c

thi hn ngn, ch nhm m bo thanh ton tc thi khi nhu cu, thanh

ton ca khch hng tng cao. Vay Ngn hng Nh nc ph thuc rt ln

vo chnh sch tin t trong tng thi k. Vic vay mn cc ngn hng

ang thiu phng tin thanh ton. Mun m rng qui m vay mn trn th

trng lin ngn hng, mt ngn hng cn vn ti th trng lin ngn

hng quc t vi kh nng phn tch ri ro li sut v ri ro hi oi.

Vay thng qua pht hnh cc giy n trung v di hn ng vai tr

quan trng trong vic to v gia tng cc ngun trung v di hn n nh cao

cho ngn hng. Ngn hng c th s dng ngun ny cho vay cc d n,

ti tr cho trang thit b v bt ng sn ca doanh nghip v ngi tiu

dng. Cc nhn t nh hng quan trng nht l thu nhp ca dn c v n

nh v m, sau n l cc k thut nghip v ca ngn hng nhm to tnh

thanh khon ca cc giy n v thun tin i vi ngi cho vay. Mc d li

sut thng cao hn cc ngun khc, song ngn hng vn phi s dng pht

hnh giy n trung v di hn khi tin gi khng p ng c yu cu nh

n nh, qui m ln trong khong thi gian xc nh.

2.3. c im cc ngun khc

Phn ln cc ngun khc ngn hng khng phi tr li (li sut danh

ngha bng khng). Tuy nhin chi ph c v duy tr chng l rt ng k.

V d c cc ngun u thc ngn hng phi tm kim cc ch u t, tm

hiu yu cu ca h, nghin cu cc d n m h ti tr Nhn chung, cc

ngun khc trong ngn hng thng khng ln (tr mt s ngn hng c cc

dch v u thc cho nh nc hoc cho cc t chc quc t). Vic gia tng

cc ngun ny nm trong chnh sch tng ngun thu cho ngn hng v b

nh hng rt ln bi kh nng thc hin v m rng cc loi hnh dch v

khc.

3. Qun l vn n

Ngun vn ca ngn hng bao gm 2 loi chnh nu phn chia theo

hnh thc s hu: vn ca ch ngn hng v vn n. Khc vi nhiu loi



10

hnh doanh nghip, vn ca ch ngn hng thng chim t trng nh trong

tng ngun vn, vn n l ngun ch yu ca ngn hng.

3.1. Mc tiu qun l

Vn n l ti nguyn chnh ca ngn hng. Cht lng v s lng ca

n nh hng ng k ti cht lng v s lng cc khon cho vay v u

t. Mc tiu qun l n khng nm ngoi mc tiu qun l chung ca ngn

hng l an ton v sinh li. Qun l n nhm mc tiu c th sau:

Tm kim cc ngun nhm p ng yu cu v qui m cho vay v u t,

a dng ha cc ngun nhm tm kim c cu ngun c chi ph thp nht v ph hp vi nhu cu s dng.

Duy tr tnh n nh ca ngun tin.

Tm kim cc cng c n mi nhm pht trin th trng n ca

ngn hng.

3.2. Ni dung qun l

Phn ln cc khon n ca ngn hng lin quan ti chi ph tr li. Chi

ph tr li l b phn chi ph ln nht i vi ngn hng, v vy, c nh

hng quyt nh i vi thu nhp ca ngn hng. Chi ph tr li b tc ng

trc tip bi:

- Qui m, c cu cc ngun phi tr li

- Li sut c bit.

Ni dung u tin trong qun l cc khon n l qun l qui m, c

cu v li sut ca cc khon n, cc chi ph li sut gn vi cc khon n.

Tip theo, tnh n nh ca cc khon n quyt nh mt phn an ton trong

kinh doanh ngn hng v thi hn tn dng. V vy, ni dung th hai l qun

l tnh n nh ca cc khon n. Cui cng, tnh thanh khon ca cc

khon n c nhiu nh qun l ngn hng quan tm. N phn nh kh

nng tm kim cc khon n mi nhanh chng v vi li sut thp nhm

tng cng kh nng thanh khon cho ngn hng.

3.2.1. Qun l qui m v c cu



11

Qun l qui m v c cu nhm a ra v thc hin cc bin php

gia tng qui m v thay i c cu mt cch c hiu qu nht.

Gia tng ngun theo chun mc no l mt ch tiu phn nh cht

lng hot ng ca ngn hng, l iu kin ngn hng m rng qui m

hot ng, nng cao tnh thanh khon v tnh n nh ca ngun vn. C

cu n nh hng ti c cu ti sn v quyt nh chi ph ca ngn hng.

Qun l qui m v c cu n gm cc ni dung sau:

+ Thng k y , kp thi cc thay i v cc loi ngun, tc

vng quay ca mi loi.

+ Phn tch k lng cc nhn t gn lin vi thay i (cc nhn t

nh hng v b nh hng).

+ Lp k hoch ngun cho tng giai on ph hp vi yu cu s dng.

Cng tc thng k ngun s cho cc nh qun l nghin cu mi lin

h gia s lng, cu trc ngun vi cc nhn t nh hng cng nh thy

c c tnh ca th trng ngun ca ngn hng.

Trong iu kin c th, cc ngun ca mt ngn hng c th c tc

v qui m thay i khc nhau. Cc ngn hng ln c qui m ngun ln v

tc tng trng ngun c th khng cao nh cc ngn hng nh. Nhng

ngn hng trung tm tin t c c cu ngun khc vi ngn hng xa.

Nhng nhn t nh hng v b nh hng bi qui m v kt cu ca

ngun tin thng xuyn thay i v cn phi c nghin cu k lng.

y l c s ngn hng a ra cc quyt nh ph hp thay i qui

m v kt cu ngun tin. Vo gn dp tt, qui m ca tin gi tit kim c

th gim xung tng i; hoc nu ngn hng ph v ch yu cc doanh

nghip xy lp, tin gi ca h tng gim ph thuc nhiu vo ma xy

dng. T , nh qun l ngn hng cn phn chia cc loi khch hng gn

vi qui m v tc gia tng ca mi ngun. Cc khch hng, hoc nhm

khch hng c tin gi ln cn c c bit ch , cc nhm khch hng

truyn thng, cc nhm khch hng nhy cm vi nhng thay i v cng

ngh, li sut v cht lng dch v km theo cn phi c nghin cu c



12

th. Nh qun l cng cn xem xt th phn ngun tin ca cc ngn hng

khc trn a bn v kh nng cnh tranh ca h.

K hoch ngun cn c xy dng cho tng giai on, bao gm k

hoch gia tng qui m ca mi ngun, nhm p ng nhu cu cho vay, u

t hoc nhu cu chi tr cho cc doanh nghip v dn chng, kh nng thay

i c cu ngun, hoc tm kim ngun mi. K hoch ngun c t

trong k hoch s dng v li nhun k vng, bao gm k hoch v li sut,

m chi nhnh hoc im huy ng, loi ngun, tip th

3.2.2. Qun l li sut chi tr

Qun l li sut ca cc khon n l xc nh cc loi v c cu li

sut tr cho cc ngun tin khc nhau nhm m bo duy tr qui m v kt

cu ngun ph hp vi yu cu sinh li ca ngn hng.

Qun l li sut ca cc khon n l mt b phn trong qu trnh chi

ph ca ngn hng. Li sut chi tr cng cao cng c th huy ng c ln,

t m m rng cho vay v u t. Tuy nhin, li sut cao lm gia tng chi

ph ca ngn hng v nu doanh thu khng tng kp chi ph, li nhun ca

ngn hng s gim tng ng. V vy qun l li sut ca ngun vn c lin

quan cht ch vi qun l li sut cho vay v u t ca ngn hng.

Ni dung qun l li sut:

- Nghin cu cc nhn t nh hng ti li sut huy ng.

- a dng ha li sut

Li sut huy ng gn lin vi mi loi sn phm ca ngn hng v vi

mi ngn hng. Li sut huy ng thay i thng xuyn di nh hng

ca nhiu nhn t nh:

- Kh nng tit kim v gia tng tit kim ca quc gia;

- Nhu cu u t ca cc doanh nghip, Nh nc v h gia nh;

- T l lm pht;

- T l sinh li ca cc hot ng u t khc;

- Trnh pht trin ca th trng ti chnh;

- Kh nng sinh li ca ngn hng;



13

- an ton ca cc ngn hng

Trn c s tc ng ca hng lot cc yu t, hnh thnh nn li sut

huy ng ca ngn hng thng mi. Li sut huy ng ti mi ngn hng

c phn bit theo nhiu hnh thc khc nhau:

- Li sut phn bit theo thi gian: thi gian huy ng cng di th li

sut cng cao;

- Li sut phn bit theo loi tin;

- Li sut phn bit theo mc ch gi, theo mc ch huy ng;

- Li sut phn bit theo ri ro ca ngn hng: cc ngn hng nh, hoc

ngn hng t nhn li sut cao hn cc ngn hng ln, hoc ngn hng ca

Nh nc;

- Li sut phn bit theo cc dch v i km v d nh tit kim c

thng, tit kim bo him li sut thp hn tit kim khc;

- Li sut phn bit theo qui m

Nhn chung, tin ch m ngn hng cung cp cho ngi gi tin v

ngi cho vay cng cao th li sut cng thp. Mt s ngun tin li sut

ngn hng tr bng khng v ngi gi phi tr ph c hng tin ch

ca ngn hng.

C nhiu mc li sut danh ngha khc nhau tu theo tnh cht ca

tng khon n, l cc mc li sut c bit. V d, li sut tin gi tit

kim VND loi thi hn 6 thng l 0,55%/thng; loi 12 thng l

0,6%/thng; loi tit kim 12 thng USD l 3%/nm Trong qu trnh cnh

tranh m rng ngun tin, cc ngn hng u c gng to ra cc u th

ca ring mnh trong c u th v li sut cnh tranh. Mt ngn hng c

th a ra li sut danh ngha cao hn cc ngn hng khc, tc l to ra

li sut cnh tranh nhm thu ht thm ngun tin mi. Tuy nhin ngn hng

ny cng c th to li sut cnh tranh bng cc phng php khc nh tr

li lm nhiu ln trong k hoc tr li trc. Khi tr tin li nhiu ln trong

k, li sut tng ng (A) s ln hn li sut danh ngha m ngn hng

cam kt tr.



14

A (cn c k hiu NEC) = (1+i/n)n - 1

Trong : i l li sut danh ngha trong k;

n l s ln tr li trong k.

Khi tr li trc, li sut tng ng vi tr li sau (B) cng ln hn

li sut danh ngha tr trc.

B (Cn c k hiu NEC) = i/(1-i).

Trong : i l li sut tr trc

Cc ngn hng thng s dng phng php trn trong iu kin b

khng ch v li sut ti a, hoc thay i tm thi qui m ca khon

mc chi ph tr li trong k.

phc v cho vic qun l chi ph tr li v hoch nh cc mc li

sut cnh tranh (gm li sut tin gi v li sut tin vay), cc ngn hng

thng tnh ton li sut bnh qun.

(1) Li sut bnh qun ca mt ngun hay mt nhm ngun trong k.

(2) Li sut bnh qun ca cc ngun phi tr li ti mt thi im

hoc trong k. Li sut bnh qun cho thy xu hng thay i li sut ca

ngun, mc thay i li sut mi ngun, s kt hp gia li sut c bit

v t tng mi ngun; n cng cho thy nhng ngun t tng i (li sut

c bit > li sut bnh qun) v cc ngun r tng i (li sut c bit < li

sut bnh qun). iu ny rt c ngha i vi hoch nh chin lc

ngun vn.

V d, mt ngn hng c cc s liu v ngun vn sau:

Ngun S d

1/1

Li sut

1/1

S d

1/2

Li sut

1/2

S d

1/3

Li sut

1/3

Ngun di

12 thng 100 10% 120 11% 140 10,5%

Ngun trung

hn 60 12% 70 13% 75 12,5%

Ngun di hn 40 13% 50 14% 55 13,8%

(Gi s s d v li sut khng thay i trong thng, li tr hng thng).



15

Vi cc li sut danh ngha trn, ta c th tnh li sut bnh qun cho

tng ngun trong 3 thng, li sut bnh qun ca cc ngun ti mt thi

im, hoc trong 3 thng.

Li sut bnh qun ca cc ngun vo ngy 1/1:

Lsbq = (1200x10%+60x12%+10x13%)/200 = 0,112 = 11,2%

Li sut bnh qun ca ngun ngn hn trong 3 thng:

Lsbq = (100x10%+120x11%+140x10,5%)/360 = 0,10527 = 10,527%

Li sut bnh qun ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh chnh

lch li sut (phn nh kh nng sinh li ca ngn hng).

3.2.3. Qun l k hn

Qun l k hn l xc nh k hn ca ngun ph hp vi yu cu v

k hn ca s dng, ng thi to s n nh ca ngun.

Ni dung qun l k hn:

- Xc nh k hn dnah ngha ca ngun v cc nhn t nh hng;

- Xc nh k hn thc ca ngun v cc nhn t nh hng;

- Xem xt kh nng chuyn hon k hn ca ngun.

3.2.3.1. K hn danh ngha

Ngun huy ng thng gn lin vi k hn nht nh, c ngn hng

tuyn b, l k hn danh ngha ca ngun. V d, tin gi tit kim

khng k hn, 3 thng, 6 thng Cc k hn danh ngha thng gn vi

mt mc li sut nht nh, theo xu hng ngun c k hn danh ngha cng

di, li sut cng cao. Trong trng hp bnh thng (khng c khng

hong xy ra) cng c mt s ngi gi rt tin trc hn, song nhn chung

ngi gi u c gng duy tr k hn danh ngha hng li sut mc

cao nht. Do vy k hn danh ngha mt ch tiu phn nh tnh n nh ca

ngun vn.

Vic xc nh k hn danh ngha c ngha quan trng i vi hot

ng ca ngn hng. K hn lin quan ti tnh n nh v v vy lin quan

ti k hn ca s dng. cho vay v u t di hn, ngn hng cn c kh



16

nng duy tr tnh n nh ca ngun tin. Mt khc, k hn lin quan ti chi

ph: cc ngun c tnh n nh cao thng phi c chi ph duy tr cao. Qun

l k hn, v vy l mt ni dung m bo an ton v sinh li cho ngn

hng.

Cc nhn t nh hng n k hn danh ngha:

- Thu nhp

- n nh v m

- Kh nng chuyn i ca giy n

- K hn cho vay v u t

Mc thu nhp ca dn chng l yu t quan trng. Cc khon tin gi

v vay vi k hn di (trn 1 nm) thng l ca dn c. Do vy, khi thu

nhp ca dn c thp, mc tit kim cng thp, hn ch kh nng cho vay v

gi ngn hng vi k hn di. Lm pht cao, t gi bin ng theo hng

khng c li cho ngi gi ni t u hn ch vic ko di hn danh

ngha. Th trng ti chnh km pht trin, kh nng chuyn i ca cc

giy n thp (tnh thanh khon ca cc giy n thp), vic pht hnh giy n

vi k hn trn 1 nm rt kh khn.

3.2.3.2. K hn thc t

Nghin cu cc nhn t nh hng ti k hn danh ngha to c s

ngn hng a ra k hn huy ng ph hp vi th trng. Tuy nhin ngn

hng quan tm hn ti k hn thc t ca ngun tin bi v k hn thc t

lin quan cht ch n k hn cc khon cho vay v u t.

V d: Nhiu ngi gi tit kim ti mt ngn hng vi k hn danh

ngha 6 thng, song khon tin gi c th c duy tr nhiu ln 6 thng

(cc k hn 6 thng ni tip nhau, ngi gi khng rt tin ra khi ngn

hng) v trn thc t tr thnh khon tin gi trung v di hn.

K hn thc t ca khon tin gi l thi gian m khon tin tn ti

lin tc ti mt n v ngn hng. Cc nhn t nh hng n k hn danh

ngha u tc ng n k hn thc t. Bn cnh , nhu cu chi tiu t

xut v li sut cnh tranh gia cc ngn hng, li sut gia cc ngun tin



17

khc nhau cng nh hng ln ti k hn ny. S thay i li sut s gy ra

s dch chuyn tin gi t ngn hng ngy sang ngn hng khc, t k hn

ny sang k hn khc, t loi tin ny sang loi tin khc, lm gim k hn

thc t ca khon tin gi.

V d, ngn hng A H Ni tng li sut tin gi loi 2 thng t

0,55%/thng ln 0,6%/thng c th s gy ra 2 loi hiu ng.

(1) Tin gi t cc ngn hng khc, hoc tin trong dn c s chy v

ngn hng A. iu ny ph thuc vo lc hp dn ca li sut gia tng v

cc chi ph dch chuyn. Cc mn tin nh b thng t b hp dn khi li

sut tng t. Mt mn tin gi ti ngn hng C Mau khng d chuyn ra H

Ni c trong iu kin cng ngh ngn hng v chi ph chuyn tin hin

nay. Cc mn tin gi gn n hn c th t b dch chuyn. Ngi gi c

gng ch n hn hng li sut y .

(2) S dch chuyn gia cc loi tin gi trong ni b ngn hng A.

Loi hiu ng ny khng lm gia tng qui m ca ngun m ch lm thay

i kt cu ca ngun, tc ng ti tnh n nh ca cc ngun khc km

hp dn hn v li sut.

Mt ngun tin no trong ngn hng c to ra bi s tip ni lin

tc ca cc khon huy ng v i vay. Do , mt ngun vi `k hn danh

ngha l ngn hn, c th tn ti lin tc trong nhiu nm, tc l thnh

ngun c k hn thc t l trung v di hn. Phn tch v o lng k hn

thc t ca ngun tin l c s ngn hng qun l thanh khon, chuyn

hon k hn ca ngun, s dng cc ngun c k hn ngn cho vay vi

k hn di hn.

Phng php c bn phn tch k hn thc t l da trn s liu

thng k thy s bin ng s d ca mi ngun vn, ca nhm ngun,

tm s d thp nht trong qu, trong nm, trong nhiu nm v cc nhn t

nh hng n s thay i, t , ngi qun l do c k hn thc gn

lin vi cc s d.

Qun l k hn lun gn lin vi qun l li sut. Mt s gia tng trong



18

li sut ngun, u lin quan ti khng ch tng qui m ca ngun, m cn

ti tnh n nh ca ngun gia cc ngn hng, tnh n nh ca ngun

trong tng ngn hng. La chn c cu li sut sao cho va m bo gia

tng tng ngun, tit kim chi ph, li va tng tnh n nh ca ngun l

ni dung qun l ngun vn ca ngn hng. Cc cch khc nhau ci tin

s n nh ca khon n:

- Da vo loi nhng tin gi ch yu - tin gi giao dch hoc tin tit

kim. Mc d tin gi phi hon tr theo yu cu, song n tng i n

nh. Cc ngn hng ln ngy nay ang c gng tng tin gi gim vay.

- Xy dng mi lin h vi ngi gi ln sao cho h trnh rt tin gi

trong lc khng hong.

- a dng ha cc ngun tin tc l huy ng t nhiu ngun khc

nhau. iu ny s gim s ph thuc ca ngn hng vo mt khch hng.

- Pht trin qun l ti sn bn cnh qun l cc khon n.

3.2.4. Phn tch tnh thanh khon ca ngun vn

i vi nhiu ngn hng phn tch tnh thanh khon ca ngun vn

ang tr thnh trng tm qun l ngun vn. Tnh thanh khon ca ngun

vn c o bng kh nng tm kim ngun vn mi vi chi ph v thi gian

nh nht. Nhiu ngn hng ln, do thc hin chuyn hon k hn ca ngun

(ngun vi k hn ngn c chuyn sang u t hoc cho vay vi k hn

di hn) v duy tr t l d tr thp, rt quan tm ti kh nng tm kim

ngun vn mi p ng nhu cu thanh ton, c bit l cc ngun trong

ngn hn.

Tnh thanh khon ca ngun tu thuc rt ln vo th trng n ca

mi ngn hng v chnh sch tin t ang c vn hnh. Nhn chung cc

ngn hng ln, c nhiu chi nhnh v gn cc trung tm tin t c nhiu kh

nng tm kim cc ngun nhanh chng hn l cc ngn hng nh, t chi

nhnh v xa. Hn na, s pht trin ca cc cng c n s cho php cc

ngn hng c nhiu c hi tip xc vi cc ngun. Do vy ti cc nc m

th trng n km pht trin, tnh thanh khon ca ngun vn ca cc ngn



19

hng cng b gim thp. Phn tch tnh thanh khon ca ngun vn bt u

t vic phn tch th trng ngun vn ca mi ngn hng thy c im

ca mi ngun (nh qui m, tc tng trng, vng quay, li sut v s

bin i ca li sut, t trng th trng ca ngn hng so vi cc t chc tn

dng khc). Ngn hng cn tp trung phn tch ngun vay mn t ngn

hng Nh nc v t cc t chc tn dng khc. Cc ngun ny tuy ngn

hn song c th c c trong thi gian ngn, nhm p ng nhu cu thanh

khon trong ngn hn. Cc ngun m ngn hng c u th cng cn c

xem xt.

3.3. Pht trin cc cng c n mi

Lch s pht trin ca cc ngn hng cng l lch s pht trin cc cng

c n. Bn cnh vay ngn hng Nh nc v vay trn th trng lin ngn

hng trong nc, cc ngn hng ang vn tay ti th trng lin ngn hng

quc t. Nhiu ngn hng ang pht trin v s dng cc chng ch tin gi,

cc hp ng mua bn li, cc giy n ngn hng. Cnh tranh ngy cng

gay gt gia cc ngn hng v gia cc t chc ngn hng v phi ngn hng,

cch mng cng ngh ang lm cho th trng ti chnh lin tc pht trin

v to ra cc sn phm mi.

Trong qu trnh pht trin v hi nhp, th trng cc cng c n ca

cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam ang c nhng bc tin quan trng.

Cc cng c n truyn thng ang c m rng: Tin gi thanh ton ang

c khuch trng, hng ti mc tiu l cc tng lp dn c. M rng

qui m, ko di k hn, a dng ha cc loi tin gi tit kim nhm huy

ng mi ngun tin nhn ri trong dn c ang l hot ng trng tm ca

ngn hng. Dn chng bit n ngn hng nh l ni m bo an ton v

sinh li cho cc khon tin tit kim ca h. Ngoi loi hnh tit kim ngn

hn bng ni t truyn thng, cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam a ra

cc loi tin gi bng ngoi t hoc m bo bng ngoi t, tin gi trn 12

thng. Bn cnh huy ng tit kim, nhiu ngn hng pht hnh k

phiu, tri phiu (c loi c th chuyn i), to cng c n mi, lm phong



20

ph th trng ngun vn ca cc ngn hng.

Cu hi v bi tp

1. Trnh by cc hnh thc huy ng vn v phn tch cc nhn t nh

hng n qu trnh huy ng vn ca ngn hng thng mi.

2. Phn tch cc ngun tin gi v c im ca chng.

3. Phn tch cc hnh thc i vay v cc nhn t nh hng n hot

ng i vay ca ngn hng thng mi.

4. Phn tch mc tiu v ni dung qun l cc khon n ca ngn hng

thng mi.

5. Mt ngn hng huy ng

- Loi tit kim 6 thng vi li sut danh ngha (li sut thc t) l

1%/thng, tr gc v li khi n hn;

- Loi tit kim 12 thng, li sut danh ngha (li sut thc t) l

1,05%/thng tr li 6 thng 1 ln;

- K phiu ngn hng 13 thng, li sut danh ngha (li sut thc t)

1,1%/thng, tr li trc;

Yu cu: Tnh NEC (li sut hiu qu ca mi ngun tin) theo thng.

6. Mt ngn hng huy ng

- Tin gi thanh ton vi li sut l 0,5%/thng

- Tit kim 3 thng vi li sut l 0,9%/thng, tr gc v li khi n

hn;

- Tit kim 6 thng vi li sut l 1%/thng, tr gc v li khi n hn;

- Tit kim 12 thng, li sut l 1,05%/thng tr li 6 thng 1 ln;

- Tit kim 24 thng, li sut l 1,1%/thng tr li 6 thng 1 ln.

Yu cu: Tnh NEC ca mi ngun tin bit rng t l d tr bt buc

i vi tin gi thanh ton l 5%/nm, i vi tit kim ngn hn l

3%/nm, i vi tit kim trung hn l 2%/nm.

GII THIU SCH THAM KHO

TUYN TP CC DNG THI VO NGN HNG(570 trang, c p n)

TI LIU N THI VO NGN HNGCHA KHO M CA THNH CNG

XEM VIDEO GII THIU SCH TRN YOUTUBE

(Click vo biu tng hoc link bn di)

http://youtu.be/dSO3G1BuM8M













Tc gi:Thc s MBA Nguyn Chin ThngTin s Ton L nh Nam(Tng hp bi L Giang)nh dng file: PDF (~20MB) S trang: 570

Hnh thc thanh ton v nhn sch:Sch c "c phn ho" nn gi ch cn50.000 VN/1 giao dch. nhn sch bn ch cn mua 1 th co Viettel mnh gi 50.000, sau nhn tin m sth v gi vo s 0985.142.984, ng thi bn gi km theo a ch Email hoc Yahoomnh s gi ngay cho bn qua Email hoc Yahoo ty bn la chn.

Thng tin khuyn mi:Khi mua sch cc bn cn c khuyn mi 4 in 1+/ 1 ti khon vip trn Tailieu.vn khng gii hn s lng v thi gian,+/ 1 b ti liu n thi vo ngn hng Sacombank lu hnh ni b, c p n. thang im.+/ 1 Ebook lut Ngn hng mi nht+/ 1 b sch H Thng Bi Tp, Bi Gii V Dng Thi Nghip V Ngn HngThng Mi(Ti liu cc him ca PGS.TS Nguyn ng Dn, trng H Kinh T TP HCM )

Mi gp , hi p vui lng lin h: Anh MinhMobile: 0985.142.984Yahoo: sorry_honeyhn

HNG DN S DNG SCHI. HNG DN M SCH+/ Sau khi nhn c Email bn ti file nh km Tuyen tap de thi vao cac ngan hang Version3.2.rar sau gii nn v m bng phn mm c file PDF.Ch : pass m file l giangblog+/ C mt s trng hp bn khng th m c file pdf.Nguyn nhn: Bn ang dng phn mm c file pdf phin bn c.Khi gp trng hp ny bn hy ti file nh km Email FoxitReader431_enu_Setup.rarhoc click TI Y ti link trc tip sau ci t v m sch.

II. HNG DN TRA CU V S DNGHin sch c to cc siu lin kt (l cc ch mu xanh) gia cu hi v cu trli, do , vic tra cu v s dng rt n gin v d dng.

Bn ch vic Click vo phn ch t mu xanh (L cc ch c cha lin kt) s thy ngayp n hoc click ngc li thy cu hi.

Mi vn lin quan n ti liu lin h theo thng tin di y c htr sm nht.Anh Minh - Mobile: 0985.142.984 - Yahoo: sorry_honeyhn

Documents

Chuyen de 2- Huy Dong Von Va Quan Ly Huy Dong Von