I. t vn Thng Long - ng - H Ni, vng t i i vo lch s Vit Nam nh mt ni t thu, t nhn, mt vng t sng h. Cc thu vc ti H Ni rt phong ph, c hnh thnh nn qua nhng bin ng a cht hng vn nm ca sng Hng vng h lu, dng chy ca nhng con sng khc qua a phn H Ni bt ngun t con sng ny hoc chy vo con sng ny v dn dn tr thnh mt nt c trng ring ca mnh t ny, to nn n tng v mu xanh c bit cho thnh ph khi nhn trn my bay, khc bit vi nhng thnh ph khc. Huyn Thanh Tr nm pha hu ngn sng Hng, phn cui thp dn theo chiu ty bc - ng nam ca th H Ni. Nt c trng ca cnh quan ni ny l mt vng nhiu sng ngi v m h. Bao bc xung quanh Thanh Tr l sng Hng pha ng, sng Nhu pha ty. Pha bc l sng Kim Ngu, gia c sng T, sng St, sng L to nn hnh nh r nt v mt "t gic nc" - bn cnh nhng "t gic nc" khc ca vng ng bng chu th Bc B. a hnh ca huyn Thanh Tr thp vi nhiu im trng. Sng Hng nhiu ln chuyn dng li vt tch nhng im trng ny l cc ao, h, m. Tn huyn Thanh Tr v tn c Thanh m c ngha "ao xanh" v "m xanh" chnh l da vo c im a hnh ca huyn Cng nh nhiu thu vc khc ca H Ni, cc thu vc v vng t ngp nc ca khu vc Thanh Tr c gi tr to ln v kinh t - vn ho - x hi: gn lin vi cc huyn tch lch s, tr thnh mt phn ca cc cng vin trong khi s khc tr thnh khu vc d tr ngun nc, iu ho kh hu v iu tit lu lng nc thi. Vng t ny cng l ni sinh sng ca nhiu loi thc - ng vt c bit to nn nhng sn vt ca vng Thanh Tr vi mt hng v ring nh mp hng Qunh Li, c pho Hong Mai, c r m St, c chp m i,v.v... "la ng Ngu" (lng Yn Ngu) thm ngon lm nn "ru h lng Ngu" ni ting. Tuy nhin hin nay, do s ln chim, san lp ca dn c, nhiu thu vc bin mt, thu hp mt phn hoc vnh vin; bin thnh ni x rc, cha nc thi, gy nhim mi trng. Nhiu loi ng thc vt ni ting xa khng cn v ch l k c mt thi.1

T cc lun im trn, chng ti thc hin nghin cu kho st a dng thc vt bc cao ti vng t t ngp nc Thanh Tr, H Ni nhm mc ch bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng; xy dng c s d liu khoa hc phc v cho vic trng v qun l chng nh mt cng c x l nhim ngun nc gp phn bo v mi trng. Mt khc, nghin cu ny cn gp phn bo tn cc loi thc vt thu sinh, c bit l cc loi qu, him, c nguy c tuyt chng, cc loi c gi tr kinh t, c ngha khoa hc, loi bn a c nguy c tuyt chng; bo v ngun gen v mt s h sinh thi tiu biu cho cc thu vc H Ni v vng ph cn II. Phng php nghin cu: 1. c c s nh gi hin trng a dng sinh hc thc vt thu sinh cc thu vc v t ngp nc khu vc Thanh Tr, H Ni, chng ti tin hnh kho st s b v tp hp cc ti liu v thng tin hin c t cc cng trnh nghin cu, chng trnh, ti, d n, tin hnh t trc ti nay v hin trng a dng thc vt thu sinh v cc yu t nh hng n a dng sinh hc, mi trng sng v cc vn c lin quan. 2. Trn c s nhng dn liu thu c phn tch v nh gi hin trng a dng thc vt thu sinh ti cc vng t ngp nc ca khu vc Thanh Tr, H Ni. Ngoi ra, chng ti cn tin hnh cc t kho st thc a nhm thu thp mu vt, kim tra, b sung c s d liu, xy dng danh lc thc vt thu sinh ti cc khu vc kho st. Phm vi kho st: trong v xung quanh cc vng t ngp nc thuc huyn Thanh Tr - H Ni Thi gian tin hnh nghin cu: thng 10-11/2010 v 2-5/2011 3. Danh lc thc vt bc cao khu vc t ngp nc Thanh Tr c xy dng vi vic tham kho cc ti liu: Cy c Vit Nam, Thc vt ch Vit Nam (cc h Lamiaceae, Annonaceae, Myrsinaceae, Cyperaceae), T in cy thuc Vit Nam, Danh lc thc vt Vit Nam, Sch Vit Nam (phn Thc vt), 1900 loi cy c ch Vit Nam, Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam... Sau , chng ti tin hnh kim tra li cc tn khoa hc m bo tnh h thng, trnh s nhm ln v sai st; hiu chnh theo h thng ca Brummitt trong "Vascular Plant2

Families and Genera" (1992), iu chnh tn loi theo cc ti liu "Cy c Vit Nam" ca Phm Hong H (1999 - 2000), "Danh lc cc loi thc vt Vit Nam" (2002 - 2005) v chnh tn tc gi theo ti liu "Authors of Plant Names" ca Brummitt R.K. v C. E. Powell (1992) Trong Danh lc thc vt ngoi tn Khoa hc (tn La tinh) cn c tn a phng, cng dng (AQ: n qu; Bm: Bng mt; Hr: Hng ro; CC: Cy cnh; HL: Hng liu; GK: Gii kht; LG: Ly g; LT: Lm thuc; RA: Rau n; UN: ung; XD: Xy dng; Mn: M ngh; Nh: Nhum) v ni sng. Vn ni sng l vn rt kh khn: Thc cht u l cy ngoi t nhin nhng c a vo trng theo nhiu hng: c th nhp t nc ngoi vo; c th a t rng v trng; nhng cng c nhng cy l cy trng c thun ha t rt xa xa khng cn ngun gc hoang di. y, chng ti ch phn bit l cy trng (Tr.) hay mc hoang di (Hd.). ng nhin cng c nhng cy bn cht l cy mc hoang di mi c a vo trng v gp c trng thi t nhin hoang di v trng (Tr. +Hd.). Phn ghi ch, chng ti c ghi nhn nhng loi qu him c ghi trong Sch Vit Nam vi cc cp khc nhau: Endangered (E): ang b e da tuyt chng; Vulnerable (V): C th b e da tuyt chng; Rare (R): C th s nguy cp; Threantened (T): B e da tuyt chng; Insufficiently know (K): Bit khng chnh xc III. Kt qu v tho lun:1. iu kin t nhin - kinh t x hi khu vc nghin cu:

Nm pha Ty Bc ca vng ng bng Chu th sng Hng tr ph, H Ni c v tr:-

T 20053 n 21023 v Bc T 105044 n 106002 kinh ng

Pha Bc gip Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc; pha Nam gip H Nam, Ho Bnh; Bc Giang, Bc Ninh v Hng Yn pha ng; Ho Bnh v Ph Th pha Ty. Sau khi m rng a gii hnh chnh vo thng 8 nm 2008, H Ni c din tch 3.324,92km2, gm 10 qun, 18 huyn v mt th x. a hnh H Ni thp dn theo hng t Bc xung Nam v t Ty sang ng vi cao trung bnh t 5 n 20 mt so vi mc nc bin.3

H Ni c sng Hng l con sng chnh chy qua thnh ph, sng Hng bt u chy vo H Ni huyn Ba V v ra khi thnh ph khu vc huyn Ph Xuyn tip gip vi Hng Yn. on sng Hng chy qua H Ni di 163 km, chim khong mt phn ba chiu di ca con sng ny trn t Vit Nam. H Ni cn c sng l ranh gii gia H Ni vi Ph Th, hp lu vi dng sng Hng pha Bc thnh ph ti huyn Ba V. Ngoi ra, qua a phn H Ni cn nhiu sng khc nh sng y, sng ung, sng Cu, sng C L... Cc sng nh chy trong khu vc ni thnh c sng T Lch, sng Kim Ngu... y l nhng ng tiu thot nc ca thnh ph. Nh ph sa bi p, ba phn t din tch t nhin ca H Ni l ng bng, nm hu ngn sng , hai bn sng Hng v chi lu cc con sng khc. Phn din tch i ni phn ln thuc cc huyn Sc Sn, Ba V, Quc Oai, M c vi cc nh nh Ba V cao 1.281 m, Gia D 707 m, Chn Chim 462 m, Thanh Lanh 427 m, Thin Tr 378 m Khu vc ni thnh c mt s g i thp, nh g ng a, ni Nng. H Ni l mt thnh ph vi nhiu m h, du vt cn li ca cc dng sng c. Trong khu vc ni thnh, H Ty c din tch ln nht, khong 500ha, ng vai tr quan trng trong iu ha thy vn. Kh hu H Ni l kh hu nhit i gi ma m, ma h nng, ma nhiu v ma ng lnh, ma t. Nm trong vng nhit i, H Ni quanh nm tip nhn c lng bc x mt tri di do v c nhit cao. Do chu nh hng ca bin, H Ni c m v lng ma kh ln. Trung bnh hng nm, nhit khng kh 23,6oC, m 79%, lng ma 1245 mm. Mi nm c khong 114 ngy ma. H Ni c bn ma xun, h, thu, ng. S lun chuyn ca cc ma lm cho kh hu H Ni thm phong ph, a dng v c nhng nt ring. Nhit thp nht l 2,70C (thng 1/1955), cao nht: 42,8 0C(thng 5/1926) T thng 5 n thng 8 l ma h: nng v thi thong c ma ro. T thng 9 n thng 11 l ma thu. Thi tit kh ro, tri cao, xanh ngt, gi mt, nng vng. T thng 11 n thng 1 nm sau l ma ng: Thi tit lnh, kh ro.4

T thng 2 n thng 4 l ma xun: Cy ci xanh tt vi hng ngn loi hoa khoe sc, ma ca nhng l hi truyn thng c o, m u l Tt nguyn n, l hi ln v quan trng nht ca ngi Vit Nam. Thanh Tr l mt huyn ngoi thnh ca thnh ph H Ni vi mt th trn Vn in v 15 x. Huyn Thanh Tr nm ven pha Nam v ng Nam H Ni, gip cc qun: Thanh Xun (pha Ty Bc), Hong Mai (pha Bc), H ng (pha Ty); huyn Gia Lm v tnh Hng Yn (vi Sng Hng lm ranh gii t nhin) pha ng, Thanh Oai v Thng Tn pha Nam. Huyn Thanh Tr nm hu ngn sng Hng, a th thp dn v pha ng Nam theo hng dng chy ca sng Hng, trn a bn huyn c on cui ca sng T Lch chy qua ni vi sng Nhu pha Ty Nam. a th thp, nhiu rung trng, ao m, ngun nc di do l nhng iu kin t nhin thun li Thanh Tr c mt nn nng nghip a dng v lu i vi nhiu loi sn vt c cht lng cao. Trong s cc lng y, nhiu hn v ni ting hn vn l nhng tn lng c lin quan vi vic sn xut, ch bin nhng mn n ung c sn: lm bn, ko, bnh cun, u ph, nu ru, xi la, bn c, min, bnh a, mp hng, vi, nhn, da, c pho, t, rau mung, c r, c chp, ... Thanh Tr, ngh sn xut lng thc, thc phm v ngh th cng ch bin nng sn pht trin c v tri hn so vi nhng ngh th cng khc. Nhng sn phm ngi Thanh Tr sn xut l nhm phc v cho ci th n ung ca nhiu ngi gp phn lm nn nt vn ha n ung ring ca ngi H Ni. L mt huyn ngoi thnh, Huyn Thanh Tr nm gia ng ba ng l cu ni quan trng gia th H Ni v cc tnh thnh ln cn nh: H Ty, H Nam, Nam nhDo huyn c vi tr to ln i vi s pht trin ca th , Tuy l mt huyn thuc thnh ph H Ni nhng huyn Thanh Tr vn l mt huyn sn xut nng nghip, c cu kinh t ang trn bc ng chuyn mnh cha hnh thnh c cu trit cho nn sn xut. V vy, sn xut nng nghip v m bo cc yu t u vo cho sn xut nng nghip l vn quan trng trong pht trin kinh t huyn, m c th l qun l v s dng t nng nghip trn ton huyn. ng trc xu th cng nghip ho - hin i ho, th ho din ra ngy cng nhanh, ngy cng mnh. t nng nghip ang ng trc nguy c thu hp dn5

din tch, do c c hiu sut s dng t nng nghip ngy cng cao v hp l, i hi cng tc qun l nh nc v t nng nghip ngy cng phi hon thin, cht ch hn na. i vi huyn Thanh Tr, s lng lao ng lm trong ngnh nng nghip chim a s( 68,9%), din tch t nng nghip chim trn 53,6 % (thng k nm 2005) qua y thy c vai tr ca t nng nghip vi ton huyn v c nhn nh ng n hn v cng tc qun l nh nc v t nng nghip ca huyn Thanh Tr.2. Khi qut hin trng cc thu vc khu vc Thanh Tr, H Ni:

Cc thu vc l mt h sinh thi ng mt vai tr quan trng trong h sinh thi th ti u. Sc sng ca thu vc c quyt nh bi qun x sinh vt, hot ng ca sinh vt ng vai tr quyt nh vi chu trnh vt cht v dng nng lng ca h sinh thi h nc, nh m nc h c trong sch, khng b nhim. Cc nhm sinh vt khc nhau hp th dinh dng khc nhau, qua cc chui thc n ca cc loi sinh vt chng c th hp th c cht c ho tan trong nc, trong y bn... sinh trng v tch tr trong c th ca mnh to nn mt chu trnh sng khp kn. Mt thu vc nu khng c c mt qun x sinh vt lm c chc nng nh vy c gi l ''thu vc cht'', y ta ch gp c cc vi sinh vt chu c nhim v vi sinh vt gy nhim tn ti cho nn nc b nhim. Do cc d n pht trin th v tnh trng ln chim bt hp php, mt s h, ao b lp to qu t cho pht trin th nn din tch h, ao, sng, knh mng khu vc Thanh Tr, H Ni gim mnh trong hai thp k qua. Cc c quan qun l c nhiu bin php tch cc v thc thi nh l tt cn, no vt bn v nui th c, ngn chn dng nc thi nhim chy vo h, ao... Hu ht cc h, ao, cc khc sng c ci to hoc cha c ci to u trong tnh trng b suy thoi nhiu hoc t nhiu b nhim, ch yu l nhim cht hu c (ph dng) v to c. Theo nh gi ca GS. V Hoan v GS. Dng c Tin - Hi cc ngnh Sinh hc H Ni - h thng cc thu vc H Ni ni chung v khu vc Thanh Tr ni ring hin ang b nhim do thng xuyn phi tip nhn mt lng ln nc6

thi ca thnh ph v cha qua x l, lp bn y kh dy vi su t 0,5m n 1,5m. Lu lng nc thi chy vo h vt qua kh nng t lm sch cc thu vc. S nhim lm suy thoi cht lng nc, thiu xy v lm tng trm tch. Nng cc cht hu c v v c dinh dng vt qu ch tiu cho php. Tnh cht a dng sinh hc ca cc thy vc b suy thoi. Mt s h, ao, m c ci to ch c tr tri vch quanh h v nc. Chng ta khng nhn thy cc loi hoa p v khng c cm th hng thm ca cc loi thc vt thy sinh. Trc hin trng trn vic nghin cu ci to cc thu vc H Ni ni chung v khu vc Thanh Tr ni ring nhm gii quyt vn nhim nc, iu ha nc ma, gim thiu ng ngp, duy tr s sng, to ni th gin ca nhn dn; gi gn, ci to, pht trin thu vc l mt vic lm ht sc cp thit. Vi cc c im ni bt ca hu ht cc thu vc y b ph dng, c hm lng mui dinh dng N, P cao, l c s cho cc nhm thy sinh vt pht trin mnh, c bit l s n r nhm thc vt ni (algal bloom). Trong thnh phn thc vt ni n r, mt s loi to, c bit to lam Microcystis trong qu trnh pht trin c sn sinh ra nhng c t gy hi. Sau thi k n r thc vt ni, lng ln to b cht hng lot gy mi kh chu. To cht chm xung y h, lm gim lng xy tng y, lm cht c v mt s loi thu sinh vt khc. S t lm sch ca thu vc l rt quan trng trong t nhin m nh , cc thu vc b nhim ch sau mt thi gian l gim mc nhim hoc c th sch tr li nh ban u. Tuy nhin, kh nng t lm sch ca thu vc ch c hn, khng th thc hin c khi thu vc b nhim qu nng hoc lin tc. Trong qu trnh t lm sch ca thu vc, vi sinh vt nc gi mt vai tr rt quan trng. Tham gia vo qu trnh ny, bn cnh cc vi sinh vt (c th phn hu lu hunh, phn hu ccbon, nit. . .), c cc nhm thc vt quang hp, cc nhm thc vt, ng vt c kh nng hp th v tch lu cc cht hu c, kim loi nng. Tuy nhin, kh nng t lm sch ca thu vc cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo hnh thi thu vc nh su, din tch v c bit kh nng thay mi nc. Cc h, ao, m c din tch mt nc ln, su ln v thi gian thay mi nc nhanh, th kh nng t lm sch ca chng cng ln. Trong khi cc thu vc nh, nng, lng7

bn y qu dy th kh nng t lm sch rt thp, thm ch khng cn kh nng t lm sch na. Theo PGS. H Thanh Hi, hin nay TP. H Ni v ang trin khai th nghim x l nhim nc ca mt s thu vc. Cc cng ngh th nghim c bn s dng trong giai on ny bao gm cc ch phm vi sinh vt, cc cht kt ta, c - sinh - ho, cc nhm thc vt thu sinh. Nhn chung, hu ht cc n v tham gia th nghim x l u trin khai bin php x l tng hp bao gm c cc ch phm lm sch nc kt hp vi lp t cc b nui mt s loi thc vt thu sinh c kh nng lc nc va lm p cnh quan mt h. Cng vi cc bin php x l trn, phi xem cc thu vc nh l mt h sinh thi. Cn c bit coi trng duy tr n nh, cn bng cc thnh phn sinh vt v mi trng trong tn ti cc chu trnh trao i vt cht, nng lng trong h sinh thi v kh nng t lm sch ca thu vc. T thc trng trn, i vi cc thu vc cha ci to, p ng c hai mc ch iu ho l v ci to mi trng, cng tc ci to cn trin khai thc hin cc gii php sau: a) Bo v din tch thu vc/ci thin cc cng trnh tin ch: Cc h, ao m nm trong khu vc pht trin th s c k chng li vic ln chim bt hp php v x rc xung . ng thi, tin hnh xy dng ng do v khng gian xanh ci thin cnh quan xung quanh. b) Nng cao chc nng iu ho v ci thin cht lng nc: Bo v thu vc khi ngun nc thi cha qua x l bng vic xy

dng cc ca chn nc thi (lp t cc ca phai hoc tuyn cng bao c b tr ging tch nc thi) hoc cc phng php x l nc thi ph hp cho tt c cc lu vc. No vt bn c thnh phn hu c cao. Vic trin khai thc hin ci to nhm p ng c hai mc ch: chc nng iu ho gp phn chng ng ngp v ci to mi trng, to cnh quan mi trng cn thc hin: No vt n cao trnh thit k; xy k v h tng k thut xung quanh nh ng do, chiu sng, khng gian xanh, lp t cng bao thu gom8

nc thi; lp t trm bm iu tit mc nc (nu cn), ca iu tit v h thng cu ho...3. Khi qut v Thc vt bc cao sng a m v sng thu sinh:

Cc loi thc vt sng trong mi trng nc, bao gm nhng loi c th ngp hon ton trong nc, hoc nhng loi ch ngp tng phn c th. Do sng trong mi trng nc, TVTS c nhng c im thch nghi c v hnh thi cu to v phng thc sng. tng cng kh nng hp th oxi, tng b mt tip xc, l ca chng c bn ln hoc ch nh thnh dng si, xoang kh v gian bo pht trin mnh. L c th khc nhau v hnh dng v cu to tu theo v tr tip xc vi nc. M (thn, cnh) km pht trin, thng l mm yu. Mt s loi sng y, ven b nh rong, khoai nc; mt s sng tri ni trong nc. TVTS c s lng loi ln v tng nhanh v sinh khi nn rt nhiu loi c khai thc, phc v cho i sng. Nhiu loi rong dng lm thc n cho gia sc, gia cm, lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip (v d nh rong cu, rong m...), lm cnh (thu tin...), lm thc n cho c, chim. Ni c tr v trng cho nhiu loi ng vt thu sinh. TVTS cn c vai tr quan trng trong x l nc thi, tng kh nng t lm sch thu vc. Nhng trong mt s iu kin mi trng c th, mt s loi c th tr thnh loi gy hi do pht trin qu dy lm tc nghn knh mng, h cha. Theo nguyn tc chung, r cy ht nc v cht khong trong t, nhng cn phi c khng kh n mi pht trin bnh thng. Nu r b ngm lu trong nc, thiu khng kh n s ngng sinh trng, thm ch cht ngt. Khi r cht th thn cy cng theo. Nhng r ca cy thu sinh li khc. Chng thch nghi hon ho vi mi trng "kh th" ny. c im r nht l chng u c th hp th xy trong nc, vn th bnh thng trong iu kin t xy. Trong lp v r cy thu sinh u c nhng khoang rng tng i ln gia cc t bo, thng vi nhau thnh mt h thng dn kh. c bit, biu b r cy l mt lp mng mng m c, cho php lng xy t i ho tan trong nc thm qua (thm thu), vo trong r. Theo cc khoang rng gia cc t bo, xy c phn tn i khp r, cung cp y dng kh cho b phn ny h hp. Ngoi ra, thch nghi vi mi trng nc, mt s thc vt thu sinh cn c cu to c bit. V d loi sen.9

Tuy chng sng trong bn, mt mi trng rt ym kh, h hp t nhin gp kh khn, nhng trong ng sen li c rt nhiu l to nh khc nhau. Nhng l ny n thng vi cc l trn cung l, ng thi trong l li c nhiu khoang rng n thng vi kh khng ca l. V vy ng sen tuy nm su trong bn nhng vn sng bnh thng nh t do th qua mt l. Mt v d khc l c u, r ca n cng mc trong bn, nhng cung l phnh to, hnh thnh rt nhiu ti kh, cha kh cho r th. Hay nh bo ong, di l c rt nhiu r c. K thc khng phi r tht m l bin dng ca l, m nhim tc dng ca r. Lp biu b ca thn thc vt thu sinh cng c tc dng nh r. Lp cutin (vn gi cho khi mt nc mt l) khng pht trin hoc hon ton khng c. T bo lp v cha cht dip lc c kh nng quang hp, t to cht hu c. Nh c th h hp bnh thng, li c thc n n, nn thc vt thu sinh c th sng lu di trong nc m khng b thi ra. Cc nhm thc vt thu sinh trong khu vc l nhng loi ph bin mc ti nhiu thu vc l ni tr ng cho cc nhm thu sinh vt khc nh tm, cua, c v cc nhm cn trng nc. Chng thng khng c gi tr kinh t ln v cng khng gy nh hng n mi trng ca thu vc. Cc loi thc vt thu sinh nh Cy khoai nc (Colocassia esculenta), Rau mung (Ipomoea aquatic), Rau cn nc (Oenanthe javanica) c nhn dn a phng s dng lm thc phm, chn nui gia sc kh ph bin nhiu ni. Mt s nhm thc vt thu sinh nh Sen (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn), Sng (Nymphaea pubessens Georg) ... c trng lm cnh v ly ht lm thuc. Thc vt thu sinh l nhm tham gia trong qu trnh lm sch t nhin ca thu vc. Mt s loi c dng trong cng on x l nc thi ca cc c s sn xut thc phm, bnh vin nh cy Sy (Phragmitis comunis Trin), mt vi loi rong, bo. Chng gi li v hp th mt phn cc cht thi trc khi i qua cc cng on x l khc, lm gim nhim cho thu vc. Trn nhng ni nc chy mnh v nhng ni cc hot ng giao thng din ra vi cng cao, thc vt thu sinh khng pht trin nhiu. Ven sng ch thy c mt vi nhm thc vt thu sinh sng thnh m nh cy Ngh nc (Polygonum hydropiper). Ti khu vc cc bi ven sng, ngi dn a phng trng mt vi loi thc vt thu sinh lm thc phm rau xanh, chn nui gia sc nh khoai nc, bo ci, rau mung v rau cn theo thi v.10

4. Tnh a dng thc vt bc cao ti vng t nc Thanh Tr, H Ni:

Do vic k lm ng bao xung quanh h cng vi vic no vt, tu b cc h c tin hnh hng nm nn cc loi thc vt thu sinh cng nh cc nhm thc vt u m sng ven thu vc gn nh khng cn nhiu, ch cn rt t. Qua nghin cu, xc nh c 64 loi thuc 31 h thuc 2 ngnh thc vt bc cao c mch l Ngnh Dng x v Ngnh Ngc Lan phn b trong hoc xung quanh cc vc nc thuc phm vi nghin cu. Thnh phn cc loi thc vt c lit k trong bng di y: Bng 1: Danh lc thc vt bc cao ti khu vc t ngp nc Thanh Tr STT A I 1 II 2 III 3 B I 1 II 2 3 III 4 5 6 IV 7 V 8 9 10 VI 11 12 13 14 15 Tn latinh POLYPODIOPHYTA Azollaceae Azolla caroliniana Thelypteridaceae Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw. Marsileaceae Marsilea quadrifolia L. MAGNOLIOPHYTA Acanthaceae Ruellia tuberosa L. Alismataceae Sagittaria trifolia L. var. angustifolia (Sieb.) Kitagawa Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthus viridis L. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. Apiaceae Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. Araceae Colocassia esculenta (L.) Schott. Colocasia gigantea (Blume ex Hassk.) Hook.f. Pistia stratiotes L. Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Enydra fluctuans Lour. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Eupatorium odoratum L. Tn Vit Nam Ngnh Dng x H Bo hoa du Bo Hoa du H Rng th dc Dng x thng H C b Rau b NGNH NGC LAN H r Qu n H Trch t Cy rau mc Cy Tai tng H Rau dn Rau dn gai Rau dn cm Rau du H Hoa Tn Rau cn nc H Ry Cy khoai nc Cy Dc mng Bo ci H Cc Hoa ct ln Ng tru C mc Bch u ng C lo11

VII 16 VIII 17 IX 18 X 19 XI 20 21 XII 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 XIII 29 30 31 XIV 32 XV 33 34 XVI 35 36 XVII 37 38 XVIII 39 40 41 42 XIX 43 XX 44 45 XXI

Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina L. Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum L. Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophylum demersum L. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Ipomoea pulchella Roth. Cyperaceae Cyperus malaccensis Lamk. Cyperus iria L. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperus alternifolius L. Scirpus grossus L.f. Cyperus platystylis R. Br Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus clarkei Hook.f. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbia thymifolia Burm Fabaceae Sesbania javanica Miq. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Vallisneria spiralis L. Lemnaceae Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas Mimosaceae Mimosa pigra L. Neptunia oleracea Lour Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Onegraceae

H Bng nc Bng nc H Vi voi Vi voi H ci Ci xoong H Rong ui ch rong ui ch H Bm Bm Rau mung Bm bm H Ci C Lc Ci go C gu Thu trc Lc hn Lc vi dp C t te H Thu du Cy ch rng ca C sa l ln C sa l nh H u in thanh H Rong ui chn Rong ui chn vng Rong ui chn H Thu tho Rong mi cho Rong tc tin H Bo tm Bo tm ta Bo cm H Trinh n Cy Mai dng Cy rau rt Trinh n mc Keo giu H Sen Sen H Hoa sng Hoa sng Hoa sng trng H Da nc12

46 XXII 47 XXIII 48 49 50 XXIV 51 52 53 XXV 54 55 56 57 XXVI 58 XXVII 59 60 XXVIII 61

Ludvigia repens L. Oxalidaceae Oxalis repens Thunb. Polygonaceae Polygonum odoratum Lour. Polygonum hydropiper L. Polygonum persicaria L. Pontederidaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Monochoria vaginalis Presl. Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)Willd. Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex W. & Arn Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Salviniaceae Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Salvinia natans (L.) All. Scrophulariaceae Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr.

Da nc H Chua me t Chua me t H Rau rm Rau rm Ngh Ngh bim H Lc bnh Bo Nht Bn Rau mc thon Rau mt H Ho tho C g C chn g Phng d C mn tru H Rau sam Rau sam H Bo ong Bo tai chut Bo vy c H Hoa mm si cy Ng

T kt qu kho st, chng ti khng thy c nhm thc vt no ph bin trong cc h ca H Ni hin nay ngoi tr mt s loi Rong nh Rong ui chn vng (Myriophyllum verticillatum L.), Rong ui chn (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), Rong ui ch (Ceratophylum demersum L.). Mt s loi nh Da nc (Ludvigia repens L.), Ng tru (Enydra fluctuans Lour), Phng r (Hygroriza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex W. & Arn), Rau b (Marsilea quadrifolia L.)... mc ven b b trc y nhng nay c dn sch khi lm k b, no vt hng nm. Cc loi thc vt thu sinh thuc cc h ry Araceae, khoai lang Convolvulaceae, hoa tn Apiaceae nh Cy khoai nc (Colocassia esculenta), Rau mung (Ipomoea aquatic), Rau cn nc (Oenanthe javanica) vn trc y dn a phng s dng lm thc phm, chn nui gia sc kh ph bin nhng nay khng thy xut hin trong thu vc nghin cu. Mt s nhm thc vt thu sinh nh Sen (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn), Sng (Nymphaea pubessens Georg) trc y c13

trng ti mt s h lm cnh v ly ht lm thuc nhng nay b tiu hu hon ton.5. c im mt s nhm thc vt vng Thanh Tr

5.1. Cy khoai nc (Colocassia esculenta) M t: Khoai nc l mt loi cy thuc h Ry (Araceae). y l cy mc da vo b nc, c c gc thn hnh khi trn, l cng cao 0,30,8 m, lng, phin dng tim c th di 75cm, rng 65cm, mu lc sm nhiu hay t, gn ni r, khng thm nc v lng mn nh nhung, mo vng, c phn ng xanh, u nhn, bung n thm mi u . Trc bng mo mang hoa c v hoa ci, hoa ci c bu nhiu non. Non so nh phi trc m, nhiu tiu non, ph qu chn mu vng to 34mm. Cy ny c kh nng thch nghi tng i rng trn cc loi t: st, tht, ct, pha, ct th vi pH cao. Cy c 2 thi k sinh trng, 6 thng u pht trin dc v l, t thng th 7 pht trin c; khi c gi, l rng dn Cng dng: Cy c dng lm thc n gia sc hoc thu hi lm rau n c thn cy (da chua) v c (thng gi l Vu). Khi cn sng, cy cha nhiu oxalat canxi, cc cht ny b tiu hy i khi nu chn. Phn c c dng nu n vi xi hay nu ch, lm bnh. Cung l cng thng dng lm rau n nhng phi xt hoc ngm vi mui khi nga. Cng dng mui da n. C ti gi nh dng p tr mn nht c m. Dng ngoi gi nh trn vi du da xoa p dit k sinh trng v tr gh. L gi p tr rn cn, ong t v mn nht. Thnh phn ho hc: L v cung l cung cp provitamin A v vitamin C. C cha ti 30% mt cht ht mu trng, dnh, khng mi v vi nhng ht bt rt nh; Trong c c t nhiu loi hot cht cht ng lm kch thch cc mng nhy nht l ng tiu ho, c th gy ng c; m c tc gi cho l sapotoxin. Nhng hot cht tan trong nc v bay hi, do khi nu hoc khi ra k u lm mt hot cht trong c. Trong c cn c cc tinh th oxalat calcium gy cm gic nga,14

nn khi luc cn phi thay 2 ln nc th n mi ht nga. D c luc chn vn gi li 37-70% hm lng vitamin B1, cn riboflavin hay vitamin B2 v vitamin PP vn c gi li vi mt t l kh cao. 5.2. Ng tru (Enydra fluctuans): M t: Ng tru (Enydra fluctuans Lour.), thuc h Cc, l loi cy mc di nc, sng ni hoc ngp nc, phn cnh nhiu, c t, c mt. L di, khng cung, mc i hay tng ba ci mt; phin hp, nhn, ba c rng tha. Thn di hng mt, thn hnh tr nhn khng lng, phn cnh nhiu, c mt, khng lng. L ng tru mc i, khng cung, pha di m vo thn, mp c rng ca, di khong 5 cm, rng 6-10 mm. Cm hoa hnh u, khng cung, hoa mc nch l, hay ngn, c mu trng hoc lc nht; 4 l bc hnh tri xoan. Ton hoa ng, hoa ngoi l hoa ci hnh tha la, c trng v chia 3 thy, hoa trong lng tnh, hnh ng c trng hoa x 5 rng. Nh 5, bao phn c tai nhn v ngn. Bu hnh tr cong. Qu b khng mo lng.Cy ra hoa t thng 11-12 n thng 4 nm sau. Cng dng: c s dng lm rau n sng hay nu canh. V ng, tnh mt, mi thm, khng c; c tc dng thng hot trung tin, tiu tin, mt huyt, cm mu. Cnh l non thm nu canh chua, cng c th n sng lm gia v. Cy c dng lm thuc cha cm st, cm mu bng huyt, th huyt, ht dng tr bnh v gan mt v thn kinh. L nghin p vo da tr pht ban, mn rp. Liu dng 12-20g dng thuc sc dng ngoi khng k liu lng. Thnh phn ho hc: Rau ng c v ng, tnh mt, mi thm v c cc thnh phn sau (tnh theo %) nc 92,2; protein 1,5; lipid 0,3; collulose 2,0; dn xut khng protein 3,8; khong ton phn 0,8. Cn c cc caroten, vitamin B v vitamin C. Cy kh cha tinh du 0,2% stigmastero, 0,05% v mt lng nh mt cht ng l enydrin [4]. C tc dng thng hot trung tin, tiu tin, mt huyt, cm mu [4].Rung v trng bnh nguyn lm rau. Cha enhidrin, b thn15

kinh, tr bnh v xo trn mt, tr bng huyt, th huyt, x, tr n kh tiu, lm tt da. 5.3. cy Rau Ng (Limnophila aromatica ) M t: Rau ng hay cn gi l rau Om, Ng hng (Limnophila aromatica (Lam) Merr) thuc h Hoa mm si (Scrophulariaceae) l loi cy tho sng nhiu nm cao 15-30cm, mc hoang ven thu vc hoc c trng. Cy c thn mp gin, rng rut, c nhiu lng. L n, khng cung, c lng, mc i hoc mc vng 35, l mp l hi c rng ca tha, mt di l c nhiu m tuyn mu xanh. Hoa thng mc n c nch l, khng u, cung di 1,5cm. i hnh chung, chia 5 rng, di 4-5mm. Trng di gp i i, chia 2 mi, cnh hoa mu tm nht. Nh 4, ch nh ngn. Vi nhu nhn, u nhu ch i. Qu nang hnh trng, khng lng, nm trong i, cha nhiu ht. Cng dng: cy c s dng lm gia v. Thu hi ton cy quanh nm, ra sch, ct tng on, dng ti hay phi kh dng dn. V cay, hi cht, tnh mt, mi thm c tc dng thanh nhit ch khi, gii c, tiu thng. R c tc dng lm dn c ph tng nh rut, thn, do mt cc cn au bng. N cn lm dn mch, tng lc thn, tng lng nc tiu, to thun li cho vic tng si ra ngoi. Thnh phn ho hc: Rau om cha tinh du, flavonoid, tanin 5.4. Cy c mc (Eclipta alba) M t: C mc hay cn gi l cy nh ni l cy tho, mc ng, i khi b lan ri vn thng, cao 30 - 40 cm,c khi hn. Thn b, c lng cng p st, mu lc hoc ta. L mc i, hnh mc, di 2 - 8 cm, rng 0,5 1,5 cm, gc thun, u nhn, mp kha rng rt nh, hai mt c lng nhp;16

cung l rt ngn. Cm hoa mc ngn thn hoc k l thnh u, cung di 1 - 4 cm, c lng th p st; u c ng knh 0,8-1,2 cm, l bc thun nhn, c lng; hoa mu trng, hoa ci ngoi, hnh li, xp thnh mt hng, hoa lng tnh trong hnh ng, mo lng gim thnh vy nh v ngn, trng hoa ci c li nguyn hoc x 2 rng; trng hoa lng tnh c 4 thu hnh tri xoan, nh 4. Qu b, di 3mm, rng 1,5mm, c 3 cnh, hi dt, u bt, c 2 sng nh. Ma hoa qu t thng 2 n thng 5. Cng dng: C mc tnh lnh, v ngt chua, khng c, c tc dng lng huyt (mt huyt), cm mu, thanh can nhit, dng thn m, lm en ru tc. Ngoi ra cn c dng ch tr xut huyt ni tng (chy mu d dy, tiu tin ra mu, th huyt do lao, rong kinh), kit l, vim gan mn, chn thng sng ty l lot, mn nga, (ung trong, ra ngoi), iu tr st xut huyt mui truyn, ung th v nhiu bnh khc. Vin Dc liu tng nghin cu tc dng cm mu v c tnh ca c mc v nhn thy n c kh nng chng li tc dng ca dicumarin (thuc chng ng), cm mu t cung, tng trng lc t cung. C mc khng gy gin mch, khng h huyt p, nhng c th gy sy thai. Thnh phn ho hc: trong c mc c saponin, tanin, cht ng, caroten, ancaloit, tinh du, vitamin E, vitamin A... 5.5. Rong ui ch (Ceratophylum demersum ) M t: l loi thuc h Rong ui Thn ch tho, (Ceratophyllaceae).

mm, khng c r, di 30 - 50 cm, phn nhnh nh di, mc l lng trong nc. L mc vng 4 - 12, v ra c mi kht c bit, phin l lng phn 3-4 ln lm thnh cc on nh hnh si hi cng, mp c rng. Hoa nh, n c mc nch l, khng c cung, l i nhiu, cnh hoa trng; nh nhiu (n 30), xp thnh nhiu vng; khng c ch nh. Qu b hnh17

trng dt, mang 2 sng gc di n 1cm. Cy pht trin mnh nht vo thng 6 7, ra hoa vo ma xun-h v t thng 9 th li dn. Cng dng: V nht, tnh mt; c tc dng thanh nhit gii c, tn , cm mu, c dng tr ni thng xut huyt, vim tuyn mang tai, vim kh qun mn tnh, thiu nng mt v dng tr b cp t. Thnh phn ho hc: Cc on l cha myrophyllin 4.6. Rong ui chn vng (Myriophyllum verticillatum): M t: Rong ui chn vng cn c tn l Thy tho. Cy tho thy sinh chm nc ngt hay nc l; thn mnh, phn nhnh. L xp vng 3-6 ci, mp c rng, mu lc nht, di c 2cm. Hoa n tnh cng gc hay khc gc; hoa c khng c cnh hoa, nh, trong mt mo v mau rng, 2 nh; hoa ci trn mt cung di v ni trn mt nc; 3 l i; 3 cnh hoa dng nh i, bu di, 3 vi nhy. Qu b nh. Ra hoa thng 5-10. Cng dng: c tc dng thanh lng gii c, tr mn nht l nga, v danh thng c. 4.7. Rong ui chn (Myriophyllum spicatum): M t: Rong ui chn cn c tn khc l rong xng c, thuc h Rong ui chn (Haloragaceae), cy tho thu sinh, mc chm trong nc, c thn phn nhnh, di 1-2cm. L xp thnh vng 4-6, cch qung nhau, cc l chm hnh lng chim c cc phin si. Hoa thnh bng. Qu hnh 4 cnh, dng cu, di 2-3mm, c cc mnh v st nhau, trn v hi s s mt ngoi. Cng dng: c tc dng thanh lng gii c; cy thi nh trn vi cm lm thc n cho ln; cc l ti em gi ra c mt cht dch ung tr l mn tnh.18

4.8. aquatica):

Rau

mung

(Ipomoea

M t: Rau mung cn c tn khc l bm bm nc. Thn rng, dy, c nhiu t, mt ngoi nhn. L mu lc, hnh u mi tn. Hoa mu trng hay hng tm, ng hoa mu tm nht, hnh ci phu. Qu hnh cu. ht c lng, mu hung. Cng dng: rau mung c v ngt, nht, tnh mt, c tc dng thanh nhit gii c, li tiu, cm mu... c s dng trong cha tr: tr nng nhit ra nhiu m hi, st, kh th, mn nht, au d dy vi triu chng nng rut, chua, ming kh ng, nhun trng, rm sy, mn nga, nc tiu c, h tr iu tr i tho ng, quai b sng, cha d ng bi nhim ngoi da, cha say sn Thnh phn ho hc: Theo nghin cu, trong rau mung c 92% l nc, 3,2% prtt, 2,5% gluxit, 1% xenluloza, 1,3% tro. Hm lng mui khong cng rt cao, ch yu l canxi, st, v cc vitamin C, B1, B2, PP... Trong rau mung c cht ging nh cht insulin. Ngi b tiu ng c th n thng xuyn. 4.9. C Lc (Cyperus malaccensis): M t: C sng bn, lu nm, nhiu chi v cn hnh, cao 1 - 2m, thn c 3 cnh bn. L di bng na thn, b di. Hoa to thnh pht hoa mang 3 - 10 tua di, mi tua c 4 - 10 gi hoa, gi hoa di 15 - 22mm, mang 20 40 hoa, l bc rng di hn pht hoa, vi nhy ch 3, sng ca gi khng lng, khng vy. Tri l b qu nu en, 3 cnh ngn, vi ch 3. 4.10. Ci Go (Cyperus iria):19

M t: loi c di hng nm, mc da nc, ph bin rung la. Thn ba cnh nhiu chi, cao 20 - 60 cm. R si mu vng. L c phin ngn hn thn, rng 2-4mm. B l mng bc thn gc, l hp hnh mi gio. Trc hoa tn kp: trc hoa bc I di 10 cm, trc hoa bc II di 2 cm, l bc di; cc tia mang tn; bng cht nh, vng ti, nhiu. Bng di 2 - 4 cm, mc i u nhnh hoa. Hoa thng 2 n thng 7. Qu b en, d rng; vi nhu 3 num di. Ht thon di 1 - 2 mm; qu v ht mu nu vng, thon, tam gic. Sinh sn bng ht. Cng dng: V cay, tnh bnh; c tc dng kh phong tr thp, iu kinh li niu. Thn dng ly si; lm giy, dt thm, lm thc n gia sc. Ton cy dng tr phong thp gn ct, t au, n ng tn thng, kinh nguyt khng u, b kinh, si niu... 4.11. C Gu (Cyperus rotundus): M t: C sng dai, lu nm, cao 20-30cm. Thn ba cnh, khng phn nhnh, gc phnh ra thnh c nm su trong t, mu nu thm hay nu en, c nhiu t v c lng; tht mu nu nht. Mm trng, mc lan nhanh, c lp vy bao bc khi non, thnh si khi gi. C c nhiu dng. L hp, di 5 - 25 cm, rng 5 mm, mc t gc, c b. Cm hoa tn n hoc kp mc t 2 n 4 l bc. Hoa nh mc thnh tn xo ta ra hnh ng ten ngn thn. Qu ba cnh, mu xm. Qu v ht hnh trng, c 3 gc di 1,5 mm. Sinh sn bng mm, c, ht. Mc vn, t mu cn Cng dng: Hng ph (thn r, c) c v cay, hi ng, ngt, tnh bnh, c tc dng hnh khiu, khai ut, thng kinh, tiu sng gim au, gii cm, li tiu, iu kinh, tr giun, lm ra m hi, lm se v kch thch. Ngoi ra cn c dng cha kinh nguyt khng u, khi thy kinh au bng, vim t cung mn tnh, cc bnh ph n m trc v sau khi sinh , cha au d dy hi v nc chua, gip n ung mau tiu, cha nn ma, au bng i l v a chy, tn thng, cha ri lon ca d dy v kch thch ca rut.20

Thnh phn ho hc: Trong tinh du c gu c 32% cyperen, b-selinen, 49% cyperol; cn c a-cyperol, cyperolen, patchoulenon, cyperotundon. C gu cn cha du bo cha glycerol v cc acid linoleic, linolenic, oleic, myristic, stearic, cht khng x phng ha 22,8%. 4.12. Rau b (Marsilea quadrifolia): M t: Cy tho, c thn b di t, mnh, chia thnh nhiu mu, mi mu mang r v 2 l c cung di. L c 4 thu cho ch thp. Bo t qu l c quan mang bo t, mc 2-3 ci mt gc cc cung l; cc bo t qu ny c lng dy. Ma sinh sn thng 5-6. Cng dng: Rau b c v ngt, hi ng, tnh mt; c tc dng thanh nhit, li tiu, tiu sng, gii c, nhun gan, sng mt, trn tnh, cha suy nhc thn kinh, st cao khng ng, in cung; vim thn ph 2 chn, vim gan, vim kt mc; sng au li rng; inh nht, sng c, sng v, tc tia sa, rn c cn; st rt, ng kinh; kh h, bch i; th huyt, i ra mu, si thn, si bng quang, i ng. Ngoi ra cn c dng lm rau n sng, xo, luc hoc nu canh vi tm tp. Thnh phn ho hc: Ngi ta bit trong C b c nc 84,2%, protid 4,6%, glucid 1,6%, caroten 0,72%, vitamin C 76mg%. C b cn cha cyclolaudenol. 4.13. Cy Da nc (Ludwigia repens): M t: Cy tho mc b, ni trn mt nc nh c phao xp mu trng. Thn mm, xp c r cc mu. L hnh bu dc, mc so le. Hoa trng, c cung di, mc nch l. Qu nang di, c lng nh, cha nhiu ht. Cng dng: L v ngn non thu hi quanh nm, tt nht vo ma thu, dng ti hay thi nh phi kh dng dn. Da nc c v ngt nht, tnh21

hn; c tc dng thanh nhit gii c li tiu, tiu thng. Thng dng cha: cm mo, pht st, ho, ho khan; bnh si khng suy sp hon ton; gim niu. Dng ngoi tr inh nht v vim m da, p xe v, vim tuyn mang tai, bnh zona, eczema, vim da, rn c cn. Thnh phn ho hc: Trong thn, l c flavon v tanin. 4.14. Bo Nht bn (Eichhornia crassipes): M t: Bo Nht bn hay cn gi l Bo lc bnh l cy tho sng nhiu nm, ni nc hoc bm trn t bn, mang mt chm r di v rm pha di. Kch thc cy thay i tu theo mi trng sng c nhiu hay t cht mu. L mc thnh hoa th, c cung phng ln thnh phao ni, gn l hnh cung. Cm hoa bng hay chu ngn thn di 15cm hay hn. Hoa khng u, mu xanh nht hay tm; i v trng cng mu, hn lin vi nhau gc, cnh hoa trn c mt m vng; 6 nh (3 di, 3 ngn); bu trn 3 , cha nhiu non, nhng ch c mt ci sinh sn. Qu nang. Cy ra hoa t ma h ti ma ng. Thnh phn ho hc: Ngi ta bit thnh phn ho hc ca Bo lc bnh theo t l %: Nc 92,6, protid 2,9, glucid 0,9, x 22, tro 1,4, calcium 40,8mg%, phosphor 0,8mg%, caroten o,66mg% v vitamin C 20mg%. Cng dng: V nht, tnh mt; c tc dng s phong thanh nhit, li niu gii c, tiu sng, gim au. Bo lc bnh c th dng lm thc n cho ngi; cha sng ty, vim au nh sng bp chui bn, tim b p xe, chn m, sng nch, vim tinh hon, vim khp ngn tay, vim hch bch huyt, tr cm mo pht nhit, tiu tin au, phong chn, mn nht sng , hoa c dng lm thuc cha bnh v ng h hp, thn v l dng cha cc vt thng trn c th b nhim cht c ho hc. Ngoi ra, gn y ngi ta pht hin cc li ch khc ca Bo lc bnh nh:

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- Chng nhim ngun nc: ch cn 1/3 ha bo, mi ngy lc 2225 tn nc b nhim cc cht thi sinh hc v cc ho cht. Bo ny cn loi c cc kim loi nng c nh thu ngn, ch, kn, bc, vng... - Cung cp nng lng: dng vi khun cho ln men bo ; 1kg bo s cho 0,3m3 kh methan. B bo sau khi ln men c th dng lm phn bn. 4.15. Cy Rau mc (Monochoria hastata): M t: Cy mc m ly, c c; thn ng yu, mang l c phin hnh ba cnh, di 426cm, rng 4,5-10cm, gc hnh tim, mu lc, cung l di 25-50cm. Cm hoa l chm ngn dy v nh trn cung l; hoa mu lam, rng 1,5cm; l i 3; cnh hoa 3, ri, ging nh l i; nh 5, vng, 1 nh to mu tm; bu 3 . Ra hoa quanh nm. Qu nang nhiu ht. Cng dng: V nht v mt, c tc dng thanh nhit gii c, tiu thng bt nng, li niu. L c th lm rau n, cha hu bi, ht m. Dch l cha mn nht, v cy c dng lm thuc cha bnh tm thn, l, vim rut, vim au li rng, sng amygdal cp tnh, vim hng, mn nht, rn cn. 4.16. Phng d (Hygroryza aristata): M t: Cy phng d hay cn gi l cy thia lia, c cha,c chn vt l cy tho thuc h la (Poaceae). y l cy thn mm, c l phnh to b nom nh bng cha, mt trn c nhng m nu. Cng dng: Theo kinh nghim dn gian, c cha c dng ch yu lm thuc cha phng r (thy u). Ngoi ra, l c cha ti, ra sch, gi nt vi t mui, p lm thuc cm mu vt thng, vt t; cha kh h, tiu tin vng.23

4.17. C g (Cynodon dactylon): M t: C sng dai nh thn r ngn. Thn c nhiu cnh, mc b di, thnh thong li pht ra nhng nhnh thng ng. L phng, ngn, hp, nhn, di 3-4cm, hi c mu lam. Cm hoa gm 2-5 bng hnh ngn tay mnh, di 2,5-5cm, mu xanh hay tm, ta trn nh mt cung mnh, mi bng c cc hoa phng, hp thnh hai dy bng nh song song. Qu thc, hnh thoi thng dt, khng c rnh. Thnh phn ho hc: Thn r C g cha mt cht kt tinh (cynodin) c th l asparagin, cn c tinh bt, ng, cc mui kali. Trong l c vitamin C (64mg/100g l ti). Cng dng: C g c v ngt, hi ng, tnh mt; c tc dng li tiu, gii c, lc mu, gii nhit, gii kht, tiu m. Cy c ch nh dng tr cc bnh nhim trng v st rt; cc trng hp ri lon tit niu, vim thn v bng quang, vng da, si thn, si gan, si mt; thp khp, thng phong; ph n kinh nguyt khng u; tr em st cao, tiu t hay b i; vim m t bo, rn cn. 4.18. C mn tru (Eleusine indica): M t: Cy tho sng hng nm, cao 15-90cm, c r mc khe. Thn b di gc, phn nhnh, sau mc thng ng thnh bi. L mc so le, hnh di nhn. Cm hoa l bng x ngn c 5-7 nhnh di mc ta trn u u cung chung v c 1-2 nhnh xp thp hn di, mi nhnh mang nhiu hoa. Qu thun di, gn nh c ba cnh. Cy ra hoa t thng 3-11. Cng dng: C mn tru c v ngt hi ng, tnh bnh, c tc dng h nhit, lm ra m hi, tiu vim, tr thp, cm mu, tn , lm mt gan, tr mn nht, cc chng nhit c, tr em ta li. Cy thng c dng tr cao huyt p, lao phi, ho khan, st m v chiu, lao lc mt nhc, tiu tin vng v t mt. Cn dng cho ph n c thai ha nhit to bn, bun phin, ng thai, nhc u, nn ma, tc ngc, st nng. Trung Quc, thng dng cha: 1. phng chng vim no truyn nhim; 2. Thng phong; 3. Vim gan vng da; 4. Vim rut, l; 5.24

Vim niu o, vim thn, vim tinh hon. Dng ngoi tr n ng tn thng, cm mu ch cn. IV. Kt lun Thnh phn thc vt ti khu vc t ngp nc Thanh Tr H Ni trc y rt phong ph nhng hin nay khng cn nhiu, qua kho st thy c mt vi 64 loi thuc 31 h thuc 2 ngnh thc vt bc cao c mch l Polypodiophyta v Magnoliophyta. Hin nay thnh phn loi y c du hiu b suy gim. Do vy, cn tin hnh iu tra kho st su, rng, ng b hn v tnh a dng thc vt, nhim mi trng c th nh gi mt cch chnh xc cc gi tr a dng, mc thit hi ca vic nhim mi trng gy ra. T xut cc bin php khc phc suy gim mi trng phc v cho pht trin bn vng.

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Ti liu tham kho1. BirdLife

Vietnam, 2002. Integrating Watershed and Biodiversity

Management in Chu Yang Sin National Park, submission to GEF, 19992002.2. B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, 2008. Quyt nh v vic cng b

Danh mc cc loi thu sinh qu him c nguy c tuyt chng Vit Nam cn c bo v, phc hi v pht trin, s 82/2008/Q-BNN, ngy 17 thng 7 nm 20083. Phm Hong H. Cy c Vit nam. Quyn I (960 trang); Quyn II (953

trang); Quyn III (1020 trang) - In ln th 2. Nh Xut bn Tr Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2000.4. Tt Li. Cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam. NXB Nng nghip. 5. Mary Ann H. Franson, Standard methods for the Examination of water

and waste water. American Public health associations, 1995, 1470 trang.6. Akihito Shirota. The Plankton of South Viet Nam - Fresh Water and

Marine Plankton. Overseas Technocal Cooperation Agency, Japan 1966, 462 Trang.7. Jonh C. Morse, Yang Lianfang, Tian Lixin. Aquatic insects of China useful

for monitoring water quality. Hohai University press, Nanjing, Peoples Republic of China, 1994, 570 trang.

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