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8/20/2019 Contralínea 475
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@ðh 0: • Eýglrh :;<
Jlf 0< `f ?0 jl ilorlrh j
ASSE= 099
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T@SH @ JLSEAYLF GASCLFÀELH
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: > jl ilorlrh jl ?409
JA_LCZH_ Gakulf O`jaffhhffcahjlp`plfDy`nhh.chg.gxS\OJA_LCZH_ Mhsá _áylz mrlylzDchetr` fael` .chg.gx
CHH_JAE@JH_LS
AEIH_G@CAÓE ]ósagh C`g`cnh zhsaghDchetr` fael` .chg.gx
LJACAÓE E`ecy Ifhrlse`ecyDchetr`fael`.chg.gxCHEZ_@FÇEL@ ZY Árab` _`gçrlzlshlgaDchetr`fael`.chg.gx [LO Khez`fh Ghetlrrhs`aeihDchetr`fael`.chg.gx LCHEHGÇ@ G`rchs Cnàvlzg`rchsDchetr`fael`.chg.gx @_ZL Clcafa` G`rtçelzclcafa`Dchetr`fael`.chg.gx JASLÐH Gakulf Gaelrhgagak`Dchetr`fael`.chg.gx T\OFACAJ@J M`elt t @fo` m`elt tDchetr`fael`.chg.gx T_HJ\CCAÓE Fuas Bu`eprhjuccaheDchetr`fael`.chg.gx
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Lfv` Glejhz`lfv`Dchetr`fael`.chg.gx @xlf Tf`s``xlfDchetr`fael`.chg.gx G`uracah _hglrhg`uracahDchetr`fael`.chg.gx
JLILESH_ JLF TL_AHJASZ@ Àfv`rh Clplj` Elraclplj`elraDprhjaky.elt.gx JLILESH_ JLF FLCZH_
Mhrkl Glflejlz Trlca`jh m`glflejlzDprhjaky.elt.gx LJAZH_A@FASZ@S
I`oah O`rohs`i`oaho`rohs`c`ehDkg`af.chg
Gakulf Checn` G`fhljuc`caheDjlrlcnhsnug`ehs.hrk.gx G`rtçe Lsp`rz` k`rr`sflh9Dy`nhh. chg.gx Ljk`r Khezàflz _uazljk`rkrDprhjaky.elt.gx _holrth K`faejh k`flhejlfsurDnhtg`a f.chgS`gulf F`r` Yaff`s`gulff`r`vaff`Dkg`af.chgT`ofh Ghctlzug` O`rr`kàep`ofhghctlzug`Dnhtg`af.chg@ralf Ehyhf`ehyhf`r`Dkg`af.chg@jraàe _`gçrlzprlsajleca`.fagljjnDkg`af.chg
@SASZLEZL [LO @rg`ejh Chv`rruoa`s
AF\SZ_@JH_LS
Gakulf K`faejhgak`faejhpDkg`af.chgJ`vaj G`eraqulg`eraqulDchetr`fael`.chg.gx
_LJ@CCAÓE
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www.chetr`fael`.chg.gx <
`sç chgh ` thg`r thj`s f`sgljaj`s elcls`ra`s p`r` muzk`r
y s`ecahe r̀ ` fhs rlsphes`oflsjl f` vahfleca` chetr` f`s y fhsplrahjast`s
@sagasgh, HE\-JN yHE\-Gumlrls lxprls`e suprlhcup`caóe phr f`s `gle`z`squl n` suirajh Àfv`rh Jlfk`jh,plrahjast` jlf slg`e`rah Trh-clsh, ` r`çz jl sus lxprlsahelsvlrtaj`s le rljls shca`fls shorllf `slsae`th jl f` slðhr` Ifhrlsl aest`e ` f`s `uthraj`jls p`r`qul aevlstakule su hrakle y`jhptle f`s gljaj`s jl prhtlc-caóe qul sl`e hphrtue`s.
Jlsjl f`s Hcae`s leGáxach jl HE\ Gumlrls yHE\-JN rlehv`ghs eulstrhchgprhgash p`r` chhplr`r che
thj`s f`s aestatucahels y `uth-raj`jls glxac`e`s p`r` cheta-eu`r rlihrz`ejh f`s phfçtac`s yf` aestatucahe`faj`j lxastletl leg`tlra` jl prhtlccaóe jl plrah-jast`s y plrshe`s jlileshr`s jljlrlcnhs nug`ehs le lf p`çs.
@go`s Hcae`s lxprls`esus sletagaleths jl chejhfleca`
y shfaj`raj j̀ che f`s y fhs i`ga-fa`rls jl @e`olf Ifhrls, sus ch-flk`s plrahjast`s y f` shcalj`jvlr`cruz`e` le su chemueth.
Hicae` le Gáxach jl HE\
Gumlrls y Hicae` le GáxachHE\ JN
Ff`g`e ` ehcragae`faz`r `plrahjast`s ̀ slsae`jhs
F` Chgasaóe Lmlcutav` jl@tlecaóe ̀ Yçctag`s (CL@Y)rlprulo` c`tlkórac`gletl lfnhgacajah jl f` plrahjast` vlr`-cruz`e` @e`olf Ifhrls S`f`z`r.
Nhy le Gáxach, f`s plrsh-
e`s qul n`e sajh vçctag`s jl`fkýe jlfath h vahf`caóe jl susjlrlcnhs nug`ehs talele f`prlrrhk`tav` jl eh slr homlthjl lsplcuf`cahels pýofac`sshorl su plrtleleca` `f craglehrk`eaz`jh h su vaecuf`caóe ``fkue` `ctavaj`j jlfactav`, t`fchgh fh lst`oflcl f` Fly Klel-
r`f jl Yçctag`s.F` CL@Y ff`g` ` fhs gl-
jahs jl chgueac`caóe ̀ qul,le ue elcls`rah `goaletl jlslesaoafaj`j y rlsplth, eh rl-prhjuzc`e f`s vlrsahels qulcragae`faz`e ` @e`olf Ifhrlsea ` eaekue` htr` plrshe` qullmlrz` lf plrahjasgh h n`y`sajh vçctag` jl jlfath.
@sagasgh, lst` Chgasaóelxnhrt` ` f`s `uthraj`jls p`r`qul sl rl`facl ue` aevlstak`caóeslra`, prhiuej` y slesaofl, quljltlrgael f`s c`us`s jlf nh-gacajah y já che fhs cufp`oflsp`r` qul sl fls ̀ pfaqul f` fly.
Chgasaóe Lmlcutav` jl@tlecaóe ̀ Yçctag`s
¸T`r` quá sarvl lfLmárcath8, sl prlkuet`
Gl n` rlsuft`jh aetlrls`etl lf`rtçcufh ‖F` tr`acaóe ` Gáxa-ch‗. Fh calrth ls qul lf Lmárcath,chgh t`f, ls ue sarvaletl jlfphjlr le tureh, sl` tar`ehplrvlrsh h jlst`c`jh jlgócr`-t`. Eh talel hmhs ea hçjhs, suholjaleca` ls plrrue`, phr lsheh talel r`zóe jl slr. Le Gá-xach lstàe t`tu`j`s ` iulkh f`s`ctu`cahels vlrkhez`etls jlf
Lmárcath chetr` lf pulofh qulfl jah f` fuz. She gaffhels jlplshs k`st`jhs le fhs jltlrkle-tls gljaàtachs p`r` fagpa`r suag`kle, fh calrth ls qul lstàeaeilct`jhs jl agpueaj`j y leeh phchs c`shs jl chrrupcaóe.
F` nasthra` jlf Lmárcath lsvlrkhez`etl p`r` lffhs gasghs,puls sófh sl `culrj`e jl 044`ðhs= `tràs qulj`e htrhs 044`ðhs jl tr`acahels y o`mlz`schetr` lf pulofh jl Gáxach.
N`y p`çsls sae Lmárcath qul
eh talele qul c`rk`r che ue`jhreh qul fulkh jl 04 `ðhsjl kulrr` chetr` f` jlfaecule-ca` n` sajh aec`p`z jl phelrp`z le lstl p`çs chgh eh sl f`jl fhs clgletlrahs. Eh sófh ehn` phjajh saeh qul le sus e`ra-cls n` crlcajh.
@etheah K`rcç`
N`cle p`s`r ehvaffhsphr thrhs
Ls guy ouleh lf rlphrt`ml‖G`etalele arrlkuf`raj`jls lechrraj`s le f` Tf`z` Gáxach‗.
@rgh qul n`y ir`ujl le f`slj`jls y g`eapuf`caóe jl fhsculrehs. Cu`ejh letr`rhe fhsvltlrae`rahs Olem`gçe @m` yS`eta`kh @m` K`rcç`, lf vltlra-e`rah, `f s`far, gltaó le su c`mul-f` jlf chcnl ̀ st`s sae jlspuet`rp`r` c`goa`rf s̀ phr f`s jl fhsthrhs qul sl faja`rç`e. Qh fh va.@nhr` lstà clrr`jh lf f`ohr`th-rah y y` eh sl n`cl eaekýe lx`-gle. Yasu`fgletl eh sl puljlchrrhohr`r f` lj`j jl fhs thrhs.Fhs `cahe`jhs vlghs c`j`jhgaekh jlsf`r ehvaffhs `jlf`e-t`jhs phr fhs ̀ e`oófachs qul flsagpf`et`e le f` hrlm` jlf thrh.Thr lf plsh qul ̀ uglet`e, lflsqulflth eh fh rlsastl y phr lshsl c`le h sl p`r`e. T`r` qul uethrh tlek` fhs : ̀ ðhs cugpfa-jhs, fh vlghs ̀ sagpfl vast`= fhstlstçcufhs jlole n`olr o`m`jhtht`fgletl2 y ` f` g`yhrç` `pl-e`s sl fls vle, prulo` jl qulshe ehvaffhs. Q ̀ sç phjrç` slkuarleuglr`ejh arrlkuf`raj`jls.
Mhsá Fuas Cn`ae
Fhs rushs talele jlrlcnh` jlilejlrsl, jacl
T`r` f` rllxaóe, lf rlphrt`ml‖Sae ̀ go`kls, _usa` y Lst`jhs\eajhs y` sl vle chgh „lf lel-gakh‑‗. Tlrh ls elcls`rah jlcarqul Lst`jhs \eajhs y Lurhp`n`e ̀ t`c`jh chetaeu`gletl ̀_usa`. F` ̀ clcn`e le sus irhetl-r`s. F` ihrg` gàs jlfaolr`j` iulf̀ jl hrk`eaz`r, jarakar, letrle`r,`phy`r gljaàtac`gletl y e`e-
ca`r ` ue kruph jl uftr`jlrlcn`qul jlrrhcó `f khoalreh jlgh-cràtac`gletl lflcth jl \cr`ea`glja`etl ue khfpl jl Lst`jh.Lsh chestatuyó ue` ̀ gle`z`p`r` lf Lst`jh y f` slkuraj`jjl _usa`. N`of`ejh sagátra-c`gletl, slrç` chgh sa _usa`hrk`eaz`r`, jarakalr`, e`eca`r`
y p̀hỳ r` lf jlrrhc`galeth jlfkhoalreh jl Tlð` Ealth le Gá-xach y suoar ̀ f phjlr ̀ f p`rtajhchgueast`, shca`fast` h cu`fqualrhtrh ̀ içe ̀ fhs rushs. ̧ Puá n`rç`Lst`jhs \eajhs8
@nhr` ofhqul`e ` _usa`, flagphele s`ecahels chglrca`fls
y qualrle qul sl chgphrtleg`es`gletl. Lst`jueajlesls ylurhplhs n`e fflv`jh ` _usa` `eh lsplr`r `fa`ez`s2 n`e lscf`rl-cajh qul euec` f` chesajlr`rheea chesajlr`ràe chf`ohr`jhrls.Zhjh lf talgph tr`t`rhe jl jls-truarf`. Ls musth qul sl jllej`
y chesajlrl ̀ Lst j̀hs \eajhs yLurhp` chgh fhs `krlshrls qulshe le rl`faj`j.
Mu`e M K r̀cç`
@ i`vhr jl qul slchgprl ̀ rg`gleth
Che rlsplcth jlf rlphrt`ml‖K`st` gàs Tlð` qul C`fjlróele ̀ rg`gleth‗, qualrh jlcarqul f` kletl phch letalejl jllsths tlg`s qul she guy ag-phrt`etls p`r` f` vaj` e`cahe`f.Lf Lmárcath y f` @rg`j` elcl-sat`e lquap`rsl jç` ̀ jç` cheglmhrls hpcahels y eh qulj`r-sl che lf lquaph t`e hoshflth
che lf qul hplr`e ̀ ctu`fgletl.@ f`s Iulrz`s @rg`j`s sl flslxakl jlg`sa`jh2 ls musth, phrfh glehs, lquap`rfhs che ̀ rg`-gleth gàs shstac`jh.
G`rtçe Flk`zpa
F` fl`ft`j jl f`sIulrz`s @rg`j`s
Ls guy aetlrls`etl lf rlphrt`ml‖K`st` gàs Tlð` qul C`fjlróele ̀ rg`gleth‗2 plrh lsl k`sth
sófh slrà p`r` chgo`tar ̀ suprhpah pulofh, phrqul y` ehn`y p`tra` h e`caóe qul jlile-jlr. Zhjh lstà prav`taz`jh. Q fhsgafat`rls sakule salejh ‖fl`fls‗ ̀fhs phfçtachs y ̀ f`s aestatucahelse`rchchrrupt`s, eh ̀ f` shcalj`jqul fls p`k` che sus agpulsths.
Aej`flcah T`taðh
E\LSZ_HS FLCZH_LS HTAEAÓE
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9 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409
CHEZLEAJH
34 T H _
Z @ J @
Gàs jl gaf gae`s hplr`e le Gáxachflk`fgletl. Jl lff`s, f` Trhilp` jltlctó qul lf 9< phr caleth eh cugpfl che f` ehrg`tava-j`j `goalet`f. Sae lgo`rkh, sófh ;0 cletrhsjl hplr`caóe gaelrhs n`e sajh cf`usur`jhs
GÀS JL ;44 GAE@SAEC\GTFLE EH_G@@GOALEZ@F
HTAEAÓE
E\LSZ_HS FLCZH_LS
HIACAH JL T@TLF JLSH_JLE @JGAEASZ_@ZAYH LE LF ASSSZL
Gakulf O`jaffh
CHEZ_@THJL_THO_L]@, AGT\EAJ@J, CH__\TCAÓE, JL_LCNHS
N\G@EHS L AESLK\_AJ@J Àfv`rh Clplj` Elra
]HE@ CL_H I\L_]@S @_G@J@S, TLELZ_@J@S TH_ F@
\FZ_@JL_LCN@ ]ósagh C`g`cnh
@KLEJ@ JL F@ CH__\TCAÓE C@OAFJL_HS, LF _HSZ_H JL F@
CH__\TCAÓE LE LF CHEK_LSH E`ecy Ifhrls@_ZÇC\FHS
F@ SLEL_ _@ZAIAC@ LF IAE JLF CHEIFACZH CHE LF SGL G`rtçe
Lsp`rz` Ifhrls
LF I_@\JL JLF @C\L_JH Z_@EST@CÇIACH Mhgh Bw`gl Suej̀ r`g/AT
AEC@FC\F@OFL JLS@SZ_L LCHFÓKACH Q @K_ÇCHF@ TH_
L^ZAECAÓE JL @OLM@S _lae` G`kj`ra`k` F`rjult/Trles` F`tae`
FHS 04 JLS@IÇHS CHG\ELS T@_@ ? GAF GAFFHELS JL T@_LM@S
Mhslpn Cn`gal/ATS
SL^H, F@ @JACCAÓE JL F@ SHCALJ@J JL NHQ C`rfhs Gakuáflz/CCS
:
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0:
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CHEZ_@FÇEL@. TL_AHJASGH JL AEYLSZAK@CAÓE -`ðh 0:, eýgl-rh :;
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CHEZLEAJH
@EÀFASAS
TLZ_HFL_H F` cu`rt` facat`caóe= ue` k`ek` p`r` f`s tr`se`cahe`fls I`oah O`rohs`
LJ\C@ZAYH Lsculf`s ̀ f CALE= naphtlc`r prlsupulsth y p`tragheah ljuc`tavh
Flv Ghum`naj Ylfàzqulz O`rrak`
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> 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409
HIACAH JL T@TLFHTAEAÓE
@ < glsls jl thg`r phslsaóe chgh jarlc-
thr klelr`f jlf Aestatuth jl Slkuraj`j y
Slrvacahs Shca`fls jl fhs Zr`o`m`jhrls
jlf Lst`jh (ASSSZL), Mhsá _lyls O`lz` eh n`
fhkr`jh lf chetrhf jl ls` aestatucaóe qul hthrk`
slrvacahs gájachs ` f` ourhcr`ca` y `ýe g`etal-
el le pulsths cf`vl ` iuecahe`rahs qul sarvalrhe
` fhs aetlrlsls jlf lxtaeth Slo`staàe Flrjh jl
Zlm`j`. Htrhs aetlkr`etls jlf gasgh lquaph
jl f` `etlrahr `jgaeastr`caóe iulrhe rluoac`jhs
le lf Ihejh jl f` Yavalej` jlf Aestatuth jl Sl-
kuraj`j y Slrvacahs Shca`fls jl fhs Zr`o`m`jhrls
jlf Lst`jh (Ihvassstl), phr fh qul sakule f`s qul-
m`s jl p`rtl jl prhvlljhrls phr f` `sake`caóe jl
chetr`ths jl oalels y
slrvacahs.
\eh jl lshs iue-cahe`rahs qul hplr`e
p`r` lf kruph `etlrahr
ls lf suojarlcthr jl
Trhkr`g`caóe y Trl-
supulsth jlf ASSSZL,
@fihesh Olclrraf ]`rch, quale eh n` fhkr`jh cl-
rr`r lf prlsupulsth jlf lmlrcacah jl ?40< phr ue
jácat jl `frljljhr jl : gaf gaffhels jl plshs,
chrrlsphejaletls ̀ f`s àrl`s jl slrvacahs aetlkr`-
fls, gljac`gleths y g`tlra`f jl cur`caóe. @etl
ls` i`ft` jl rlcurshs gaffhe`rahs le jacnh aesta-
tuth (satu`caóe jlfac`j` sa chesajlr`ghs qul th-
jhs fhs prhkr`g`s `prho`jhs chet`o`e che ue`
p`rtaj` prlsupulst`f, jl t`f ihrg` qul `fkuale
jlol ue` lxpfac`caóe jlf phrquá jl jacnh i`f-
t`etl h sa nuoh jlsvçhs jl rlcurshs pýofachs), lf
eulvh jarlcthr klelr`f tlejrà qul utafaz`r ihe-
jhs jlf lmlrcacah jl ?409 p`r` n`clrfl irletl `f
prhoflg`, `uequl lsth klelrl ue eulvh nulch
prlsupulst`f.
Gucnhs jl fhs chetr`ths `sake`jhs jur`etl
f` klstaóe jl Flrjh jl Zlm`j` iulrhe tra`eu`fls,
phr fh qul `fkuehs jl lffhs vlecle n`st` ?40>2
phr lffh, slkýe f`s qulm`s, v`rahs jl fhs lxiuecah-
e`rahs jlf ASSSZL (qualels `nhr` jlsp`cn`e le
lf Ihvassstl) talele `slkur`jh lf supulsth p`kh
jl chgasahels p`r` fh qul rlst` jlf slxleah. Q
chgh fh n`oç`ghs chglet`jh le chfuge`s `e-
tlrahrls, lf caeasgh fflkó ̀ f pueth jl qul prhvll-
jhrls crl`rhe jlachgashs p`r` `slkur`rfl ` fhs
iuecahe`rahs qul cugpfaràe che sus chgprhgashs
jl p`k`r shohrehs-chgasahels ̀ fhs rlsphes`ofls
jl hthrk`r jacnhs che-
tr`ths.
N`st` lf `ðh p`s`-jh f` lstructur` `jga-
eastr`tav` jlf ASSSZL,
che Flrjh jl Zlm`j`
chgh jarlcthr klelr`f,
f` aetlkr`o`e su slcrl-
t`rah klelr`f Fuas @etheah Khjae` Nlrrlr`, `c-
tu`f vhc`f lmlcutavh jlf Ihvassstl, y Mu`e E`z`rah
@nu`ctzae, jarlcthr jl @jgaeastr`caóe, quale
`nhr` ls lf suojarlcthr jl @jgaeastr`caóe jlf
Ihvassstl.
Jlf lquaph hplr`tavh jl @nu`ctzae qul `ýe
sl g`etalel le lf ASSSZL lstàe Gakulf Nhr-
t` K`rcç`, suojarlcthr jl @o`sth jl Aesughs
Gájachs2 Ghasás As``c Nlrrlr` Hrjóðlz, mlil
jl Slrvacahs jl @jquasacaóe jl Aestruglet`f y
Lquaph Gájach2 C`rfhs C`fjlróe Safv`, mlil jl
Jlp`rt`gleth jl @jquasacaóe jl Aestruglet`f
Gájach2 Mlsýs Krlkhrah Lspçejhf` O`utast`, mlil
JLSH_JLE @JGAEASZ_@ZAYH
LE LF ASSSZLGAK\LF O@JAFFH
Le lf ASSSZL eh n`e fhkr̀ jh clrr̀ r lflmlrcacah jl ?40< phr ue jáffcat jl : gafgaffhels jl plshs le slrvacahs aetlkr̀ fls,gljac̀ gleths y g t̀lrà f jl cur̀ caóe
e
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HIACAH JL T@TLF HTAEAÓE
jl Jlp`rt`gleth jl Chetr`ths jl G`tlra`f jl
Cur`caóe, y Mhrkl _`ýf _`gçrlz C`s`ehv`, mlil
jl Slrvacahs jl G`tlra`f jl Cur`caóe.
Khjae` Nlrrlr` `euecaó f` slg`e` p`s`j`qul lstl `ðh lf Ihvassstl hthrk`rà 0?4 gaf crá-
jaths ` fhs tr`o`m`jhrls jlf khoalreh iljlr`f,
che ue` aevlrsaóe jl
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04 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409
HIACAH JL T@TLFHTAEAÓE
chrrlsphejaletls ` aestruglet`f y lquaph gá-
jach, `sç chgh g`rc`p`shs c`rja`chs y prótl-
sas, phr fh qul _lyls O`lz` y Yarkafah @ejr`jl
jlole lst`r `flrt`s che lsths chetr`ths ` e jl
lvat`r lf chorh jl chgasahels, qul hscaf`e letrl
lf 04 y lf 0? phr caleth.
Jlfaolr` Zraoue`f
\eavlrsat`rah c`sh jl
chrrupcaóe le f` \E@G
Lf 0 jl lelrh jl ?409, f` Slcrlt`rç` jl S`fuj
jah jl `ft` ` Slvlraeh _uoah Jhgçekulz chgh
jarlcthr jl Ljuc`caóe le S`fuj. Lf ehgorl jl
lstl eulvh iuecahe`rah jlf khoalreh iljlr`f ̀ p`-
rlcl le ue lxpljaletl `oalrth jl f` \eavlrsaj`j
E`cahe`f @utóehg` jl Gáxach (\E@G), lf
cu`f lstà le prhclsh jl jlfaolr`caóe le lf Zra-
oue`f \eavlrsat`rah y
le f` Chgasaóe jl Nh-
ehr, f` Chetr`fhrç` y f`
Jlileshrç` jl fhs Jl-
rlcnhs \eavlrsat`rahs.
Le f` `ujathrç`
J K_A_T/ J L_L/
40/?40< (jhcugleth
jl 3: pàkae`s), ilcn`j` lf > jl mueah jl ?40< y lf`ohr`j` phr f` Jarlccaóe Klelr`f jl _ls-
phes`oafaj`jls, Aecheihrgaj`jls y _lkastrh
T`traghea`f, jlplejaletl jl f` Chetr`fhrç` jl
f` \E@G, sl slð`f` jarlct`gletl ` Slvlraeh
_uoah Jhgçekulz, quale n`st` e`fls jlf `ðh
p`s`jh sl jlslgplðó chgh jarlcthr klelr`f jl
@ctavaj`jls Jlphrtav`s y _lcrl`tav`s jl ls` aes-
tatucaóe `c`jágac`, chgh lf praecap`f rlsphes`-
ofl jl arrlkuf`raj`jls le lf g`elmh jlf prlsu-
pulsth y le f` chetr`t`caóe jl oalels y slrvacahs
chgh sljl jl f` \eavlrsaj`j p`r` f` rl`faz`caóe
jl f` Hfagpa`j` E`cahe`f ?40:.
Thr fh prheth, `etl f` pltacaóe jl ue aetlrl-
s`jh le chehclr f`s checfusahels jl f` aevlstak`-
caóe le chetr` jl fhs iuecahe`rahs ueavlrsat`rahs
agpfac`jhs le t`fls `ehg`fç`s qul fl c`us`rhe
ue j`ðh ` f` gàxag` c`s` jl lstujahs, lf Chga-
tá jl Aeihrg`caóe jl f` \E@G, qul prlsajl lf
jhcthr Mhsá G`rç` Slre` jl f` K`rz`, jltlrgaeó
‖rlslrv`r phr 0? `ðhs‗ lf lxpljaletl, o`mh lf `r-
kugleth jl qul ástl slkuç` le prhclsh jlfaolr`-
tavh, ` pls`r jl qul lf aeihrgl jl f` Chetr`fhrç`
sl letrlkó n`cl > glsls.
F` g`f` `jgaeastr`caóe jl rlcurshs pýofachs` c`rkh jl _uoah Jhgçekulz hcurraó le ?40:,
y rlcaoaó rlcurshs iljlr`fls phr ?4.; gaffhels
jl plshs jl p`rtl jl f` Chgasaóe E`cahe`f jl
Cuftur` Içsac` y Jlphrtl (Che`jl), aestatucaóe
qul slkýe aeihrgó pajaó ` f` \E@G qul rls`r-
calr` lf j`ðh p`traghea`f. F` shrprls` `nhr` ls
qul lstl lxiuecahe`rah ueavlrsat`rah qul ls ae-
vlstak`jh, fflk` ` f` Slcrlt`rç` jl S`fuj `ple`s
0 gls `etls jl qul lf lxrlcthr jl f` \E@G,
Mhsá E`rrh _hofls, `sugalr` phr jlsake`caóe
prlsajlecà f f` tatuf`raj`j jl ls` jlplejleca`.
Q f` juj` qul n`y ls sa t`goaáe fh g`etlejrà
le lf pulsth chgh fh nazh le f` \eavlrsaj`j
E`cahe`f.
Tueths susplesavhs...
F` slg`e` p`s`j`
`jlf`et`ghs f` s`faj`
jlf jarlcthr klelr`f jl
Tltróflhs Glxac`ehs
(Tlglx), Lgafah Fhzh-
y`, quale vleç` le ue
jlsk`stl e`tur`f phr
f`s prlsahels jl f` c`çj` le fhs prlcahs aetlre`-cahe`fls jlf pltróflh y qul n`e `ilct`jh chesajl-
r`oflgletl f`s e`ez`s jlf p`çs. @ lst` satu`caóe
n`y qul sug`r f`s iulrtls jailrleca`s qul tleç`
che lf slcrlt`rah jl N`calej`, Fuas Yajlk`r`y,
quale aesastletlgletl n`oç` shfacat`jh `f prlsa-
jletl Leraqul Tlð` f` s`faj` jl Fhzhy` phr ‖eh
letlejlr‗ f` phfçtac` sc`f y f`s elclsaj`jls qul
talel lf p`çs jl fhs rlcurshs pltrhflrhs. Iae`fgle-
tl lst` slg`e` sl `euecaó f` rleueca` jl Fhzhy`
y fh sustatuyl Mhsá @etheah Khezàflz @e`y`, lxja-
rlcthr klelr`f jlf AGSS, guy clrc`eh ` Yajlk`-
r`y y vaecuf`jh ` C`rfhs S`fae`s jl Khrt`ra... Lf
prhoflg` jl lst` rlf`caóe Khezàflz-S`fae`s eh
she fhs vçecufhs jl `gast`j h jl i`gafa`, saeh qul
lstl lxprlsajletl, `f aku`f qul Yacletl Ihx, she
c`oafjlrhs jl chetr`ths le Tltróflhs Glxac`ehs
p`r` i`vhrlclr ̀ cheshrcahs prav`jhs y ̀ ouft`r sus
ohfsaffhs che jaelrh pýofach.
Lf 0 jl lelrh, f̀ Slcrlt̀ rç̀ jl S f̀uj jahjl f̀t̀ ̀Slvlraeh _uoah chgh jarlcthr jlLjuc̀ caóe le S f̀uj, quale ls aevlstak`jhphr supulst̀ chrrupcaóe le f̀ \E@G
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0? 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409
HTAEAÓE
E
h ls lf tlrclr `ðh, saeh fhs ? `etlrahrls jllstl slxleah –`f qul jlskr`ca`j`gletl fli`ft` f` gat`j– fhs qul n`e ghstr`jh qul
lf plðasgh eh n` s`oajh rlshfvlr fhs prhoflg`sjl su chgpltleca`. N` sajh ástl ue g`f khoalreh.Q eh phrqul fhs `etlrahrls n`y`e sajh glmhrls.E`j` jl lsh, plrh fh qul lstà le culstaóe ls lfprlsletl, qul jl lsth tr`t` f` phfçtac` rlsphes`ofl.Le thjhs fhs irletls jl sus hofak`cahels, LeraqulTlð` y su kruph n`e rlsuft`jh aelffc`cls. Sl `ku-
jaz`e lshs prhoflg`s. F` phorlz` `uglet` y y`jlol n`olr gàs jl
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CHEZ_@THJL_ HTAEAÓE
N`y jls`plkh ` cugpfar chef`s hofak`cahels jletrh jl uelst`jh jl jlrlcnh, phrqul ehtlelghs ue khoalreh jl flyls
y jlsfaejl jl rlsphes`oafaj`jls
p`r` jlsn`clrehs jl fhs g`fhskholre`etls.Lf agplrah jl f` fly lxakl
cugpfar y n`clr cugpfar fhsjlrlcnhs nug`ehs y s`olghsqul lf plðasgh t`gphch n`s`oajh, y glehs qulrajh, `c`-t`r lsl agplr`tavh phfçtach jlf` jlghcr`ca`. Thr lst`r glmhrletrltleajh le khz`r jlf ph-jlr prlsajleca`f, sus jascurshsv`cçhs y su `ej`r le thj`s f`s`ctavaj`jls p`r` fucarsl, ehutafaz` sus phc`s cu`faj`jls jl`jgaeastr`jhr p`r` lst`r `tle-th ̀ f lmlrcacah jl t`fls jlrlcnhs,n`calejh qul sl`e rlsplt`jhs`f gàxagh phr su `p`r`th ou-rhcràtach jl f` Trhcur`jurç`Klelr`f jl f` _lpýofac` (TK_), qul ls jhejlgàs sl vufelr`e. Q f` thrtur` plrg`elcl. Lstàcf`rh qul Tlð` y su kruph eh qualrle cugpfarls` hofak`caóe, phr fh qul chest`etlgletl fl
fflk`e lv`fu`cahels shorl su g`f jlslgplðh lels` g`tlra`.Z`gphch s`ol ea n` `prlejajh le lsths 3
`ðhs qul sus lgpfl`jhs jlole cugpfar che lsljlolr chestatucahe`f. Sl n` klelr`faz`jh lf ae-
cugpfagaleth jl ls` flk`faj`j, y chtaja`e`gle-tl fhs glxac`ehs she vçctag`s jl iuecahe`rahs `qualels f` agpueaj`j jl sus `cths y hgasahelsfls plrgatl vahflet`r lshs jlrlcnhs y elk`rfls f`sk`r`etç`s p`r` n`clrfhs v`flr. Q quá jlcar jl f`s`ekralet` aeslkuraj`j, jhejl fhs jlfaeculetlsn`e agpulsth su ‖fly‗ p`r` chgltlr thj` cf`sljl jlfaths. Shorlvavl f` phof`caóe ` ls`s lgolsta-
j`s ` s`ekrl y iulkh, jhejl jlsjl lf c`fjlrheasgh,`f glehs, n`e plrjajh f` vaj` gàs jl ?44 gafglxac`ehs y fhs plðast`s sl jljac`e ` aesastar, gle-tarhs`gletl, le f` o`m` jl fhs çejacls jl nhga-cajahs, slculstrhs, ilgaeacajahs, jls`p`racahels,jlspf`z`galeths y jlgàs ̀ trhcaj`jls qul talele
`f p`çs le f` `ekusta` y f` jlslsplr`caóe.Tlð` y sus gumlrls y nhgorls le lf phjlr
`oshfuth jlf prlsajleca`fasgh eh n`e `ctu`jhle r`zóe jl cugpfar che sus hofak`cahels. N`e
jlm`jh lf khoalreh `f k`rltl, phr lsh lf Lst`jhv` ` f` jlrav`, galetr`s f` e`caóe plrg`elcl`tr`p`j` le fhs prhoflg`s qul fl thc`o` rlshf-vlr `f plðasgh. Ástl n` sajh ue g`f khoalreh
y sl g`etalel `ilrr`jh `f phjlr p`r` khz`r jlsus pravaflkahs. Q mueth che áf, fhs jlskholre`jhrls,
mulcls y flkasf`jhrls, galetr`s fhs qul talele uelgpflh cugpfle che su tr`o`mh, g`etlealejh ` ihtl f` e`vl lst`t`f. N`y sçethg`s y nlcnhs jl qulfhs glxac`ehs lst`ghs jlschetleths che lf pl-ðasgh. Lf rákagle `ctu`f n` lst`jh jlsn`calejhfh qul sl n`oç` chestruajh, jlsjl qul fhs s`fa-east`s, zljaffast`s, ihxast`s y c`fjlrheast`s sl na-calrhe jlf prlsajleca`fasgh. Tlð` n` cufgae`jhlsl prhclsh jlklelr`tavh, phrqul phfçtac`gletllf glxaqulesl y su kruph eh lst`o`e prlp`r`jhs
y, `jlgàs, e`j` fls n` agphrt`jh –le 3 `ðhs–cugpfar che sus gçeag`s hofak`cahels chestatu-cahe`fls.
C L C A F A @
G @ _ Z Ç E
L ]
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]HE@ CL_HHTAEAÓE
Lf : jl g`rzh jl ?40< sl checrltó, rg`s
jl phr gljah, ue` `fa`ez` qul sl vleç`
tr`o`m`ejh jlsjl fhs slxleahs p`east`s jl
Yacletl Ihx y Ilfapl C`fjlróe. F` Cheiljlr`caóe
T`trhe`f jl f` _lpýofac` Glxac`e` (Chp`rglx)
hotuvh sakafhs`gletl ue ‖chevleah klelr`f jl ch-
f`ohr`caóe‗ che f`s jhs slcrlt`rç`s jl Lst`jh le-
c`rk`j`s jl hrk`eaz`r y `jgaeastr`r ` f`s Iulrz`s
@rg`j`s Tlrg`eletls jl Gáxach= f` Slcrlt`rç`
jl f` Jliles` E`cahe`f (Sljle`) y f` Slcrlt`rç` jl
G`rae` (Slg`r).
@nç, ̀ f e`f jlf jhcugleth sl puljle hoslrv`r
f`s rýorac`s jlf klelr`f jl javasaóe japfhg`jh jl
Lst`jh G`yhr S`fv`jhr Caleiulkhs ]lplj`, tatuf`r
jl f` Sljle`, y jlf ̀ fgar`etl japfhg`jh jl Lst`jh
G`yhr Yaj`f Ir`ecasch Sholróe S`ez, ` c`rkh jl
f` Slg`r, mueth che f` jlf lethecls prlsajletl jl f`
Chp`rglx, lf `ctu`rah Mu`e T`ofh C`st`ðóe C`s-t`ðóe (nhy lstl lgprls`rah ls prlsajletl jlf htrh
hrk`easgh qul, mueth che f` Chp`rglx, chestatuyl
ueh jl fhs phjlrls jl i`cth jl f` `ft` ourkulsç`
glxac`e`= lf Cheslmh Chhrjae`jhr Lgprls`ra`f).
Le lf jhcugleth, f` Chp`rglx sl ̀ sugl chgh
‖saejac`th p`trhe`f‗ qul talel chgh homlth ‖rlprl-
slet`r y jlilejlr fhs aetlrlsls klelr`fls y chguels
jlf lgprls`ra`jh‗ p`r` prhghvlr su p`rtacap`caóe
le f` ‖chestruccaóe jlf hrjle shca`f‗ l ‖agpufs`r
f`s rlihrg`s lstructur`fls‗. @sç, sae rhjlhs.
Q f`s trls Iulrz`s @rg`j`s (Lmárcath Glxac`eh,
Iulrz` @árl` Glxac`e` y @rg`j` jl Gáxach), `
tr`vás jl f` Sljle` y f` Slg`r, sl n`e `fa`jh che
lstl kruph `et`kóeach ` fh qul iul f` _lvhfucaóe
Glxac`e` p`r` ‖agpufs`r `ccahels chemuet`s‗,
chgh jacl f` cfàusuf` praglr` jlf chevleah, jlf
cu`f chet`ghs che chpa`. Lst` g`echgueaj`j
lst`rà vakletl n`st` lf ýftagh jç` jlf slxleah jl
Leraqul Tlð` Ealth= 34 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40>.
Jl fhs chgprhgashs `sugajhs phr f` Sljle` y
f` Slg`r jlst`c`e qul `go`s phejràe ` jasphsa-
caóe jl fhs p`trhels sus rlsplctavhs sastlg`s ljuc`-
tavhs p`r` ‖prhghvlr l agpufs`r R…W lf aetlrc`g-
oah ̀ c`jágach, cuftur`f y jlphrtavh che fhs Cletrhs
Lgprls`ra`fls qul aetlkr`e f` Chp`rglx‗ ( sac ).
Lf Sastlg` Ljuc`tavh Gafat`r lstà aetlkr`jh
phr f` \eavlrsaj`j jlf Lmárcath y Iulrz` @árl`,
jhs chflkahs (lf jlf @arl y lf Nlrhach), 03 lsculf`s
y javlrshs cletrhs jl lstujah y jl c̀ p`cat`caóe. Lf
Sastlg` Ljuc`tavh E`v`f culet` che jhs cletrhs
(letrl lffhs lf jl phskr`jh, Cletrh jl Lstujahs Su-
plrahrls E`v`fls), 00 lsculf`s, jhs aestatuths y 01
cletrhs jl c`p`cat`caóe.
Thr su p`rtl, f` Chp`rglx culet` che 9< cle-
trhs lgprls`ra`fls jastraouajhs le f`s 3? letaj`jls
iljlr`tav`s jl f` _lpýofac`.@f rlsplcth, f` hrk`eaz`caóe lgprls`ra`f sl
chgprhgltl ` ‖lxtlejlr aevat`cahels ` f` Sljle`
y ` f` Slg r̀ p`r` qul p`rtacaple le fhs curshs,
prhkr`g`s jl c`p`cat`caóe y/h cheilrleca`s qul
sl`e hrk`eaz`jhs phr f` Chp`rglx h phr aestatu-
cahels `els shorl tlg`s lcheógachs, phfçtachs
táceachs, jl slkuraj`j e`cahe`f, slkuraj`j pýofac`
u htrhs qul pulj`e rlsuft`r jl su aetlrás‗ ( sac ).
@sç qul, p`r` fhs lgprls`rahs, f`s pulrt`s
`oalrt`s jl fhs pf`etlfls ljuc`tavhs jl f`s ga-
faca`s. @n, y fhs p`trhels phjràe c`p`cat`r ` f`
trhp` le g`tlra` phfçtac`, ljuc`tav` y n`st` jl
slkuraj`j e`cahe`f. Chehcalejh fhs aetlrlsls
jl f` Chp`rglx, n`orç` qul prlkuet`rsl cuàe-
ths eavlfls jl c`tlcasgh sl agp`rtaràe. Q sa, le
g`tlra` jl nasthra`, f` aev`saóe lst`jueajlesl y
f` jliles` jlf C`staffh jl Cn`puftlplc slrà che-
t`j` chgh lf praglr lsiulrzh phr checrlt`r ue
]ÓSAGH C@G@CNH
I\L_]@S @_G@J@STLELZ_@J@S TH_ F@ \FZ_@JL_LCN@
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]HE@ CL_H HTAEAÓE
tr`t`jh `gasthsh jl faorl chglrcah.
@jlgàs, fhs gafat`rls jl f`s jhs slcrlt`rç`s sl
chgprhgltle t`goaáe ` ‖prlslet`r prhpulst`s le
f`s cu`fls sl jltlrgaele plrfls prhilsahe`fls, tác-
eachs y jl htr` e`tur`flz` jlf plrshe`f gafat`r qul
n`y` cugpfajh su talgph jl slrvacah y sl lecule-trl le satu`caóe jl rltarh, p`r` qul f` Chp`rglx
lstá le phsaoafaj`j jl jltlrgae`r cuàfls phjrç`e
slr f`s àrl`s jl hphrtueaj`j p`r` cheihrg`r ue`
ohfs` jl tr`o`mh‗.
Le chetr`p`rtl, f` hrk`eaz`caóe p`trhe`f fl prh-
phrcahe`rà ̀ f` Sljle` y ̀ f` Slg`r ‖ue jarlcthrah
jl fhs Cletrhs Lgprls`ra`fls ̀ shca`jhs ̀ f` Chp`r-
glx ̀e jl qul le su ghgleth pulj`e slr chesa-
jlr`jhs le f`s javlrs`s ̀ ctavaj`jls‗ ( sac ).
N`or`sl vasth… f`
trhp` n`calejh f` p`r`
vlr sa fhs p`trhels fl j̀ e
tr`o`mh…
Tlrh f` `fa`ez` v`
gàs `ffà. F` Sljle` y f`
Slg`r phjràe p`rtacap`r
le chemueth che f` Ch-
p`rglx ‖le `sueths jl
aetlrás chgýe‗. Q f`s sl-
crlt`rç`s sl chevalrtle le
‖lef`cls‗ p`r` f`s lg-
prls`s `fa`j`s `f hrk`-
easgh lgprls`ra`f che lfhomltavh jl slr ‖prhvll-
jhrls jl fhs prhjucths y
slrvacahs qul rlqualr`e‗.
Q, phr sa `fkh i`ft`r`, f`s
aestatucahels rg`etls ‖`culrj`e chgp`rtar aeihr-
g`caóe rlflv`etl‗.
Jlsjl f` ilcn` le qul sl rgó lstl chevleah
klelr`f, f` Sljle`, f` Slg`r y f` Chp`rglx shs-
talele rlueahels jl tr`o`mh plraójac`s p`r` ‖`e`-
faz`r y jascutar tlg`s jl aetlrás chgýe‗. Jacn`s
rlueahels hcurrle, jl g`elr` ̀ ftlre`j`, le sljls
jl f` gafaca` y jlf hrk`easgh lgprls`ra`f.
F` lstrlcn` rlf`caóe Iulrz`s @rg`j`s-Chp`r-
glx agpfac` g`etlelr ue` chgueac̀ caóe jarlct`
letrl iuecahe`rahs jl ̀ fth r`ekh y f` hrk`eaz`caóe
jl fhs lgprls`rahs. Fhs lef`cls jarlcths p`r` shs-
tlelr f` chhrjae`caóe plrg`eletl lstàe ` c`rkh
jlf mlil jl Kruph jl Slkuagaleth, Chhrjae`caóe
y Lst j̀çstac` jlf Lst`jh G`yhr jl f` Jliles̀ E`-
cahe`f (phr f` Sljle`)2 jlf prlsajletl jl f` Ch-
gasaóe jl Lstujahs Lsplca`fls jlf Lst`jh G`yhr
Klelr`f jl f` @rg`j` (phr f` Slg`r), y lf jarlcthr
klelr`f jl f` Chp`rglx.
F`s Iulrz`s @rg`j`s y f` Chp`rglx eh jl-sl`e qul sl vletafle fhs `culrjhs ea fhs tr`o`mhs
qul rl`faz`e jl g`elr` chemuet`. Thr lffh, le lf
jhcugleth –cfàusuf` jácag` praglr`– slð`f`e=
‖Zhj` f` aeihrg`caóe agprls`, `ujahvasu`f, le
`rcnavh g`keátach h qul pulj` `fg`cle`rsl phr
`fkýe gljah táceach h caletçch qul fhs `jlf`e-
ths jl f` caleca` y f` tlcehfhkç` plrgat`e y qul sl
prhphrcahele letrl sç f`s p`rtls Rrg`etlsW p`r` lf
homlth jlf prlsletl chevleah klelr`f jl chf`ohr`-
caóe, qulj` prhnaoaj` su
javufk`caóe ` tlrclrhs‗.
@nhr ̀`jqualrle g`-
yhr sletajh f`s lx f̀t`j̀ s
p`f`or`s jlf lethecls
prlsajletl jl f` Cheil-
jlr`caóe jl Càg`r`s
E`cahe`fls jl Chglr-
cah, Slrvacahs y Zurasgh,
Leraqul Shf`e` Sletçls,
prheueca`j`s lf 0< jl
ilorlrh jl ?40
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@KLEJ@ JL F@ CH__\TCAÓEHTAEAÓE
C@OAFJL_HS
LF _HSZ_H JL F@ CH__\TCAÓE
LE LF CHEK_LSH
E@ECQ IFH_LS, T_AGL_@ JL JHS T@_ZLS
Jltràs jl flyls y rlihrg`s `etaphpuf`rls
–chgh f` f`ohr`f, f` lelrkátac`, f` jl tl-
flchgueac`cahels y f` ljuc`tav`– lstà lf
hscurh tr`o`mh jl fhs c`oafjlrhs. Sae agphrt`r lf chs-
th, ásths talele chgh praecap`f iuecaóe aeuar le
f`s jlcasahels jl fhs flkasf`jhrls p`r` qul sl i`vh-
rlzc` h sl lvatl `fkýe plrmuacah ` f`s aejustra`s, hr-
k`eaz`cahels h aecfush e`cahels qul rlprlslet`e.
T`r` lffh culet`e che prlsupulsths gaffhe`-
rahs qul, sae lgo`rkh, eh she tr`esp`rletls. Lsth
phrqul eaekue` fly fhs hofak` ` rlejar culet`s jl
su `ctu`r le fhs rlcaeths flkasf`tavhs. Z`gphch fhs
japut`jhs y sle`jhrls lstàe hofak`jhs ` n`clr pý-
ofac`s f`s rlueahels, fhs `culrjhs ea f`s prlolej`s
jlrav`j`s jlf c`oafjlh.
Thr lffh, le f` Càg`r` jl Japut`jhs c`shschgh lf jl f` ff`g`j` Fly Zlflvas` h lf jl f` rljuc-
caóe le ue
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@KLEJ@ JL F@ CH__\TCAÓE HTAEAÓE
n` ehtac`jh ` lst` Slcrlt`rç` Záceac` aeihrg`-
caóe `fkue`, ghtavh phr lf cu`f eh chet`ghs che
jhcuglet`caóe le eulstrhs `rcnavhs rlf`tav` ` fhs
j`ths shfacat`jhs‗ (pltacaóe 0493/?40
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@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE
chglrca`etls y prlst`jhrls jl slrvacah p`r` qul
eulstr` lchehgç` crlzc` y sl ihrt`flzc`.
Jl letr`j`, ls` g`eh jl hor` qul lf pusafàea-
gl jl C`fjlróe eh suph v`fhr`r, v` ` jlghstr`r
`f p`çs jl su prho`j` c`p`caj`j p`r` aeaca`r ue`
eulv` lt`p` jl rln`oafat`caóe jl ls`s pf`et`s qullf plrshe`f jl f` aelxastletl ‖lgprls` jl cf`sl
gueja f̀‗, f̀ CIL, sl jljacó ̀s`qul`r y jls`rtacu-
f`r hfvaj`ejh qul le su cheihrg`caóe sl rllmó
lf lsiulrzh jl klelr`cahels letlr`s jl glxac`ehs.
Le lst` eulv` lt`p`, lf SGL n` aevat`jh ` qul
sl`e fhs lstuja`etls glxac`ehs jl lsculf`s pý-
ofac`s jl aejuj`ofl r`ak`gorl phpuf`r, chgh lf
Aestatuth Thfatáceach E`cahe`f, fhs qul ` tr`vás jl
f` aetlkr`caóe jl kruphs jl chehcagaleth sl hr-
k`eacle le saltl gls`s jl tr`o`mh p`r` `e`faz`r y
pf`etl`r fhs pf`els jl elkhcahs qul she i`ctaofls
jl fflv`rsl ` c`oh che f` chhplr`tav` aetlkr`j`
phr fhs rlprlslet`etls jl f`s jastaet`s àrl`s.
Fhs galgorhs jlf SGL, tlelghs f` rgl che-
vaccaóe jl qul le eulstr`s aestatucahels pýofac`s
lxastl lf t`fleth p`r` s`c`r `f p`çs `jlf`etl y rls-
c`t`r ue prhylcth jl e`caóe gàs musth. Thr lsh, f`
gasaóe che lf Thfatáceach ls qul c`j` ue` jl f`s
àrl`s jl elkhcahs jhejl p`rtacapl lf SGL sl` rle-
t`ofl. Fhs móvlels lstuja`etls v`e ` jltlrgae`r
quá rlcurshs nug`ehs, g`tlra`fls y lcheógachs
sl elclsat`e p`r` ue` `ctavaj`j, phejlr`ejh, ̀ etl
thjh, f` g`eh jl hor` c`fac`j` jl fhs tr`o`m`jh-
rls.
Le lstl eulvh chetlxth nlghs `eueca`jh qul y` sl culet`e che fhs plrgashs tr`gat`jhs `etl f`
Chgasaóe _lkuf`jhr` jl Lelrkç` p`r` lf iuecah-
e`galeth jl f`s najrhlfáctrac`s, aekrls`ejh ` f`
p`r f`s shfacatujls jl plrgashs jl agp`cth ̀ goale-
t`f, ush y `prhvlcn`galeth jl `ku`, sugaeastrh jl
k`s y thjhs fhs checlrealetls p`r` f`s pf`et`s jl
cacfh chgoae`jh qul n`orlghs jl chestruar.
Le f` eulv` rut` phr rlchrrlr, lf SGL
eh `o`ejhe`rà su `fa`ez` che hrk`eaz`-
cahels shca`fls chgh f` @s`gofl` E`cah-
e`f jl \su`rahs jl f` Lelrkç` Lfáctrac`. Q
sa oale le lf g`rch jl f` rlihrg` lelrká-
tac` f` vlet` jl lflctracaj`j ` fhs chesuga-
jhrls jhgástachs lstà rlslrv`j` ` f` CIL,
nlghs pf`etl`jh f` hpcaóe jl aechrphr`r
` fhs usu`rahs qul chesug`e gàs jl trls
g`k`w`tts p`r` qul pulj`e chgpr`r su
lelrkç` che htr`s hpcahels gàs i`vhr`ofls.
Jl aku`f ihrg`, nlghs rlatlr`jh qul
slkuarlghs agpufs`ejh lf lst`oflcagale-
th, phr fly, jl ue` t`rai` shca`f, `sç chgh
lf ohrróe y culet` eulv`. Slð`f`ghs `jlgàs
qul y` lstàe fhs ihrg`ths p`r` qul vhfv`-ghs ̀ lgpf`z`r ̀ f Chekrlsh p`r` qul t`e-
th japut`jhs chgh sle`jhrls rlvasle lstl
tlg` jl f` lflctracaj`j chgh ue jlrlcnh
shca`f y nug`eh, phrqul f` aeaca`tav` cau-
j`j`e` qul sl prlsletó che gàs jl 3
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@_ZÇC\FHHTAEAÓE
Bu`f` Fugpur, G`f`sa`. Lf @culrjh
Zr`esp`cçch jl @shca`caóe p`r` f`Chhplr`caóe Lcheógac` (ZTT, phr su
sakf` le aekfás), qul sl elkhcaó le @tf`et`, Ls-t`jhs \eajhs, le hctuorl jl ?40< y sl rg`ràle @ucbf`ej, Eulv` ]lf`ej`, le lstl gls jlilorlrh, pravaflka` ` fhs aevlrshrls lxtr`emlrhs lagphel chsths sust`eca`fls ` fhs p`çsls shcahs.
C`fac`jh jl `culrjh chglrca`f ‖ghjlfh‗jlf sakfh ^^A, ls iuej`glet`f jltlrgae`r quáolelcahs sl puljle lsplr`r jlf ZTT y sa ásthssuplr`e sus chsths.
Lsc`shsolelicahs
chglrca`fls
Traecap`fgletl gl-ja`etl lf ush jl ghjlfhs jl lquafaorah klelr`fchgput`ofl jl glthjhfhkç` jascutaofl, thjhs fhslstujahs rl`faz`jhs n`st` f` ilcn` prhylct`e rlju-cajhs olelcahs jarlcths jlf crlcagaleth lcheóga-ch prhjucth jl f` faolr`faz`caóe chglrca`f jlf ZTT.
Fhs olelcahs elths rl`fls puljle slr `ýeglehrls, sa eh elk`tavhs, y` qul gucnhs jl fhssupulsths le fhs lmlrcacahs jl prhylccaóe eh lstàele lf `culrjh chglrca`f jleatavh.
Che lf e jl `rkuglet`r ` i`vhr jlf ZTT,`fkuehs lstujahs ousc`rhe fhs olelcahs le htrhsàgoaths, praecap`fgletl jl f` supulst` aeylc-
caóe jl f` aevlrsaóe prhylct`j`, sae tlelr leculet` fhs chsths h prlsletàejhfhs chgh ol-elcahs.
Lf lstujah gàs cat`jh iul puofac`jh le?40: phr lf chehcajh jlileshr jl f` kfho`fa-z`caóe lst`jueajlesl, lf Aestatuth Tltlrshe jlLchehgç` Aetlre`cahe`f.
@ fhs ghjlfhs lcheógachs fls aekrls`rhejavlrs`s jasphsacahels prlvast`s jlf ZTT chghsa iulr`e sagpfls rljuccahels jl chsths, saej`rfl chesajlr`caóe `fkue` ` fhs ralskhs jl ch-rrlccaóe ` f` o`m` y ` fhs chsths, phr lmlgpfh,
jloajh ` f` rljuc-
caóe jl f` `uthehgç`e`cahe`f le f` rlkf`-glet`caóe chgh rl-suft`jh jlf `culrjh.Chgh t`fls, fhs chsthseh lstàe aecfuajhs yeh prhphrcahe`e ue`
lv`fu`caóe rl`f jl chsth-olelcah.@f lxcfuar chsths iuej`glet`fls, fhs jlile-
shrls jlf ZTT lx`klr`e fhs olelcahs chglr-ca`fls prhylct`jhs `f `slkur`r f` lxastleca` jlolelcahs jujhshs. Thr lmlgpfh, chesajlr`ef`s jasphsacahels p`r` `gpfa`r fhs jlrlcnhs jlprhpalj`j aetlflctu`f (JTA) chgh rljuccaóejl chsths qul aecrlglet`ràe lf chglrcah jlfhs slrvacahs.
F`s jasphsacahels qul plrgatle ̀ fhs aevlrshrlslxtr`emlrhs jlg`ej`r ` fhs khoalrehs le traou-e`fls prav`jhs h qul shc`v`e lf rákagle o`ec`rah
LF I_@\JLJLF @C\L_JH Z_@EST@CÇIACH
MHGH B[@GL S\EJ@_@G, L^SLC_LZ@_AH KLEL_@F @JM\EZH _LSTHES@OFL JL@EÀFASAS JLF JLS@__HFFH LCHEÓGACH LE LF SASZLG@ JL F@ H_K@EA]@CAÓE JL F@SE@CAHELS \EAJ@S. LE ?44; HOZ\YH LF T_LGAH [@SSAFQ FLHEZALI TH_ L^T@EJA_ F@SI_HEZL_@S JLF TLES@GALEZH LCHEÓGACH/AEZL_ T_LSS SL_YACL
T r̀̀ fhs jlileshrls jlf ZTT, f̀ s jasphsa-cahels p`r ̀̀ gpfà r fhs jlrlcnhs jl prh-palj`j aetlflctu f̀ chgh rljuccaóe jlchsths qul aecrlglet`ràe lf chglrcah
h
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@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE
e`cahe`f she vast`s chgh ue` rljuccaóe jl chs-ths qul ihglet`e lf chglrcah, fh qul akehr` fhschsths y ralskhs qul agpfac` p`s`r phr `fth f` rl-kuf`caóe e`cahe`f.
Lf lstujah `slkur` qul n`orà lehrgls ol-
elcahs jloajh ` f` prlsuecaóe jl qul lf ZTTklelr`rà g`yhrls lxphrt`cahels `f rljucar fhschsths mhs qul talel lf aekrlsh ` fhs glrc`jhslxtr`emlrhs.
@uequl eh lxastl ue` o`sl `e`fçtac` p`r`lshs lehrgls olelcahs, sl suphel qul f` ga-t`j jlf agp`cth jlf `culrjh sl jlolrà ` f` rl-juccaóe jl fhs chsths chglrca`fls mhs.
Sa fhs ghjlfhs utafaz`jhs lgpfl`r`e gáth-jhs chevlecahe`fls p`r` c`fcuf`r fhs olelcahshotleajhs jlf chglrcah, fhs rlsuft`jhs n`orç`esajh gucnh gàs rljucajhs, slkýe lf ýeach ls-tujah jlf khoalreh jl Lst`jhs \eajhs shorl f`scheslculeca`s jlf ZTT.
I`etàstac`s
cheslculeca`s le f`
aevlrsaóe lxtr`emlr`
Fhs jlgàs olelcahs qul prhylct` lf lstujahjlf Aestatuth Tltlrshe rllrle praecap`fgletl `f`ukl jl f` aevlrsaóe lxtr`emlr` jarlct` (ALJ).
Lf `eàfasas suphel `roatr`ra`gletl qul c`j`jóf`r jl ALJ le lf ofhqul jlf ZTT klelr`rà ueaekrlsh `jacahe`f `eu`f jl 33 clet`vhs, javajajhle p`rtls aku`fls letrl fhs p`çsls jl hrakle y fhsjlstae`t`rahs, sae qul n`y` ue` tlhrç` lcheógac`,prhcljagaleth jl ghjlf`jh h lvajleca` lgpçrac`qul ̀ phyl lstl supulsth.
Gçslrhs olelicahs
Lf lstujah lx`klr` lehrglgletl fhs olel-
G A K \ L F K @ F A E J H
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cahs qul sl jlrav`e jlf ZTT.Galetr`s qul f` g`yhrç` jl sus checfusahels
c`rlcle jl mustac`caóe, fhs ýeachs olelcahscu`etac`jhs le cheshe`eca` che f` tlhrç` lch-eógac` y f` lvajleca` gàs `clpt`j`s she fhs ol-
elcahs `r`eclf`rahs qul cheihrg`e ue` p`rtljlschehcaj` plrh guy plqulð` jl fhs olelcahsprhylct`jhs.
Fhs olelcahs she gucnh glehrls jl fh qul`slkur`e fhs khoalrehs jlf ZZT. Glehs jl ?<phr caleth jl fhs gasghs sl puljle chesajlr`rslra`gletl. Aecfush ` ásths n`y qul chgp`r`rfhsche fhs chsths qul lf lstujah akehr` chevlealetl-gletl, ̀ sç chgh che fhs jlt`ffls rl`fls jlf ̀ culr-jh jleatavh. Nulfk` jlcar qul, phr f` gasg`r`zóe, ls elcls`rah jlschet`r f`s k`e`eca`s jlfhs p`çsls c`fcuf`j`s jl ihrg` sagaf`r.
@ue sae `must`r, fhs olelcahs she plqulðhsle rlf`caóe che lf prhjucth aetlreh oruth jl f`slchehgç`s `shca`j`s `f ZTT. @sagasgh, sa oalefhs olelcahs chglr-ca`fls prhylct`jhs jl-ghr`ràe ue` jác`j`le checrlt`rsl, fhspraecap`fls ralskhs ychsths slràe gàs ae-glja`ths. Lffhs lqua-v`fle ` olelcahs ýea-
chs y eh talele olelcahs `eu`fls rlcurrletls, lsjlcar, eh lflv`e f`s t`s`s jl crlcagaleth jl f`slchehgç`s.
F` jastraoucaóe jl fhs olelcahs eh iul su-caletlgletl `e`faz`j` le lsths lmlrcacahs. Sa sljlstae`e praecap`fgletl ` ue`s phc`s lgprls`skr`ejls y fhs jlgàs c`rk`e che f`s párjaj`s, le-thecls lf ZTT lx`clro`rç` f` jlsaku`fj`j.
¸K`e`eca` elt` h
párjaj`8Lf ZTT sl aetlre` gucnh gàs jl fh elcls`rah
le f` ihrg` le qul fhs khoalrehs hplr`e p`r`i`cafat`r lf chglrcah. Lst`s ‖jascapfae`s‗ rlstrae-kle chesajlr`oflgletl lf lsp`cah phfçtach qulelclsat`e fhs p`çsls p`r` `clflr`r lf jls`rrhffhlcheógach y prhtlklr lf aetlrás pýofach.
Fhs lsc`shs olelcahs prhylct`jhs n`cle qulsl` iuej`glet`f tlelr le culet` f` e`tur`flz`
y f` lsc`f` jl fhs chsths qul akehr`e thjhs fhslmlrcacahs jl ghjlfhs jaspheaofls. Lf ZTT ag-phejrà chsths jarlcths, phr lmlgpfh, glja`etl f`
`gpfa`caóe jl fhs JTA y `f ofhqul`r h rltr`s`rf` prhjuccaóe y f` agphrt`caóe jl fhs prhjucthskleárachs.
Lf glc`easgh jl shfucaóe jl chetrhvlrsa`sletrl aevlrshrls y lf Lst`jh qul prhphel lf ZTTplrgatarà ` fhs aevlrshrls lxtr`emlrhs jlg`e-j`r ` fhs khoalrehs `etl traoue`fls lxtr`emlrhssa fhs aevlrshrls chesajlr`e qul f`s ehrg`s ls-t`t`fls rljucle sus k`e`eca`s iutur`s prlvast`s,`ue cu`ejh ls`s ehrg`s sl`e jl aetlrás pýofach.Chgh y` lxastl lf slkurh prav`jh che lstl prh-pósath, lf glc`easgh ls chgpflt`gletl aeelcl-s`rah.
M`kjasn On`kw`ta, ue jlst`c`jh jlileshr jlf` faolr`faz`caóe chglrca`f, mueth che htrhs, cra-
tac`rhe jur`gletl f`aecfusaóe jl lstl taphjl jasphsacahels eh
chglrca`fls le `culr-jhs jlcajaj`gletl jlfaorl chglrcah.
Le fuk`r jl slr lf
`culrjh rlkahe`f jl fa-
orl chglrcah qul sl `slkur`, lf ZTT p`rlcl slr‖ue rákagle jl chglrcah klstahe`jh qul phel fhsaetlrlsls jl f`s chrphr`cahels le praglr fuk`r‗.
Lf ZTT, qul hirlcl fagat`jhs olelcahs cu`e-tac`ofls jlrav`jhs jl f` faolr`faz`caóe chglr-ca`f, aetlkr` ue p`qultl qul gae`rà jl g`elr`iuej`glet`f lf aetlrás pýofach. Le lst` lt`p` fhsolelcahs elths p`r` fhs shcahs jlf ̀ culrjh lstàele juj`.
Sófh ue` chet`oafaj`j chgpflt` y `jlcu`j`o`s`j` le lf tlxth çetlkrh jlf ZTT puljl rlshf-vlr lst` culstaóe cf`vl.
Jl nlcnh, lf ZTT y` sl utafazó p`r` tr`t`r jl`c`o`r che f` _hej` jl Jls`rrhffh jl Jhn` –f`selkhca`cahels chglrca`fls guftaf`tlr`fls clfl-or`j`s le ls` cauj`j jl P`t`r le ?440–, plrht`goaáe phjrç` shc`v`r lf guftaf`tlr`fasgh jlg`elr` gàs `gpfa` le ue iuturh clrc`eh. (Zr`-juccaóe jl Àfv`rh Pularuk`)
Lf @culrjh Zr`esp`cçffch jl @shcà -caóe p`rlcl slr ue rákagle jl chglrcahklstahe`jh qul phel fhs aetlrlsls jlf`s chrphr`cahels le praglr fuk`r
r
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T@SH @ JLSEAYLF GASCLFÀELH
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@_ZÇC\FHHTAEAÓE
\
e` prlhcup`caóe qul aev`jl ` gucnhs
lstujahshs jlf guejh ls f` tlejleca` `
f` jls`p`racaóe jl f` i`z jl f` Zalrr` jl
f`s `olm`s s`fv`mls, ue` lsplcal qul prhjucl ae-
euglr`ofls olelcahs ` fhs nug`ehs.
Z`eth ls `sç qul, le su ghgleth, lf `flgàe
@folrt Laestlae (0>;1-01
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@_ZÇC\FH HTAEAÓE
praecap`fls tlrrlehs jl salgor` jlf p`çs. Su ph-
of`caóe sl n` rljucajh le ue ?3 phr caleth le
lf plrahjh ?44>-?403, y `uequl lxastle kr`em`s
jl lshs aeslcths cra`jhs p`r` phfaeaz`r, ást`s eh
s`tasi`cle f` jlg`ej`, rlchehcle fhs lsplca`fas-
t`s. Le t`f sletajh, `jvalrtle qul fhs `kracufthrls
vlràe aecrlglet`jhs fhs chsths jl prhjuccaóe y,
le lf gljah-f`rkh pf`zh sl puljl jlslst`oafaz`r f`
prhjuccaóe jl lsl p`çs.
Fhs pueths jl cheacth lstàe rlp`rtajhs le
031 chej`jhs, jljac`jhs lsplca`fgletl ̀ cuftavhs
jl `fglejr`, `ràej`ehs, g`ez`e`s y t`goaáe
c`f`o`z`s, rls`ft` lf fçjlr jlf lquaph aevlstak`jhr
jl f` \eavlrsaj`j jl Ylrghet, Aesu Bhn.
Thr su p`rtl, lf ch`uthr jlf
lstujah, _uius As``cs, jllejl
qul, ` p`rtar jl lst` aeihrg`-
caóe, f`s `kleca`s kuolre`gle-
t`fls y f`s hrk`eaz`cahels prav`-
j`s puljle cletr`r sus lsiulrzhs y `phy`r ue` `kracuftur` gàs
shstleaofl y p`as`mls e`tur`fls.
F`s ̀ gle`z`s
F` chgas`ra` lurhpl` jl
@sueths G`rçtaghs y Tlsqulrç`s,
B`rgleu Ylff`, chesajlr` qul
f` c`faj`j jl f` vaj` y jl eulstrh
iuturh jlplejl jl gucnhs slr-
vacahs qul f` e`tur`flz` prhphr-
cahe` jl ihrg` kr`tuat`, chgh
phr lmlgpfh f` phfaeaz`caóe. Le
t`f sletajh, ls guy prlhcup`etl
chehclr lf ralskh ̀ f qul lstàe sh-
gltajhs ̀ fkuehs jl fhs gàxaghs
phfaeaz`jhrls, `ð`jl.
Ylff` `jvalrtl qul sa eh sl
prlcas`e f`s r`zhels qul n`y jl-
tràs jlf prhclsh jl jlc`jleca`
jl f`s `olm`s s`fv`mls y sl `ctý`
urkletlgletl p`r` irle`rfh, ph-jrç`ghs p`k`r ue prlcah calrt`-
gletl guy `fth.
@ prhpósath jl lffh, lf lstu-
jah jl f` \ACE slð`f` qul ue`
jl f`s praecap`fls `gle`z`s p`r` f` suplrvavle-
ca` jl f`s `olm`s she fhs c`goahs le f`s pràctac`s
jl f` ̀ kracuftur` y lf aecrlgleth jl f` lxpfht`caóe
k`e`jlr`, qul n`e prhvhc`jh f`s párjaj`s ` kr`e
lsc`f` y ue` jlkr`j`caóe jl fhs nàoat`ts.
Z`goaáe, `krlk`, lf ush lxtlejajh jl aeslc-
tacaj`s y nlroacaj`s rljucle f` jaspheaoafaj`j jl
hrls, jl f`s qul jlplejle lshs aeslcths.
Thr htr` p`rtl, lf c`goah cfagàtach ls htrh i`c-
thr agphrt`etl. F`s ffuva`s aetles`s, f`s slquç`s, f`s
hf`s jl c`fhr y lf aecrlgleth jl f`s tlgplr`tur`s
puljle aecajar. Thr ls` r`zóe, sl lsplr` ue` rl-
juccaóe ‖jr`gàtac`‗ jlf àrl` jl su nàoat`t, chesa-
jlr` f` aevlstak`caóe.
C L C A F A @
G @ _ Z Ç E L ]
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Eulv` Qhrb, Lst`jhs \eajhs. Fhs jls`içhsqul jlole `irhet`r f`s ? gaf gaffhelsjl p`rlm`s qul n`y le lf guejh v`rç`ejl ihrg` chesajlr`ofl slkýe jastaet`s v`ra`ofls=lj`j, slxh, ljuc`caóe, aekrlshs, satu`caóe che-
yuk`f, t`g`ðh jl f` i`gafa`, jur`caóe jl f` rlf`-caóe, fuk`r jl rlsajleca`, chstugorls, rlfakaóe yrlkaóe jlf guejh.
Tlrh puljle ajletac`rsl 04 kr`ejls jls`-içhs chguels p`r` f`s p`rlm`s c`s`j`s h le che-cuoae`th le jailrletls p`çsls.
T`r` lgplz`r, ` pls`r jl `culrjhs aetlre`-cahe`fls, phfçtac`s lst`t`fls y c`gp`ð`s jl che-caleca`caóe, fhs g`tragheahs ihrz`jhs y tlg-pr`ehs sakule hcurralejh le gucnhs p`çsls lejls`rrhffh, le lsplca`f le Àirac` suos`n`ra`e` y
@sa` glrajahe`f.Thr lmlgpfh, eh glehs jl jhs jl c`j` trlsgumlrls jl letrl ?4 y ?: ̀ ðhs le Eçklr, _lpýofa-c` Cletrh`irac`e`, Cn`j y O`ekf`jlsn sl c`s`-rhe h tuvalrhe ue` ueaóe sagaf`r ̀ etls jl fhs 0>.
F`s i`gafa`s sulfle ch`ccahe`r ` f`s `jhfls-cletls y c`s`rf`s h letrlk`rf`s ` nhgorls g`-
yhrls, le gucnhs c`shs phr tlghr ` qul tlek`eue chgphrt`galeth, ue` vaecuf`caóe h rlf`cah-els slxu`fls che v`rhels jl htr`s chgueaj`jls,kruphs áteachs, cuftur`fls, rlfakahshs h c`st`s.
@jlgàs, fhs p`jrls puljle n`olrsl chgprh-gltajh ` letrlk`r ` sus nam`s le g`tragheah chelf e jl ihrt`flclr vçecufhs i`gafa`rls, prhtlklr
y glmhr`r f` satu`caóe jl lff`s, rljucar fhs k`sthsjhgástachs h `slkur`rsl jl qul f`s talrr`s, f`sprhpalj`jls h f`s raqulz`s quljle le lf àgoathi`gafa`r.
Cu`ejh sl lstag` qul ue` nam` vahfó lf nhehr
jl f` i`gafa` h tuvh ue lgo`r`zh eh jlsl`jh f`puljle hofak`r ` c`s`rsl h, le c`shs lxtrlghs,f` `slsae` `fkýe aetlkr`etl jl su prhpah eýcflhi`gafa`r. Fhs g`tragheahs ihrz`jhs puljle jl-rav`r le `oushs y slr gàs oale ue c`stakh, `sçchgh ue gljah p`r` rlst`ur`r lf nhehr i`gafa`r.
Le slkuejh fuk`r, lf `oush cheyuk`f eh slfagat` sófh `f g`tragheah ihrz`jh y chestatuylue slrah jls`içh p`r` f`s rlf`cahels jl p`rlm`.F`s plfl`s jhgástac`s, qul aecfuyle rlcfusaóe,aetagaj`caóe, `oush sachfókach y vahfleca`, sheue prhoflg` gueja`f qul hcurrl t`eth letrl p`-rlm`s c`s`j`s chgh le checuoae`th.
C`sa ue` jl c`j` trls gumlrls qul g`etuval-rhe ue` rlf`caóe jl p`rlm` jamlrhe n`olr suirajh`fkýe taph jl `krlsaóe içsac` y/h slxu`f le lff`.
@uequl uehs 0?< p`çsls prhnaoalrhe f` vahfleca`jhgástac`, sl lstag` qul gàs jl 944 gaffhels jl
gumlrls vavle le p`çsls le jhejl eh ls jlfath.Zlrclrh, f`s rlf`cahels slxu`fls, f` aetagaj`j
y lf `ghr y/h `ilcth chestatuyle htrh àgoathqul prlslet` jls`içhs p`r` f`s p`rlm`s. Lf jls-chetleth che f`s rlf`cahels slxu`fls le gucnhsc`shs jlrav` le aejlfaj`jls, rlf`cahels lxtr`-g`rat`fls, lrhsaóe jl f` che`ez`, slp`r`caóe y
javhrcah.\e` jl f`s jacuft`jls rlcurrletls hoslrv`-
j`s ls qul f`s gumlrls sulfle qulm`rsl jl qul suschgp`ðlrhs `chstugor`e qulrlr tlelr rlf`cah-els slxu`fls guy ` gleujh sae prlst`r `tlecaóe` sus jlslhs2 y fhs nhgorls jacle sletar qul susp`rlm`s utafaz`e f` aetagaj`j slxu`f chgh aestru-gleth lstract`gletl jl chgples`caóe h c`stakh.
Lshs `sueths `jqualrle g`yhr rlflv`eca`,puls `fkue`s plrshe`s shstalele qul lf g`tra-
FHS 04 JLS@IÇHS CHG\ELST@_@ ? GAF GAFFHELS JL T@_LM@S
MHSLTN CN@GAL, JLGÓK_@IH, CHES\FZH_ Q L^JA_LCZH_ JL F@ JAYASAÓE JL THOF@-CAÓE JL F@S E@CAHELS \EAJ@S/AEZL_ T_LSS SL_YACL
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gheah agpfac` `uthgàtac`gletl jlrlcnhs che- yuk`fls slkýe fhs cu`fls lf g`rajh talel jlrlcnh` tlelr aetagaj`j che su lsphs` cu`ejh qualr` yls lf jlolr jl lff` `ccljlr.
Le cu`rth fuk`r, f`s jlcasahels shorl sa tlelr
h eh namhs y cuàejh, cuàeths y lf talgph letrlc`j` ueh, `sç chgh su cra`ez`, prlslet` ue ag-phrt`etl jls`içh che cheslculeca`s p`r` gu-cn`s p`rlm`s.
Nhgorls y gumlrls puljle tlelr jastaet`shpaeahels shorl tlelr namhs, sus rlsplctavhs p`-plfls y rlsphes`oafaj`jls le f` p`tlreaj`j, lx-plct`tav`s y homltavhs p`r` lf iuturh jl lffhs.
Lf ush jl `etacheclptavhs y jlf `ohrth p`r`fagat`r y lsp`ca`r ` fhs namhs sakul salejh ue`sueth slesaofl p`r` f`s p`rlm`s le gucn`s p`r-tls jlf guejh. Le gucn`s e`cahels aejustra`fa-z`j`s, f`s gumlrls sulfle tlelr f` ýftag` p`f`or` le g`tlra` jl lgo`r`zh y rlprhjuccaóe2 sae lg-o`rkh, le gucnhs p`çsls le jls`rrhffh lstl sakulsalejh ue `sueth chetrhvlrtajh.
Le quaeth fuk`rlstà f` culstaóe jl f`chgueac`caóe. @ gl-eujh eh sl tr`t` jlue` aec`p`caj`j h jli`ft` jl vhfuet`j p`r`chgprlejlr `f htrh,
saeh gàs oale jl uehostae`jh rlcn`zh jl plrgatar h jl `clpt`r f`lxastleca` jlf pueth jl vast` h jl f` phsacaóe jlf` p`rlm`.
F` i`ft` jl oule` chgueac`caóe klelr`jasput`s y puljl jlrav`r le vahfleca` içsac`.
Le slxth fuk`r `p`rlcle culstahels lcheóga-c`s. Gucn`s p`rlm`s jascutle phr fhs k`sths y fhs`nhrrhs, lf aekrlsh jl ueh jl fhs cóeyukls,fhs jailrletls lstafhs jl k`sth y f` nlrleca`. Thrfh klelr`f, ueh jl fhs aetlkr`etls jl f` p`rlm`,ls guy chgýe qul sl` lf nhgorl, tr`t` jl che-trhf`r fhs rlcurshs lcheógachs, fagat`r lf k`sth jlf` htr` p`rtl y thg`r f`s praecap`fls jlcasahelse`ecalr`s.
Le lf fuk`r saltl lstà lf prhoflg` jl chgoa-e`r lgpflh, c`rrlr` y vaj` jl p`rlm`, ue jls`içhc`j` vlz gàs jaiçcaf p`r` gucn`s jl lff`s. Chelf `ugleth jl p`rlm`s che jhs c`rrlr`s y ue`
lstructur` i`gafa`r eucfl`r, fhs p`plfls y f`s rls-phes`oafaj`jls jl nhgorls y gumlrls c`s`jhs hle p`rlm` c`goa`e.
Le lf fucn`r hcnh sl uoac`e fhs prhoflg`splrshe`fls chgh g`fhs chgphrt`galeths h
nàoaths, chgh `jaccahels, prhgascuaj`j, clfhs,gletar`s y e`rcasasgh, qul `ilct`e ` f`s p`rlm`s.F`s jacuft`jls puljle `uglet`r cu`ejh
ueh jl fhs aetlkr`etls sl ealk` ` ousc`r `yuj`h ` thg`r gljaj`s p`r` rlglja`r f` satu`caóe.
Le lf fuk`r eulvl lstàe f`s jailrletls lxplc-t`tav`s shorl lf g`tragheah h f`s rlf`cahels çe-tag`s. F`s plrshe`s sulfle tlelr jastaet`s ajl`s,elclsaj`jls y prahraj`jls shorl lf g`tragheah,lf `ghr, lf rhg`ecl y f` e`tur`flz` jl f`s rlf`-cahels çetag`s.
Thr ýftagh, p`r` gucn`s p`rlm`s, f` rlf`caóeche f` i`gafa` phfçtac` puljl rlsuft`r ue jls`içh`khoa`etl y puljle jascrlp`r shorl lf talgph`prhpa`jh, f` `sastleca` y lf cuaj`jh hthrk`jhs` f` i`gafa` jl ue` jl f`s p`rtls.
Lshs `sueths slchgpfac`e gàs cu`e-jh sl tr`t` jl ue g`-tragheah le slkuej`seupca`s, jl i`gafa`schgoae`j`s, jl lxls-phshs y f` cra`ez` jl
namhs y ealths.Gucn`s plrshe`s phjràe jascrlp`r shorl ls-ths 04 jls`içhs chguels le f` rlf`caóe jl f`s ?
gaf gaffhels jl p`rlm`s lxastletls, plrh c`sa thjhlf guejh chaecajarà le qul le thj`s p`rtls `p`-rlcle jls`içhs sakeac`tavhs y jacuft`jls letrl
fhs cóeyukls h f`s p`rlm`s le jastaet`s lt`p`s jlf` rlf`caóe.
Lst`s jacuft`jls sl n`e chesajlr`jh prhofl-
g`s plrshe`fls qul chgpltle ̀ f`s p`rlm`s. Tlrh` f`s shcalj`jls ghjlre`s fls aetlrls` prhghvlrf`s rlf`cahels jl p`rlm` sófaj`s y `rgóeac`s, lerlsp`fj`r f` ihrg`caóe jl i`gafa`s y f` cra`ez`jl fhs namhs, le `slkur`r fhs jlrlcnhs nug`ehs,f` jakeaj`j y f` slkuraj`j jl nhgorls y guml-rls, `sç chgh jl prhtlklr lf oalelst`r jl eað`s
y eaðhs. Chgh rlz` lf jacnh= ‖i`gafa` le p`z,p`çs che prhsplraj`j‗. (Zr`juccaóe jl Ylróeac`Iargl)
Lf ush jl ̀ etacheclptavhs y jlf ̀ ohrthp`r ̀fagat`r y lsp`cà r ̀fhs namhs sakulsalejh ue `sueth slesaofl p r̀̀ f̀ s p`-rlm`s le gucn`s p`rtls jlf guejh
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F
` ̀ jaccaóe ̀ f slxh jl kur`s pýofac`s chgh
Jhgaeaqul Str`uss-Bn`e, Cn`rfal Snlle,
Zaklr [hhjs y Gacn`lf Jhukf`s n` j`jh
vasaoafaj̀ j ` ue tlg` hcuft`jh phr f` vlrkölez`
y phr f` akehr`eca`. Sófh le Lst`jhs \eajhs, sl
c`fcuf` qul gàs jl 1 gaffhels jl plrshe`s lstàe
`tr`p`j`s le chgphrt`galeths qul cheihrg`e
lstl taph jl `jaccaóe, chesajlr`j` ue` ‖lpajlga`
e`cahe`f‗, che f` `plrtur` jl cletle`rls jl cfçea-
c`s jl tr`t`galeth le fhs ýftaghs < `ðhs.
Lstl taph jl `jaccaóe lstà prhvhc`j` phr f`
elclsaj`j jl ue pach
lghcahe`f sagaf`r ` f`
qul talele fhs jrhkh-jlplejaletls h `fch-
nófachs y qul s`tasi`-
cle jl jailrletls g`-
elr`s= phrehkr`iç`, rl-
cursh ` f` prhstatucaóe
h lxplraleca`s slxu`fls
che plrshe`s jlschehcaj`s. Fulkh fflk` lf o`móe,
chgh hcurrl che lf `fchnhf y che f`s jrhk`s. Jl
lst` g`elr`, lf lst`jh lghcahe`f puljl chevlr-
tarsl le ue` ghet`ð` rus`.
Gàs jl :4 gaffhels jl lst`jueajlesls `ccl-
jle c`j` jç` ` f`s gàs jl : gaffhels jl pàkae`s
phrehkràc`s qul lxastle, slkýe Elwswllb . F`
cair` prhjucl vártakh plrh eh afustr` f`s chesl-
culeca`s p`r` quale p`jlcl lstl taph jl `jaccah-
els le su vaj` shca`f y i`gafa`r. F` phc` `ctava-
j`j slxu`f che f` p`rlm` sulfl ar ` glehs cu`e-
jh lxastl lstl taph jl `jaccahels, y ue` plrshe`
puljl suirar ue lxafah le su prhpa` c`s`, c`rk`jh
jl aechgprlesaóe, jl rlcn`zh y jl vlrkölez`.
Le fuk`r jl `yuj`r, rlprhcnls chgh ¸phr quá
p`s`s t`et`s nhr`s le f` chgput`jhr`8, ¸quá
n`cls shfh8 `kr`ej`e f` kralt`. F` `jaccaóe ` f`
phrehkr`iç` puljl prhjucar lscle`s vlrkhez`e-
tls che cheslculeca`s p`r` f` p`rlm` y p`r` f`
i`gafa`. Z`goaáe aetlrlrl che f` vaj` f`ohr`f
phr fhs prhoflg`s jl checletr`caóe, phr lf jl-
cfavl le f` prhjuctavaj`j, phr lf c`es`ecah içsach
y glet`f.
Elwswllb slð`f`o`
` f` phrehkr`iç` phr
aetlrelt chgh f` c`u-s` jl lst` `jaccaóe,
jl f` gasg` g`elr`
qul slð`f`rhe `f `fch-
nhf chgh f` c`us` jlf
`fchnhfasgh jur`etl
`ðhs y f`s jrhk`s jl f`
jrhk`jaccaóe. F ̀Fly Slc ̀qul agpusalrhe eh sófh
eh `c`oó che lf `fchnhfasgh, saeh qul lf prhofl-
g` sl aecrlgletó y iul `chgp`ð`jh phr htrhs
kr`vls prhoflg`s jl s`fuj, chgh f` carrhsas, phr
lf chetr`o`ejh jl `fchnhf sae eaekýe chetrhf jl
c`faj`j.
F`s pàkae`s phrehkràc`s `faglet`e f` jl-
plejleca`, plrh t`goaáe sl rl`faz`e lstujahs sh-
orl lf p`plf qul mulk`e f` aes`tasi`ccaóe slxu`f
jl gucn`s plrshe`s, f` irustr`caóe, f` `esalj`j,
fhs prhoflg`s shca`fls y f` shflj`j, ue` jl f`s
lpajlga`s sachshca`fls jl f` vaj` ghjlre`.
C@_FHS GAK\ÁFL] GHE_HQ, TL_AHJASZ@ Q LJAZH_ LE LF CLEZ_H JL CHF@OH_@CAH-
ELS SHFAJ@_A@S/CCS
SL^H
F@ @JACCAÓE JL F@
SHCALJ@J JL NHQ
F ̀ `jaccaóe ̀ f̀ phrehkr`iç̀ puljlprhjucar lscle`s vlrkhez`etls che che-slculecà s p`r ̀f̀ p`rlm̀ y p`r ̀f̀ ì gafà .Z`goaáe aetlrfflrl che f̀ vaj ̀f̀ ohr f̀
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F` `jaccaóe ` f` phrehkr`iç` suphel sófh ue`
ihrg` jl `jaccaóe slxu`f, qul `chgp`ð` htrh
taph jl chgphrt`galeths shca`fls jl g`yhr kr`-
vlj`j p`r` f` s`fuj y p`r` f` vaj` shca`f y i`ga-
fa`r cu`ejh sl prhjucle chet`cths slxu`fls che
jlschehcajhs h qul rlcurrle ` f` prhstatucaóe.
Fhs chet`cths chgpufsavhs che jlschehcajhs
jasp`r`e lf ralskh jl chetr`lr leilrglj`jls jl
tr`esgasaóe slxu`f, chgh lf varus jl aeguehjl-
caleca` nug`e` (YAN), f` sçfas, f` khehrrl` y
htr`s. Gucn`s vlcls v`e `chgp`ð`jhs jl che-
sugh jl `fchnhf y jl htr`s jrhk`s. Lst` ghet`ð`
rus` `c`rrl` lejluj`gale-
ths, prhoflg`s e`ecalrhs, f`
párjaj` jlf tr`o`mh y lf jas-
t`eca`galeth jl f` i`gafa`.
_lsuft` ff`g`tavh qul sl
n`e rlphrt`jh gucnhs gàsc`shs jl `jacths v`rhels `f
slxh qul jl gumlrls. F` pàka-
e` jl `yuj` Tsycnkuajls ajle-
tac` c`us`s kleátac`s, sachfó-
kac`s y shca`fls p`r` f`s `jac-
cahels `f slxh. N`y plrshe`s
che ue` ‖prljasphsacaóe
kleátac`‗ ` f` aelst`oafaj`j
lghcahe`f, ` `ctatujls ag-
pufsav`s h ` chgphrt`gale-
ths qul ousc`e jl ihrg`
chest`etl sles`cahels iulrtls.
Z`goaáe lstàe f` `esalj`j y
f̀ jlprlsaóe, f̀kuehs jlslquafa-
orahs nhrghe`fls, shorl thjh
fhs rlf`cahe`jhs che f` tlsths-
tlrhe` y lf lstrókleh.
Sl n` hoslrv`jh qul gu-
cn`s plrshe`s `jact`s `f slxh
n`e suirajh `oushs slxu`fls
le f` aei`eca`. F`s `jaccah-
els v`e jl f` g`eh che lx-
plraleca`s tr`ugàtac`s quleh rlcaoalrhe lf tr`t`galeth
`jlcu`jh. Le fhs c`shs jl
`oushs slxu`fls, qul sl prh-
jucle le su g`yhrç` le lf
sleh i`gafa`r, lsth hcurrl
gucn`s vlcls phr f` vlrköle-
z` jl f`s vçctag`s h phr fl`ft`jls.
Z`goaáe aeuyle i`cthrls chgh lf rlcn`zh
chest`etl, f`s jacuft`jls ` f` nhr` jl crl`r y
g`etlelr vçecufhs shca`fls y `ilctavhs, lf `asf`-
galeth y f` shflj`j eh lflkaj`. F` slxu`faz`caóe
qul sl hoslrv` le f` puofacaj`j, le fhs chetleajhs
tlflvasavhs, le aetlrelt y le f`s rljls shca`fls chae-
cajl che ue` párjaj` jlf lrhtasgh, che ue` sles`-
caóe lxtlejaj` jl shflj`j y che ue `ugleth le
f` aes`tasi`ccaóe slxu`f. Puazà lst` p`r`jhm` ehs
já f` ff`vl qul elclsat`ghs p`r` `ohrj`r y p`r`
rlshfvlr lf prhoflg`.
G A K \ L F K @ F A E J H
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE TH_Z@J@
34 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409
AEYLSZAK@CAÓE TH_Z@J@
AEC\GTFLE EH_G@
@GOALEZ@F
9< TH_ CALEZH
JL F@S GAE@S
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓETH_Z@J@
Gàs jl gaf gae`s hplr`e
le Gáxach flk`fgletl.Jl lff`s, f` Trhilp`
jltlctó qul lf 9< phr
caleth eh cugpfl che f`
ehrg`tavaj`j `goalet`f.
Sae lgo`rkh, sófh ;0
cletrhs jl hplr`caóegaelrhs n`e sajh
cf`usur`jhs
Z
r`s f` aesplccaóe jl f`s gàs jl 0 gafgae`s qul hplr`e flk`fgletl le lf p`çs,
f` Trhcur`jurç` Iljlr`f jl Trhtlccaóe`f @goaletl (Trhilp`) rlphrtó arrlkuf`raj`jlsl aecugpfagaleth jl f` ehrg`tavaj`j `goale-t`f le lf 9< phr caleth jl fhs prhylcths gaelrhs.Jlrav`jh jl fhs tr`o`mhs, ;0 lst`oflcagalethsqul culet`e che rlkastrh hffca`f –uoac`jhs le fhslst`jhs jl Tulof`, Pulrát`rh, Chfag`, Z`o`sch, M`fasch, Cna`p`s, O`m` C`faihrea` Sur y Shehr`–iulrhe tlgphr`fgletl cf`usur`jhs. Oule`vast`jlf Chorl, suosaja`ra` jl Kruph Gáxach y rls-phes`ofl, le `khsth jl ?40:, jlf jlrr`gl jl :4
gaf gltrhs cýoachs jl sufi`th jl chorl ̀ cajuf`jh` fhs rçhs O`c`eucna y Shehr`, le lf gueacapah jlC`e`el`, Shehr`, ihrg` p`rtl jl f` fast` elkr` jl f` Trhilp`.
Jl `culrjh che rlphrtls qul f` Trhilp` n`klelr`jh jlsjl ?40:, ̀ frljljhr jlf 9< phr cale-th jl f`s gae`s qul hplr`e flk`fgletl le lf p`çsaecugpfle che f` ehrg`tavaj`j `goalet`f. @f
LFY@ GLEJH]@, Dlfv`Xchetr`
0 ? 3 _ I
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE TH_Z@J@
rlsplcth, f` jlplejleca` prlp`r` ue aeihrgl jl-t`ff`jh.
Fulkh jl fhs tr`o`mhs jl rlvasaóe, aesplccaóe y vlraffc`caóe rl`faz`jhs ` f`s 0 gaf 034 aest`f`-cahels y prhylcths gaelrhs lst`oflcajhs hffca`f-gletl, f` Trhilp` jah ̀ chehclr qul ;?1, lf 9:. gaf9;0 thelf`j`s jl g`tlra`f ilrrhsh y 39 g`qua-e`ra`s pls`j`s.
Lf Trhylcth Gara`g sl cf`usuró phr leche-tr`rsl le ue` suplrffcal `ilct`j` phr lf c`goahjl ush jl sulfh le tlrrleh ihrlst`f g`yhr ` f``uthraz`j` phr f` Slg`re`t.
J L G A @ E
C N @ Y L ] / C \ @ _ Z
H S C \ _ H
Jl fhs gàs jl ;44
cletrhs jl hplr`caóe
y lxtr`ccaóe gaelr`
qul aecugpfalrhe
sus hofak`cahels
`goalet`fls sófh sl
cf`usur`rhe ;0
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE TH_Z@J@
j`s `etl f`s `uthraj`jls rlsphes`ofls sl uoac`ele Tulof`, Pulrát`rh, Chfag`, Z`o`sch, M`fasch,Cna`p`s, O m̀` C`faihrea` Sur y Shehr`.
Gae`s aflk`fls
@jlgàs jl f` prhoflgàtac` `goalet`f jl f`gaelrç` `uthraz`j`, le lf p`çs lxastl ue eýglrhaejltlrgae`jh jl gae`s hplr`ejh iulr` jl f` fly.Le ?441, f` Càg`r` E`cahe`f jl f` Aejustra` jlfNalrrh y lf @clrh (C`e`clrh) jleuecaó lf ̀ ugle-th jl f` lxtr`ccaóe cf`ejlstae` gaelr`f jl nalrrh,praecap`fgletl le fhs gueacapahs jl Fàz`rh Càr-jle`s, Gacnh`càe, y F` \eaóe, Kulrrlrh.
F` C`e`clrh aeihrgó qul, `f glehs letrl?441 y ?404, f` lxtr`ccaóe cf`ejlstae`, che o`slle càfcufhs jl f`s lgprls`s, `sclejaó ` :4 gaf th-elf`j`s glesu`fls, gucn`s jl f`s cu`fls s`falrhephr lf pulrth jl Fàz`rh Càrjle`s, Gacnh`càe.
Le mueah jl ?40:, jur`etl f` cugorl jl Tue-t` Gat`, clflor`j` le E`y`rat, f` @fa`ez` T`cç-ffch –aetlkr`j` phr Gáxach, Chfhgoa`, Tlrý y
Cnafl– `euecaó lf aeacah jl ue` slral jl chesuft`sp`r` lst`oflclr glc`easghs qul glmhrle lf chg-o`tl chetr` lf cragle hrk`eaz`jh le f` prhjuc-caóe, vlet` y lxphrt`caóe jl gaelr`fls, letrl lffhslf hrh, f` pf`t`, lf chorl y lf nalrrh.
Aesplccahels
Jur`etl f`s vasat`s jl aesplccaóe jhejl sl ffl- v`e ` c`oh fhs tr`o m̀hs gaelrhs sl vlraffc`e fhstárgaehs y chejacahe`etls lst`oflcajhs le f`s `u-thraz`cahels jl agp`cth `goalet`f y lf cugpfa-galeth jl fh lst`oflcajh le f` Facleca` @goale-t`f Ýeac`, `gohs lxpljajhs phr f` Slg`re`t.
F`s lgprls`s jljac`j`s ` f` lxpfht`caóe ga-elr` jlole rlkar sus `ctavaj`jls jl `culrjh che
f` ehrg`tavaj`j `pfac`ofl ` f`s `ctavaj`jls gael-r`s, chgh f` EHG-0?4 SLG@_E@Z-?4002 f`EHG-0:0 SLG@_E@Z-?443, qul lst`oflcllf prhcljagaleth p`r` c`r`ctlraz`r fhs m`fls (fu-k`rls jl jlstaeh jl fhs rlsajuhs), `sç chgh f`slsplcaffc`cahels y cratlrahs p`r` f` c`r`ctlra-z`caóe y prlp`r`caóe jlf satah, prhylcth, ches-truccaóe, hplr`caóe y phst hplr`caóe jl prls`sjl m`fls2 f` EHG-0:;-SLG@_E@Z/SS@0-?44:, f` EHG-0
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE CHEZ_@KHFTL
@ JA@OFHS _HMHSTH_ 34 @ÐHS
CLJLE G@KJ@FLE@ GA^N\C@
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓECHEZ_@KHFTL
Kr`tas y le ihrg` lxcfusav`n`st` ?4:4
gaf gltrhs cu`jr`jhs jl f`Cauj`j Jlphrtav`
Lf o`t`c`zh sl chesugó= lf khoalreh jl Ga-kulf Àeklf G`eclr` ffrgó f` letrlk` kr`-tuat` n`st` lf `ðh ?4:< jl gàs jl > nlctà-rl`s jl f` Cauj`j Jlphrtav` G`kj`fle` Gaxnuc`
p`r` lrakar y g`etlelr ̀ nç lf lst`jah jl fhs Ja`ofhs_hmhs jlf Gáxach.Lf prhclsh jl prav`taz`caóe, fflv`jh ` c`oh
plrshe`fgletl phr lf jarlcthr jlf Aestatuth jlfJlphrtl jlf Jastrath Iljlr`f, Nhr`cah jl f` Ylk`,eh sófh rlsuftó le f` kr`tuaj`j jlf lsp`cah pýofachqul @firljh N`rp Nlfý y sus nlrljlrhs lxpfht`-ràe jur`etl jác`j`s, t`goaáe le f` lrhk`caóe jlgaffhels jl plshs jlf lr`rah p`r` rl`faz`r tr`o`mhschgpflglet`rahs y jl gatak`caóe `goalet`f, rlvl-f`e lf chetr`th y caleths jl ihm`s rlf`cahe`j`s ̀ f`s
qul Chetr`fçel` tuvh `cclsh.
34 `ðhs ` c`goahjl ea ue quaeth
Lr`e jç`s jl luihra`. Lf rlkrlsh jl f` Iórgu-f` \eh `f @utójrhgh Nlrg`ehs _hjrçkulz `ýe
G@\_ACAH _HGL_H, Dg`uracahXchetr`
J A @ O F H S _ H M H S / C \ @ _ Z H S C \
_ H
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE CHEZ_@KHFTL
nhgorls phjlrhshs, ̀ nhr` fl thcó j`r v`fhr flk`f ̀f` eulv` chgp`ðç` jl N`rp Nlfý crl`j` lx prhil-sh p`r` hcup`r f` G`kj`fle` Gaxnuc`.
Fhs aetlrlsls jl Cletrh Jlphrtavh @firljhN`rp Nlfý, S@ jl CY, she `gpfahs= ‖`jquarar,
chestruar, jls`rrhff`r, chglrca`faz`r, ̀ rrlej`r, che-cljlr lf ush, `jgaeastr`r, hrk`eaz`r y klstahe`rthj` cf`sl jl cletrhs jlphrtavhs, lst`jahs, fuk`-
rls jl lsp`rcagaleth ysatahs le qul sl pr`ctaqulejlphrtls h `ctavaj`jls rl-crl`tav`s h cuftur`fls leklelr`f‗.
Lsth oale fh pujh n`-clr f` iuej`caóe, plrh lelf c`sh jl f` lxpfht`caóelxcfusav` jlf lst`jah n`-orà ue lvajletl fucrh jlphr gljah. Thr lffh lr`elcls`rah ihrg`faz`r ue`shcalj`j jl c`pat`f v`ra`-ofl.
Lf jlphrtl y f` cuf-tur` ls su elkhcah. Sae lgo`rkh, chgh fh n`clefhs cfuols prhilsahe`fls, lf CJ@NN lejufz` susaetlecahels `slkur`ejh qul t`goaáe e`caó p`r`‖ihglet`r y prhghvlr lf jlphrtl, f` ljuc`caóe yf` cuftur` le cu`fqualr` jl sus lxprlsahels‗.
Lst` ffrg` slrà f` qul lstá ` c`rkh jlf lst`jahqul hcup`rà lf lsp`cah pýofach jur`etl f`s próxa-g`s jác`j`s.
Lf aestrugleth murçjach lflkajh phr lf khoalr-eh jl Gakulf Àeklf G`eclr` iul lf plrgash `j-gaeastr`tavh tlgphr`f rlvhc`ofl (T@Z_) ‖` tçtufhhelrhsh p`r` rlkuf`r lf ush y ̀ prhvlcn`galeth jlfhs lsp`cahs le f`s aest`f`cahels jlf oale jl jhga-eah pýofach jlf Jastrath Iljlr`f‗. E`j` qul she`-r` ` vlet`, jhe`caóe h, plhr `ýe, rlk`fh, `uequl lfp`kh sl` ‖le lsplcal‗.
Lsplcçffc`gletl, lstl T@Z_ hthrk` ‖f` `uth-raz`caóe `f Cletrh Jlphrtavh RN`rp Nlfý, S@ jlCYW p`r` lf ush y `prhvlcn`galeth jlf aegul-ofl R…W, fflvl ` c`oh f` chestruccaóe, hplr`caóe,`prhvlcn`galeth y g`etleagaleth jl fh qul slràlf Cletrh Jlphrtavh Ja`ofhs _hmhs jlf Gáxach,aecfuylejh fhs lst`cahe`galeths y lf àrl` jl ch-gaj` ràpaj`‗.
rlshe`o` le f`s hffcae`s jl prles` y le fhs gljahs.Ilfacat`cahels, clflor`cahels2 ihthrrlphrt`mls, pu-ofarrlphrt`mls2 s`fjhs, rlsýglels, jlcf`r`cahels jlphfçtachs y lgprls`rahs shorl f` kr`ejlz` jl Gá- xach rllm`j` le f` c`rrlr` chfg`o`e f`s slccahels
jlphrtav`s.@prhvlcn`ejh f` lstlf` jl `fk`r`oç` jlm`j`phr lf Kr`e Trlgah lf 3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓECHEZ_@KHFTL
¸Thr cuàeth talgph8
Lf guejh lst`rà cheglghr`ejh lf cletle`rahjlf ffe jl f` Slkuej` Kulrr` Gueja`f y lf lsp`cahchetaeu`rà salejh lxpfht`jh lxcfusav`gletl phr
fhs nlrljlrhs jl N`rp Nlfý.Hrakae`fgletl lf T@Z_ hthrk`jh phr G`ecl-r` Lspaehz` jur`rç` ‖04 ̀ ðhs, chet`jhs ̀ p`rtar jlf` suscrapcaóe jlf prlsletl RjhcuglethW, ls jlcar,` p`rtar jlf jç` 3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40< n`st` lf3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?4?
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE CHEZ_@KHFTL
^ ^ ^ ^
\E@G, HTCAÓE I@FFAJ@Lf 34 jl `khsth jl ?4439 jlf 0? jl slptalgorljl ?44
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓECHEZ_@KHFTL
chrj`eca` che f`s glecahe`j`s prórrhk`s‗. Lsjlcar qul f`s prórrhk`s t`goaáe fl s`fjràe kr`tas` fhs nlrljlrhs jl N`rp Nlfý y sus shcahs.
Tlrh eh thjh iul ` i`vhr jlf lgprls`rah= lf
Aejlphrtl chesakuaó f` prhgls` jl tlelr p`sls ychrtlsç`s p`r` fhs mulkhs jl f` ehvle` lsc`rf`t`.Lf g`lstrh Nhr`cah jl f` Ylk`, le `etlrahr
letrlvast` che Chetr`fçel` , `slkuró qul lf ush jlflst`jah eh slrç` lxcfusavh p`r` fhs Ja`ofhs. Q p`r``slkur`r qul eh sl` `sç, le lf chetr`th sl `cf`r`qul sa lf Aejlphrtl jlsl` rl`faz`r ̀ fkue` ̀ ctavaj`jle lf próxagh aefflreh shf`r , jlolrà pljar plrga-sh y cuorar fhs k`sths. E`jal gàs phjrà utafaz`rfh,puls f` praglr` c`us`f jl tlrgae`caóe `etacap`j`jlf chevleah ls f` clsaóe ` i`vhr jl ue tlrclrh.
Jl f` Ylk` rlcn`zó lethecls qul sl tr`t`r` jlue` prav`taz`caóe jlf lsp`cah pýofach. Tlrh ue` vlz jletrh jl fhs faejlrhs jl N`rp, sl lst`rà letlrrlehs prav`jhs. Jl `culrjh che f` o`sl 0;, lfAejlphrtl sl f`v` f`s g`ehs jl fh qul hcurr` le lflst`jah. Sa `fkh fflk`r` ` p`s`r, fh qul sl`, y ‖`uecu`ejh f` rlcf`g`caóe sl` prlslet`j` `f Aestatu-th‗, lf `ilct`jh tlejrà qul plfl`r che f` lgprls`
jlf o`equlrh. Zhjh qulj`rà letrl prav`jhs, `ue-qul lf sulfh, le lf p`plf, sak` salejh pýofach.
Lf Aejlphrtl iuej`glet` f` prav`taz`caóe le f`Chestatucaóe, lf Lst`tuth jl Khoalreh jlf Jastra-
th Iljlr`f, f` Fly Hrkàeac` jl f` @jgaeastr`caóeTýofac` jlf Jastrath Iljlr`f, f` Fly jlf _ákagleT`traghea`f y jlf Slrvacah Týofach, lf _lkf`glethAetlrahr jlf prhpah Aestatuth, y lf ̀ culrjh jlf ?: jlg`rzh jl ?40: phr lf qul sl fl jlflk`e i`cuft`jls`f jarlcthr.
Zhjhs lshs hrjle`galeths, aecfuaj` f` C`rt`G`ke`, eh rlsuft`rhe ue` o`rj` chetr` f` letrlk`jlf lsp`cah pýofach le i`vhr jlf lquaph jlf o`e-qulrh2 `f chetr`rah, sl utafaz`rhe chgh `v`f jl f`g`eahor`.
Lf chetr`th sl ffrgó le f` Cauj`j jl Gáxachlf 3 jl ehvalgorl jl ?40
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE CHEZ_@KHFTL
Agp`cth `goalet`f yprhylcths `ftlrehs,p`k`jhs phr lf lr`rah
Lf Aejlphrtl, eh fhs Ja`ofhs ea f` eulv`lgprls` jl N`rp, `c`oó salejh lf rlsphes`ofljl p`k`r phr f` hr` qul lf eulvh aefflreh shf`r `or`s`rà. @sagasgh, ` f` p`r jl f` chestruccaóejlf lst`jah, lf Aestatuth jls`rrhff`rà, t`goaáeche jaelrh pýofach, ue prhylcth jl rlghjlf`-caóe jl f`s aest`f`cahels `flj`ð`s `f eulvh p`r-qul jl plfht`= `cclshs, chrrljhrls, fugae`ra`s.
Slkýe f` quaet` o`sl jlf T@Z_, lf CletrhJlphrtavh N`rp Nlfý jloç` ‖rl`faz`r thj`s f`sklstahels chrrlsphejaletls p`r` f` g`eailst`-caóe jl agp`cth `goalet`f y jl agp`cth uro`-eh, gatak`caóe `goalet`f y jl va`faj`jls‗. Tlrhiul lf Aejlphrtl lf lec`rk`jh jl n`clrfh thjh.
Lf Aestatuth aeacaó lf 3 jl slptalgorl jl?40< lf tràgatl p`r` hotlelr f` Jlcf`r`thra`jl Cugpfagaleth @goalet`f `etl f` Slcrl-t`rç` jlf Gljah @goaletl (Sljlg`). \e jç`jlspuás p`kó : gaf 0>9 plshs y hotuvh lf ihfah40:1/?40 nlctàrl`s cljaj`s `f lst`jah jl olasohf
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓECHEZ_@KHFTL
orlvl ̀ pls`r jl qul le ̀ fkuehs g`p`s jl f` c`r-plt` letrlk`j` ` f` Sljlg` y` `p`rlcl tlrga-e`jh lf aegulofl, che fhs chrrljhrls qul slràerlghjlf`jhs h jl pf`eh tr`z`jhs ` su `frljljhr.
Z`goaáe sl jlmó cf`rh qul sl aest`f`ràe cà-
g`r`s jl slkuraj`j `f lxtlrahr jlf aegulofl, f`scu`fls lst`ràe lef`z`j`s `f C:.Lf gheth tht`f jl f` aevlrsaóe slrà jl 3;
gaffhels ;3> gaf 0:4.?;jl plshs, jl fhs cu`fls 0:gaffhels 9
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓE CHEZ_@KHFTL
fuk`rls‗ le fhs qul sl fflv`rç`e ` c`oh.Ea lf Aejlphrtl ea fhs lgprls`rahs rlspaek`rhe.
Eh sl gltalrhe le prhoflg`s `eht`ejh chgprh-gashs phr lscrath. Slecaff`gletl sl ohrró ls` p`rtljlf chetr`th ffe`f.
Letrl `or`zhs y che sus slkuajhrls, GakulfÀeklf G`eclr` `slkur` qul lf lst`jah ‖slrà ue ls-p`cah jl rlcrl`caóe p`r` f` cauj`j‗.“ Q sl rlǹ oafat r̀àe htr̀ s c`ecn`s jl olas –`ð`-
jl che `flkrç`.“Tlrh lsh eh lstà le lf chetr`th –fl slð`f`
Chetr`fçel` .“ Qh fh ̀ euecaá. Sç lstà –aesastl lf mlil jl Kh-
oalreh.“Tlrh le lf chetr`th `f qul y` tuvaghs `cclsh
lsh eh lstà. Sl lfagaeó ls` p`rtl –sl fl `cf`r`.Lf klsth `flkrl jlf phfçtach rhjl`jh jl sus p`r-
taj`rahs sl tr`esihrgó le ue` gulc` jl prlhcu-p`caóe.“Eh. Eh tl puljh j`r jlt`ffls `nhrat`.“ Qh sç –fl jacl lstl rlphrtlrh–. Q sófh fl prl-
kueth sa chesajlr` musth lf tr`th. Fhs 34 `ðhs kr`-tas…“N`of`ghs. N`of`ghs. Qh fls n`ofh –o`tló lf
ýftagh aetleth jl prlkuet` y sl rltaró rlpatalejh‖Fulkh n`of`ghs‗.
\e p`r jl jç`s jlspuás jl t`f leculetrh cheG`eclr` Lspaehz`, Nhr`cah jl f` Ylk` rlsphejaó
` f` pltacaóe jl letrlvast` `etls nlcn`.‖@klej`ghs f` letrlvast` che kusth‗, lscraoaóphr gles`ml jl tlxth lf lx`tflt` hfçgpach. Fflk`jhlf jç` g`rc`jh phr lf iuecahe`rah, lf tlfáiheh sheóplrh eh chetlstó2 fh gasgh hcurraó che fhs gle-s`mls leva`jhs.
Thr htr` p`rtl, y ` tr`vás jl f` hffcae` jl Y`ea`_`vlfh, klrletl jl gljahs jl fhs Ja`ofhs _hmhs,Chetr`fçel` shfacató chevlrs`r che @firljh N`rp yC`rfhs Ilfapl Flvy Chv`rruoa`s, rlprlslet`etl fl-k`f jl Cletrh Jlphrtavh @firljh N`rp Nlfý, S@
jl CY. Tlrh lf saflecah iul f` chetlst`caóe jl f`jarlctav` jlf chemueth paekh.
Jl f` Ylk`, lgas`rah jlN`rp Nlfý
F`s agàklels jlf mlil jl Khoalreh mueth `f
julðh jl fhs Ja`ofhs _hmhs ghstr`ejh hrkuffhshsf` g`qult` jl fh qul slrà lf eulvh aefflreh shf`r `p`rlcalrhe jlsjl jacalgorl jl ?40:. Aecfush gl-
sls `etls, jlsjl Lst`jhs \eajhs, lf prhpah o`e-qulrh n`oç` clflor`jh ̀ etl f`s càg`r`s lf ̀ culrjh`f qul y` n`oç` fflk`jh che lf khoalreh jlf Jastra-th Iljlr`f.
@f ghgleth jl f` prlslet`caóe hffca`f jl f`‖c`s` plrg`eletl‗ jl fhs paekhs eh sl n`oç` che-cfuajh ihrg`fgletl eaekýe tràgatl, y le `fkuehsc`shs ea saqualr` aeaca`jh. Eh n`oç` chetr`th2 t`g-phch lstujahs jl agp`cth `goalet`f ea uro`eh2 lfprljah eh lst`o` jlfagat`jh ea n`oç` sajh `prho`-jh lf ush jl sulfh elcls`rah. Fh ýeach jaspheaofl
lr` ue` prlslet`caóe kràffc` lf`ohr`j` phr f` iue-j`caóe jlf lgprls`rah.Sae lgo`rkh, chgh sa thjh sl nuoalr` nlcnh
cheihrgl ` jlrlcnh h chgh sa f` shf` p`f`or` jlfphfçtach iulr` fly, G`eclr` y N`rp `eueca`rhe f` ilfaz ehtaca`.
F` jlcasaóe y` lst`o` thg`j`, y che kruphsjl kr`e`jlrhs jlghstró lf Khoalreh jlf Jastrath
Lf mlil jl khoalreh Gakulf Àeklf G`eclr`
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓECHEZ_@KHFTL
Iljlr`f qul cugpfarç` che su prhgls` cu`ejh ̀ g-oalet`fast`s y usu`rahs jl f` G`kj`fle` Gaxnuc`prhtlst`rhe phr lf lchcajah y f` prav`taz`caóe jl
lsp`cahs pýofachs qul lf prhylcth sakeaffc`rç`.@sç, le su ljacaóe :30 jlf 00 jl `oraf jl ?400/?40:). @f eh rlcaoar rls-pulst`, lf 0: jl `khsth jl lsl gasgh `ðh aesastaóleva`ejh ue` eht` gàs.
Jhs slg`e`s jlspuás, T`ofh Asr`lf Lsc`fhe`,
lethecls jarlcthr Klelr`f jl T`tragheah Aegh-oafa`rah, jah su vasth ouleh lf 0 jl slptalgorl jl?40: (JKTA/?>>4/?40:).
G`eclr`, N`rp, Jl f` Ylk` y jlgàs aetlrls`-jhs le lf elkhcah crlylrhe qul che lsh o`st`o` ylf ? jl jacalgorl prlslet`rhe `etl fhs gljahs lflst`jah.
Eh lr` `sç, puls lf Aejlphrtl ea saqualr` che-
J A L K H S
A G Ó E
S À E C
N L ] / C \ @ _ Z H S C \ _ H
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:9 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409
AEYLSZAK@CAÓE CHEZ_@KHFTL
t`o` che lf clrtaffc`jh jl zheaffc`caóe jlf prljahqul fl prhgltaó `f lgprls`rah. Q iul FhrlezhTlóe Lsc`f`etl, jarlctavh jl fhs Ja`ofhs, quale `praecapahs jl mufah fl rlchrjó `f jarlcthr jlf Aes-
tatuth f` agphrt`eca` jl phr fh glehs rl`faz`r lf`fael`galeth jlf tlrrleh.Lf 9 jl mufah jl ?40
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓECHEZ_@KHFTL
tr`prlst`caóe‗ y fl shfacató lf ‖prhylcth jl aevlr-saóe‗ p`r` s`olr cuàeth k`e`rà lf lgprls`rah phr‖ohflt`ml, rlet` jl lsp`cahs, vlet` jl puofacaj`j,chorh jl lst`cahe`galeth y chsths jl hplr`caóe‗.Le lf jhcugleth, rlgatajh che chpa` ` Gakulf @
G`eclr`, sl fll lscrath che fàpaz= ‖Eh sl n` leva`-jh lf prhylcth jl aevlrsaóe‗.Le lf lxpljaletl eh n`y rlkastrh qul aejaqul qul
jacnh prhylcth jl aevlrsaóe n`y` sajh letrlk`jh `f-kue` vlz. Eh host`etl, lf prhclsh sakuaó y f̀ jarlcth-r` Klelr`f jl T`tragheah Aeghoafa`rah rlcaoaó lf 0:jl slptalgorl f̀ pltacaóe ffrg`j` phr Jl f̀ Ylk` jlue slrvacah jl `v`fýh (AJJI/JK/:31/?40
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:> 0< jl ilorlrh jl ?409
AEYLSZAK@CAÓE FÇEL@ KFHO@F
CHE JLSAK\@FJ@J
Q THO_L]@
LF S\LÐH @GL_AC@EH
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓEFÇEL@ KFHO@F
Chgh euec` `etls, crlclf` jlsaku`fj`j lcheógac`le Lst`jhs \eajhs. Q` she;4 y 0>14.
Le jlcf`r`cahels ` f` c`jle` Ofhhgolrk,Brukg`e slð`fó qul lsl ileógleh eh sófh crl- J
@ Y A J
G @ E _ A P \ L
CA_@ _HJ_ÇK\L] CÁS@_, T_LES@ F@ZAE@
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓEFÇEL@ KFHO@F
Lf aekrlsh gljah rl`f jl fhs nhk`rls le Lst`-jhs \eajhs ls ̀ prhxag`j`gletl lf gasgh qul le01;1. Lf lstujah jlf Tlw _lsl`rcn Cletlr jlst`cóqul fhs lst`jueajlesls tleç`e ue aekrlsh cu`trhphr caleth glehr le ?40: qul le ?444 y, phr pra-
glr` vlz le gàs jl :4 `ðhs, fhs cauj`j`ehs jlcf`sl glja` y` eh she f` g`yhrç` jl f` phof`caóe.
@f gasgh talgph, n`y ue` chesajlr`ofl prl-saóe shorl fhs s`f`rahs chgh euec` ̀ etls, che ue`t`s` jl jlslgpflh qul c`yó ` < phr caleth. Fhsaekrlshs gljahs phr nhk`r le lsl p`çs sl satu`rhele ?40: le fhs gaffhels lstàele chejacahels jl phorlz` lxtrlg`. J
@ Y A J
G @ E _ A P \ L
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓEFÇEL@ KFHO@F
C`j` `ðh, f` HE\ rlqualrlgàs jl ?4 gaf gaffhels jljóf`rls p`r` `yuj`r ` f`s
vçctag`s le f`s lglrklecà s
nug`eat`ra`s. Fhs cheiacthssl guftapfac`e y f`s e`cahels
eh talele jaelrh
E
`cahels \eaj`s. Cu`ejh lf slcrlt`rah kl-elr`f jl f` Hrk`eaz`caóe jl f`s E`cahels
\eaj`s (HE\), O`e Ba-ghhe, `sugaólf c`rkh le lelrh jl ?44; fhs pljajhs jl ihejhsp`r` f̀ s lglrkleca`s nug`eat`ra`s gueja`fls ̀ scle-jç è ` uehs : gaf gaffhels jl jóf`rls `eu`fls.
‖@nhr` elclsat`ghs gàs jl ?4 gaf gaffhels jljóf`rls‗, suor`yó le fhs ýftaghs jç`s, galetr`s gàsjl 94 gaffhels jl plrshe`s lstàe jlspf`z`j`s jle-trh jl sus prhpahs p`çsls jl hrakle h talele qulnuar jl lffhs p`r` chevlrtarsl le rliuka`jhs jl f`ehcnl ̀ f` g`ð`e`.
Q `prhxag`j`gletl :4 jl fhs 013 Lst j̀hs
galgorhs jl f` HE\ lstàe levulfths le ‖crasas y vahfleca` jl ̀ fth eavlf, glja èh eavlf y o m̀h eavlf‗,jlcf`ró O`e.
\e lstujah jl f` hrk`eaz`caóe Hxi`g Aetlre`-cahe`f, tatuf`jh Chrrakalejh fh aechrrlcth, slð`f` quljlcle`s jl gaffhels jl plrshe`s rlcaole `yuj`nug`eat`ra` c`j` `ðh, plrh gaffhels gàs suirlesae f` ̀ yuj` y f` prhtlccaóe elcls`ra`s.
ZN@FAI JLLE, AEZL_ T_LSS SL_YACL
G A K \ L F K @ F A E J H
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44 gaffhels jl jóf`rls p`r`oraej`r `sastleca` ` fhs clrc` jl :3 gaffhels jl
eað`s y eaðhs rliuka`jhs le thjh lf guejh.F` Hrk`eaz`caóe Gueja`f jl f` S`fuj prltle-
jl ;9 gaffhels jl jóf`rls p`r` cuorar f`s lglr-kleca`s s`eat`ra`s rlf`cahe`j`s che Lf Eaðh leLtahpç`, Blea`, Flshth, T`pý` Eulv` Kuael`,
Shg`fa`, Z`ez`ea` y \k`ej`, saltl p`çsls jl `fthralskh jhejl lf ileógleh cfagàtach prhvhcó orh-tls jl leilrglj`jls y lsc`slz jl ̀ ku` qul ̀ ilct`e` uehs 94 gaffhels jl plrshe`s.
@f gasgh talgph, lf Trhkr`g` Gueja`f jl@fagleths shfacat` :0 gaffhels p`r` `faglet`r `clrc` jl ? gaffhels >< gaffhels jl jóf`rls p`r` cu-orar f`s elclsaj`jls jl 34 gaf ylgleçls qul nuylejl su p`çs jlv`st`jh phr f` kulrr` ` f` vlcae` Sh-g`fa`. Sl prlvá qul lsl eýglrh jl plrshe`s crl-clrà lstl `ðh.
Q f` Hffcae` jlf @fth Chgasahe`jh jl f` HE\p`r` fhs _liuka`jhs, f` Hrk`eaz`caóe Aetlre`cah-e`f p`r` f`s Gakr`cahels y 9< hrk`eaz`cahels ehkuolre`glet`fls shfacat`rhe lstl gls
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AEYLSZAK@CAÓEFÇEL@ KFHO@F
r`rà chgueaj`jls gàs prósplr`s y lst`ofls‗, che-cfuyó.
Le su lstujah, Hxi`g prlkuet` ‖¸cógh phjl-
ghs chrrlkar lst` i`ff`8‗.F` rlspulst` rlsajl le lf p`sh jl gàs phjlr,rlcurshs y rlsphes`oafaj`j jl fhs `cthrls aetlre`-cahe`fls –f`s `kleca`s jl f` HE\, fhs p`çsls rachs,f`s kr`ejls hrk`eaz`cahels eh kuolre`glet`flsaetlre`cahe`fls y lf Ghvagaleth jl f` Cruz _hm` y f` Glja` Fue` _hm –̀ ` fhs ̀ cthrls fhc`fls, chghfhs khoalrehs y f`s hrk`eaz`cahels eh kuolre`-glet`fls e`cahe`fls, kruphs chgueat`rahs y htr`shrk`eaz`cahels jl f` shcalj`j cavaf.
Ls ue` t`rl` lehrgl, rlchehcl Hxi`g. Tlrh le
f` ̀ ctu`faj`j sófh ue` plqulð` ir`ccaóe jl fhs ihe-jhs sl jlstae`e jarlct`gletl ̀ fhs ̀ cthrls fhc`fls.Gàs ` gleujh, fhs tr`o`m`jhrls nug`eat`rahs
fhc`fls rlcaole aestruccahels jl f` chgueaj`j nu-g`eat`ra` aetlre`cahe`f, qul talejl ` rlflk`rfhs `fp`plf jl suochetr`tast` le fuk`r jl chesajlr`rfhsp`rls le aku`fj`j jl chejacahels. (Zr`juccaóe jlÀfv`rh Pularuk`)
G A K \ L F K @ F A E J H
le fhs ýftaghs ;4 `ðhs.‖Y`faletls tr`o`m`jhrls jljac`jhs ` f` `yuj`
s`fv`rhe gafls jl vaj`s y oraej`rhe slrvacahs vat`-fls, chgh f` s`fuj, lf `ku` y f` prhtlccaóe ` gaffh-els jl plrshe`s‗, rlsugl lf lstujah.
‖Tlrh lf sastlg` `ctu`f sl lstar` jlg`sa`jh y f``sastleca` nug`eat`ra` sulfl slr aesuffcaletl, t`rjç`l ae`prhpa`j` p`r` lf chetlxth fhc`f‗, `ð`jl.
Le f` `s`gofl` `eu`f jlf Ihrh LcheógachGueja`f clflor`j` le J`vhs, Suaz`, jlf ?4 `f ?3jl lelrh, lf slcrlt`rah jl Lst`jh lst`jueajlesl, Mhne Blrry, g èailstó qul che lf ffe jl crl̀ r ue`o`sl jl ffe`eca`galeth gàs sófaj` y shstleaoflp`r` fhs pljajhs nug`eat`rahs jl f` HE\ ‖lst`-ghs ousc`ejh chgprhgashs jl chetraoucahelsrlkuf`rls jl `f glehs 04 e`cahels eulv`s‗.
‖@ f` p`r jl lsl lsiulrzh, v`ghs ̀ ousc`r ̀ f gl-ehs ue `ugleth jl 34 phr caleth le lf ffe`eca`-galeth jl pljajhs nug`eat`rahs kfho`fls, jl 04gaf gaffhels jl jóf`rls le ?40< ̀ 03 gaf gaffhelslstl `ðh‗, jlcf`ró.
Lf prlsajletl jl Hxi`g Lst`jhs \eajhs, _`yHffllenlaslr, rlcaoaó che olelpfàcath fhs chglet`-rahs jl Blrry.
‖Jlolghs tr`o`m`r mueths p`r` leirlet`r f`sc`us`s iuej`glet`fls jl f` crasas jl rliuka`jhs laevlrtar gàs p`r` `slkur`r qul f`s chgueaj`jlstlek`e glmhrls chejacahels jl rlspulst` cu`ejh
hcurrl ue jls`strl‗, lxprlsó le jaàfhkh che ATS.Hxi`g shfacató ` f` chgueaj`j aetlre`cahe`fqul rlsphej` ` f`s shfacatujls jl ihejhs, rl`saletl` fhs rliuka`jhs y fls plrgat` tr`o`m`r y n`clr gàsp`r` `phy`r ` fhs p`çsls rlclpthrls.
‖Zlelghs qul gar`r gàs `ffà jlf tlg` jlfrl`slet`galeth, qul ls jl vat`f agphrt`eca`, p`r``ohrj`r jl g`elr` aetlkr`f fh qul phjlghs n`clrp`r` glmhr`r f` satu`caóe jl fhs rliuka`jhs y f`schgueaj`jls jl `chkaj`‗, `ð`jaó Hffllenlaslr.
‖Le tárgaehs jl lgpflh, f` chgueaj`j aetlr-
e`cahe`f jlol tr`o`m`r che fhs p`çsls le lf jls`-rrhffh jl phfçtac`s qul plrgat`e ` fhs rliuka`jhsg`etlelrsl ffe`ecalr`gletl y chetraouar che f`lchehgç` jl su chgueaj`j jl `chkaj`‗, rlchgle-jó.
‖Ls le prhvlcnh jl thjhs qul fhs rliuka`jhspulj`e lechetr`r ue lgpflh lst`ofl y flk`f. Ehsófh talele jlrlcnh ` tr`o`m`r, saeh qul lsh klel-
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TLZ_HFL_H @EÀFASAS
F` praecap`f c`r`ctlrçstac` jl f` cu`rt` faca-
t`caóe ls qul lf khoalreh `o`r`t` thj`vç`
gàs fhs ofhquls qul hirlcl ` f`s kr`ejls
lgprls`s lxtr`emlr`s, ýeac`s qul phjràe p`rta-
cap`r le lst` suo`st`. Cu`fqualr cauj`j`eh qul
chesuftl f` pàkae` www.rhej`0.kho.gx phjrà chg-
prho`r qul fls chejhe` –h glmhr jacnh, fls rlk`f`–
ueh jl fhs p`khs qul slkýe f` flkasf`caóe jlolrç`e
n`clr fhs chetr`tast`s p`r` `jquarar f`s ‖àrl`s che-
tr`ctu`fls‗. @sagasgh fls hthrk` htr`s i`cafaj j̀ls le
fhs chetr`ths, fflk`ejh ` lxtrlghs qul eh sl n`-
oç`e vasth ea le fhs jl fhs gàs phorls y shgltajhs
p`çsls `irac`ehs. F`s leuglr`ghs ` chetaeu`caóe.
0. Htr` vlz rleueca` `f p`kh ff`g`jh ‖oheh
` f` irg`‗, ue chgpheletl jastaetavh jlf ghjlfh
jlf chetr`th jl facleca`.
?. @gpfç` f` suplrical jl f` facat`caóe, ghjai-
c`ejh f` ihrguf`j` hrakae`fgletl, le ?40:.
3. @gpfç` f`s jaglesahels jl c`j` àrl` che-
tr`ctu`f= `nhr` n`y slas che gàs jl ? gaf bafógl-trhs cu`jr`jhs y ue` che gàs jl 3 gaf. Le htr`s
p`f`or`s, fh qul Leraqul Tlð` hirlcl lquav`fl `
gàs jl 044 vlcls lf t`g`ðh jl f`s àrl`s jl Lst`jhs
\eajhs. Ls jlcar, ` f`s lgprls`s qul y` hplr`e le
lsl slcthr fls o`st`rà che cruz`r f` fçel` irhetlraz`
p`r` qul `quç hotlek`e ofhquls qul le lf p`çs vl-
caeh sófh cheslkuarç`e le jlcle`s jl suo`st`s.
:. @gpfç` fhs pf`zhs p`r` lf aeacah jl `ctavaj`-
jls ̀ nhr` le lsplr` jl qul lf glrc`jh aetlre`cah-
e`f vulfv` ̀ rl`eag`rsl y glmhrle fhs prlcahs. Fhs
chetr`tast`s phjràe jasphelr jl : `ðhs p`r` rl`-
faz`r ‖lstujahs‗ l aeaca`r prhjuccaóe n`st` ?4?0,
pf`zh qul phjrç` jailrarsl n`st` ?4?:.
Tlð` `eueca`o` qul le su slxleah tlejrç` gàs
aekrlshs. Sae lgo`rkh, le f`s eulv`s chejacahels
slràe sus ealths fhs qul rlchm`e fhs supulsths kr`e-
jls umhs jl rlcurshs isc`fls phr f` lxpfht`caóe
jlf pltróflh jl f`s ̀ ku`s prhiuej`s.
Lst`s cu`trh c`r`ctlrçstac`s slrç`e suicaletls
p`r` checfuar qul lf homltavh jl fhkr`r prhjuccaóe
eulv` y gàs rlcurshs isc`fls n` sajh `o`ejhe`jh.
@nhr` jl fh qul sl tr`t` ls jl letrlk`r fhs ofhquls.
Letrlk`r ofhquls
vahflet`ejh f` flkasf`caóeLf var`ml jlf khoalreh jl Tlð` agpfac` qul na-
calrhe ` ue f`jh f` flkasf`caóe qul lf gasgh kh-
oalreh, le ue khfpl `f Thjlr Flkasf`tavh, `slst