Correcciones Gabriel y Luna Luz

8/20/2019 Correcciones Gabriel y Luna Luz

1/22

REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELAUNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA EXPERIMENTAL

LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGÓGICO RURAL “EL MÁCARO”

ESTRATEGIAS DIDÁCTICAS PARA EL FORTALECIMIENTO DE LACOMPRENSION LECTORA EN ESTUDIANTES DE

EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA

Autor (es): Cumana Gabr!" Luna Lu# Marna

Faciita!or: M$%& Mar'a Anuar!$

Va""! (! "a Pa$%ua) En!r* (!" +,-.


2/22

"NDICE DE CONTENIDO

//&RESUMEN00000000000000000000000000000 V

CAP"TULOI# DIAGNÓSTICO

An1"$$ (!" /r*b"!ma !n !" C*n2!32* E(u%a24*000000000 - Ob5!24*$ (!" Da6n7$2%*00000000000000000 8 M!2*(*"*6'a a U2"#ar0000000000000000000 8 R!$u"2a(*$ Pr!"mnar!$ (!" Da6n7$2%*000000000000&& -+

II# CONCEPTUALI$ACIÓN An2!%!(!n2!$0000000000000000000000 -. C*n2!32ua"#a%7n00000000000000000000 -9

III# FORMULACIÓN DEL PRO%ECTO ACCIÓNPr!$!n2a%7n0000000000000000000000 +:Ob5!24*$ (!" Pr*;!%2* A%%7n000000000000000 +.E$2ra2!6a$ Inn*4a(*ra$ /ara Im/"an2ar000000000000 +9E4a"ua%7n (! "*$ A/*r2!$00000000000000000 +8P"an (! A%%7n000000000000000000000&


3/22

DIAGNÓSTICO

E Pro&e'a e e Coteto E!ucati*o

La "!%2ura $! (!>n! %*m* "a r!"a%7n ?u! !3$2! !n2r! !" "!%2*r ; !" 2!32* /ara ?u!

a(?u!ra un nu!4* %*n*%m!n2* a 2ra4@$ (! "a %*m/r!n$7n (!" m$m*& E$ un

/r*%!$* a 2ra4@$ (!" %ua" !" "!%2*r !"ab*ra un $6n>%a(* (! a%u!r(* (! "a n2!ra%%7n

?u! 2!n! %*n !" 2!32*& S! (!r4a 6!n!ra"m!n2! (! "a$ (4!r$a$ !3/!r!n%a$ ?u! !"

m$m* a (* a%umu"an(* a" m*m!n2* (! "*6rar (!%*(>%ar "a$ /a"abra$) >ra$!$)

/1rra>*$ ! (!a$ /r!$!n2a(a$ /*r !" au2*r& E$2a n2!ra%%7n ?u! *%urr! !n2r! "!%2*r ;

2!32* !$ "a ba$! >un(am!n2a" (! "a %*m/r!n$7n&

E" n2!r@$ /*r "a %*m/r!n$7n "!%2*ra n* !$ nu!4*& D!$(! /rn%/*$ (! $6"*)mu%*$ !(u%a(*r!$ ; /$%7"*6*$) an %*n$(!ra(* $u m/*r2an%a /ara "a "!%2ura ; $!

an *%u/a(* (! (!2!rmnar "* ?u! $u%!(! %uan(* un "!%2*r %ua"?u!ra %*m/r!n(! un

2!32*& P!r* /ara ?u! "a "!%2ura /u!(a $!r r!a"m!n2! !>!%24a /ara !" n(4(u* ; "!

a;u(! a $*"u%*nar $u$ /r*b"!ma$) "a m$ma (! a%u!r(* %*n "* !3/u!$2* /*r Ga"!""

+,,: %2an(* a R*$!22! “(!b! $!r %*m/r!n((a /*r !$2!) /*r "* ?u! !n !$! %a$* $!

!$2ar'a ab"an(* n* (! un /r*%!$* "!%2*r n%a") $n* (! una "!%2ura %*n$*"(a(a ; %*n

n4!"!$ (! a4an%!$ $6n>%a24*$ /ara !" n(4(u*) !$ (!%r) una "!%2ura %*m/r!n$4a”

/& *rmar$! !n una 4!r(a(!ra /a$7n&

Una (! "a$ !rram!n2a$ >un(am!n2a"!$ /ara (!$arr*""ar !" a/r!n(#a5! !n "*$

!$2u(an2!$ ; !n$!ar"*$ a /!n$ar) !$ /r!%$am!n2! m!(an2! "a /r1%2%a (! "a "!%2ura

%*m/r!n$4a) /u!$ !$2! 2/* (! "!%2ura !n */n7n (! P@r!#E$%"ar'n +,-, “/r*/%a

"a n2!r/r!2a%7nF ; "a n2!r/r!2a%7n !$ %*n$2ru%%7n (! $6n>%a(*) /*r "* ?u! "!!r !$

un a%2* (! /!n$am!n2*” /& D! a' ?u! "!!r %*n$$2a /r!%$am!n2! !n (ar $!n2(* a


4/22

"* ?u! $! "!!) !n %*n$2rur un $6n>%a(* (! "* "!'(* a /ar2r (! "* ?u! ;a $! $ab!) !n

*2ra$ /a"abra$) !$ %*m/r!n(!r "* ?u! $! !$21 "!;!n(*&

C*n r!$/!%2* a "* !3/u!$2* an2!r*rm!n2!) $! /u!(! (!%r ?u! "a "!%2ura !$ una

a%24(a( !n "a ?u! n2!r4!n!n (*$ a$/!%2*$ >un(am!n2a"!$) un* (! 6ran *r(!n >'$%*)%*m* !$ "a /!r$/!%24a 4$ua" ; *2r* (! *r(!n n2!"!%2ua") %*n$22u(* /*r "a

%*m/r!n$7n (! "* "!'(*) !$ (!%r) ?u! "a %*m/r!n$7n 5u!6a un /a/!" >un(am!n2a" !n

!" /r*%!$* (! a/r!n(!r) ;a ?u! "! /!rm2! a" n(4(u* m!5*rar "a$ %a/a%(a(!$ /ara

%a/2ar ! n2!r/r!2ar) "* ?u! %*n$22u;! !" /r*/7$2* >un(am!n2a" (! "a "!%2ura&

En !$2! $!n2(*) 4a"! "a /!na a%*2ar ?u! !n 2*(* !" mun(* $! *b$!r4an

%*n$2an2!m!n2! /r*b"!ma$ %*n r!$/!%2* a "a "!%2ura) a 2a" /un2* ?u! $! /!r%b! %*n

/r!*%u/a%7n %7m* "*$ !$2u(an2!$ n6r!$an a "a un4!r$(a( %*n !$%a$a$ ab"(a(!$(! %*m/r!n$7n "!%2*ra& S!6Hn "a UNESCO +,-- “!n - /a'$!$ (! Am@r%a La2na

; !" Carb!) $! (!m*$2r7 ?u! /*%*$ !$2u(an2!$ /*$!'an n4!"!$ r!a"!$ (! %*m/r!n$7n

"!%2*ra” /& +%* ; 2!%n*"76%* ?u! !36!n una >*rma%7n

(7n!a ! n2!6ra" (! "*$ %u(a(an*$ /ara n$!r2ar"*$ !n "a m*(!rn(a(& S*br! 2*(*

>r!n2! a "*$ r!$u"2a(*$ (4u"6a(*$ !n !" Prm!r O/!ra24* Na%*na" (! E4a"ua%7n

E(u%a24a +,,:) “!n !" %ua" $! (!m*$2r7 ?u! aun !n /a'$!$ %*m* =ran%a ; E$2a(*$

Un(*$) "*$ !$2u(an2!$ /u!(!n /r!$!n2ar "m2a%*n!$ !n "a %*m/r!n$7n)

n2!r/r!2a%7n ; 5u%* (! "a "!%2ura” /&na"(a( (!

"!!r !$ %*m/r!n(!r” /& 8,& E$ (!%r ?u! "a r!"!4an%a (! a(?urr "a$ ab"(a(!$ (!

"!%2ura ; !$%r2ura (uran2! "*$ /rm!r*$ a*$ (! "a !$%*"ar(a( $! !n>*%a /r!%$am!n2!

!n !$2! *b5!24* ?u! "*$ a"umn*$ $!an %a/a%!$ (! n2!ra%2uar %*n un mun(* "!2ra(* ;


5/22

(!$!m/!ar$! %*m* a(u"2*$ >un%*na"!$ !n !" mun(* ?u! "*$ r*(!a& E$ /*r !$2* ?u!)

"a "!%2ura %*m/r!n$4a) /r*/%a "a n2!r/r!2a%7n ; %*m/r!n$7n %r'2%a (! "* ?u! $!

"!!) ;a ?u! !n !""a !" "!%2*r n* !$ un !n2! /a$4*) $n* a%24* !n !" /r*%!$* (! "a

"!%2ura) ""!6an(* a (!%*(>%ar !" m!n$a5!) n2!rr*6ar"* ; ana"#ar"* (! una man!ra%r'2%a) "* ?u! a%! "a /r1%2%a (! !$2! 2/* (! "!%2ura a"6* (>'%") m1$ aun !n "*$

/a'$!$ "a2n*$) (*n(! !" a4an%! !n ma2!ra !(u%a24a a $u>r(* mu%a$ a"2!ra%*n!$

!n "*$ H"2m*$ a*$) %*m* $! !4(!n%a !n "*$ ($2n2*$ $$2!ma$ !(u%a24*$ (! !$2*$

/a'$!$&

En V!n!#u!"a $!6Hn !" Mn$2!r* (!" P*(!r P*/u"ar /ara "a E(u%a%7n +,,,

0!" S$2!ma E(u%a24* B*"4aran* a n2r*(u%(* %amb*$ %ua"2a24*$) !n

>un%7n (!" bu!n (!$!m/!* (! "*$ /r*%!$*$ (! !n$!an#a ; a/r!n(#a5!F!$2a r!>*rma !$21 *r!n2a(a !n "a !$%u!"a ; 2*(*$ $u$ a$/!%2*$) n$2rum!n2a(am!(an2! !$2ra2!6a$ ((1%2%a$ n2!6ra(*ra$ ?u! %*n%r!2!n /r*%!$*$ (!r!>"!37n a(!%uan(* /r*6r!$4am!n2! "*$ %*n2!n(*$ (! !n$!an#a0 /& +

La %2a (!5a !n2r!4!r "a /r!*%u/a%7n ?u! !3$2! !n !" /a'$ /*r m!5*rar "a $2ua%7n

(! "a !n$!an#a (! "a "!%2ura !n "*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! !(u%a%7n b1$%a& En !$2! $!n2(*

Gra>>! +,,8 !3/"%a ?u! “(!$arr*""an(* !3/!r!n%a$ $6n>%a24a$ %*n una

4!r(a(!ra %*n%!/%7n %*n$2ru%24$2a (!" a/r!n(#a5! ; (! "a /ra%2%a /!(a676%a) !"

!$2u(an2! "*6ra m!5*rar !" (*mn* (! "a "!%2ura” /& +-& D! a""' ?u! !" r!n(m!n2*

(!" !$2u(an2! !$21 !$2r!%am!n2! "6a(* a "a "!%2ura ; $u %*m/r!n$7n

E" !$2a(* Gu1r%* n* $! !$%a/a (! !$2a r!a"(a( 2amb@n $! /r!$!n2an !$2*$

/r*b"!ma$ (! %*m/r!n$7n "!%2*ra !n "*$ n*$ ; na$ (! !(u%a%7n /rmara&

E$/!%'>%am!n2! !n Tu%u/(* Mun%/* Rba$) !n "a E$%u!"a EC+9 “Cam/*

A"!6r!”) (*n(! $! r!a"#7 un (a6n7$2%* /!(a676%*) !n !" au"a (! :2* ; .2* 6ra(*) "a

%ua" %u!n2a %*n una ma2r'%u"a (! -. !$2u(an2!$ ($6r!6a(*$ !n 9 !mbra$ ; 8

4ar*n!$& C*n "a >na"(a( (! (!2!%2ar "a$ /*$b"!$ (!b"(a(!$ ; >*r2a"!#a$ ?u! $! /r!$!n2an !n "a m$ma& C*n r!$/!%2* a" amb!n2! (! a/r!n(#a5!) !" au"a %*rr!$/*n(!

a una $!%%7n mu"26ra(* /r*/a (! "a$ !$%u!"a$ rura"!$F "a %ua" %u!n2a %*n una $!r!

(! (!b"(a(!$ ; >*r2a"!#a$ "a$ %ua"!$ $! /u!(!n m!n%*nar (!2!r*r* 6!n!ra" (!"

amb!n2! (! a/r!n(#a5! !n %uan2* a n>ra!$2ru%2ura ; (*2a%*n!$) %ar!n%a (!


6/22

r!%ur$*$ /!(a676%*$ /ara u2"#ar !n "*$ /r*%!$*$ (! !n$!an#a ; a/r!n(#a5!) $!

/u(* n*2ar ?u! !n au"a (! %"a$!$ a; un !$2ma(* (!" 9,J (! "*$ a"umn*$ ?u! n*

"*6ran (*mnar !" /r*%!$* (! "!%2ura %*m/r!n$4a) "* ?u! "!$ (>%u"2a !" a"%an%! (!

*2ra$ %*m/!2!n%a$ !"!m!n2a"!$ /ara (!$arr*""ar !" /r*%!$* (! a/r!n(#a5!& En a2!n%7n a 2*(* "* *b$!r4a(* ; a "a /r*b"!m12%a (!2!%2a(a) $! >*rmu"a "a$

$6u!n2!$ /r!6un2a$

KCu1"!$ $*n "a$ (>%u"2a(!$ "!%2*ra$ ?u! /*$!!n "*$ a"umn*$ (! : ; . 6ra(* (!

"a E$%u!"a EC+9 “Cam/* A"!6r!” ; ?u! n* "!$ /!rm2! "a %*m/r!n$7n (! "*$ 2!32*$

?u! "!!n

Ku@ !$2ra2!6a$ ((1%2%a$ /u!(! !m/"!ar !" (*%!n2! /ara >*r2a"!%!r "a

%*m/r!n$7n "!%2*ra !n "*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! !$2! n4!" a%a(@m%*KE$ /*$b"! m!5*rar "a $2ua%7n (!2!%2a(a !n !" : ; . 6ra(* (! "a E$%u!"a EC+9

“Cam/* A"!6r!” a/"%an(* un Pr*;!%2* A%%7n ($!a(* /ara !" >*r2a"!%m!n2* (! "a

%*m/r!n$7n L!%2*ra !n "*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! !$2a n$22u%7n !$%*"ar

Pro+,sitos !e a i*esti-aci,#

Geera:

D!$arr*""ar un Pr*;!%2* (! A%%7n (*n(! $! u2"%!n !$2ra2!6a$ ((1%2%a$ /ara !">*r2a"!%m!n2* (! "a %*m/r!n$7n "!%2*ra !n !$2u(an2!$ (! : ; . 6ra(* (! "a

E$%u!"a EC+9 “Cam/* A"!6r!” !n Tu%u/(*) !$2a(* Gu1r%*&

O&.eti*os Es+ec/0icos:

Da6n*$2%ar "a$ (>%u"2a(!$ "!%2*ra$ ?u! /*$!!n "*$ a"umn*$ (! : ; . 6ra(* (!

"a E$%u!"a EC+9 “Cam/* A"!6r!” ; ?u! n* "!$ /!rm2! "a %*m/r!n$7n (! "*$ 2!32*$

?u! "!!n&

D$!ar un Pr*;!%2* (! A%%7n (*n(! $! u2"%!n !$2ra2!6a$ ((1%2%a$ /ara

>*r2a"!%!r "a %*m/r!n$7n "!%2*ra !n "*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! !$2! n4!" a%a(@m%*&


7/22

A/"%ar !" Pr*;!%2* (! A%%7n ($!a(* /ara !" >*r2a"!%m!n2* (! "a C*m/r!n$7n

L!%2*ra !n "*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! : ; . 6ra(* (! "a E$%u!"a EC+9 “Cam/* A"!6r!”

ub%a(a !n Tu%u/(*) !$2a(* Gu1r%*&

1usti0icaci, !e estu!io

La "!%2ura !$ un a$/!%2* >un(am!n2a" !n nu!$2ra$ 4(a$) ; /*r !""* (!b!m*$

>a4*r!%!r $u a/r!n(#a5! (!$(! "a$ /rm!ra$ !(a(!$F $n !mbar6*) $*n mu%a$ "a$

(u(a$ ?u! $! /"an2!an a" r!$/!%2* (! %7m* >a4*r!%!r !$2! a/r!n(#a5! ; $*n mu;

($2n2*$ "*$ m@2*(*$ ?u! $! an u2"#a(* a "* "ar6* (! "a $2*ra /ara >a%"2ar !"

m$m*& P*r 2*(* !""*) "a !n$!an#aa/r!n(#a5! (!" "!n6ua5! !$ un* (! "*$ a$/!%2*$

?u! m1$ /r!*%u/a a "*$ (*%!n2!$ (! E(u%a%7n /rmara E$ /*r !""a ?u! %uan(* $! ab"a (! "a m/*r2an%a (! "a %*m/r!n$7n (! "a "!%2ura

$! (!b! 2*mar mu%*$ a$/!%2*$ !n %u!n2a /*r?u! !" a/r!n(!r a "!!r !$ un /r*%!$*

%*m/"!5* /ara mu%*$ !$2u(an2!$ /*r %uan2* !$ 42a" ?u! $! m/"!m!n2!$ !$2ra2!6a$

?u! >a%"2!n a !$2! /r*%!$* ?u! !n a"6un*$ !$2u(an2!$ /u!(* *%a$*na 2rauma$

/$%*"76%*$

P*r "a an2!$ m!n%*na(* !$2a n4!$26a%7n %*bra m/*r2an%a /u!$ "a m$ma

/r!2!n(!r brn(ar /*$b"!$ $*"u%*n!$ a "a /r*b"!m12%a an2!$ m!n%*na(a) /*r "*2an2* "a n4!$26a%7n $! 5u$2>%a (!$(! "*$ 1mb2*$ $*%a"!$ ;a ?u! $! /r!2!n(! ?u! !"

!$2u(an2!$ /*r m!(* (! "a "!%2ura a(?u!ra "a %a/a%(a( (! n2!ra%2uar (4!r$*$

2!ma$ (! %*n4!r$a%7n %*n $u$ %*m/a!r*$ (! 6ua" >*rma $! 5u$2>%a !n !" 1mb2*

/!(a676%* ;a ?u! $! %r!! n!%!$ar* brn(ar "a$ n$22u%*n!$ !(u%a24a$ !rram!n2a$

?u! a;u(!n 2an2* a" !$2u(an2! %*m* a" (*%!n2! /ara ?u! a$' m$m* $! >*r5! una

!n$!an#aa/r!n(#a5!

E$ /*r !""* ?u! (!b! ab*r(ar$! !$2! /r*b"!ma /ar2!n(* (! r!a"(a(!$ ;a

%*n*%(a$) !$2a$ %*n !$2ra2!6a$ ((1%2%a$) !>%!n2!$ ; !>!%24a$) ?u! !n !" (!$arr*""*

(! !$2! /r*;!%2* "*6rar!m*$) ; !$/!%'>%am!n2! !n E&C +9 Cam/* A"!6r! (!"

mun%/* Rba$ (!" E$2a(* Guar%*) !n "*$ 6ra(*$ (! :2* ; .;*) r!$/!%24am!n2! ;


8/22

?u! (!b! n$!r2ar$! /"an!$ a 2*(*$ "*$ n4!"!$ (! !(u%a%7n /ara a2a%ar !$2! /r*b"!ma

(! /*%a %*m/r!n$7n "!%2*ra

Meto!oo-/a a Utii2ar

C*n r!$/!%2* a "a m!2*(*"*6'a a u2"#ar) !$2! /r*;!%2* $! !nmar%a ba5* "a

m*(a"(a( (! In>*rm!$ (! Pr*;!%2*$ (! A%%7n) !" %ua" (! a%u!r(* %*n !" Manua" (!

Traba5*$ (! Gra(*) (! E$/!%a"#a%7n ; Ma!$2r'a ; T!$$ D*%2*ra" (! "a UPEL +,,.

“r!$u"2a (! a%24(a(!$ (! n2!r4!n%7n) %amb* ! nn*4a%7n !n *r6an#a%*n!$ ;

$*br! $2ua%*n!$ r!a"!$) /r!4am!n2! /"an>%a(a$ ; !5!%u2a(a$ /*r !" !$2u(an2!& E$21n

$u$2!n2a(a$ !n "*$ /r*%!$*$ (! an1"$$ (! $2ua%*n!$ ; /r*b"!ma$ r!a"!$” /& +u! !m/"!a(* !n !$2a

n4!$26a%7n /ara bu$%ar a"2!rna24a$ ; (ar r!$/u!$2a a "a m$ma) !n >un%7n (! "a

/r*b"!m12%a&


9/22

La n>*rma%7n n!%!$ara /ara (!$arr*""ar "a $6u!n2! n4!$26a%7n) $! *b2u4* (!

>u!n2!$ /rmara$) !n !" %a$* (!" (a6n7$2%* $! u2"#7 "a 2@%n%a (! "a Ob$!r4a%7n

(r!%2a) ; "a !n2r!4$2a) "a$ %ua"!$ $! %!r*n !>!%24a$ a 2ra4@$ (! "a a/"%a%7n (! un

n$2rum!n2* (!n*mna(* %u!$2*nar*) !" %ua" /!rm27 (!2!%2ar "a r!a"(a( ?u! 44!n"*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! !$2a n$22u%7n !$%*"ar %*n r!$/!%2* a "a "!%2ura %*m/r!n$4a&

E$2*$ n$2rum!n2*$ $! a/"%ar*n a una /*b"a%7n *b5!2* (! !$2u(* (! -.

!$2u(an2!$ (! :2* ; .2* 6ra(* (! (%a n$22u%7n !$%*"ar& L*$ r!$u"2a(*$ a"%an#a(*$

(uran2! !$2! (a6n7$2%*) r!/r!$!n2ar*n "*$ n$um*$ $u>%!n2!$ ; n!%!$ar*$ /ara

/*(!r ($!ar una /r*/u!$2a nn*4a(*ra ba5* "a m*(a"(a( (! Pr*;!%2* A%%7n&

Istru'eto

Istruccioes: L!! %*n a2!n%7n "a$ a"2!rna24a$ ?u! $! 2! /r!$!n2an ; $!"!%%*na

mar%an(* %*n un ) $*"am!n2! una (! "a$ */%*n!$ (! r!$/u!$2a$ ?u! $! 2! mu!$2ran&

ITEMS SI AV NO

-& KR!a"#a$ "a$ "!%2ura$ ?u! a/"%a !" (*%!n2! /ara m!5*rar "a

"!%2ura+& K2! a;u(an 2u$ /a(r!$ !n "a "!%2ura

%u"2a a" "!!r

& K%r!!$ ?u! 2u$ %*m/a!r*$ an m!5*ra(* "a "!%2ura

:& K"!!$ %*n >"u(!#

.& KE$ m/*r2an2! /ara 2 ?u! "*$ %*"ab*r!n /ara m!5*rar "a "!%2ura

(! $u$ 5*$9& K!3/r!$a$ %*!r!n2!m!n2! "* ?u! %*m/r!n(!$ (!" 2!32* "!(*

& Kr!a"#a$ "a$ a%24(a(!$ ?u! a/"%a !" (*%!n2! /ara m!5*rar "!

"!%2ura

8& K2! a6ra(an "a$ 2!%n%a$ ?u! a/"%a "a (*%!n2! /ara "a

!4a"ua%*n


10/22

-,&K2! a6ra(an "a$ a%24(a(!$ (! %*m/r!n$*n "!%2*ra--&K/r*/%a "a /ar2%/a%*n (! "*$ !$2u(an2!$-+& Ku2"#a a(!%ua(am!n2! !" r!%ur$*Le3e!a:

SI: S

A4 A"6una$ V!%!$

NO NO

Resuta!os Prei'iares !e Dia-,stico

En "a *b$!r4a%7n r!a#a(a) "*$ !$2u(an2!$ /r!$!n2aban /*%* n2!r@$ /*r a$$2r a

una bb"*2!%a * "u(*2!%a) ;a ?u! !n "a n$22u%7n n* 2!n'an un !$/a%* ""ama24*

/ara 2!n!r un !n%u!n2r* %*n "*$ "br*$& La “bb"*2!%a” (! "a !$%u!"a !$ %*n*%(a %*m*

un (!/7$2* (! "br*$ ; n* !$2aba *r!n2a(* /*r nn6Hn bb"*2!%7"*6* $n* ?u! %a(a

4!# ?u! un !$2u(an2! n!%!$2aba un "br*) /!('a /!rm$* a" (*%!n2! ; $! (!$/"a#aba

a%a un $a"7n (*n(! $! !n%*n2raba "br*$ $n %"a$>%ar *r!n2a(*$ %*m* !n >*rma (!

m*n2aa$&

En %uan2* a "a$ %"a$!$ *b$!r4a(a$) $! /!r%b! ?u! "a !n$!an#a (! "a "!%2ura $!

ba$aba !n !" u$* !3%"u$4* (!" "br* (!" /"an "!%2*r ; $! !4a"uaba a /ar2r (! un

%u!$2*nar* (! 2raba5*& P*%a$ 4!%!$ $! a/"%aba un m@2*(* ($2n2* a "!!r (! >*rma

n(4(ua" !n %"a$! ; r!$*"4!r !" %u!$2*nar* $n "a *r!n2a%7n (!" ma!$2r*& Cab!

a6r!6ar) ?u! "a $!"!%%7n (! "*$ 2!32*$ n* !ra /!r2n!n2! /ara "a !(a( (!" !$2u(an2!F ;a

?u! "*$ !$2u(an2!$ 2!n'an 6ra4!$ (>%u"2a(!$ (! !n%%"*/!(a 4*%abu"ar*F /*r "*

2an2* "!!r $! %*n4!r2'a !n un !$/a%* /*%* !n%an2a(*r& I6ua"m!n2!) "a$ "!%2ura$ !n 4*#

a"2a !%a$ /*r "*$ (*%!n2!$ $! %*n4!r2'an !n m*m!n2*$ (! ($2ra%%7n) * %uan(* $!a%'an "!%2ura$ 6ru/a"!$ n* $! a%'a !$/!rar !" 2!m/* (! ab"ar (! "*$ /r*6rama$ (!

2!"!4$7n * %ua"?u!r !3/!r!n%a (!" ('a m!n$* (!" 2!32* ; a" >na"#ar "a %"a$! "a

2ar!a /ara %a$a&


11/22

CAPITULO II

CONCEPTUALI$ACION

Teor/as 5ue susteta e estu!io

Teor/a !e +roceso co-iti*o !e Pia-et

La$ $6u!n2!$ 2!*r'a$ $r4!n %*m* $*/*r2! a "a n4!$26a%7n ?u! $! r!a"#a ;a ?u!

$! (!$arr*""an m!(an2! !" /r*%!$* %*6n24* ; !n !" a/r!n(#a5! $6n>%a24* $!n(*

!$2*$ !"!m!n2*$ >un(am!n2a"!$ /ara !" /r*%!$* (! "a %*m/r!n$7n (! "a "!%2ura

La 2!*r'a (!" /r*%!$* %*6n24a (! Pa6!2 !$ una 2!*r'a %*m/"!2a $*br! "a na2ura"!#a; !" (!$arr*""* (! "a n2!"6!n%a umana& =u! (!$arr*""a(a /*r /rm!ra 4!# /*r un

/$%7"*6* $u#* Q!an Pa6!2 -8.-8,& Pa6!2 %r!'a ?u! "a n>an%a (!" n(4(u*

5u!6a un /a/!" 42a" ; a%24* %*n !" %r!%m!n2* (! "a n2!"6!n%a) ; ?u! !" n*

a/r!n(! a 2ra4@$ (! a%!r ; !3/"*rar a%24am!n2!&

La 2!*r'a (!" (!$arr*""* %*6n24* $! %!n2ra !n "a /!r%!/%7n) "a a(a/2a%7n ; "a

man/u"a%7n (!" !n2*rn* ?u! "! r*(!a& E$ %*n*%(a /rn%/a"m!n2! %*m* una 2!*r'a

(! "a$ !2a/a$ (! (!$arr*""*) /!r*) (! !%*) $! 2ra2a (! "a na2ura"!#a (!"

%*n*%m!n2* !n $' ; %7m* "*$ $!r!$ uman*$ ""!6an 6ra(ua"m!n2! a a(?urr"*)

%*n$2rur"* ; u2"#ar"*&

E$ /*r !""* ?u! !" (!$arr*""* !$ un /r*%!$* %*n$2an2! (! !?u"br* (!$!?u"br* ;

4%!4!r$a) !n !" ?u! "a$ n!%!$(a(!$ ; "*$ %amb*$ ?u! *%urr!n !n !" n(4(u* a "*

"ar6* (! %ua2r* !2a/a$ n2!r(!/!n(!n2!$) /!r* %uan22a24a$ ; %ua"2a24am!n2!

(>!r!n2!$ /!rm2!n "a %*n$2ru%%7n ; r!%*n$2ru%%7n (! !$?u!ma$ m!n2a"!$ ; (! una

*r6an#a%7n /$%*"76%a /ar2%u"ar& P*r "* 2an2*) !" $!r uman* $! %ara%2!r#a /*r una

un(a( ?u! n%"u;! "* n2!"!%2ua") a>!%24*) $*%a") $!3ua" ; m*ra") un(a( ?u! n*

/!rman!%! !$212%a) $n* $!m/r! !$21 !n m*4m!n2* Q!an Pa6!2) %*n$(!ra ?u! "*$

$u5!2*$ $*n !"ab*ra(*r!$ * /r*%!$a(*r!$ (! "a n>*rma%7n& E" $u5!2* %*n$2ru;! $u

%*n*%m!n2* !n "a m!((a ?u! n2!ra%2Ha %*n "a r!a"(a(& E$2a %*n$2ru%%7n $! r!a"#a

m!(an2! 4ar*$ /r*%!$*$) !n2r! "*$ ?u! (!$2a%an "*$ (! a$m"a%7n ; a%*m*(a%7n&


12/22

La a$m"a%7n $! /r*(u%! %uan(* !" n(4(u* n%*r/*ra "a nu!4a n>*rma%7n

a%@n(*"a /ar2! (! $u %*n*%m!n2*) m!n2ra$ ?u! !n "a a%*m*(a%7n "a /!r$*na

2ran$>*rma "a n>*rma%7n ?u! ;a 2!n'a !n >un%7n (! "a nu!4a) /*r "* !3/r!$a(*

an2!r*rm!n2! /*r Pa6!2 !n $u 2!*r'a ab"a $*br! ?u! %a(a n(4(u* a(?u!r! una%a/a%(a( (>!r!n2! (! a/r!n(!r !$ (!%r ?u! %a(a n(4(u* a(?u!r! un /!n$am!n2*

(>!r!n2!$ a "*$ (!m1$ $!m/r! ; %uan(* $! 2*m!n !n %u!n2a %*m* "* (%! !" 2!7r%*

$! (!b! m/"!m!n2ar !$2ra2!6a$ ?u! a;u(!n a"%an#ar !" *b5!24* /"an2!a(* !n !$2!

%a$* !$ m/"!m!n2ar !$2ra2!6a$ ((1%2%a$ /ara !" >*r2a"!%m!n2* (! "a %*m/r!n$7n

"!%2*ra

E a+re!i2a.e si-i0icati*o !e !e Ausu&e

O2ra 2!*r'a ?u! $! m/"!m!n2a !n !$2! !$2u(* !$ "a /"a$ma(a /*r Au$ub!"

(!$arr*""7 una 2!*r'a $*br! "a n2!r*r#a%7n * a$m"a%7n) a 2ra4@$ (! "a n$2ru%%7n)

(! "*$ %*n%!/2*$ 4!r(a(!r*$) ?u! $! %*n$2ru;!n a /ar2r (! %*n%!/2*$ /r!4am!n2!

>*rma(*$ * (!$%ub!r2*$ /*r "a /!r$*na !n $u !n2*rn*& C*m* a$/!%2*$ ($2n24*$ (!

"a 2!*r'a !$21 "a *r6an#a%7n (!" %*n*%m!n2* !n !$2ru%2ura$ ; "a$ r!$2ru%2ura%*n!$

?u! $! /r*(u%!n (!b(* a "a n2!ra%%7n !n2r! !$a$ !$2ru%2ura$ /r!$!n2!$ !n !" $u5!2* ;

"a nu!4a n>*rma%7n& Au$ub!" %*n$(!ra ?u! /ara ?u! !$a r!$2ru%2ura%7n $!

/r*(u#%a $! r!?u!r! (! una n$2ru%%7n >*rma"m!n2! !$2ab"!%(a) ?u! /r!$!n2! (!

m*(* *r6an#a(* ; /r!%$* "a n>*rma%7n ?u! (!b! (!$!?u"brar "a$ !$2ru%2ura$!3$2!n2!$& La 2!*r'a 2*ma %*m* /un2* (! /ar2(a "a (>!r!n%a%7n !n2r! !"

a/r!n(#a5! ; "a !n$!an#a& El aprendizaje significativo es el proceso según el cual

se relaciona un nuevo conocimiento o información con la estructura cognitiva del

que aprende de forma no arbitraria y sustantiva o no literal. Esa interacción con la

estructura cognitiva no se produce considerándola como un todo, sino con aspectos

relevantes presentes en la misma, que reciben el nombre de ideas de anclaje

(Ausubel, !"#, $%%$& 'oreira, !!"& citados por odr)guez $%%*, p.$+. Al respecto,

)az, !-!, citado por )az y ernández, indica que los materiales de estudio y la

información e/terior se interrelacionan e interactúan con los esquemas deconocimientos previo y las caracter)sticas personales del aprendiz.

En el mismo orden de ideas, 0iszer, afirma que 1solamente podemos

aprender (o apre2ender+ algo nuevo cuando e/iste en nuestra mente algún

conocimiento anterior sobre ese tema sobre el cual podamos anclar la novedad


13/22

adquirida3. En ese caso, se estar)a 2ablando de los inclusores previos, verdaderos

imanes que permiten dar un nuevo significado a los saberes adquiridos

Atece!etes

E$2! !$2u(* "! (a m/*r2an%a a n4!$26a%*n!$ an2!r*r!$ r!"a%*na(a$ %*n "a ?u!

$! /r!$!n2a $!n(* !$2a$ (! 6ran a;u(a /*r "* 2an2* %*m* /rm!r !$2u(* $! /r!$!n2a !"

r!a"#a(* /*r C*r(!r* ; Pn2* +,--) 22u"a(* estrategias metodológicas para

optimizar la comprensión de la lectura en educación primaria del Colegio María

Auxiliadora del municipio de El Santuario) !n C*"*mba& Tu4* %*m* /r*/7$2*

!$2ab"!%!r !$2ra2!6a$ m!2*(*"76%a$ ?u! a;u(!n a */2m#ar "a %*m/r!n$7n (! "a

"!%2ura !n "*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! /rmara) P*r *2ra /ar2! "a m!2*(*"*6'a u2"#a >u!

(!$%r/24a ;a ?u! !" n4!$26a(*r r!%*"!%2a "*$ (a2*$ (r!%2am!n2! (! "a n$22u%7n

(*n(! $! !4(!n%a "a $2ua%7n /"an2!a(a

L*$ au2*r!$ !n $u$ %*n%"u$*n!$ !3/r!$an ?u! "*$ !$2u(an2!$ (! !(u%a%7n

/rmara 2!n!n ?u! $!r !$2mu"a(* %*n !$2ra2!6a$ m!2*(*"*6'a$ /ara /r*/%ar !"

(!$arr*""* (! "a %*m/r!n$7n "!%2ura ;a ?u! !" !$2u(an2! a(?urr1 m!(an2! (! "a$

!$2ra2!6a$ "a$ n!%!$(a(!$ a%a(@m%a$ !n "a$ (>!r!n2!$ 1r!a$ !(u%a24a$&

S6u!n(* !$2! *r(!n *2r* !$2u(* ?u! $! (!$2a%a %*m* an2!%!(!n2!) !$ r!a"#a(*

/*r m!(na$ m*2a) +,-+ ), programas de capacitación de lectura para los

estudiantes de 4ro grado del colegio Belagua en Guatire estado Miranda S! /"an2!7

%*m* /r*/7$2* 6!n!ra") /r*/*n!r /r*6rama$ (! %a/a%2a%7n (! "!%2ura (!"

m!n%*na(* %!n2r* (! !$2u(*& Para !" "*6r* (! (%* *b5!24*) $! !m/"!7 una

m!2*(*"*6'a (! n4!$26a%7n (! %am/*) *r!n2a(a !n un /r*;!%2* >a%2b"!& L*$

r!$u"2a(*$ (! "a n4!$26a%7n /!rm2!r*n %*n%"ur "a /u!$2a !n /r1%2%a (! un /r*6rama /*r /ar2! (! "*$ (*%!n2!$ /ara (!$arr*""ar "a$ a%24(a(!$ (! "!%2ura

a/*;1n(*$! !n /r*6rama$ %*m* 4(!*$) %u!n2*$) $2*ra$ n%*m/"!2a$ /!"'%u"a$)

%*m/u2a(*ra$ !n2r! *2r*$& O2ra$ %*n%"u$*n!$ ?u! ""!6ar*n "*$ n4!$26a(*r!$ >u! ?u!


14/22

"*$ (*%!n2!$ n!%!$2aban /r!/arar$! !n %uan2* a /r*6rama$ a%2ua"!$ ?u! /u!(an

u2"#ar !n !" m*m!n2* (! r!a"#ar "!%2ura$ %*n "*$ !$2u(an2!$

E" !$2u(* an2!r*r (!5a %*m* a/*r2!$ a "a n4!$26a%7n) ?u! "*$ (*%!n2!$ (!b!n

r!a"#ar /r*6rama$ /ara !" (!$arr*""* (! "a /ra%2%a (! "a "!%2ura !n "a$ n$22u%*n!$!(u%a24a$ )/*r "* 2an2* !$2a n4!$26a%7n $! r!"a%*na %*n "a ?u! $! /r!$!n2a /u!$ $!

/r!2!n(! /r*/%ar !$2ra2!6a$ ?u! a;u(!n a" /r*%!$* (! %*m/r!n$7n (! "a "!%2ura

O2r* an2!%!(!n2! ?u! $! (!$2a%a) !$ "a n4!$26a%7n (!$arr*""a(a /*r Gm@n!#

+,-u! (!n*mna(*) propuesta para la practica de la comprensión de la

lectura utilizando la recreación) (! "a n$22u%7n !(u%a24a Nar%$* L7/!# Cama%*

!n !" Mun%/* Q*$@ =!"# Rba$ E$2a(* Gu1r%* & "a n4!$26a%7n $! ""!4* a%ab*

%*n !" >n (! /r*/*n!r una /r*/u!$2a (! /ra%2%a (! "a "!%2ura u2"#an(* "ar!%r!a%7n) P*r "* 2an2*) $! %ara%2!r#a /*r 2!n!r una *r!n2a%7n (! 2/* >a%2b"! ba5*

"a m*(a"(a( /r*;!%2* a%%7n&

En "a >na"(a( !" au2*r n(%a ?u! !n "a n$22u%7n !(u%a24a n* $! u2"#a "a

r!%r!a%7n %*m* a%24(a(!$ (ara$) ?u! a;u(!n a "*$ !$2u(an2!$ a" a/r*4!%am!n2*

(!" 2!m/* "br! ; a" (!$arr*""* (! "a "!%2ura (! "*$ m$m*$& E$ /*r !""* !$2! !$2u(*

$! 2*ma !n %uan2* /u!$2* ?u! a>rma ?u! !$ n!%!$ar* "a m/"!m!n2a%7n (!

!$2ra2!6a$ ?u! /u!(an !$2mu"ar a (!$arr*""* (! "a %*m/r!n$7n (! "a "!%2ura !n "*$

!$2u(an2!$ (! !(u%a%7n /rmara&

Coce+tuai2aci,

La ectura

S! a$um! ?u! "!!r !$ !" /r*%!$* m!(an2! !" %ua" $! %*m/r!n(! !" "!n6ua5!

!$%r2*”& En !$2a %*m/r!n$7n n2!r4!n!n 2an2* !" 2!32*) $u >*rma ; $u %*n2!n(*)

%*m* !" "!%2*r) $u$ !3/!%2a24a$ ; $u$ %*n*%m!n2*$ /r!4*$& Para "!!r

n!%!$2am*$)$mu"21n!am!n2!) man!5ar %*n $*"2ura "a$ ab"(a(!$ (! (!%*(>%a%7n ; a/*r2ar a"

2!32* nu!$2r*$ *b5!24*$) (!a$ ; !3/!r!n%a$ /r!4a$& C*n%!/2* (! "!%2ura

La "!%2ura $!6Hn Dan!" P!nna% n* 2*"!ra !" m/!ra24*) /*r "* 2an2* n* /u!(! $!r una

a$6na2ura (!n2r* (! un %urr'%u"* !n un %*"!6* $n* ?u! (!b! $!r una a%%7n ?u! $!


15/22

r!a"%! (! man!ra "br!) !$/*n21n!a) /r4a(aF $n nn6una *b"6a%7n * /r!$7n /*r?u!

!" r!?u$2* /ara $!r un bu!n "!%2*r !nam*ra$! (! "a "!%2ura /ara "u!6* "*6rar

!$2ab"!%!r una r!"a%7n %*n5un2a !n2r! (*$ mun(*$ !" %ua" $!6Hn !3$2! un mun(* ?u!

!$ !" /"an* (! "a !$%r2ura ; !" *2r* (! "a "!%2uraF !n !$2! H"2m* !" *mbr! ?u!r!(!$%>rar !" %7(6* (!" au2*r /*r !$2* $! "! !36! un /r*%!$* (! (1"*6* %*n !" 2!32*)

(! n2!r/r!2a%7n /!rman!n2! ; (! /*n!r a /ru!ba "*$ %*n*%m!n2*$ /r!!3$2!n2!$&

L* an2!r*r ""!4a a %*n%!br "a "!%2ura %*m* un 4a5! %*n2nH* !n (*n(! !3$2!n

!3/!r!n%a$) $ab!r!$) $2*ra$ (! ($2n2*$ 2!m/*$ %*n /!r$*na5!$ nma6nab"!$ ?u!

!n%amnan a" $!r uman* a %*n$2rur %*n*%m!n2*) r!a"(a(!$ ?u! "* anman a $!6ur

%ur*$!an(* ; a ma6nar ?u! "a "!%2ura !$ 4(a /*r?u! $! *r!n2a ; $! man>!$2a !n

2*(* %*n2!32*F %r!an(* !n "a$ /!r$*na$ una a4!n2ura %*n2nua !n (*n(! !" a%2* (! "!!r a>!%2a "*$ $!n2(*$) !" %*ra#7n ; "b!ra "a m!n2!&

Para N!2#$%! !n !" 2!32* (! Zara2u$2ra !n $u a/ar2! (! "a$ 2ran$>*rma%*n!$ (!"

!$/'r2uF "a "!%2ura 2!n! una !4*"u%7n ?u! /ara ""!6ar a >*rmar$! %*m* "!%2*r $!

n!%!$2a (! un /r*%!$* "!n2* (!$(! !" %am!""* 2raba5*) "ab*r) (!(%a%7n !" "!7n)

%r'2%a) */*$%7n !" (ra67n (!b!r) *b"6a%7n a$2a !" n*) n*%!n%a) %r!a%7n)

!2a/a$ ?u! man>!$2an !n >*rma $mb7"%a !" /r*%!$* %*6n*$%24* !n2r! "a "!%2ura ;

"a !$%r2ura %*m* a%%7n man>!$2a (!" a%2* "!%2*r& Para !""*) E$2an$"a* Zu"!2a

a(4!r2! ?u! !" a%2*

(! "!!r $! a$!m!5a a" 2raba5* /*r?u! !$ una a%%7n ?u! !n $'

n2!r4!n!n *2ra$ a%%*n!$ %*m* "* $*n r!$/*n$ab"(a() (!4*%7n ; $a%r>%*&

A "a$ nu!4a$ 6!n!ra%*n!$ !n "a$ n$22u%*n!$ !(u%a24a$ (! E(u%a%7n Pr!!$%*"ar)

Prmara) B1$%a ; M!(a n* $! "!$ /u!(! /!(r ?u! "!an $7"* ar2'%u"*$ a%a(@m%*$)

2!32*$ 6u'a * "*$ "br*$ ?u! "*$ ma!$2r*$ (! uman(a(!$ !$2ab"!%!n %*m* /"an "!%2*r

$n* !$ m/*r2an2! a%!r"!$ $ab!r ?u! 2amb@n !3$2! una "!%2ura (! ma6!n) una

"!%2ura %*n2!32ua") un !5!r%%* (ar* (! *r!n2a%7n ; ub%a%7n !n !" %*n2!32* (!

"!%2ura ?u! $! (!n*mna /r1%2%a ; u$* (! "a "!%2ura >un%*na"F ?u! $! r!a"#a (!$(!?u! $! (!$/!r2an a$2a ?u! $! a%u!$2an& ?u! /*r *2r* "a(*) !3$2! una "!%2ura

$!m72%a) *r!n2a(a a "a "!%2ura (! $6n*$ 6r1>%*$) 2!32*$ ; $!a"!$ ?u! /*$b"2an

%*m/r!n(!r /ara *r!n2ar$! !n 4ara$ !$2an%a$ (! "a 4(a !n "a !$%u!"a) "a %u(a() !"

%!n2r* %*m!r%a") !" 2!a2r* * !n un /a'$ (! "!n6ua !32ran5!ra&


16/22

Co'+etecia ectora

Una %*m/!2!n%a $!6Hn *ar( Gar(n!r $! (!>n! %*m* "a %a/a%(a( (! /*n!r

!n /r1%2%a (! man!ra n2!6ra(a ab"(a(!$) %*n*%m!n2*$ ; a%22u(!$ /ara!n>r!n2ar$! ; /*(!r r!$*"4!r /r*b"!ma$ ; $2ua%*n!$& En2*n%!$) "a >*rma%7n (!

%*m/!2!n%a$ !$21 ba$a(a !n "a %*m/r!n$7n ; !n "a a/"%a%7n r!$/*n$ab"! (! "a

r!a"(a( %*2(ana) "* ?u! $! 2!n(! a !4a"uar !n "a$ %*m/!2!n%a$ n* !$ $7"* %*n2!n(*

$n* un %*n2!n(* $um!r6(* (!$(! un %*n2!32* $*%a" ; %u"2ura"&

T!n!n(* /r!$!n2! "* an2!r*r) ?u! una %*m/!2!n%a !$ "a man!ra !n ?u! una

/!r$*na *r6an#a ; (a a %*n*%!r $u$ ab"(a(!$ /ara n2!r/r!2ar ; (ar $*"u%7n a un

/r*b"!maF !$ 2amb@n "* ?u! /r!2!n(! "a %*m/!2!n%a "!%2*raF "a %ua" !$ (!>n(a !nPISA %*m* "a %a/a%(a( (! %*n$2rur) a2rbur 4a"*r!$ ; r!>"!3*nar a /ar2r (!"

$6n>%a(* (! "* ?u! $! "!! !n una am/"a 6ama (! 2/*$ (! 2!32*) %*n2nu*$

narra24*$) !3/*$24*$) (!$%r/24*$) ar6um!n2a24*$) /!r$ua$4*$) /r!%!/24*$ ;

($%*n2nu*$ %ua(r*$) 6r1>%*$) 2ab"a$

C,'o se a+re!e a eer

En 2@rmn*$ 6!n!ra"!$) !3$2!n 2r!$ !2a/a$ /*r "a$ ?u! a2ra4!$an "*$ n*$ !n !"

A/r!n(#a5! (! "a "!%2ura ?u! n* $! $6u!n una a "a *2ra !3%"u;!n(* a "a an2!r*r) Sn*

?u! %*!3$2!n !n !" n*) 2!n!n(* ma;*r r!"!4an%a una ?u! *2ra $!6Hn !" m*m!n2*&

E""a$ $*n "a !2a/a "*6* 6r1>%a) "a a">ab@2%a ; "a *r2*6r1>%a& En "a /rm!ra >a$! !$

m/*r2an2! 2!n!r !n %u!n2a "a a2!n%7n ; "a m!m*ra 4$ua"& En "a $!6un(a) ;a !$

n!%!$ar* !" %*n*%m!n2* (!" %7(6* a">ab@2%*) ;a ?u! !" a%%!$* a "a "!%2ura $!

r!a"#a a/"%an(* "a$ r!6"a$ (! %*rr!$/*n(!n%a 6ra>!ma>*n!ma& Tr'a$ -888 /"an2!a

?u! !$ !n !$2a !2a/a ?u! $! (a !" (!$arr*""* (! "a %*n%!n%a >*n*"76%a& E$ m/*r2!

m!n%*nar ?u! !" (!$arr*""* (! @$2a n* $! (a (! >*rma 2*2a" /ara ?u! "u!6* !" n*a%%!(a a /*(!r "!!r) /!r* !$ m/*r2an2! !$2mu"ar"* !n !$2a !2a/a& Para a/r!n(!r a "!!r)

!n2*n%!$) !$ %ru%a" a/r!n(!r !" %7(6* a">ab@2%* ; "*6rar au2*ma2#ar !"

/r*%!(m!n2* (! %*n4!r$7n 6ra>*>*n*"76%*& Cuan2* m1$ r1/(a !$ "a (!n2>%a%7n

(! una /a"abra) m1$ m!m*ra (! 2raba5* ?u!(a ($/*nb"! /ara (!(%ar"a a "a$


17/22

*/!ra%*n!$ (! an1"$$ $n21%2%*) (! n2!6ra%7n $!m1n2%a (! "*$ %*m/*n!n2!$ (! "a

>ra$! ; (! n2!6ra%7n (! "a$ >ra$!$ !n "a *r6an#a%7n 2!32ua"& La $2ua%7n %*n2rara

!$ "a (!" "!%2*r /rn%/an2! ?u! (!(%a %n%*) (!# $!6un(*$ a (!n2>%ar %a(a

/a"abra& D!$/u@$ (! !$2! !$>u!r#* a6*2a(*r) K?u@ *2ra %*$a /u!(! a%!r a(!m1$L*$ /r*%!$*$ !$/!%'>%*$ (! "a "!%2ura n* $*n /r*%!$*$ (! %*m/r!n$7n $n* m1$ b!n

a?u!""*$ ?u! ""!4an a "a %*m/r!n$7n& L*$ "!%2*r!$ (!>%!n2!$) (!$(! !" n%* (!"

a/r!n(#a5! u2"#an am/"am!n2! !" %*n2!32* /ara /a"ar un r!%*n*%m!n2* (!

/a"abra$ (!ma$a(* "!n2*

Factores 0u!a'etaes !e e-ua.e:

=a%2*r!$ =*n*"76%*$ !/man) +,,,) $*$2!n! ?u! "a$ (>%u"2a(!$ !n !"

a/r!n(#a5! !$ %au$a(a /*r un r!2ra$* !4*"u24* !n "a /!r%!/%7n (!" ab"a& E" ($!7

un 2!$2 %*n$$2!n2! !n , /ar!$ (! /a"abra$) -, (@n2%a$ ; !r!n2!$ !n un $*"*

>*n!ma& E5!m/"* /n /!n& S! a/"%7 a n*$ (! /rm!r* ; $!6un(* 6ra(*) ?u!n!$

5u#6aban $ "a$ /a"abra$ (! %a(a /ar !ran ($2n2a$ * 6ua"!$& D!m*$2r7 ?u! "*$ n*$

%*n /r*b"!ma$ (! ($%rmna%7n au(24a n* /*('an "!!r b!n&

Lb!rman ; SanW!"!r +,,,) an /"an2!a(* ?u! "a$ (>%u"2a(!$ (! "!%2ura

/u!(!n *b!(!%!r a una >a"2a (! %*n*%m!n2* $*br! "a !$2ru%2ura >*n*"76%a (!" ab"a&

E" n* (!b! $!r %*n$%!n2! (! ?u! "a /a"abra /u!(! $!6m!n2ar$! !n $u$ >*n!ma$

%*n$22u24*$ ; ?u! "*$ $'mb*"*$ 6r1>%*$ r!/r!$!n2an >*n!ma$&

La >a%"(a( %*n ?u! !" n* /u!(! a$*%ar "!2ra$ ; %*mbna%*n!$ (! "!2ra$ %*n

$u$ r!$/!%24*$ $*n(*$ (!/!n(! (! $u %a/a%(a( /ara ana"#ar "a !$2ru%2ura n2!rna (!

"a /a"abra& Para a/r!n(!r a "!!r n* $7"* $! r!?u!r! ana"#ar "a$ /a"abra$ !n $u$

r!$/!%24*$ $*n(*$) $n* /*(!r $n2!2#ar "*$ >*n!ma$ !n un(a(!$) ?u!) %*m* "a$'"aba) "! /!rm2an /r*nun%ar %*rr!%2am!n2! "a$ /a"abra$) /!r* !" 4!'%u"* na2ura"

/ara !" a/r!n(#a5! !$ !" ab"a&


18/22

Factores Sintcticos E" (!$arr*""* $n21%2%* !$ un /r*%!$* 6ra(ua" ?u! a"%an#a

n%"u$* !" !$2a(* (! "a a(*"!$%!n%a ; %u;a$ /au2a$ !4*"u24a$ 4ar'an

%*n$(!rab"!m!n2! !n %a(a n(4(u*&

=r; ; S%u"2! +,,-) r!a"#ar*n n4!$26a%*n!$ %*m/ara24a$ (!">un%*nam!n2* "n6'$2%* (! (*$ 6ru/*$ (! n*$ (! $!6un(* 6ra(*& +-) "!%2*r!$

n*rma"!$ ; !r!n2!$) 2/* ; >r!%u!n%a (! >*rma$ $n21%2%a$& E" $!6un(* m@2*(* $!

ba$7 !n !" m*(!"* %*m$Wan* ; %*m/ar7 "*$ (*$ 6ru/*$ $!6Hn !" 2/* ; nHm!r* (!

r!6"a$ 2ran$>*rma%*na"!$ !m/"!a(*$ /ara >*rmar "*$ !nun%a(*$& E" 6ru/* (! bu!n*$

"!%2*r!$ r!4!"7 un 4*%abu"ar* m1$ r%*) una ma;*r >"u(!# 4!rba") ma;*r u$* (! /a"abra$ %a2!67r%a$) m!5*r *r6an#a%7n (! "a$ (!a$ ; una ma;*r !"ab*ra%7n 4!rba"&

L*$ ma"*$ "!%2*r!$ (!m*$2rar*n una ma;*r 2!n(!n%a a (!$%rbr $n mu%a

!"ab*ra%7n "a$ %ara%2!r'$2%a$ (! "*$ !$2'mu"*$ *b$!r4a(*$ u2"#an(* !3/r!$*n!$ (!

"u6ar ; *2ra$ >ra$!$ mu; $m/"!$&

Tra(%*na"m!n2!) "a %*m/r!n$7n (! "!%2ura a $(* %*n%!b(a %*m* "a

!32ra%%7n (!" $6n>%a(* /*r !" 2!32*& D!$(! !$2a /!r$/!%24a !" $6n>%a(* !$21 !n

!" 2!32* ; !" r*" (!" "!%2*r $! r!(u%! a !n%*n2rar"*& P!r* $!6Hn "*$ /$%*"n6u$2a$

%*n2!m/*r1n!*$ mu!$2ran ?u! !$2! %*n%!/2* a %amba(*&

S!6Hn 22r*%W) -8-) "a %*m/r!n$7n !$ “"a 6!n!ra%7n (! un $6n>%a(* /ara

!" "!n6ua5! !$%r2*) !$2ab"!%!n(* "a$ r!"a%*n!$ %*n "*$ %*n*%m!n2*$ /r!4*$ ; "*$

r!%u!r(*$ (! !3/!r!n%a$”&

=& Sm2) -89-) $!a"a ?u! "a ba$! (! "a %*m/r!n$7n !$ "a an2%/a%7n& La$

an2%/a%*n!$ $*n /r!6un2a$ ?u! "! a%!m*$ a" mun(* ; "a %*m/r!n$7n !$ !" !%*

(! r!$/*n(!r a !$a$ /r!6un2a$&

La$ n4!$26a%*n!$ (! B!22!"!m ; Z!"an) -8%a(* !$ %*rr!%2*) 2am/*%* !$ un /r*%!$* an1r?u%*) $n* un


19/22

/r*%!$* 6!n!ra24* “?u! r!>"!5a "*$ n2!n2*$ ($%/"na(*$ (!" "!%2*r /ara %*n$2rur un*

* m1$ $6n>%a(*$ (!n2r* (! "a$ r!6"a$ (!" "!n6ua5!”&

En2r! "a$ !$2ra2!6a$ !$/*n21n!a$ ?u! n*$ ; a(u"2*$ u2"#an /ara "!!r) $! (!$2a%a "a

an2%/a%7n) !$ (!%r) >*rmu"a%7n (! /72!$$ a%!r%a (!" $6n>%a(* ; "a /u!$2a a /ru!ba (! !$a$ /72!$$& E$ m/*r2an2! !$2mu"ar !$2a %a/a%(a( (! an2%/a%7n /ara

?u! >*rmu"! /72!$$ ; "a$ 4!r>?u!&

Factores semnticos! E$ (! 6ran r!"!4an%a a(?urr un "@3%* am/"* !" %ua"

!nr?u!%! ; >a4*r!%! !" bu!n !" (!$!n4*"4m!n2* !n !" m!(* %*2(an* ; "ab*ra" (!

"a$ /!r$*na$&

Prici+aes estrate-ias !e a Pro'oci, !e Lectura La /r*m*%7n (! "a "!%2ura $! (!$/"!6a !n un %*n5un2* (! !$2ra2!6a$ (!

n2!r4!n%7n (! "a$ %ua"!$ "a m1$ %*n%urr(a !$ "a anma%7n a "a "!%2ura ; !n "a %ua"

$! 4a a %!n2rar !$2! /r*;!%2* n4!$26a24*& Aun?u!) a(!m1$ (! "a anma%7n a "a

"!%2ura %ab! m!n%*nar$! "a$ $6u!n2!$ !$2ra2!6a$ (! "a /r*m*%7n (! "a "!%2ura

& La >*rmu"a%7n) a/"%a%7n ; a(!%ua%7n (! /*"'2%a$ /Hb"%a$ (! "!%2ura ; !$%r2ura&

& E" (!$arr*""* (! /"an!$ ; /r*6rama$ ; /r*;!%2*$ n2!rna%*na"!$) na%*na"!$ ;

"*%a"!$ (! !$2'mu"* ; m!5*ram!n2* (! "a "!%2ura ; "a !$%r2ura&

& L*$ /"an!$) /r*6rama$ ; /r*;!%2*$ (r6(*$ a 6aran2#ar ; m!5*rar !" a%%!$* a "a

/r*(u%%7n %r'2%a ; u$* (! "*$ ma2!ra"!$ (! "!%2ura !n una r!67n * /a'$

(!2!rmna(*$&

Estrate-ia

La$ !$2ra2!6a$ r!6u"an a%24(a(!$ (! "a$ /!r$*na$) !n "a m!((a ?u! !n $u

a/"%a%7n /!rm2! $!"!%%*nar) !4a"uar) /!r$$2r * aban(*nar (!2!rmna(a$ a%%*n!$

/ara ""!6ar a %*n$!6ur una m!2a& E$ %ara%2!r'$2%* (! "a$ !$2ra2!6a$ !" !%* (! ?u! n* (!2a""an n /r!$%rb!n

2*2a"m!n2! !" %ur$* (! una a%%7n) /u!$ $! %*n%b!n) "a$ !$2ra2!6a$F %*m* $*$/!%a$

n2!"6!n2!$) aun?u! arr!$6a(a$) a%!r%a (!" %amn* m1$ a(!%ua(* ?u! a; ?u! 2*mar&

Su /*2!n%a"(a( r!$(! /r!%$am!n2! !n ?u! "a$ !$2ra2!6a$ $*n n(!/!n(!n2!$ (! un


20/22

1mb2* /ar2%u"ar ; /u!(!n 6!n!ra"#ar$!F $u a/"%a%7n %*rr!%2a r!?u!rr1 (! una

%*n2!32ua"#a%7n /ara !" /r*b"!ma ?u! $! 2ra2!) un *b5!24*) una $u/!r4$7n ;

!4a"ua%7n (!" /r*/* %*m/*r2am!n2* (! "*$ *b5!24*$F a" 6ua" ?u! "a /*$b"(a( (!

m/rmr"! m*(>%a%*n!$ %uan(* $!a n!%!$ar*

6ases e-aes

Costituci, !e La Re+7&ica 6oi*ariaa !e 4ee2uea

Ar2'%u"* -,+

La !(u%a%7n !$ un (!r!%* uman* ; un (!b!r $*%a" >un(am!n2a") !$(!m*%r12%a) 6ra2u2a ; *b"6a2*ra& E" E$2a(* "a a$umr1 %*m* >un%7nn(!%"nab"! ; (! m13m* n2!r@$ !n 2*(*$ $u$ n4!"!$ ; m*(a"(a(!$) ; %*m*

n$2rum!n2* (!" %*n*%m!n2* %!n2'>%*) uman'$2%* ; 2!%n*"76%* a" $!r4%*(! "a $*%!(a(& La !(u%a%7n !$ un $!r4%* /ub"%*) %*n "a >na"(a( (!(!$arr*""ar !" /*2!n%a" %r!a24* (! %a(a $!r uman* ; !" /"!n* !5!r%%* (! $u /!r$*na"(a( !n una $*%!(a( (!m*%r12%a ba$a(a !n "a 4a"*ra%7n @2%a (!"2raba5* ; !n "a /ar2%/a%7n a%24a) %*n$!n2! ; $*"(ara0

Ar2'%u"* -,<

T*(a /!r$*na 2!n! (!r!%* a una !(u%a%7n n2!6ra") (! %a"(a() /!rman!n2!)!n 6ua"(a( (! %*n(%*n!$ ; */*r2un(a(!$) $n m1$ "m2a%*n!$ ?u! "a$(!r4a(a$ (! $u$ a/22u(!$) 4*%a%7n ; a$/ra%*n!$& La !(u%a%7n !$*b"6a2*ra !n 2*(*$ $u$ n4!"!$) (!$(! !" ma2!rna" a$2a !" n4!" m!(*(4!r$>%a(*0

Ar2'%u"* -,La !(u%a%7n !$2ar1 a %ar6* (! /!r$*na$ (! r!%*n*%(a m*ra"(a( ; (!%*m/r*ba(a (*n!(a( a%a(@m%a& E" E$2a(* !$2mu"ar1 $u a%2ua"#a%7n /!rman!n2! ; "!$ 6aran2#ar1 "a !$2ab"(a( !n !" !5!r%%* (! "a %arr!ra(*%!n2!) b!n $!a /Hb"%a * /r4a(a) a2!n(!n(* a !$2a %*n$22u%7n ; a "a "!;)!n un r@6m!n (! 2raba5* ; n4!" (! 4(a a%*r(! %*n $u !"!4a(a m$7n& E"n6r!$*) /r*m*%7n ; /!rman!n%a !n !" $$2!ma !(u%a24* $!r1n !$2ab"!%(*$ /*r "!; ; r!$/*n(!r1 a %r2!r*$ (! !4a"ua%7n (! m@r2*$) $n n5!r!n%a /ar2($2a * (! *2ra na2ura"!#a n* a%a(@m%a&

Le3 Or-8ica De E!ucaci,Ar2%u"* -

T*(a /!r$*na 2!n! (!r!%* a "a !(u%a%7n& La !(u%a%7n (!b! $!r 6ra2u2a) a"m!n*$ !n "* %*n%!rn!n2! a "a n$2ru%%7n !"!m!n2a" ; >un(am!n2a"& Lan$2ru%%7n !"!m!n2a" $!r1 *b"6a2*ra& La n$2ru%%7n 2@%n%a ; /r*>!$*na"abr1 (! $!r 6!n!ra"#a(aF !" a%%!$* a "*$ !$2u(*$ $u/!r*r!$ $!r1 6ua" /ara


21/22

2*(*$) !n >un%7n (! "*$ m@r2*$ r!$/!%24*$& La !(u%a%7n 2!n(r1 /*r *b5!2* !" /"!n* (!$arr*""* (! "a /!r$*na"(a( umana ; !" >*r2a"!%m!n2* (!" r!$/!2* a"*$ (!r!%*$ uman*$ ; a "a$ "b!r2a(!$ >un(am!n2a"!$F >a4*r!%!r1 "a%*m/r!n$7n) "a 2*"!ran%a ; "a am$2a( !n2r! 2*(a$ "a$ na%*n!$ ; 2*(*$ "*$

6ru/*$ @2n%*$ * r!"6*$*$F ; /r*m*4!r1 !" (!$arr*""* (! "a$ a%24(a(!$ (! "a$ Na%*n!$ Un(a$ /ara !" man2!nm!n2* (! "a /a#& L*$ /a(r!$ 2!n(r1n (!r!%* /r!>!r!n2! a !$%*6!r !" 2/* (! !(u%a%7n ?u! abr1 (! (ar$! a $u$ 5*$

Le3 or-8ica !e +rotecci, a i9o i9a 3 a!oescete (LOPNA)

Ar2'%u"* :<

T*(*$ "*$ n*$) na$ ; a(*"!$%!n2!$ 2!n!n !" (!r!%* a "a !(u%a%7n6ra2u2a ; *b"6a2*ra) 6aran2#1n(*"!$ "a$ */*r2un(a(!$ ; "a$ %*n(%*n!$ /ara?u! 2a" (!r!%* $! %um/"a) %!r%an* a $u r!$(!n%a) aun %uan(* !$2@n%um/"!n(* m!((a$ $*%*!(u%a24a$ !n !" S$2!ma P!na" (! R!$/*n$ab"(a(

(!" A(*"!$%!n2!&Ar2'%u"* :

E" /a(r!) "a ma(r!) r!/r!$!n2an2!$ * r!$/*n$ab"!$) 2!n!n *b"6a%7nnm!(a2a (! 6aran2#ar "a !(u%a%7n (! "*$ n*$) na$ ; a(*"!$%!n2!$& En%*n$!%u!n%a) (!b!n n$%rbr"*$ */*r2unam!n2! !n una !$%u!"a) /"an2!" *n$22u%7n (! !(u%a%7n) (! %*n>*rm(a( %*n "a "!;) a$' %*m* !36r"!$ $ua$$2!n%a r!6u"ar a %"a$!$ ; /ar2%/ar a%24am!n2! !n $u /r*%!$* !(u%a24*&

Ar2'%u"* ::

T*(*$ "*$ n*$) na$ ; a(*"!$%!n2!$ 2!n!n !" (!r!%* a $!r n>*rma(*$ !n>*rma(a$ ; a /ar2%/ar a%24am!n2! !n $u /r*%!$* !(u%a24*& E" m$m*(!r!%* 2!n! !" /a(r!) "a ma(r!) r!/r!$!n2an2!$ * r!$/*n$ab"!$ !n r!"a%7n a" /r*%!$* !(u%a24* (! "*$ n*$) na$ ; a(*"!$%!n2!$ ?u! $! !n%u!n2r!n ba5* $uPa2ra P*2!$2a() r!/r!$!n2a%7n * r!$/*n$ab"(a(&

Ar2'%u"* :.

T*(*$ "*$ n*$) na$ ; a(*"!$%!n2!$ 2!n!n !" (!r!%* a $!r r!$/!2a(*$ ;r!$/!2a(a$ /*r $u$ !(u%a(*r!$ ; !(u%a(*ra$) a$' %*m* r!%br una !(u%a%7n) ba$a(a !n !" am*r) !" a>!%2*) "a %*m/r!n$7n mu2ua) "a (!n2(a( na%*na") !"r!$/!2* r!%'/r*%* a (!a$ ; %r!!n%a$) ; a "a $*"(ar(a(& En %*n$!%u!n%a) $! /r*'b! %ua"?u!r 2/* (! %a$26* >'$%* * um""an2!&

REFERENCIAS

P@r!# E$%"ar'n) A& +,-, E" (*mn* (! "a "!%2ura ; !$%r2ura& C!n2r* (! =*rma%7n Pa(r! Q*a?u'n& Cara%a$& V!n!#u!"a&


22/22

Ga"!"") G& +,,: Au"a$ Lbr!$ Ku@ !$ "!!r Ar2'%u"*& E(2a(* /*r !" G*b!rn* (! Zara6*#a& E$/aa&

Documents

Correcciones Gabriel y Luna Luz