Đại Cương Về Tài Nguyên Cây Thuốc 22 Trang

7/25/2019 i Cng V Ti Nguyn Cy Thuc 22 Trang

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CHNG 9

I CNG V TI NGUYN CY THUC

MC TIU HC TP

Sau khi hc xong phn ny, ngi hc cn phi:

1. Trnh by c khi nim ti nguyn cy thuc bao gm hai b phn cu thnh2. Phn tch c c im ca ti nguyn cy thuc da trn khi nim ti

nguyn cy thuc3. Trnh by c 4 gi tr ca ti nguyn cy thuc.4. Trnh by c ti nguyn cy thuc trn th gii5. Phn tch c iu kin t nhin v x hi dn n s phong ph v ti nguyn

cy thuc Vit Nam6. Trnh by c ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam, bao gm da dng sinh hc v

tri thc s dng; tnh trng khai thc, tnh hnh pht trin ti nguyn cy thuchin nay Vit Nam.

7. Trnh by c cc l do cn bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc8. Phn tch c cc mi e do i vi ti nguyn cythuc9. Phn tch c s tham gia trong cng tc bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc10. Trnh by c cc phng php bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc, bao gm bo

tn nguyn v (in situ), chuyn v (ex situ), v bo tn trn ng rung (on

farm).

1. CC KHI NIM V TI NGUYN CY THUC

1.1. KHI NIM TI NGUYN CY THUC

S hnh thnh:

Trong cc x hi ti c (v thm ch n tn ngy nay), bnh tt c cho rng ldo s trng pht ca tri, hoc do cc th lc siu t nhin gy ra, do cc thy lang

cha bnh bng cc li cu nguyn v nghi l, trong c s dng cy c. Cy clm thuc c la chn bi mu sc, mi, hnh dng hay s him c ca chng. Vics dng cy c lm thuc l qu trnh m mm hc tp tri qua nhiu th h.

Cc nghin cu kh o c cho thy ngi Neanderthal c Iraq t 60.000 nmtrc bit s dng mt s cy c m ngy nay vn thy s dng trong y hc ctruyn nh C thi, Cc bc, vv. Ngi dn bn x Mehico t nhiu nghn nm trc

bit s dngXng rng Mexicom ngy nay c bit l cha cht gy o gic, khngsinh. Cc ti liu c xa nht v s dng cy thuc c ngi Ai Cp c i ghichp trong khong thi gian 3.600 nm trc y vi 800 bi thuc v trn 700 thuc

trong cL hi, K nham, Gai du, vv. ; ngi Trung Quc c i ghi chp trong b

DOCUMENT


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Thn nng Bn tho trong khong thi gian 5.000 nm trc y vi 365 v thuc;ngi n c i ghi chp nn y hc ca ngi Hindu khong 2.000 nm trc,trong c cc loi cy gy ng, o gic, cha rn cn, vv.

Khi nim ti nguyn cy thuc:Ti nguyn cy thuc l mt dng c bit ca ti nguyn sinh vt, thuc ti

nguyn c th ti sinh (hi phc), bao gm hai yu t cu thnh l cy c v tri thc sdng chng lm thuc v chm sc sc kho.

Cy thuc khc vi mt cy c bnh thng ch n c dng lm thuc. Suyrng ra i vi cy rau, cy nhum, cy gia v, vv. cng nh vy. Tnh t ng saudanh t cy ch cng dng ca cy . Vi nh ngha ny, mt cy thuc cn c haiyu t cu thnh, l (i) bn thn Cy c,l ngun gien hay yu t vt th, v (ii) Tri

thcs dngcy c cha bnh, l yu t phi vt th.Hai yu t ny lun i km vi nhau. Cc sinh vt quanh ta rt nhiu, nu khng

bit s dng chng lm thuc (cng nh cc ng dng khc trong i sng) thchng ch l nhng sinh vt hoang di trong t nhin. Ngc li, khi mt cy bitdng lm thuc nhng sau li mt tri thc s dng (hoc a n mt ni mkhng c ai bit dng) th n cng ch l cy c hoang di trong t nhin.

B phn cu thnh th nht (cy c) l kt qu ca qu trnh tin ho lu didi tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin, do lin quan n cc mn khoa hc t nhinnh sinh hc, nng hc, lm hc, dc hc , vv. B phn cu thnh th hai (tri thc) lkt qu ca qu trnh u tranh sinh tn ca loi ngi, c t khi loi ngi xut hintrn tri t, c c rt, tch lu v lu truyn tri qua nhiu th h, chu tc ng cacc qui lut kinh t - x hi, qun l, do lin quan n cc mn hc x hi nh dntc hc, x hi hc, kinh t hc, vv.

1.2. C IM CA TI NGUYN CY THUC

1.2.1. CC C IM LIN QUAN N CY C

- Mt loi c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, tu theo dn tc v a phng, nhng chc mt tn khoa hc hp php duy nht, c coi l t kho (keyword) trong cc hthng thng tin.

- Phn c gi tr s dng ca cy thuc l cc cht ho hc, c gi l hot cht.Hm lng hot cht cha trong cy thng chim mt t l rt thp. Thnh phn vhm lng hot cht c th thay i theo iu kin sinh sng, do lm thay i, gimhoc mt tc dng cha bnh. Cc bc phn loi (taxon) ging nhau thng cha ccnhm hot cht nh nhau.

- B phn s dng a dng, c th l c cy, ton b phn trn mt t, phn dimt t (nh r, c, thn r), l, v (thn, r), hoa, qu, ht. Trong mt loi, cc b phn

khc nhau c th c tc dng khc nhau.


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1.2.2. CC C IM LIN QUAN N TRI THC S DNG

- Tri thc s dng cy thuc c c t 2 ngun: (i) Tri t hc bn a v (ii) trithc khoa hc. Tri thc khoa hc thng c lu li trong cc n phm (sch, bo, tp

ch, cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, c s d liu, vv.); Tri thc bn a thng ctruyn ming, gii hn mc hp, do c nhn, gia nh,dng h hay cng ng nmgi do c th b mt. Phn ln tri thc khoa hc l bt ngun t tri thc bn a.

- Tri thc s dng rt a dng, cng mt loi c nhiu cch s dng khc nhau tutheo dn tc v a phng.

- Tri thc s dng c s tin ho , thng quan kinh nghim thc tin, bi hc thtbi trong qu trnh s dng cy c lm thuc.

- Tri thc s dng gn lin vi vn ho v tp tc ca tng a phng.

- Tri thc s dng gn lin vi thu nhp kinh t ca ngi nm gi n.

- C s khc bit v s lng v cht lng tri thc s dng gia cc thnh vinkhc nhau trong cng ng, dn tc, nn vn ho. S khc nhau ny ph thuc vo tuitc, hc vn, gii tnh, tnh trng kinh t, kinh nghim, tc ng ngoi lai, vai tr vtrch nhim trong gia nh v cng ng, qu thi gian, nng khiu, kh nng i li vmc t lp, kim sot ngun ti nguyn.

1.3. S KHC NHAU GIA CY THUC V CY TRNG NNG NGHIP

- Cy nng nghip thng l cy ngn ngy trong khi cy thuc rt a dng vc nhiu cy di ngy.

- Cc loi cy trng nng nghip thng c nghin cu kh k, thm ch nmc di loi (th, dng); cy thuc c s loi rt ln, cha c nghin cu y , ckhi cn dng mc trn loi (chi).

- Cy nng nghip hu ht c thun ho, gy trng t lu v quen thuc vicon ngi trong khi hu ht cc loi cy thuc sng trong iu kin hoang di.

- Cc sn phm ca cy trng nng nghip l hng ho thng dng, c th s dng

cho nhiu mc ch do th trng ca chng r ng v linh hot hn. Cc sn phmca cy thuc l hng ho c bit, ch c th s dng cho mt mc ch, do thtrng ca chng hp hn.

2. GI TR CA TI NGUYN CY THUC

2.1. GI TR S DNG

Ti nguyn cy thuc ng vai tr quan trng trong ch m sc sc kho, chabnh, c bit cc nc ngho, ang pht trin v c truyn thng s dng cy c lmthuc. Theo bo co ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO), ngy nay c khong 80% dn

s cc nc ang pht trin vi dn s khong 3,5 n 4 t ngi trn th gii c nhu


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cu chm sc sc kho ban u ph thuc vo nn y hc c truyn. Phn ln trong s ph thuc vo ngun dc liu hoc cc cht chit sut t dc liu.

Trung Quc, nhu cu thuc cy c l 1.600.000 tn/nm v tng khong

9%/nm. Chu u v Bc M tng trng 10% mi nm.2.2. GI TR KINH T

Mc d chim t l nh hn thuc c ngun gc t ho hc, cng ngh sinh hc,vv. cy c lm thuc vn c bun bn khp ni trn th gii. Trn qui m ton cu,doanh s mua bn cy thuc c tnh khong 16 t Euro.

C 119 cht tinh khit c chit tch t khong 90 loi thc vt bc cao cs dng lm thuc trn ton th gii, trong c ti 74% cht c mi quan h hay cngc s dng nh cc cng ng s dng v d nh Theophyll in t cy Ch,

Reserpin t cy Ba gc, Rotundin t cy Bnh vi, vv. (bng 9.1). Ring Trung Quc,trong giai on t 1979 -1990 c 42 ch phm thuc mi t cy thuc a ra thtrng, trong c 11 ch phm cha cc bnh tim mch, 5 ch phm cha ung th v6 ch phm cha cc bnh ng tiu ho. D on nu pht trin ti a cc thuc cyc t cc nc nhit i, c th lm ra khong 900 t USD mi nm cho nn kinh t ccnc th gii th ba.

Bng 9.1: Mt s loi cy c hot cht c s dng lmthuctrn th gii c Vit Nam

Tn hot cht Loi thuc Ngun gc thc vt S dng trongYHCT Quan hvi YHCTArecolin Dit sn Areca catechu(Cau) cha sn CAsiaticosid Centella asiatica(Rau m) CBerberin Khng khun Berberis vulgaris Bnhv d dy CBromelain Chng vim Ananas comosus (Da) Khng c

dngGin tip

Camphor Tr tim Cinnamonum camphora(Long no)

Khng cdng

Khng

Caffein Kch thchthn kinhtrung ng

Camellia sinensis(Ch) Thuc kchthch

C

Codein Gim au,cha ho

Papaver somniferum(Thuc phin)

Gim au, anthn

C

Curcumin Choleretic Curcuma longa(Ngh) Choleretic CNeoandrographolide

Khng khun Andrographis paniculata(Xuyn tm lin)

Cha l C

Quisqualisacid

Dit sn Quisqualis indica(Dy giun)

Dit sn C

Reserpin Cao huyt p Rauvolfia serpentina(Ba gc)

Lm du C

Rotundin Gim au, anthn

Stephania spp.(Bnh vi) An thn C

Vinblastin Chng ung th Catharanthus roseus Khng c Khng


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Tn hot cht Loi thuc Ngun gc thc vt S dng trongYHCT

Quan hvi YHCT

(Da cn) dng

Ti Trung Quc, c khong 1.000 loi cy thuc thng xuyn c s dng,

chim 80% thuc bn trn th trng trong nc, vi tng gi tr (1992) l 11 t Nhndn t. Hng Kng l ni c th trng thuc cy c ln nht th gii, hng nm nhplng dc liu tr gi 190 triu USD, trong c 70% c s dng ti a phng vch c 30% c ti xut v trong khi ch c 80 triu USD thuc ty c nhp trongcng thi gian. Tin s dng thuc cy c ca ngi dn Hng Kng l 25 USD/nm.

Ti Nht Bn, c n 42,7% dn s dng thuc c truyn trong cc hot ngcha bnh vi tng chi tiu cho y hc c truyn l 150 triu USD (1983).

Ti n , c 400 loi trong s 7.500 loi cy thuc thng xuyn c s dng

vi lng ln cc xng sn xut thuc nh.

Doanh s bn thuc cy c cc nc Ty unm 1989 l 2,2 t USD so vitng doanh s bun bn dc phm l 65 t USD.

2.3. GI TR TIM NNG

Ti nguyn cy c l i tng sng lc tm cc thuc mi. Vin Ung thQuc gia M u t nhiu tin bc sng lc n 35.000 trong s trn 250.000 loicy c tm thuc cha ung th trn khp th gii. Theo b d liu NAPRALERT, nnm 1985 c khong 3.500 cu trc ho hc mi c ngun gc t thin nhin c

pht hin, 2.618 trong s t thc vt bc cao, 512 t thcvt bc thp v 372 t ccngun khc. R rng l ngun ti nguyn cy c v tri thc s dng chng lm thuccn l mt kho tng khng l, trong phn khm ph cn qu t i.

Cc vng nhit i trn th gii, bao gm lu vc sng Amazon ca chy M,ng Nam , n - M Lai, Ty Phi cha ng kho tng cy c khng l cng nhgiu c v tri thc s dng, c tim nng ln trong nghin cu v pht trin dc phmmi t cy c.

Trung Quc, ngoi nn y hc c truyn chnh thng ca ngi Hn (Trung y),

cc cng ng khng phi ngi Hn, vi dn s khong 100 triu ngi, cng c ccnn y hc ring ca mnh, s dng khong 8,000 loi cy c lm thuc, trong c 5nn y hc chnh l nn y hc ca ngi Ty Tng (s dng 3,294 loi), Mng C (sdng 1,430 loi), Ugur, Thi (s dng 800 loi) v Triu Tin. Nh vy, cng c th tnti cc nn y hc dn tc ring, mc pht trin nht nh Vit Nam, c bit lca cc cng ng dn tc sinh sng lu i hoc c h thng ch vit sm pht trinnh ngi Thi, Mng, Chm, vv.

2.4. GI TR VN HO


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S dng cy c lm thuc l mt trong nhng b phn cu thnh cc nn vnho, to nn c trng vn ho ca cc dn tc khc nhau.

3. TI NGUYN CY THUC TRN TH GII V VIT NAM

3.1. TI NGUYN CY THUC TRN TH GII

Ngy nay, c lng c khong 35.000 -70.000 loi trong s 250.000 - 300.000loi cy c c s dng vo mc ch cha bnh khp ni trn th gii. Trong Trung Quc c trn 10.000 loi, n c khong 7.500 loi, Indonesia c khong7.500 loi, Malaysia c khong 2.000 loi, Nepal c hn 700 loi, Sri Lanka c khong

550-700 loi.Theo Jukovski (1971), c 12 trung tm a dng sinh hc cy trng trn th gii

l Trung Quc - Nht Bn, ng Dng - Indonesia, Chu c, n , Tr ung , Cnng, a Trung hi, Chu Phi, Chu u - Siberi, Nam Mehico, Nam M v Bc M.

Nhiu loi cy thuc c thun dng v trng trt t lu i ti cc trung tm nh Gai du, Thuc phin, Nhn sm, inh hng, Nhc u khu, Qu Xy Lan, Bc h, an sm, Canh kina, vv. (bng 9.2)

Bng 9.2: Cc trung tm a dng sinh vt v cy thuc trn th gii(cy thuc c in m)

TT Tn Trung tm Phn b S loi Mt s i din1 Trung Quc

Nht Bnvng ni min Trungv Ty Trung Quc,Triu Tin, Nht Bn

88 La, Cao lng, i mch, Ci c,Ci tha, Da hu, L, To, o, M,

Ma, Thuc phin, Nhn sm, Longno, Gai du, trng.

2 ng DngIndonesia

ng Dng v quno M Lai

41 La di, Chui, Mt, Mng ct, Da,Ma,inh hng,Nhc u khu, d

3 Chu c Ton b Chu c 20 La di, Bng, Keo, Bch n, vv.4 n n , Min in 30 La, u en, u xanh, Da chut,

Xoi, Ma,H tiu, Chm, Qu Xylan, Ba u, vv.

5 Trung Ty Bc n ,Apganistan,Uzbekistan, Ty ThinSn, vv

43 M, Vng, Lanh, Gai du, Nho, Hnh,Ti, C rt, vv.

6 Cn ng Tiu , Iran,Turkmenistan, vv

100 M, Mch, V, L, To, vv.

7 a Trung Hi Ven a Trung Hi 64 La m, Ci du, Lanh, liu, Phngphong, Bc h, an sm, Hng ty,Hoa bia, vv.

8 Chu Phi Trung v Nam Phi 38 K, La min, Lanh, M, Vng, Thu

du, Chm


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TT Tn Trung tm Phn b S loi Mt s i din9 Chu u

SiberiTon b Chu u ntrung Siberi

35 To, L, Nho, Du ty, C ci ng,Hp lng, vv.

10 Nam Mehico Nam Mehico v eo

Trung M

Ng, Rau dn, B r, Su su, u , Ca

cao, Thuc l di11 Nam M Peru, Ecuado, Bolivia,vv.

62 Ng, Sn, dong ring, Khoai ty, Canhki na, C chua, t, vv.

12 Bc M Bc Mexico tr ln Nho, Mn, Thuc l, vv.

3.2. TI NGUYN CY THUC VIT NAM

3.2.1. IU KIN T NHIN V X HI

3.2.1.1. iu kin t nhin

Vit Nam c din tch phn lc a rng 35 triu ha, mt phn gn lin vi lc

a v mt phn thng vi i dng, ko di t bc xung nam hn 1.800 km, phn bt v 8o30' n 33o2' bc v t kinh 102o10' n 109o

Lnh th Vit Nam chu s chi phi v hot ng a cht ca hai a khiIndonesia (t Mng T, in Bin Ph cc Ty bc n Trung b v Nam b) vHoa Nam (vng Bc b). a hnh a dng v phc tp vi hai vng ng bng ln l chu th Sng Hng pha bc v Sng Cu long pha nam, c hai dy ni ln lHong lin sn v Trng sn vi nhiu vng c cao trn 2.000m v cc cao nguynnh nh ng Vn, Mc Chu, Sn La, Gia Lai-Kon Ton, c Lc, Di Linh, vv. phaBc, huht cc dy ni u thp dn t Bc xung Nam v c hng chung vi ccdy ni pha Nam Trung Quc. iu ny to iu kin cho s xm nhp ca cc yut h thc vt nhit i v n i vo min Bc Vit Nam nh cc loi ca ngnhThng, h D(Fagaceae), h Cng l (Betulaceae), h quyn (Ericaceae), vv. V

pha Nam, a hnh thp, phng v gn lin vi min t ca Malaysia, do to iukin cho s xm nhp ca nhiu loi cy thuc h thc vt Malaysia nh cc cy thuch Du (Dipterocarpaceae), h Np m (Nepenthaceae), chi Da ( Cocos), chi Mung(Cassia) loi Tch (Tectona grandisL.f.).

24' ng.

Vit Nam nm vnh ai kh hu nhit i m gi ma vi tng lng bc x

t 110-120 calo/cm2

/nm, nhit trung bnh nm khc nhau gia min Bc (23,4o

C -H Ni) v min Nam (27o

Cc yu t a cht, a hnh v kh hu a dng nh vy dn n Vit Nam cthm thc vt phong ph, t rng rm nhit i m xanh quanh nm, rng rm nhit ima ma na rng l n rng nhit i m xanh quanh nm, nhit i hi kh,savan nhit i kh, trung nhit i kh, rng ngp mn, rng l kim, rng ln ni

cao, vv. iu ny dn n s a dng ca cy c.

C - TP H Ch Minh), lng ma trung bnh hng nm nichung vt 1.500 mm nhng phn b khng u trong nm, lng ma thng ln hn2 ln lng bc hi. Kh hu nhit i gi ma c ma ng lnh min Bc (t vtuyn 18 Bc tr ra) v kh hu nhit i gi ma pha Nam.


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3.2.1.2. iu kin x hi

Vit Nam l ni giao lu ca cc dn tc v cc nn vn ho trong quan trngnht l hai lung vn ho Trung Hoa v n , l ngi nh chung ca 54 dn tc, thuc

3 h ngn ng v 8 nhm khc nhau l Vit -Mng, Mn-Khme, Ty-Thi, H'Mng-Dao, Khaai, Malayo-Polynesian, Hn, Tng -Min. Trong cng ng ngi Vit(Kinh) c dn s ln nht, ch yu phn b cc vng chu th.

Cc dn tc cn li ch yu pmhn b cc khu vc i ni, ni chim n 3/4din tch c nc, c thnh phn a dng, bao gm cc nhm dn tc Ty-Thi, Hmng-Dao, Tng Min, vv. min ni pha Bc hin cn b con ang sinh sng nam TrungQuc, Lo, Thi Lan, Min in; cc nhm dn tc sinh sng min Trung v min

Nam thuc nhnh ngn ng Mn-Khmer c b con sinh sng Lo, Campuchia, ThiLan, vv. nhm cc dn tc sinh sn g dc ven bin min Trung v Ty Nguyn c quan

h h hng vi nhng dn c ang sinh sng Malaysia, Indonesia. Cc dn tc sinhsng Vit Nam to nn mt hnh nh thu nh ca khu vc ng Nam .

Mi dn tc c tp qun, nim tin, tri thc v kinh n ghim s dng cy c lmthuc khc nhau. iu ny dn n s a dng v tri thc s dng cy thuc Vit

Nam.

3.2.2. TI NGUYN CY THUC

3.2.2.1. a dng h thc vt v cy thuc vit nam

o

H thc vt:H thc vt Vit Nam c khong 1.000 loi To (trong s 25.000 loi trn th

gii), 11.080 loi thc vt bc cao (bng 9.3), trong c 733 loi cy trng c nhpni, thuc 2.046 chi, 395 h, chim khong 4% tng s loi, 15% tng s chi v 57%tng s h thc vt ca ton th gii. Theo d on ca cc nh thc vt hc th s loithc vt bc cao c mch Vit Nam c th n 12.00015.000 loi.

Cc h c s loi nhiu nht bao gm: Lan ( Orchidaceae), u ( Fabaceae),Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), La (Poaceae), C ph (Rubiaceae), Cc (Asteraceae), Ci

(Cyperaceae), Long no (Lauraceae), r (Acanthaceae), Na (Annonaceae), Trc o(Apocynaceae), Bc h ( Lamiaceae), n nem (Myrsinaceae), C roi nga(Verbenaceae), Hoa mm ch (Scrophulariaceae), Cau (Arecaceae), vv.

Bng 9.3: S lng cc taxon trong phn gii Thc vt bc cao Vit Nam

Ngnh H Chi Loi S loi trn th gii

Bryophyta (Ru) 60 182 793 14.000

Psilotophyta (Quyt L thng) 1 1 2 5

Lycopodiophyta (Thng ) 2 4 56 800

Equisetophyta (C thp bt ) 2 2 3 30


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Polypodiophyta (Dng x) 26 170 713 10.000-13.000

Pinophyta (Thng) 8 23 51 750

Magnoliophyta (Ngc lan) 296 2.046 9.462 250.000-300.000

Tng s 395 2.428 11.080

Cc h c nhiu cy g bao gm: Du (Dipterocarpaceae), T vi (Lythraceae),Mng ct (Clusiaceae) min Nam; Ngc lan (Magnoliaceae), D (Fagaceae), Longno (Lauraceae) min Bc; u ( Fabaceae), Xoan (Meliaceae), B hn(Sapindaceae) ton quc.

Cc h cy c ph bin bao gm: Cn (Apiaceae), Cc (Asteraceae), Ry(Araceae), r (Acanthaceae), Hong tinh (Convallariaceae), Ci (Cyperaceae), Thudu (Euphorbiaceae), Bc h (Lamiaceae), Lan (Orchidaceae), La (Poaceae).

Nhm cy dy leo gm hai loi: Dy leo c, thng l nhng loi a sngthng gp rng th sinh, thuc h u (Fabaceae), Khoai lang (Convolvulaceae),Khc khc ( Smilacaceae), vv.; Dy leo g, thng l nhng cy a m, chu bng,thng gp trong rng nguyn sinh nh cc loi trong chiBauhinia, Entada, Strychnos,

Acacia, Ficus, Coccinium, vv. Chng thng c thn dt, vn ln nh c y g lynh sng.

Nhm thc vt thu sinh thuc cc h Sng (Nymphaeaceae), Long m(Gentianaceae), Ci (Cyperaceae), Trch t (Alismataceae), Rau rm (Polygonaceae),Bo ty (Ponteriaceae), La (Poaceae), vv. v thuc hai nhm: Sng bm vo t v

sng tri ni.

Cc loi bn k sinh thuc cc h Tm gi (Loranthaceae, Viscaceae); Cc loik sinh thuc cc h Gi t (Balanophoraceae), T hng (Cuscutaceae).

Cc loi b sinh (ph sinh) tp trung trong cc h Lan ( Orchidaceae), Dng x(Polypodiaceae), mt s loi thuc h Du tm (Moraceae), Nhn sm (Araliaceae),Ry (Araceae), vv.

Cc cy c c hay thn r tp trung cc h Ry ( Araceae), Khoai lang(Convolvulaceae), C nu ( Dioscoreaceae), Dong (Marantaceae), Tit d

(Menispermaceae), Khc khc (Smilacaceae), Ru hm (Tacaceae), Gng(Zingiberaceae), Hong tinh (Convallariaceae), vv.

o S loi cy thuc Vit Nam:

S loi cy thuc chnh thc c thng k hin nay l 3.850 loi.

S loi cy thuc c pht hin Vit Nam tng lin tc theothi gian. Theoti liu ca Php, trc nm 1952, ton ng Dng c 1.350 loi cy lm thuc, trong160 h thc vt. B sch Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam ca GS. Tt Li,

in ln th 8 (1999) gii thiu 800 cy, con v v thuc. B sch C y thuc Vit Nam


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ca lng y L Trn c (1997) c ghi 830 loi cy thuc. TS. V Vn Chi, tc gicun T in cy thuc Vit Nam (1997) thng k khong 3.200 loi lm thuc(k c Nm). Theo s liu iu tra ca Vin dc liu (2003) Vit Nam c 3.850 loicy thuc. D on, nu c kho st y , s loi cy thuc Vit Nam c th l6.000.

o Phn b ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam

Trong s 1.863 loi cy thuc pht hin trong cc t iu tra su tm trong giaion t 1961 n 1985, c n 3/4 l cc loi cy mc hoang di, phn b ch yu ccvng rng ni (khong 700 loi), vng i v trung du (400 loi).

Cc loi cy thuc phn b 8 vng sinh thi trong nc l ng Bc - Bc b,Vit Bc Hong lin Sn, Ty Bc, ng bng sng Hng , Bc Trung b, ng

Trng Sn v Nam Trung b, Ty Nguyn, ng Nam b v ng bng sng Culong; tp trung ch yu 5 trung tm a dng sinh vt lHong Lin Sn, Cc Phng,Bch M, Yok n, Lm Vin v Ct Tin.

3.2.2.2. Tri thc s dng cy thuc Vit Nam

Tri thc s dng cy c lm thuc Vit Nam c th c chia thnh 2 loichnh: (i) trong nn y hc chnh thng, c ngun gc t Trung y, vi cc h thng llun v thc hnh c t liu ho trong sch v nh cc hc thuyt m-dng, ng hnh, tng tng, vv.; (ii) trong cc nn y hc nhn dn, t c t liu ho hay chac nghin cu y .

Trong nn y hc chnh thng, c nc c hn 40 bnh vin y hc c truyn vcc khoa y hc c truyn trong cc bnh vin a khoa. C 5.000 ngi hnh ngh thucy hc c truyn vi gn 4.000 c s chn tr ng y. C khong 700 loi thng cnhc n trong cc sch ng y, sch v cy thuc, 150-180 v thuc thng c sdng cc bnh vin y hc c truyn, lng y. Nhu cu dc liu cho y hc c truynchnh thng khong 30.000 tn/nm.

Hin tp hp c 39.381 bi thuc kinh nghim dn gian gia truyn ca12.531 lng y. Nhiu dc phm c pht trin gn y da trn tri thc s dng ca

cng ng nh Ampelop, da trn tri thc s dng cy Ch dy (Ampelopsiscantoniensis (Hook. Et Arn.) cha bnh ca ngi Ty Cao Bng; cy Tt l(Tribulus terrestrisL.), da trn tri thc s dng ca ngi Chm, vv.

Trong cc nn y hc nhn dn, mi cng ng min ni (cp x) thng bit s dng t 300-500 loi cy c sn c trong khu vc lm thuc. Mi gia nh bit sdng t vi n vi chc cy cha cc chng bnh thng thng cng ng .Mi cng ng thng c 2-5 thy lang (hay hn) c kinh nghim s dng v s dngs loi nhiu hn. c lng s loi s dng ti cc cng ng Vit Nam l 6.000.


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bo m cng tc chm sc sc kho ban u ti tuyn y t c s, b Y t ban hnh Danh mc thuc thit yu. Trong Danh mc thuc thit yu ln th IV, cqui nh 188 v thuc YHCT thit yu v 60 loi cy c lm thuc cn trng ti tuynx, gi l thuc Nam thit yu.

3.2.2.3. Khai thc v pht trin ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam

(1) Khai thc cy thuc

Cy thuc ang c khai thc bn vi lng ln cho cc cng ty dc trongnc v xut khu, c bit l theo ng tiu ngch sang Trung Quc.

Trong khi cng nghip dc, cc nc c 286 c s sn xut dc phm (baogm cc doanh nghip nh nc, cng ty, t hp sn xut, t nhn) ang sn xut 1.294loi dcphm c sn xut t nguyn liu thc vt hoc cht chit xut t thc vt,

chim 23 % s loi dc phm c php sn xut v lu hnh t nm 1995-2000, sdng 435 loi cy c. Nhu cu dc liu cho khi cng nghip dc khong 20.000 tn,v cho xut khu l 10.000 tn hng nm. Nm 1998, tng cng ty dc liu Vit Namxut khu c 13 triu USD, trong dc liu, tinh du v cc hot cht t cy thucchim 74%. Tim nng cung cp dc liu c th t 500 - 800 t ng.

Cc cng ty dc s dng nhiu dc liu nh X nghip dc phm TW 26, X nghipdc phm TW 3, Cng ty dc liu TW 1, Cng ty c phn TRAPHACO, Cng ty TNHH Bo

Long, X nghip ch bin ng dc qun 5 (TP H Ch Minh), vv. Ring Cng ty C phnTRAPHACO hng nm s dng lngdc liu l 500 tn ca hn 100 loi cy thuc khc

nhau.Trc nm 1990, nhiu loi dc liu vn cn tr lng ln nh Ng gia b cc

loi, Thin nin kin, Cu tch, Vng ng, vv. nhng do tip tc b khai thc ba bi,khng c k hoch, thu hi th eo kiu tn thu, lm mt kh nng ti sinh t nhin cachng, nn b cn kit nhanh chng. Mt s loi nh Vng ng ( Coscinium

fenestratum (Gaetn). Colebr.), Hong ng ( Fibraurea spp.), Ba kch (Morindaofficinalis How.), Kim tuyn ( Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl.), Hong linchn g (Coptis quinquesecta W.T.Wang), Mt l (Nervilia fordii (Hance) Schlechter),Sm v dip ( Panax bipinnatifidus Seem.), By l m t h oa (Paris spp.), Hong tinhvng(Polygonatum kingianum Coll. Et Hemsl.), Bnh vi(Stephania spp.), vv. trnn rt him hoc khng cn tm thy na.

Do khai thc t hoang di, nhiu cy thuc c s dng ln ln. Trong thc t,Bnh vi hin ang s dng trong cng nghip dc trong nc l t nhiu loi trongchi Stephania, c thnh phn v hm lng hot cht khc nhau.

(2) Pht trin ti nguyn cy thuc

o Trng v pht trin cy thuc c ngun gc bn a:


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C khong 40 loi cy thuc bn a c trng trt Vit Nam. Nhiu loic trng trn quy m ln cc tnh min ni, hng nm cung cp cho th trngtrong nc v xut khu t vi trm cho n hng nghn tn sn phm nh: Qu(Cinnamomum cassia Pesl.) Yn Bi, Thanh Ho, Lo Cai, vv.; Hi (IlliciumverumHook.f.) Lng Sn, Cao Bng, Qung Ninh; Tho qu(Amomum aromaticumRoxb.) Lo Cai, Lai Chu, vv., d(Coix lacryma-jobiL.) Sn La, Ho Bnh, vv.

Nhiu loi c trng c cc vng trung du v ng bng nh: Hoa ho(Styphnolobium japonicum (L.f.) Schott.), a lin (Kaempferia galanga L.), Hngnhu (Ocimum gratissimum L.), Cc hoa (Chrysanthemum indicum L.), ch mu(Leonurus artemisia Houtt), Trch t (Alisma plantago -aquatica L.), M (PlantagomajorL.), Hoc hng (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.), Ngi cu cu(Artemisiavulgaris L.), S (Cymbopogon spp.), vv.

Hot ng trng cy thuc c pht ng v trin khai nhiu cng ngmin ni khc nhau Vit Nam nh H Giang (Qun B, ng Vn, Mo Vc, HongSu Ph, Ph Bng), Lng Sn (Mu Sn), Yn Bi (Vn Chn, Lc Yn), Lai Chu (SnH), Lo Cai (Sa Pa, Bt Xt, Bc H), Qung Nam (Tr My), Lm ng ( Lt), vv.C nhng vng chuyn trng cy thuc nh lng Ngha Trai (Vn Lm, Hng Yn)trng i tr hn 10 loi cy thuc, vng M S, a Ngu (Khoi Chu).

Nhiu cy thuc ccc trng i hc, vin, cng ty dc nghin cu phttrn thnh cng thnh cc dng bo ch bn rng ri trn th trng nh Bnh vi, Chdy (Ampelopsis cantoniensis(Hook. Et Arn.), Ch rng ca (Phyllanthus urinaria

L.), ch mu (Leonurus artemisia Houtt), Kim tin tho (Desmodium styracifolium(Osb.) Merr.), Mp ng (Momordica chrantiaL.),Ngu tt (Achyranthes bidentataBlume), Thanh cao hoa vng (Artemisia annuaL.), vv.

o Trng v pht trin cy thuc c ngun gc Nhp ni:

C khong 300 lo i thuc hn 40 h thc vt c nhp vo Vit Nam tnhiu vng khc nhau trn th gii. Trong s c khong 70 loi c th sinh trng v

pht trin to ra gi tr v trn 20 loi tr thnh cy thuc Vit Nam nh Actis(Cynara scolymus L.), ng qui (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), a hong

(Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch.), Bch ch (Angelica dahurica Benth. EtHook.f.), Bch trut (Atractylodes macrocephalaKoidz.), Vn mc hng (SausurealappaClack.), Bc h (Mentha spp.), vv. Nhiu loi cy thuc ca nc ngoi ca vo trng Vit Nam t rt lu. C th tm chia ra hai giai on :

Trc nm 1954:

Ngi Php a vo trng Vit Nam cc loi cy thuc m cho n naychng vn ang c pht trin nh Actis:C ngun gc a Trung Hi, c trngtrn 100 nm nay cc vng ni cao v mt nh Lt, Sa Pa, Tam o; Canh ki na

(Cinchona spp.): C ngun gc Nam M, c trng th Vit Nam t nm 1872.


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Trong thi gian 1927-1936 c trng trn qui m ln vng Di Linh, n Dng(Lm ng), Gia Lai v Th Php (Ba V, H Ty).

Sau nm 1954:

Ch yu trong giai on 1960-1970 v cn tip tc trong nhng nm sau , nhp khong 100 loi cy thuc t Trung Quc, Triu Tin, Nht v Lin X c. Trong, c 20 loi c thun ho v trng thnh cng nh Ba gc n (Rauvolfiaserpentina Benth.), Bc h (Mentha spp.), Bch ch (Angelica dahurica Benth. EtHook.f.), Bch trut (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.), Ct cnh (Platycodongrandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC.), a hong (Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch.), trng (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.), c hot (Angelica pubescensMaxim.), ng qui(Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Hong b (Phellodendron chinenseSchneid), Huynsm (Scrophularia buergerianaMiq.), Ngu tt (Achyranthes bidentataBlume),vv.

Mt s loi cy thuc c pht trin thnh hng ho v cung cp nguyn liucho cng nghip dc nhActis (Cynara scolymus L.), Bp dm (Hibiscus sabdariffa).

Vic nhp ni cy thuc ang gp nhng kh khn chnh l thoi ho ging, scnh tranh ca dc liu cng loi c nhp t ni nguyn sn v chuyn i c cucy trng mi.

o Qui hoch vng:

Hin cha c qui hoch vng pht trin ti nguyn cy thuc c chp nhn

rng ri Vit Nam. Mt s nh khoa hc xut 6 vng qui hoch pht trin bao gm:(i) Vng ni cao pha Bc, (ii) Trung du pha bc, (iii) ng bng chu th sng Hng,(iv) Ven bin min Trung, (v) Ty Nguyn, (vi) ng bng sng Cu Long.

4. BO TN V PHT TRIN TI NGUYN CY THUC

4.1. BO TN TI NGUYN CY THUC

4.1.1. CC L DO CN BO TN TI NGUYN CY THUC

Vi nhiu l do khch quan v ch quan, nh chin tranh, trnh nhn thc ca

con ngi cn b hn ch, k c trong cng tc qun l, nn s pht tri n kinh t nctacn chm, c bit vng rng ni, ni c ngun ti nguyn sinh vt phong ph cnbo tn, thu nhp quc dn tnh theo u ngi thp, dn s li tng. Chng ta phichn cch khai thc ti nguyn mc d ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cn li ch c hn,rng ang b thu hp v b ph hoi nghim trng. Trc yu cu pht trin kinh t, xhi v i sng, chng ta ang phi i mt vi mt mu thun gay gt gia cung vcu, gia vic bo tn v khai thc s dng ngun ti nguyn qu giny.

Vo u th k 20, nc ta c khong 60 % din tch c rng che ph. Trong khongthi gian t nm 1943 n nm 1983 che ph ca rng t nhin gim t 43% xung 33%.

n nm 1995 che ph l 27,5% (trong 12 nm din tch rng b suy gim 1,6 triu ha,


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chim 15% din tch rng t nhin). T l b mt rng cao ch yu tp trung vng ng dnc, vng t thp min Bc v min Nam. T l ny min Trung thp hn. Hin nay ch cnkhong 3% (hoc t hn) rng nhit i cha b xm phm.

Vy ti sao phi phi bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc?. Cc l do chnh phi botn ti nguyn cy thuc bao gm:

Cn bng sinh thi : Cc sinh vt trn tri t sng bnh thng nh cn bngsinh thi lun c duy tr. Hin nay, cn bng ny ang b ph h u v a gy ra nhiuhu qu nghim trng v khng th lng ht c. V d nh nn l lt, hn hn, ximn, vv.

Kinh t: Ti nguyn cy thuc l ngun mu sinh ca nhiu cng ng, nhmngi, k cc cc cng ng pht trin ln cc cng ng ngho.

Bo v tim nng: Cho n nay ch c cha y 5% s loi cy thuc cnghin cu. S cn li chc chn cha mt tim nng ln m hin ti cha c iu kinkhm ph.

o c: Mi sinh vt sng trn tri t c quyn bnh ng ngang nhau. Loingi khng c quyn bt cc sinh vt phi phc v mnh v quyt nh sinh vt noc tn ti. Cc sinh vt phi nng ta vo nhau sng.

Vn ho: Cy thuc v tri thc v thc hnh s dng cy c lm thuc l mt bphn cu thnh cc nn vn ho khc nhau.Bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc l gp phnbo tn cc nn vn ho v bn sc cc dn tc.

4.1.2. CC MI E DO I VI TI NGUYN CY THUC

Ngun ti nguyn cy thuc b e do bi cc nguyn nhn chnh sau:

4.1.2.1. Cc mi e do i vi cy thuc

- Tn ph thm thc vt:

Thm thc vt b tn ph do p lc ca dn s, sinh k v cc hot ng phttrin nh m rng t canh tc, khai thc g, lm ng, xy dng cc cng trnh thuin, vv. Thm thc vt b tn ph dn n tn ph cy thuc cng nh lm mt ni

sng ca chng.

- Khai thc qu mc:

L lng khai thc ln hn lng ti sinh t nhin ca cy thuc. Vic khai thcqu mc ti nguyn cy thuc gy ra bi p lc tng dn s v nhu cu cuc sng ngycng tng, khng nhng cho nhu cu trong nc m cn xut khu. iu ny dn nlng ti nguyn ti sinh khng b p c lng b mt i.

- Lng ph ti nguyn cy thuc:


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L dc liu khai thc khng c s dng ht hoc s dng khng hiu qu. Slng ph ti nguyn cy thuc gy ra bi hot ng thu hi mang tnh cht hu dit, iukin bo qun km, cch s dng lng ph, thiu cc phng tin vn chuyn v thtrng thch hp.

- Nhu cu s dng cy thuc tng ln:

Trong thi k thc dn kiu c, cc nn y hc truyn thng b coi r v chn p.Khi ginh c c lp nhiu nc c chnh sch khuyn khch, khi phc nn y hctruyn thng. iu ny dn n nhu cu s dng cy c tng ln nhiu ni trn thgii. Mt l do khc l con ngi ngy cng nhn thy tnh an ton v ds dng cacy c lm thuc, c bit t nhng nm cui ca th k 20. Do c xu hng quaytr li s dng thuc v cc sn phm c ngun gc t cy c.

- Thay i c cu cy trng:Nhiu vn h gia nh t ai xung quanh cng ng ang b ph i trng

cc loi cy trng cao sn phc v nhu cu pht trin kinh t.

4.1.2.2. Cc mi e do i vi tri thc s dng

- Tri thc s dng cy c lm thuc khng c t liu ho:

Hu ht tri thc s dng cy c lm thuc ca cc cng ng truyn thng ctruyn ming t i ny sang i khc hay t ngi dy ngh sang ngi hc ngh,khng c chi chp c th lu gi lu di.

- S ph v cc ngun thng tin truyn khu truyn thng:

Nhng iu th h tr hc c ngy nay qua sch v, i, ti vi, vv. trong chyu nhn mnh cc tri thc khoa hc. Trong khi cc phng php truyn ngh truynthng ngy cng b mai mt. Mt b phn th h tr khng quan tm n tha k trithc s dng cy c lm thuc t th h trc. iu ny dn n tri thc s dng bmai mt.

- S pht trin ca cc ch phm hin i v tm l coi thng tri thctruyn thng:

iu ny c t thi k thc dn v tip tc c duy tr mt cch v thng quacc phng tin thng tin i chng.

- Xi mn a dng cc nn vn ho.

4.1.3. S THAM GIA TRONG BO TN TI NGUYN CY THUC

Bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc khng th thnh cng nu n ch l cng vic cacc nh khoa hc t nhin. Cng tc bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc cn phi c s tham


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gia ca cc ngnh khc nhau, khng nhng ca cc nh khoa hc, nh qun l, nh kinht m cn cn c s tham gia ca ngi dn (bng 9.4). S tham gia ca ngi dn phil s tham gia tch cc, m khng phi l "i tng nghin cu".

Bng 9.4: S tham gia trong cng tc bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc

TT Nh chuyn mn Hot ng/vai tr1. Chuyn gia v lut php Xy dng c ch php lut c hiu lc v bo m vic thu

hi cy thuc mc bn vng2. Chuyn gia v ngun

gen thc vtnh gi v lp bn bin ng gen cy thuc v duy trngn hng ht cy thuc

3. Chuyn gia v sinh hcht

Hiu bit v yu cu gieo trng v bo qun ht cc loi cythuc khc nhau

4. Chc sc tn gio Khuyn khch lng tn trng i vi thin nhin5. Ngi hnh ngh y hc

c truynCung cp thng tin v s dng v s sn c ca cy thuc

6. Ngi tham gia chindch bo tn

Thuyt phc cng chng v s cn thit ca bo tn cythuc

7. Nh Bo v thc vt Bo v cc cy thuc trng khi b su bnh gy hi mkhng s dng cc ho cht nguy him

8. Nh Dc l hc Nghin cu ng dng cy thuc9. Nh Hoch nh chnh

sch y ta bo tn v s dng ti nguyn cy thuc trong chnhsch v k hoch y t

10. Nh Hoch nh Vn

quc gia

Bo m h thng cc Vn quc gia v Khu bo tn cha

a dng sinh vt cy thuc cao nht11. Nh Kinh t ti nguyn nh gi cc m hnh s dng v gi tr kinh t ca cythuc

12. Nh lm vn Trng trt cy thuc13. Nh Nng hc Pht trin cc k thut trng trt cy thuc14. Nh nhn/to ging cy Nhn gung cc dng cy thuc trng trt15. Nh Phn loi hc Xc nh tn cy thuc mt cch chnh xc16. Nh qun l Vn quc

gia

Bo tn cy thuc trong Vn quc gia v Khu bo tn cah

17. Nh Sinh thi hc Hiu bit cc h sinh thi ni cy thuc mc

18.

Nh Thc vt dn tchc

Xc nh vic s dng cy c lm thuc trong cc x hitruyn thng

4.1.4 CC PHNG PHP BO TN TI NGUYN CY THUC

4.1.4.1. Bo tn nguyn v (in situ)

Bo tn nguyn v l hnh thc bo v cy thuc ni sng t nhin cachng, gi nguyn trng cc mi quan h sinh thi gia cc loi v mi quan hgia cc loi vi mi trng sng v cc nn vn ho. Bo tn nguyn v c th lxy dng cc khu bo tn chnh thc ca nh nc nh cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn


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thin nhin, vv. (bng 9.5) , hay l duy tr cc khu vc c bo v khng chnh thcca cc cng ng nh cc khu vc qui nh ring lu gi cy thuc ca cng ng, cckhu rng nh dnh cho th cng, rng u ngun, vv. hay n gin ch l hot ng thuthp ht cy thuc trng li t nm ny sang nm khc trong t nhin.

Bng 9.5: Mt s vn quc gia v s lng cy thuc c bo v Vit Nam

TT Tn vn quc gia, khu bo tnthin nhin

Din tch(ha)

S loi cy thuc

1 VQG Bch M 22,031 4322 VQG Ba B 7,610 4323 VQG Bn En 38,153 2004 VQG Ct B 15,200 3505 VQG Cn o 19,998 165

6 VQG Cc Phng 22,000 3657 VQG Tam o 5,682 3758 VQG Ct Tin 73,878 310

9 VQG YorDon 58,200 6410 VQG Ba V 6,900 510

Kinh nghim ca cc nh qun l vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin chothy trong bo tn nguyn v, bc quan trng nht l xy dng k hoch qun l, trong xc nh mc tiu ca khu c bo v v ch ra c cch t c mc tiu .

Cc hot ng ch yu trong bo tn nguyn v cy thuc baogm:

o Xy dng chnh sch quc gia v bo tn v s dng cy thuc cc khu vcc bo v.

o nh gi phm vi bao hm cc loi cy thuc trong h thng cc khu vcc bo v trong ton quc. Nu cn thit, cn thit lp thm cc vn qucgian hay khu bo tn mi, nhm bo m tt c cc loi cy thuc trong ncc bo tn.

o Xc nh cc ng c kinh t v x hi thc y s duy tr cc ni sng tnhin v cc loi hoang di.

o Bo m vic bo tn v khai thc cy thuc c kt hp cht ch trong k hoch qun l.

o Trng li cc loi cy thuc b thu hi qu mc vo cc khu vc nguyn snca chng.

Bo tn in situ c im mnh l duy tr c s tin ho ca cc loi, ngun giencng nh s tin ho ca tri thc s dng.

4.1.4.2 . Bo tn chuyn v (ex situ)


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Bo tn chuyn v l di chuyn cy ra khi ni sng t nhin chuyn nch c iu kin tp trung qun l. Bo tn chuyn v c th c thc hin ccvn thc vt, vn su tm, ngn hng ht, nh knh v kho bo qun m trong iukin lnh. Bo tn chuyn v c th bao hm c vic trng trt khng chnh thc ccloi cy hoang di cc vn m, vn gia nh hay vn thc vt ca cng ng.

Kh khn ca bo tn chuyn v l cc mu cy c bo tn c th ch l idin ca mt s dng gen hp trong s rt nhiu dng gen khc nhau ca loi mchoang trong t nhin. Cc loi cy c bo tn chuyn v c th c nguy c b xi mngen v ph thuc vo s chm sc v duy tr ca con ngi. Do , bo tn chuyn vkhng th thay thbo tn nguyn v m ch l phn b sung cho bo tn nguyn v.

Cn u tin bo tn chuyn v i vi cc loi cy thuc c ni sng b phhu hay khng bo m an ton. Cn c s dng nng s lng cc qun th cc

loi cy thuc b suy kithay cc ging b tuyt chng mc a phng trngli vo thin nhin.

Cc hot ng cn thc hin trong bo tn chuyn v bao gm xy dng vnthc vt (Botanic garden) v ngn hng ht (Seed bank), trong c hot ng thu thp,t liu ho, nh gi v duy tr ngun gien cy thuc.

4.1.4.3. Bo tn trn trang tri (on farm)

Bo tn trn trang tri (hay bo tn trn ng rung) l trng trt v qun llin tc s a dng ca cc b qun th cy thuc, c ngi nng dn thc hintrong cc h sinh thi nng nghip, ni cy trng tin ho . Bo tn trn ngrung quan tm n ton b h sinh thi nng nghip, k c cc loi c ch ngay trcmt (nh cc loi cy thuc, trng nng nghip, lm nghip, vv.) cng nh cc loi linquan nh cc loi hoang di, c di c trong hay xung quanh khu vc.

Mun thc hin tt bo tn trn ng rung, cn tr li tt cc cu hi sau y:

o S lng v phn b ca a dng ngun gien c nng dn duy tr theo thigian v khng gian;

o Cc qu trnh c s dng duy tr a dng ngun gien trn ng rung;

o Cc yu t nh hng n vic ra quyt nh duy tr a dng ngun gien canng dn;

o Ngi duy tr ngun gen trn ng rung (nam/n gii, gi/tr, giu/ngho, dntc, vv.?).

4.1.4.4. Cc phng php khc

o Ngn hng gen ng rung(Field Genebank):


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i vi cc loi cy c i sng di nh cc loi cy g, cy bi, vv. cch botn chuyn v tt nht l bo tn ngn hng gen ng rung ti cc cng vin, vnthc vt, tp on cy trng trn ng rung.

o

Ngn hng gen in vitro:Tp on cc vt liu di truyn c bo qun trong mi trng dinh dng

nhn to, iu kin v trng. i tng bo tn in vitro l nhng vt liu sinh sn vtnh, ht phn, DNA, cc vt liu dng nhn nhanh phc v cc chng trnh chnto v nhn ging.

4.2. S DNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG TI NGUYN CY THUC

4.2.1. S DNG BN VNG TI NGUYN CY THUC

S dng bn vng (sustainable use) c ngha l vic khai thc v s dng cchpphn ca DSH theo cch thc v mt mc khng dn ti s suy gim ludi v DSH. Qua , c th duy tr tim nng ca DSH p ng nhng nhu cuv nguyn vng ca cc th h hin ti v tng lai. S dng bn vng c xem l nntng nh hng cho s pht trin bnvng.

Theo T chc Y t Th gii (WHO), ti nguyn cy thuc phi c s dngmt cch bn vng v an ton thng qua cc hot ng:

o C ch lut php, bao gm: (i) nh nc iu ho hot ng thu hi/khai thccy thuc t hoang di, (ii) nghim cm thu hi cc loi cy thuc hoang di

ang b e do (tr vic thu thp vt liu nhn ging vi lng nh, theo cchkhng lm nguy hi n loi cy thuc ), (iii) kim sot hot ng bun bncy thuc v cc sn phm ca chng.

o Nghin cu v pht trin trng cy thuc, bao gm: (i) thit lp cc vn mcy thuc, (ii) ci thin mt nng hc cc loi cy thuc c trng v trng ccloi cy thuc c nhu cu nhng cha c trng trc y, (iii) chn to ccging cy thuc thun chng, c nng sut v cht lng cao, (iv) hn ch sdng thuc ho hc trong trng cy thuc, (v) o to v cung cp thng tin vk thut trng trt cy thuc, c bit l cho cng ng.

o Ci tin k thut thu hi, bo qun v sn xut thuc.

4.2.2. PHT TRIN TI NGUYN CY THUC

4.2.2.1. Trng trt cy thuc

Mc d nhu cu s dng nguyn liu lm thuc rt ln, nhng ch yu ckhai thc t cy hoang di, ch c khong 20% c khai thc t cy thuc trng. Chon nay, vic trng cy thuc ch yu da theo cch canh tc c, v vy m cht lng

dc liu khng n nh v nhiu khi khng t tiu chun. khc phc yu im


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ny, cn trng cy thuc theo quy trnh GAP tiu chun hadc liucho sn xutthuc v s dng.

GAP l ch vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Good Agricultural Practice, ngha l

Thc hnh Trng trt Tt.Vi ni dung , GAP khng ch p dng cho cy thuc mcn cho cy trng ni chung, bao gm cy lng thc, cy rau, cy n qa, vv.

GAP gm hai phn: Phn mm, l b tiu chun v quy trnh trng trt; vphn cng, bo m iu kin thc hin phn mm, bao gm c s vt cht nh nhlm vic, kho cha, cng c sn xut, mt bng lm ni s ch, thc nghim v cc thit

b o c v kim tra cht lng. K c con ngi tham gia cc cng on ni trn cngphi c o to c trnh thc hin ng cc yu cu k thut ca GAP.

i vicy lm thuc , xut pht t yu cu bo m tiu chun cht lng v

tnh n nh ca dc liu, GAP l s tiu chun ha quy trnh trng trt cy thuc .Quy trnh ny c nhiu cng on, mi cng on li c tiu chun ring cho tng loicy c th, bao gm cc tiu chun v mi trng t nhin, iu kin sinh thi, ging,quy trnh canh tc, chm sc, phng tr su bnh, thu hi, x l sau thu hoch n cchng gi v bo qun dc liu.

Ni dung c bn ca GAPbao gm:

- iu kin mi trng t nhin: Cy thuc cng nh cc loi cy trng khc usinh trng v pht trin trong nhng iu kin mi trng thch hp (kh hu, nhsng, a hnh, cht t v nc, m, vv). c bit, mt s loi cy thuc cn c tnha phng v khu vc rt cao.

- Ging cy thuc:Ngoi vic xc nh ng chng loi v ngun gc cy thuc,cn cn tuyn chn loi ging tt nht a vo trng trt. y l m t trong nhngkhu quan trng c dc liu cht lng cao, k c nhng loi c thun ha vtrng lu i.

- Trng trt v chm sc: Ngoi vic xc nh ng thi v trng, cn bao gmnhiu cng on t chun b cy ging (gieo ht, gim hom, vv.) , chun b t, phn

bn v cch bn phn, ti tiu nc, chm sc v qun l ng rung, phng tr su

bnh, vv. Mi cng on li c cc tiu chun ring.


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- Thu hi v s ch: Cn thu hi vo giai on cy c hm lng hot cht caonht; Cch thu hi v dng c thu hi nh th no khng lm gy, lm gip nt dcliu. Cch lm kh nh phi nng, sy, hay phi trong bng rm, vv. bo m chtlng dc liu.

- Cch bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun: Kho cha dc liu ni chung phithong, mt, chng mc, mt v khng lm thay i mu sc, mi v ca dc liu.

- H s ca dc liu: Cn lp h s cho bit r tn dc liu, hm lng hotcht c trong , m, tp cht v cc tiu chun lin quan nh hnh dng, mu sc,mi v

4.2.2.2. Pht trin cy thuc da trn tri thc truyn thng

Trong vi chc nm tr li y, khoa hc k thut hin i pht trin rt nhanhchng thc y s tin b ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc. Qua , Ty y cng c s tin

b vt bc v hu nh chim lnh ton th gii. Nhiu quc gia, ch yu nhngnc pht trin, h thng Ty y ln t v thay th Y Dc hc truyn thng. c

bit, Y hc truyn thng ca cc quc gia ang pht trin phi i mt vi nguy c bmai mt, trong tri thc y hc gia truyn ang ng trc tnh trng b e do lnnht.

Vy phi lm g?:

- iu tra v t liu ha tri thc Y hc gia truyn bn a.

- Gio dc th h tr c thc hc hi, tip thu kinh nghim t cc th h trc,bit coi trng nhng iu m chng hc c khng ch nh trng m c gianh v cng ng.

- Tng bc hin i ha thuc gia truyn ca cc dn tc thiu s cho ph hpvi xu th ca thi i. Thu hp khong cch gia Ty y v ng y ni chung,lm sao thuc gia truyn tin s dng, c hiu qu, d tm kim khi cn,nhng vn gi c bn sc dn tc, ph hp vi truyn thng v kh nng kinht ca cng ng.

-

Chia s li ch c c t khai thc v pht trin dc phm t cy c da trntri thc truyn thng mt cch hp l v cng bng.

Hin nay, ngun ti nguyn di truyn v tri thc truyn thng (c bit i vicy thuc) ang b ngi ngoi cng ng khai thc sinh li, nhng ngun li ny likhng c chia s mt cch cng bng v hp l, thm ch bn cung cp ti nguyn(ch yu l ngi dn) cn b ng ngoi cuc. Mc d cc b lut v quyn s hu trtu c xy dng v thc hin nghim ngt nhiu lnh vc, nhiu quc gia, hincha c khung php l trong s hu tri thc truyn thng v cy c lm thuc. Vn

vn ang ctranh lun khng nhng trong nc m cn trong khu vc v quc t,


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gia cc nc cng nghip pht trin v cc nc ang pht trin, ngay nh quyn shu thuc c nhn, gia nh, cng ng, quc gia hay ton th gii?.

Mc d vy, trong thc t ti cng ng, hu ht nhng ngi nm gi tri thc

s dng cy c lm thuc c cuc sng, nim tin v mt phn hay tt c ngun thu nhpkinh t ph thuc vo tri thc v kinh nghim ca h. V vy, cn phi gi b mt v trithc v kinh nghim ca c nhnhay ca cng ng v quan tm n chia s li ch mtcch hp l v cng bng. Trong khi vn cn tranh ci v ch i h thng lut php,cn lu n vn da trn nn tng o c.

CU HI N TP

1 Trnh by khi nim ti nguyn cy thuc

2 Phn tch c im ca ti nguyn cy thuc

3 Trnh by s khc nhau gia cy thuc v cy trng nng nghip4 Trnh by 4 gi tr ca ti nguyn cy thuc

5 Trnh by ti nguyn cy thuc trn th gii

6 Phn tch iu kin dn n s phong ph v ti nguyn cy thuc VitNam

7 Trnh by ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam (v h thc vt v cy thuc, trithc s dng)

8 Trnh by tnh trng khai thc ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam

9 Trnh by tnh hnh pht trin ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam10 Trnh by cc l do phi bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc

11 Phn tch cc mi e do i vi ti nguyn cy thuc

12 Phn tch s tham gia trong cng tc bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc

13 Trnh by phng php bo tn nguyn v (in situ), chuyn v (ex situ) vtrn ng rung (on farm) ti nguyn cy thuc

14 Trnh by khi nim v cc hot ng s dng bn vng ti nguyn cythuc

15 Trnh by ni dung c bn ca GAP16 Cho bit kin c nhn v cc hot ng cn thit chia s li ch mt

cch cng bngv hp l khi pht trin cy c lm thuc da trn tri thctruyn thng.

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