例谈高考文本阅读中语篇解读能力的训练与培养

福建省三明市第二中学 黄慧莲2019.3.27

一. 概念界定

二. 作用说明

四. 2019年考纲要求

五. 策略探究

目录

六. 备考建议三. 教学提示

一. 概念界定

1.什么是语篇？

语篇是表达意义的语言单位，包括

口头语篇和书面语篇，是人们运用

语言的常见形式。就其长度而言，

较短的语篇可以是一句话甚至一个

单词，而较长的语篇可以是一本书

甚至几本书。

““

Where are the speakers?

A. In a theater B. In a stadium. C. In a garden

W: Do you think we'll be able to see the game clearly?M: Don't worry. There's a good view from all of the seats.

案例说明1

How long will it take to get to the airport? A. One hour. B. 45 minutes. C. 30 minutes.

W: We should've left 30 minutes earlier! Traffic is awful! We are going to miss our flight!M: We need an extra hour to get there! We aren't even halfway to the airport. Plus, we need to check in and go through security, which will take at least 45 minutes.

18-19学年高三上半期考听力第3题

案例说明2

2.什么是语篇知识？

语篇知识就是关于语篇是如何构成、

语篇是如何表达意义以及人们在交

流过程中如何识别语篇中各要素之

间存在复杂的关系，如句与句、段

与段、标题与正文、文字与图表之

间的关系。

““

Supper clubs are a mixture of a restaurant and a dinner party — you go to a strangerˈs house and he/she cooks dinner for you. Like a restaurant, you pay for your food, but like a dinner party, you eat at the same table as other people. They are advertised through social-networking sites with a menu and little information about where the supper club is until just before the meal. (18-19学年第一学期高三周考阅读理解B篇）

What does the underlined word “They” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Dinner parties. B. Fresh ingredients.C. Supper clubs. D. Invitations to dinner.

案例说明

3.什么是语篇中的微观和宏观组织结构？

句子内部的语法结构、词语搭配、指代关系、句子的信息展开方式等，属于语篇的微观组织结构。语篇中段与段的关系以及语篇各部分与语篇主之间的关系，则属于语篇的宏观组织结构。语篇宏观组织结构还包括语篇类型、语篇格式等。

““

二. 作用说明

着重强调在文本阅读中

语篇知识有助于语言使用者有效理

解读到的语篇，比如，关于语篇中

的立论句、段落主题句、话语标记

语的知识可以帮助读者把握文章的

脉络，从而提高阅读效果。

““

三. 教学提示

语言学习者主要是在真实且相对完整的语篇中

接触、理解、学习和使用语言，因此语言学习

不应以孤立的单词成句子为单位，而应以语篇

为单位进行。教师应该有意识地渗透有关语篇

的基本知识，帮助学生形成语篇意识，把握语

篇的结构特征，从而提高理解语篇意义的能力。

同时，教师要引导学生充分利用语篇知识有效

地获取和传递信息，表达观点和态度，达到运

用语言与他人沟通和交流的目的。

““

四. 2019考纲要求

1.对比2018年的变化

除个别措辞及作文范例以外，变动极少。但是，2019版《高考文科试题分析》有明显的措辞变化，“阅读部分要求学生读懂选自英语原版书籍、报纸和杂志（含网络版）的关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。文体包括记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文等。”

““

2.考查目标

考查学生英语的实际使用能力，充

分体现英语学科素养，及课标的要

求，使学生具有理想信念，社会责

任感，文化素养和沟通合作能力。

““

阅读要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。具体考察能力的范围包括:理解主旨要义;理解文中具体信息;根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;作出判断和推理;理解文章的基本结构;理解作者的意图，观点和态度.题材的选择应该是贴近生活，时代性强，话题，涵盖人与自然，人与社会，人与自我的和谐三大主题思想. 7选5题型，旨在考查学生分析问题，处理信息及逻辑推理的能力，考察方向，应是说明文为主。而完形题空则是以夹叙夹议的语篇类型为主,旨在弘扬真善美的价值观.

““3.具体指向

五. 策略探究

1.注意微词的理解

阅读理解中的微词也可以称为逻辑

词汇，主要包括连词，关系词和人

称代词及指示代词。它们通常都是

设题的重点方向。

““

In other words, the very people building these glowing devices have become increasingly terrified of them.A. The very people B. Glowing devices.C. Their nannies. D. Most parents.(上学期期末统考D篇)

干扰项为C.段末的句子 And it has put their nannies in a strange position.误导了学生,使其未能立足于语篇知识来理解出题意图.

案例说明1

They repeated the experiment with recordings of Maasai men and women. Since woman almost never spear elephants, the animals reacted less defensively to their voice. The same thing happened when they substituted young boy's voices. ...What does the underlined word “substituted” mean?A. distinguished B. repeated C. used D. compared

在本段语篇的理解中,许多学生把题目所处句中的they理解错成了大象而非实验人员于是就选了A.

案例说明2

2.注意不同文体的语篇特性及难点

常见的五大体裁:

应用文,议论文,说明文,

记叙文,文学作品选段.

““

Below are descriptions of three of U.S. colleges and universities with strong offerings in business.Bentley College Waltham, MassachusettsBentley offers its 4,000 undergraduates a top-flight business education and an equally strong liberal-arts program that leaves them well-prepared to join the ranks of future business leaders. The college occupies a scenic campus only a shuttle-bus ride from Boston’s Harvard Square. More than 90 percent of students seek career-oriented internships（实习）.（龙岩市2018届高三上期末质检卷A篇）

应用文：

信息集中，专业术语较多，但解题难度不大。得分率较高。What does Bentley College do for its students?

案例说明1

Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasons for example, economic (经济的) reasons-why they should be preserved. So, let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?

议论文：

结构脉络清晰, 连接词的使用频繁而关键.推理判断和观点态度题往往是难点,切忌以自己的立场代替文中的立场.

案例说明2

Of many health risks to noise, hearing loss is The other

risks are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases probability of disease and infection. The people more likely to be affected may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that causes annoyance and irritability in health persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body. (18-19学年高三上半期考)

说明文；（长难句较多，复杂结构出现频繁）

案例说明3

Dan's generosity received a great deal of attention, and contributions started pouring in to the website. The family soon exceeded their fund-raising goal. They've promised to give the extra funds, about $17, 000, to the charity, which ....(泉州卷B)25. What does the underlined word “exceeded” mean?A. went beyond B. brought up C. achieved D. set

记叙文：情节紧凑,句式相对简单.但是做题时容易出现失误.主要原因在于把握不住细节信息和把握不住相关要点.

建议:提醒学生要通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意.

案例说明4

Now, he had to look right into his heart. And he found out that the small tree had already become so big that his heart was full of it. He couldn't ignore it anymore.

(18-19学年高三上半期考D篇)

文学作品选段：（用词地道，言简意赅，尤其注重上下文语境的呼应，对故事情节的发展理解要求较高）

案例说明5

长难句分析，主被动的转换等。

每期精讲一片文章，以D篇为主。

3.注意语法功能在语篇理解中的运用

Boomeranges:They are the unusual people who have failed to live up to the idea of success our society has forced down their throats. They are the ones finally doubting our long-held beliefs that materials gain, self-reliance, and that important guiding principle--freedom--are what determine our sense of worth and give us purpose.

帮助学生学会正确划分句子成分，尤其是能准确判断从句、定语和状语部分，将句子化繁为简, 最终剥离出所需的信息并进行处理。

案例说明

To confirm the object located by the radar was P-38 plane, they used a thermal probe to cut a hole through the ice to a depth of 340 feet. Upon bringing it back, they found something red covering the probe that proved to be a kind of liquid used in this type of aircraft.How did the engineers confirm the object's identity?

正选项 by checking the material obtained.干扰项 by taking advantage of the radar.

帮助学生学会正确划分句子成分，尤其是能准确判断从句、定语和状语部分，将句子化繁为简, 最终剥离出所需的信息并进行处理。

案例说明

4.注意语境理解与语篇产出之间的关系

在完形填空类型的文本中尽量做到将语料场景话.

细读语料划分场景各个击破有机联系

““

One afternoon I was sitting at my favorite table in a restaurant, waiting for the food I had ordered to arrive. Suddenly I _1 that a man sitting at a table near the window kept glancing in my direction, 2 he knew me. The man had a newspaper 3 in front of him, which he was 4 to read, but I could _5 that he was keeping an eye on me. When the waiter brought my 6, the man was clearly puzzled(困惑) by the _7 way in which the waiter and I 8 each other. He seemed even more puzzled as 9 went on and it became 10 that all the waiters in the restaurant knew me. Finally he got up and went into the 11 . When he came out, he paid his bill and 12 without another a glance in my direction.

案例说明

I called the owner of the restaurant and asked what the man had 13. “Well, ” he said, “That man was a detective(侦探). He 14 you here because he thought you were the man he 15 ” “What ?” I said, showing my 16 . The owner continued, “He came into the kitchen and showed me a photo of the wanted man. I 17 say he looked very much like you! Of course since we know you, we told him that he had made a 18 ”. “Well, it’s really 19 I came to a restaurant where I’m known, ”I said “ 20 , I might have been in trouble.

案例说明

六. 策略探究

主要指的是布局及承接关系（以七选五为例）

思维导图训练法（多角度分析布局特点，了解文章叙述方式）,主要包含以下几个角度:

故事发展顺序

人物角色分类

体现观点陈述

5.注意语篇中的信息组织方式

Module2 Unit5 Music

按事件发展顺序

Module 3 Unit 2 Healthy Eating

按事件发展顺序

Module4 Unit4 Body Language

按人物关系发展顺序

Module4 Unit4 Body Language

体现观点陈述

百度搜索:幕布网页版

新建文档编辑

转换成思维导图并下载

六. 备考建议

1.指导学生梳理阅读的答题技巧，总结规律，

尤其是主旨大意及作者观点态度题，此类型题

目是易错点。

2.回归教材注重基础，至少做完近三年的全国

卷，做到心中对题型，对难度，对方向有数。

3.在二轮三轮复习中，一定要注重夯实基础知

识，不要盲目赶进度，盲目刷题，一定要做到

随时调整复习计划和进度，有针对性备考。

““

感谢您的聆听，让我们

一起期待六月的收获！