Unit 3 Science versus nature

Grammar and usage

Part 1

Verb-ed form as an

adjective or adverb

• …that not only is the amount of water taken from the river rising,but the waste being put back into the river has also been increasing.

endangered animals

untreated gases

1. attribute( 定语 )

• The lost child was found at last.

• The child lost in the park was found at last.

单独及物动词的过去分词一般置于被修饰名词__，而过去分词短语则要位于名词之 __前

后

1 ） A single verb-ed can appear before a noun modifying the noun like an adjective. It can be changed into an attributive clause.

We should drink boiled water.We should drink water which has been boiled.

They took the woman who was injured to the nearby hospital at once.They took the injured woman to the nearby hospital at once.

• Scientific experiments carried out by the students without a teacher can be dangerous. _______________________________________________

Scientific experiments which are carried out by the students without a teacher can be dangerous.

The ground is covered with fallen leaves when autumn wind blows.

_________

The ground is covered with leaves which are fallen when autumn wind blows. ×

Find out the differences

which have fallen

the escaped criminal 　逃犯

past

the developed countries 　发达国家 past

a widely used language passive

the retired scientist

past

the highly praised scientist

passivefallen leaves 落叶 past

the risen sun 　升起的太阳 past

the exploited classes 被剥削阶级 passive及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义 .

不及物动词的过去分词只表示 完成意义

.fallen leaves

falling leaves

the sun

the suna countrya country

risen

rising

developed

developing

Compae the phrases

2) A verb-ed phrase can appear after a noun to modify the noun like an attributive clause does.The name mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.The name which was mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire.The firemen were trying to rescue the people who were trapped in the fire.

Scientific experiments which are carried out by students without the teacher’s instructions can be dangerous.Scientific experiments carried out

by……

_______ yesterday

The meeting ___________ now

__________ tomorrow

is of great importance. (hold)

held

being held

to be held

3) A verb-ed can also be used as a non-restrictive attribute ( 非限定性定语 ) which is separated from the noun it modifies by a comma( 逗号 ).The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

The books, which were written by Lu Xun,

are popular with many Chinese people.The meeting, which was attended by one thousand students, was a success. The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

4) A verb-ed can be part of a compound( 复合词 ) with an adverb or a noun before it.

a so-called professor

homemade pizza

a well-accepted ideaa highly-respected professora well-paid job

一个所谓的教授

自制的比萨饼

广泛接受的想法

极受尊重的教授

报酬颇丰的工作

handmade furniture 手工制作的家具

n.+v~ed

adv.+v~ed

Find out the verb-eds and tell the similarities.

Edison became interested in science when he was very young.

The little boy was very excited when he heard that he could go to the party.

__________

________

Conclusion: A verb-ed can be used as predicative. It can be put after some link-verbs ( 系动词 ) such as: be, seem, appear, look, sound ,feel, remain, stay, become…

• The shop is closed now.

• The window is broken.

• The room is deserted.

• It’s usually closed at 8 o’clock.

• It was broken by Tim.

• She has been deserted by her husband.

被动结构 ( 表示动作 )

be+ 表语结构 ( 表示状态 )

Find out the similarities

1. As he knows very little English, he finds it difficult to make himself understood.

2. I had my house painted yesterday

_______________

_________

Conclusion: A verb-ed can be used as object complement expressingexpresses passive meanings after the words:see, hear, notice, watch/ get, have, feel, make, leave/ keep , find

• I saw Mary _______ (dance) in the gym yesterday.

• I saw Mary ________ (dance) in the gym at that time.

• I saw Mary _______ (praise) by her teacher in the classroom.

• Mary was seen _______ (praise) by her teacher in the classroom.

• He watched the bed ______ (carry )out of the door.

dance

dancing

praised

praised

1)feel/hear/notice/see/watch+sb/sth+ done

carried

•Keep your mouth _____ (shut) and your eyes open.

•They had the machine _______ (run) all the night.

•Every year, the landlord had the slaves ________ (pick) cottons.

•The manager told the workers to have the wall __________(paint) before the weekend.

running

pick

painted

2)get/have/make/keep/leave+sb/sth+done

shut

3)want/wish/like/order+sb/sth+(to be) done

• She _____________________________ ( 不希望天黑后女儿被带出门 )after dark.

• We all wished the problem ________( 得到解决 ).

didn’t want her daughter taken out

settled

4) with +sth.+ doneHe sat with his arms clasped round his knees.All afternoon he worked with the door locked.

Change the sentences and find out the similarities

1. The girl lay lost in thought in bed.

2. The boy sat buried in his homework at the table

The girl lay in bed and was lost in thought

The boy sat at the table and was buried in his homework

状态动词如 sit, stand, remain, lie, leave 等后接 ved 表两个动作同时发生．

The match girl lay ________ ( 被冻僵了 ) at the street corner .

=The match girl lay at the street corner and was frozen

frozen

She lay ________ (trap) under the building.trapped

Answers to Part A

(1)Disappointed (2)puzzled (3)excited(4)Thrilled (5)interested (6)bored

Answers to Part B2.The problems created by cloning will soon be clear.3.We don’t want beasts produced by scientists to replace us one day.

4.The technology used is amazing.

5.The only thing needed is a cell from your old pet.

1. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. （’ 04 上海）A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded

2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M. （’ 04 浙江）A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known

3. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa. (’90NMET)

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited

4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers ____ by her mother. (’93 上海 )A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought

5. Don’t use words, expressions or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge. (’93 上海 )

A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known

6. The computer center,_____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. ( ’93NMET)

A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened

7. Cleaning women in big cities get _____ by the hour. (’98NMET)

A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay

8. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends. (2001NMET)

A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ___ as the plane was making a landing. （’ 05 上海春招）

A.seat  B. seating  C. seated   D. to be seating

11. I was very ____ to find all the tickets had been sold out when I got there.

A.disappoint B. to disappoint C. disappointing D. disappointed

The past participle

used as adverbial

2. Asked about the matter, she kept silent.

1. Once published , his work became famous.

Once it was published ...

When she was asked about the matter…

His work was published.

She was asked…

1.Tired after the trip, he soon fell asleep.2.Given more time, I would have worked

out the problem.3.Lost in thought, he almost ran into a

car.4.The teacher came in, followed by

some students.5.Seen from the hill, the city looks like a

garden.

原因状语

原因状语条件状语

伴随状语

时间状语

过去分词作状语

过去分词短语作状语，可表示 ____ 、____ 、 _____ 、 _____ 等，相当于一个 _____ 从句。它与主句主语是被动关系，表示完成或被动的动作。

状语原因

时间条件 伴随

㈠ 表示时间1. Seen from the hill , the park looks very

beautiful .

= When the park is seen from the hill…

2. When heated , water can be changed into steam .

= When it is heated…

1.When _____, the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completingC. being completed D. to be completed when the museum is completed,…2. ___ many times, the problems were settled at last. A. Discussing B. Being discussed

C. After discussing D. Discussed

㈡ 表示条件Kept in the refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.

= If they are kept in the refrigerator …

• Given another chance, he will do better.

• If he is given another chance,…

• If heated, water can be turned into steam.

• If water is heated,…

1. _____ more attention, the trees could

have grown better. A. To give B. Given C. Giving D. Having given

2. Unless ____ to speak , you should remain silent at the conference . A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited

㈢ 表示原因•Deeply moved by the story, the children

began to cry.

=As they were deeply moved by the story…

Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.

=Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.

Greatly surprised ， he couldn’t say a word.=As he was greatly surprised ， he couldn’t say a word.

1. _______ black and blue, the lady 1. _______ black and blue, the lady couldn’t move.couldn’t move. AA ．． BeatenBeaten BB ．． BeatingBeating CC ．． To be beaten DTo be beaten D ．． To beatTo beat 2. ______ into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling. A. Being born B. To be born C. Born D. Be born

（四）表示伴随情况 ,相当于 and 引起的 并列分句

1. She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.= She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.

= She sat by the window, and was lost in thought.

2. She sat by the window, lost in thought.

• Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.

1.___ in white, she looks much more beautiful. A. Wearing B. Dressing C. Dressed D. Having dressed

2. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, ____. A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted

＝ Although he was much tired …

（五） 表示让步1. Beaten by the enemy, he refused to let out the secret.

=Although he was beaten by the enemy…

2. Much tired, he still kept on working.

( 六 )表示结果 ,相当于 and 引起的并列分句

The boy did not obey the school rules, published by the teacher.

= The boy did not obey the school rules, and was published by the teacher.

( 七 )独立主格结构：名词（代词） +分词

1. Her glasses broken, she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. （原因）

2.Too much time given, he would do it

better.

=As her glasses were broken…

=If too much time was given…

（条件）

1. His mother being ill, he had to stay at home to look after her.

2. The sun setting, they went home.

比较：

= As his mother was ill…

= When the sun set…

Used for a long time, the book looks old.

Using the book, I find it useful.

He came into the classroom, followed by some students.He came into the classroom, following some students.

1. Though invited, but they didn’t attend the party.

3. Working hard, and you’ll succeed.

分词与主句间不能用连词 but, so, and, or

2. Well known for his expert advice, so he was able to help many people with their personal affairs.

Correct the sentences

过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。

Seen from the space, the earth looks blue.

When (it is ) seen from space, the earth looks blue.

Although (he was) beaten by the enemy, he refused to let out the secret.

Beaten by the enemy, he refused to let out the secret.

被用作介词或连词的分词： supposing providing/provided given 假设 , 假如 , 设想 according to 按照 considering 认为 judging by/from concerning regarding 关于

Supposing he won’t pass the exam, what should he do ?Many people including the old go to work without any pay on Saturday.According to his report, the situation is getting serious.

21. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A . Given B . To give

C . Giving D . Having given22. Climbing mountains was ____, so we all felt

____. A. tiring ; tired B. tired ; tiring C. tiring ; tiring D. tired ; tired23. The ____ morning, the father came into the

lonely house , ____ by his naughty boy . A. following ; following B. followed ;

followed C. following ; followed D. followed ; following

24. ____ these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing.

____ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent.

A. Seeing ; seen B. Seen ; seeing C. Seeing ; seeing D. Seen ; seen25. Mrs White was glad to see the nurse ____ afte

r her son and her daughter and was also pleased to see children well ____ care of in the nursery.

A. looked ; taken B. looking ; taken C. looked ; took D. looking ; taking

26. I was fortunate to pick up a wallet ____ on the ground on the way home, but unfortunately for me, I found my colour TV set ____ when I got home. A. lying; stolen B. laying; stealing C. lay; stolen D. lying; stealing27. ____ better attention , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and ____ them light. A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; giving

28. ____ his head high , the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting ____ then . A. Holding ; being held B. Held ; holding C. Having held ; held D. Held ; to be held29. ____ he still could not understand it. A. Told many times B. Having been telling many timesC. He has been told many times D. Since he had been told many times30. On hearing the ____ news, I was too ____ to sleep. A. exciting ; excited B. excited ; exciting C. exciting ; exciting D. excited ; excited