가천대학교 도시계획학과 김재철 - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/gachon/kimjaecheol/... · 2016-09-09 · 2 Origin of the New Urbanism “New Urban” thought

가천대학교 도시계획학과

김재철

2015. 5. 12

1

2

Origin of the New Urbanism “New Urban” thought in the late 1960s

• Began as a response to the problems resulting from modernist, auto-

oriented development since the late 1960s

• Disinvestment in inner cities, urban sprawl, increasing segregation by

race and income, deterioration of the environment, loss of agricultural

lands and wilderness, and erosion of built heritage

- from the Preamble in “Charter of the New urbanism” -

3


Urban Sprawl

4


Disinvestment in inner cities

5


Congestion

6


White Flight in 1960s

7


Jane Jacobs (1961), “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”

Oscar Newman (1972), “Defensible Space”

Jan Gehl (1971), “Life between Buildings”

Christopher Alexander (1977), “A Pattern Language”

Donald Appleyard (1980), “Livable Streets”

William H. Whyte (1980), “The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces”

…

• Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND)

Developed by Andes Duany & Elizabath Plater-

Zyberk

Developed based on Seaside Project

Emphasizes community building through

attractively framed public spaces and streets

Called as West New Urbanism

8

Origin of the New Urbanism Development of TND & TOD Concepts in 1980s~1990s

• Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Developed by Peter Calthorpe

Focused on environmental benefits of

clustering activities around transit stations

Exemplary project: Laguna West, CA (1991)

Called as East New Urbanism

9

Origin of the New Urbanism Development of TND & TOD Concepts in 1980s~1990s

10

Origin of the New Urbanism Formal coining of the concept “New Urbanism”

• Ahwahnee Principles in 1991

8 architects including Andres Duany and Peter Calthorpe

participated in developing the principles

(Peter Calthorpe,Michael Corbett, Andres Duany, Elizabeth Moule, Elizabeth Plater-

Zyberk and Stefanos Polyzoides, with editors Peter Katz, Judy Corbett and Steve

Weissman.)

Composed of 15 community principles, 4 regional principles, and 4

implementation strategies

11


• Ahwahnee Principles: Community Principles

1. All planning should be in the form of complete and integrated communities containing housing, shops, work places, schools,

parks and civic facilities essential to the daily life of the residents.

2. Community size should be designed so that housing, jobs, daily needs and other activities are within easy walking distance of

each other.

3. As many activities as possible should be located within easy walking distance of transit stops.

4. A community should contain a diversity of housing types to enable citizens from a wide range of economic levels and age

groups to live within its boundaries.

5. Businesses within the community should provide a range of job types for the community’s residents.

6. The location and character of the community should be consistent with a larger transit network.

7. The community should have a center focus that combines commercial, civic, cultural and recreational uses.

8. The community should contain an ample supply of specialized open space in the form of squares, greens and parks whose

frequent use is encouraged through placement and design.

9. Public spaces should be designed to encourage the attention and presence of people at all hours of the day and night.

10. Each community or cluster of communities should have a well-defined edge, such as agricultural greenbelts or wildlife corridors,

permanently protected from development.

11. Streets, pedestrian paths and bike paths should contribute to a system of fully-connected and interesting routes to all

destinations. Their design should encourage pedestrian and bicycle use by being small and spatially defined by buildings, trees

and lighting; and by discouraging high speed traffic.

12. Wherever possible, the natural terrain, drainage and vegetation of the community should be preserved with superior examples

contained within parks or greenbelts.

13. The community design should help conserve resources and minimize waste.

14. Communities should provide for the efficient use of water through the use of natural drainage, drought tolerant landscaping and

recycling.

15. The street orientation, the placement of buildings and the use of shading should contribute to the energy efficiency of the

community.

12


• Ahwahnee Principles: Regional Principles & Implementation Strategies

Regional Principles 1. The regional land-use planning structure should be integrated within a larger transportation network built around

transit rather than freeways.

2. Regions should be bounded by and provide a continuous system of greenbelt/wildlife corridors to be determined by

natural conditions.

3. Regional institutions and services (government, stadiums, museums, etc.) should be located in the urban core.

4. Materials and methods of construction should be specific to the region, exhibiting a continuity of history and culture

and compatibility with the climate to encourage the development of local character and community identity.

Implementation Principles 1. The general plan should be updated to incorporate the above principles.

2. Rather than allowing developer-initiated, piecemeal development, local governments should take charge of the

planning process. General plans should designate where new growth, infill or redevelopment will be allowed to

occur.

3. Prior to any development, a specific plan should be prepared based on these planning principles.

4. Plans should be developed through an open process and participants in the process should be provided visual

models of all planning proposals

• The Charter of New Urbanism in 1996

Foundation of the Congress for the New Urbanism in 1993

– 170 people in 1993 more than 3,000 people in 2010

Adopted the Charter of New Urbanism in 1996 as their

written consensus in 1996

Composed of 27 principles

in three different scales

13


14


• The Charter of New Urbanism: The Region: Metropolis, City, and Town

1. Metropolitan regions are finite places with geographic boundaries derived from topography, watersheds, coastlines,

farmlands, regional parks, and river basins. The metropolis is made of multiple centers that are cities, towns, and villages,

each with its own identifiable center and edges.

2. The metropolitan region is a fundamental economic unit of the contemporary world. Governmental cooperation, public

policy, physical planning, and economic strategies must reflect this new reality.

3. The metropolis has a necessary and fragile relationship to its agrarian hinterland and natural landscapes. The

relationship is environmental, economic, and cultural. Farmland and nature are as important to the metropolis as the

garden is to the house.

4. Development patterns should not blur or eradicate the edges of the metropolis. Infill development within existing urban areas

conserves environmental resources, economic investment, and social fabric, while reclaiming marginal and abandoned areas.

Metropolitan regions should develop strategies to encourage such infill development over peripheral expansion.

5. Where appropriate, new development contiguous to urban boundaries should be organized as neighborhoods and districts

and should be integrated with the existing urban pattern. Noncontiguous development should be organized as towns and

villages with their own urban edges and should be planned for a jobs-housing balance, not as bedroom suburbs.

6. The development and redevelopment of towns and cities should respect historical patterns, precedents, and

boundaries.

7. Cities and towns should bring into proximity a broad spectrum of public and private uses to support a regional

economy that benefits people of all incomes. Affordable housing should be distributed throughout the region to match job

opportunities and to avoid concentrations of poverty.

8. The physical organization of the region should be supported by a framework of transportation alternatives. Transit,

pedestrian, and bicycle systems should maximize access and mobility throughout the region while reducing dependence

on the automobile.

9. Revenues and resources can be shared more cooperatively among the municipalities and centers within regions to

avoid destructive competition for tax base and to promote rational coordination of transportation, recreation, public

services, housing, and community institutions.

15


• The Charter of New Urbanism: The Neighborhood, the District, and the Corridor

1. The neighborhood, the district, and the corridor are the essential elements of development and redevelopment in the

metropolis. They form identifiable areas that encourage citizens to take responsibility for their maintenance and evolution.

2. Neighborhoods should be compact, pedestrian friendly, and mixed use. Districts generally emphasize a special single use

and should follow the principles of neighborhood design when possible. Corridors are regional connectors of

neighborhoods and districts; they range from boulevards and rail lines to rivers and parkways.

3. Many activities of daily living should occur within walking distance, allowing independence to those who do not drive,

especially the elderly and the young. Interconnected networks of streets should be designed to encourage walking,

reduce the number and length of automobile trips, and conserve energy.

4. Within neighborhoods, a broad range of housing types and price levels can bring people of diverse ages, races, and

incomes into daily interaction, strengthening the personal and civic bonds essential to an authentic community.

5. Transit corridors, when properly planned and coordinated, can help organize metropolitan structure and revitalize urban

centers. In contrast, highway corridors should not displace investment from existing centers.

6. Appropriate building densities and land uses should be within walking distance of transit stops, permitting public transit to

become a viable alternative to the automobile.

7. Concentrations of civic, institutional, and commercial activity should be embedded in neighborhoods and districts, not

isolated in remote, single-use complexes. Schools should be sized and located to enable children to walk or bicycle to

them.

8. The economic health and harmonious evolution of neighborhoods, districts, and corridors can be improved through

graphic urban design codes that serve as predictable guides for change.

9. A range of parks, from tot-lots and village greens to ball fields and community gardens, should be distributed within

neighborhoods. Conservation areas and open lands should be used to define and connect different neighborhoods and

districts.

16


• The Charter of New Urbanism: The Block, the Street, and the Building

1. A primary task of all urban architecture and landscape design is the physical definition of streets and public spaces

as places of shared use.

2. Individual architectural projects should be seamlessly linked to their surroundings. This issue transcends style.

3. The revitalization of urban places depends on safety and security. The design of streets and buildings should reinforce

safe environments but not at the expense of accessibility and openness.

4. In the contemporary metropolis, development must adequately accommodate automobiles. It should do so in ways

that respect the pedestrian and the form of public space.

5. Streets and squares should be safe, comfortable, and interesting to the pedestrian. Properly configured, they

encourage walking and enable neighbors to know each other and protect their communities.

6. Architecture and landscape design should grow from local climate, topography, history, and building practice.

7. Civic buildings and public gathering places require important sites to reinforce community identity and the culture of

democracy. They deserve distinctive form, because their role is different from that of other buildings and places that

constitute the fabric of the city.

8. All buildings should provide their inhabitants with a clear sense of location, weather, and time. Natural methods of

heating and cooling can be more resource efficient than mechanical systems.

9. Preservation and renewal of historic buildings, districts, and landscapes affirm the continuity and evolution of urban

society.

17


18

Practice of the New Urbanism Early Prototypes

• Seaside, FL (1980~ )

Duany & Plater-Zyberk

80 acres (570 m x 570 m)

Compact, pedestrian-friendly, mixed uses community

Graphic building codes reflecting southern vernacular building practice

19



20




21

• Kentlands, MD (1988 ~ )

Andres Duany

352 acres (1200 m x 1200 m)

Real mixed uses community for residents


22

• Laguna West, CA (1991 ~ )

Peter Calthorpe

The 1st Transit-Oriented Development

1,000 acres (2km x 2km)

23

Practice of the New Urbanism Recent Prototypes: CNU Charter Awards Projects

• 147 projects were awarded until 2009 (e.g., Glenwood Park, Atlanta)

24

Practice of the New Urbanism Recent Practice

25

Practice of the New Urbanism Criticism of New Urbanism

• Its conflicts with existing regulations

• Issues of regional impacts

• Affordability

• Limitations of physical planning

• Development “project” focus

• Lack of flexibility

• Limited applicability to developed towns and cities

26

Practice of the New Urbanism New Urbanists’ Responses to the Criticism

• Smart-Code

• Transect Plan

• Hope VI

• Sprawl Repair

• Agrarian Urbanism

• …

27

Practice of the New Urbanism New Urbanists’ Responses to the Criticism

28

감사합니다~

New Urbanism

INDEX 소개

예시

비판

1 - 소개-

소개

뉴어바니즘

무분별한 도시의 팽창, 난개발 등에 문제의식을

가진 미국 건축가들이 시작한 도시개발운동

기존 도심 및 타운의 복원

팽창하는 교외 재구성

자연환경 보전

소개

시작

1. 스프롤(sprawl)현상/시가지 확장

2. 환경문제를 포함 여러 문제 대두

3. 1991년 아와니 원칙(Ahwahnee Principles) 수립

4. 1993년 뉴어바니즘협회 조직

5. 1996년 뉴어바니즘헌장 채택

소개

설계의 기본원칙

Walkability

Connectivity

Mixed-Used & Diversity

Mixed Housing

Quality Architecture & Urban Design

Traditional Neighborhood Structure

Increased Density

Smart Transportation

Sustainability

Quality of Life

소개

주요 구성기법

• TND (Traditional Neighborhood Development)

• TOD (Transit Oriented Development)

• (MUD (Mixed Use Development))

소개

TND

Traditional Neighborhood Development

2차 세계대전 이전의 전통적인 근린에 근거하여 개발하는 방

법

전통도시에서 볼 수 있는 긴밀하게 연결된 도시조직

소개

TOD

Transit Oriented Development

대중교통 지향적인 개발

대중교통수단의 이용과 에너지 효율적인 이용

2 - 예시-

예시

Seaside

• 80acre의 공지

• 뉴어바니즘 적용

• 하얀색 울타리

• 후에 휴양도시로 변함

예시

• 워싱턴 D.C. 근처

• 356are의 면적

• 전통적 주거지역의 특색 살림

• TOD적용/대중교통 부족

Kentlands

예시

도시재생

• 교통차량중심에서 보행중심으로

• 토지이용-도시의 활성화 유도

• 생태성 회복-환경문제 해결

뉴어바니즘의 개념적용

3 - 비판-

비판

뉴어바니즘 비판

상업의 이미지메이킹

저소득층을 포용하는 것이 아닌 저소득층을 다른 곳으로 이주시킴

부유층의 배타적 주거지를 만듬

‘공동체’라는 개념이 내부 구성원들의 통합을 위해 다른 집단과 차별을 전제로 함

질문 1. 한국에서 뉴어바니즘에 의한 계획은 가능한 것인가? 사람이 많이 다니는 강남역 일대에

뉴어바니즘의 개념을 적용한다면 어떤 요소를 사용해야 하고 어떻게 변할 수 있다고 생각

하는가?

2. 과연 ‘뉴어바니즘은 이상도시와 도시미화운동의 확장판이다’, ‘부동산의 판매를 촉진시키

기 위한 일이 뉴어바니즘이라는 운동으로 이미지메이킹 되었다.’는 비판은 과연 옳은가?

시장을 무시한 이상적인 개발은 가능한 것인가?

THANK YOU

Documents

가천대학교 도시계획학과 김재철 - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/gachon/kimjaecheol/... · 2016-09-09 · 2 Origin of the New Urbanism “New Urban” thought