Hàn Phi Tử - Nguyễn Hiến Lê & Giản Chi.pdf

Hn Phi T Nguyn Hin L & Gin Chi

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Li m u

PHN I - Chng 1

Chng 2

PHN II - Chng 1

Chng 2

P3 - Chng 1

Chng 2

Chng 3

Chng 4

Chng 5

Chng 6

Chng 7

Kt

PHN IV

PHN V

THIN XLIX

THIN XL

THIN XLIII



THIN VII

THIN VI

THIN XLVIII

THIN XVIII

THIN XLV

THIN XLVI

THIN XVII

THIN IX

THIN XIV

THIN XIX

THIN XLVII

THIN XV

THIN XXX

THIN XXXI

THIN XXXII

THIN XXXIII

THIN XXXIV

THIN XXXV

THIN XXXVI

THIN XXXVII

THIN XXXVIII

THIN XXXIX

THIN XXII

THIN XXIII

THIN XLI



THIN XII

THIN III

THIN XI

THIN XIII


Hn Phi T

Li m u

Hn Phi T l t tng gia cui cng ca thi Tin Tn, tp i thnh cc php gia (cc nh cho

rng tr nc, dng php lut c hiu qu hn, l nhng ngi ch trng php tr, tri vi Khng,

Mc ch trng nhn tr) trong ba bn th k, nn trc khi gii thiu i Tng v t tng ca

Hn Phi, chng ti n li hai thi Xun Thu v Chin Quc v phng din x hi, chnh tr v hc

thut, lc thut t tng v chnh sch ca cc php gia trc Hn Phi: Qun Trng, T Sn, L

Khi, Ng Khi, Thn Bt Hi, Thn o, Thng Ung.

Ba im chnh trong hc thuyt ca Hn l:

- Trng ci th: Ngi cm quyn khng cn phi hin v tr, m cn c quyn th v a v. Hin v

tr khng cho m ng phc tng, m quyn th v a v khut phc c ngi hin. Trng

th th tt nhin trng s cng ch: vua nm c quyn lp php, hnh php v t php, v phi

c tn trng trit , bt cht th phi cht.

- Trng php lut: M php lut phi hp thi, d bit d thi hnh, phi cng bng.

- Trng thut tr gian: Dng ngi, im ny rt quan trng. Hn a ra nhiu thut tn nhn ri

dng nhiu c s dn chng, i khi cng nh Kautilya n sau cuc xm lng n ca

Alexandre le Grand, mt th k trc Hn Phi; v nh Machiavel, tc gi cun Le prince cui

th k XV.

Hc thuyt ca Hn gip Tn Thu Hong thng nht Trung Quc, nhng t i Hn nh hng

ca Hn gim nhiu, nh hng ca Khng hc li mnh ln.



T nm 1977, c nhn ri, ti li tip tc nghin cu ht cc trit gia ln i Tin Tn, thc

hin xong chng trnh ti vch t su nm trc, v son thn nm cun na: Mc Hc, Lo

T, Lun Ng, Khng T, Kinh Dch.

(theo hi k Nguyn Hin L)

*****

y l 1 cun sch rt kh nh, c bit l nhng on Hn Vit, nn cc bn u phi b

nhiu cng sc v s kin nhn vo .

Rt mong website no ng li cun Hn Phi T nh km theo danh sch ny

c bit xin ghi nhn s gip ca hai bn cunhoi v heo_mapyeu, lc no cng vui lng nhn

ht nhng phn vic khi thiu ngi nh. Cm n tt c cc bn.


Hn Phi T

PHN I - Chng 1



THI XUN THU V CHIN QUC

TNH HNH X HI

Hn Phi l t tng gia cui cng ca thi Tin Tn, tp i thnh cc Php gia trong ba bn th k,

nn trc khi gii thiu i sng cng t tng ca ng, chng ti ngh cn n li hai thi Xun Thu

v Chin Quc v phng din x hi, chnh tr v hc thut. C sch cho vua Vn Vng l ngi

khai sng nh Chu; s thc ng ch l mt ch hu (Ty B) c ti c c di quyn vua Tr nh

Thng (cng gi l nh n). Chnh con ng, V Vng, mi dit Tr m ln ngi, m u cho nh

Chu (nm -1122)[1].

Qua i sau, con V Vng l Thnh Vng cn nh[2], Chu cng tn l n, em V Vng (tc l

ch ca Thnh Vng) lm chc Trng T, coi vic nc, sa sang li ch , nhc l, gio ho, lm

cho nh Chu cng thnh, vn minh. T ch phong kin ln ln thay ch th tc. S chp

u i Chu c ti 1600 ch hu, chng ti ngh l nhng b lc, cha tht s l ch hu nh gia

i Ty Chu tr i[3].

Theo b Mnh T (Vn chng h - bi 2) i khi ch phong kin i Chu nh sau:

V tc v cc vua trong thin h c 5 bc: 1- Thin T, 2- Cng, 3- Hu, 4- B v 5 - T vi Nam

cng bc.

V php phong t th c 5 hng: 1- t ca Thin T vung vc mt ngn dm; 2- t ca Cng v

Hu vung vc trm dm; 3- t ca B by chc dm; 4- t ca T v Nam nm chc dm.

Binh lc cng quy nh tu theo nc ln nh. Thi ch dng chin xa, cha c b binh v k

binh. Mi chin xa c 4 nga, mt ngi nh xe gia, mt qun bn cung bn tri, v mt qun

cm thng bn phi. Nc ca Thin T c vn chin xa, nc ca Cng Hu c ngn chin xa,

di na l trm chin xa.

Ch hu c bn phn tun lnh, trung thnh vi thin t; ngc li thin t c bn phn che ch,

gip ch hu. ng mt k hn no , cc ch hu phi ti triu cng thin t; v theo l, c

nm nm mt ln, thin t i thm khp cc ch hu, xem xt chnh tch ca h, tnh hnh trong x:

i sng ca dn chng, l nhc, nht l ca dao, v ni vui bun, lo lng ca dn hin r trong ca dao

hn ht (kinh Thi s d c trng ngang kinh Th, kinh L l v vy)



Ch chia t cy cho dn, ch "tnh in" c l xut hin t i H[4], sang i Chu c

chnh n li, mi ming t vung vc 900 mu (mi mu theo Wieger, bng khong 600 mt

vung) chia lm 9 phn bng nhau nh hnh trn, mi phn 100 mu. Tm phn chung quanh chia

u cho 8 gia nh; phn gia li mt t lm ch cho 8 gia nh, cn bao nhiu 8 gia nh cy

cy chung, np la cho nh vua. Hnh ming t khi chia nh vy, ging ch nn gi l php tnh

in.

Ngoi cng vic canh nng ra, dn cn phi sn chn, trng du, nui tm, dt la qu tc may

y phc.

y l cha k lu lu phi li nh qu tc hu h na. i h vt v tht, nhng x hi c t chc

nn i sng cng c bo m t nhiu. t cn rng, dn cn tha, gp nhng lnh cha tt th

nhng nm khng c chin tranh v ma gi thun ho, h c th n, mc, sng vui v.

Ch phong kin tp trung quyn hnh trong tay qu tc, lm cho hng ny c n sung mc

sng, c th gi nhn ri hc hnh, trau di vn th ngh thut, nh vy m vn minh Trung Hoa

di i Chu pht trin. c hng th, gii qu tc thch sng thnh th hn, v u h

cng khuyn khch cng ngh, thng mi, do thnh th mc nhiu v mau thnh.

Nhc im ca ch l nn tng khng vng c lu, phi da trn uy quyn ca qu tc. Uy

quyn m suy nhc, hoc bn cm quyn m tham nhng, l ni lon ni ln lin: ch hu



khng tun lnh thin t, dn khng tun lnh cc quan, k mnh hng c mt phng, thn tnh k

yu chung quanh m lm b ch. S b lc nh c gim dn t 1600 xung 1000, 500, vi trm,

mt trm... m cc ch hu hng cng, t ai mi ngy mt rng, dn chng mi ngy mt ng,

gp nm gp mi ca thin t.

Nh Chu ch thnh trn mt th k, t i V Vng n ht i Chiu Vng. Qua i Mc Vng

("trc Ty lch" -1001 - 936) bt u suy, ti i U Vng (th k th 8 trc T.L.) th triu

nh lon, U Vng b r Khuyn Nhung git; thi t ni ngi l Bnh Vng, s cc r pha Ty

(Ty Nhung) li uy hip na, phi di qua Lc p (-700) pha ng, trong s gi l i ng

Chu(-700 221). T vua Chu tuy vn cn gi ci danh thin t, nhng mt ht c quyn hnh,

thng b ch hu ln p m ch phong kin ln ln lung lay.

Trong Chin Quc sch, phn 1 trang 100 (L Bi 1973) chng ti ni rng s phn chia i

ng Chu chia thnh hai thi k

- Thi Xun Thu (-700 - 403) t i Chu Bnh Vng ti gn cui i Chu Uy Lit Vng.

- Thi Chin Quc (-403 - 221) t gn cui i Uy Lit Vng ti khi Tn dit T v thng nht

Trung Quc c mt im gng: nm -403 khng nh du mt bin c g quan trng m u

mt thi i, ch l nm ba i phu nc Tn: Hn Kiu, Triu Tch, Ngy T c vua Chu phong

hu (do m sau Tn tch ra thnh ba nc Hn, Triu, Ngy), cn x hi, lch s Trung Hoa vn

bin chuyn lin tc, khng b gin on, t ch phong kin ti ch qun ch chuyn ch, t

tnh trng phn tn ti tnh trng thng nht. Tuy nhin c iu ny hin nhin l cng v sau x hi

cng lon, bin c cng dn dp, v xt chung th thi Chin Quc qu c nhiu im khc thi

Xun Thu.

V kinh t, canh nng, phng php canh tc rt tin b. Thi n ngi ta dng li cy bng g,

thi Ty Chu c li cy bng ng ; cui thi Xun Thu Ng v Vit, ngi ta tm ra st.

St lc gi l "c kim" (vng, bc, ng l m kim) v ch dng ch to nhng dng tm

thng nh li cy, li cuc... Nm -513 vua Tn bt mi ngi dn phi np mt t st c

nhng nh ghi hnh lut. Cng vo khong xut hin nhng truyn thuyt v hai thanh gm Can

Tng v Mc Da, bn hn nhng thanh gm thng dng nhiu, ch v c bng st v t st

mi c dng lm binh kh. C xng c phi dng ti ba trm ngi ko b cho l nng m

lm chy c st. Ti thi Chin Quc, st thng dng, v sch Mnh T, Thin ng Vn

Cng thng, bi 4, chp mt cu Mnh T hi Trn Tng: "Ha T c dng ni ng, trch t

nu n khng, c dng (li cy bng) st m cy khng?" (Ha T d ph tng thon, d thit canh

h?).

Nh li cy bng st, nh bit dng b ko cy, m cy su hn, nhanh hn, tn sc hn.



Ngi ta li bit b phn, lm hai ma, o kinh dn nc. Nc ch hu no cng mun ph cng

thn tnh cc nc bn cnh, m mun ph cng th trc ht phi khuch trng canh nng,

ngha l phi va ci tin phng php canh tc va khuyn khch khai ph t ai mi, va thay i

cch nh thu.

S khai ph t ai mi c hiu qu hn ht m cng cp thit nht v dn s tng ln kh mau (tng

s nhn khu tht quc i ng Chu hai chc triu, ti u k nguyn Kit, tng ln su chc

triu) ti ni Mnh T lo thiu thc phm v nguyn liu, nn phi khuyn cc nh cm quyn

cm dn ba li mt nh qu trong cc bng, h, cm n cy ph rng si ma, (Lng Hu

Vng - bi 3); v mt trm nm sau Hn Phi phi phn nn dn s tng ln qu mau, (theo cp

s nhn, chng hn mt ngi c 5 ngi con trai, mi ngi con trai li c 5 ngi con trai na,

thnh th ch trong hai th h, khong bn nm chc nm, mt ngi thnh ra hai mi lm ngi),

thc phm mi ngy mt kh kim.

Mun m mang t ai th nn khuyn khch hoc bt buc thanh nin thot ly gia nh i tm t

mi, v ng hn ch s t canh tc ca mi gia nh. V vy ch tnh in khng hp thi na,

d Mnh T bnh vc n n my th n cng phi b; m s d ng hng hi binh vc n chnh v

n b b vi nc ri. Theo Maspro trong La Chine Antique (PUF -1965) th Tn l nc u

tin b chnh sch tnh in t thi Xun Thu, trc thi Mnh T mt hai trm nm. Sau Mnh T,

Tn Hin Cng nghe li khuyn ca Thng ng b chnh sch t nm -350, cho dn c t

do khai hoang canh tc. B chnh sch tnh in th ng thi cng b lun php nh thu thi

gi l tr (gip): tm gia nh lm gip mt khong rung cng gia cho ch in (tc l cho chnh

ph, cho qu tc), m thay bng th thu thng bng mt phn mi hu li,hu li c khi tnh

tng nm mt, c khi ly s trung bnh ca nhiu nm. Li sau ny bt li cho nng dn: nm c

ma, la thc d nhiu, chnh ph c th thu nhiu m li thu t, dn tiu pha ht khng chu

dnh; ti nm mt ma, hu li ch tr ph tn canh tc th chnh ph li bt np s, dn i

phi vay nng li ca ch in, ca con bun, c k tr n sut i khng ht, nh n gn y.

Gn thi Chin Quc, cc ng vua ch hu cn tin mua kh gii, nui binh lnh, nh thu rt nng,

c ni bng 50% hu li ca dn, dn tnh cc iu ng. Tuy nhin chnh sch ng thu vo hu

li cng c li cho nng dn v mt khc: h tng i c t do, c lp hn i vi ch in,

khng b "ct" vo cng in na.

Cng ngh u i Chu cn th s: dn chng a s ch to ly dng trong nh v lm rung;

mt s n l chuyn mn ch to kh gii v cc dng p v qu cho giai cp qu tc, lm vic

trong cc xng ca quc gia hoc trong nhng gia nh ln. c tiu thuyt ca Gogol, Tolstoi,

Tourgueniev, ta thy th k XIX Nga c li cng ngh , cc i in ch Nga c hng ngn,

hng vn "linh hn (tc nng n), v trong in trang ca h, c hng chc, hng trm nng n n



ng v n b chuyn xy ct, ng xe, dt vi, ch to nng c v dng c cho ch. Rt t khi in

ch mua c th trn - thng rt xa - ch v in trang dng.

Ti thi Xun Thu, cng ngh pht trin hn, cc ng bng ng , cc cn, khm t

c k thut cao, bc v bng ngc xut hin.

Qua thi Chin Quc, thm sn, thu tinh; k thut gm, k thut dt v nhum (c khi

ngi ta nhum ti by mu), rt tin b v ngi ta tm c nhng hp kim ch to nhng

tm gng soi mt rt tt. Ngoi ra, chnh sch thc sn ca Qun Trng nc T (thi Xun Thu)

: khai m, c tin, nu nc b lm mui, lp kho lm... c nhiu kt qu, lm cho T ph cng,

v qua thi Chin Quc, nc no cng chu nh hng ca T. Thng mi cn pht trin hn cng

ngh na. Nhng ni nh Hm Dng Tn, Lm Tri T, Hm an Triu, i Lng Ngu

u l nhng th trn thng mi rt ng dn v thnh vng.

S cn chp tn nhng thng gia danh ting nh n, ngi nc L, oan Mc T (tc T

Cng, mt mn ca Khng T), c hai u cui i Xun Thu; qua thi Chin Quc c nhng

ph thng rt c th lc, giao thip vi hng vua cha, c k c giao ph chc tng quc na

nh L Bt Vi. Mt ngi bun sc vt Trnh, tn l Huyn Cao, trong khi em sc vt ra ch bn,

gp mt o qun ca Tn mun xm chim nc mnh, bn gi lm s gi ca vua Trnh, dng o

qun tin bc v sc vt xin h ng tin qun na; vy m h tin, bit bn ph thng

c trng ra sao.

Thng gia ni ting nht u th k th V l Phm Li. ng vn l mt trung thn ca Vit

Vng Cu Tin, gip Cu Tin bo th Ng Vng Ph Sai; khi toi ch, ng khng thch lm

mt quan ln trong triu nh Vit, v s lu n thn, b nc Vit, qua nc o, i tn l o

Chu Cng, kinh doanh bun bn m giu ln. Quy tc lm giu ca ng l p dng lut cung cu

bit lc no nn tr hng, lc no nn bn ra. Nh nm hn hn, thuyn r, nn mua tr sang nm

ngp lt bn ra; tri li nm ngp lt nn mua tr xe nm hn hn bn ra. ng tnh rng trong 12

nm th no cng c mt nm i ln, v trung bnh c mt nm c ma, li c mt nm mt

ma. ng cn b vn vo vic khai thc m st v bt k cng vic no c li, khng bao gi tin

nm yn trong nh, m cho n lu thng khng ngng, cho nn ch trong t nm gy c mt sn

nghip v i. Tht l mt chnh tr gia kim mt nh kinh doanh i ti ca Trung Hoa thi Tin

Tn.

Hng con bun nh, chng cn mo him kinh doanh, c b tin cho vay li cng sung sng,

chng cn cy cy, nui tm, dt la m cng n ngon mc p; nng dn khi tng tin, cn bn nng

c cho h, h mua r, bng na gi; ri ti ngy ma, cn chuc nng c v, h bt tr gp i.

C l chnh v bn m dn tc Trung Hoa t giai cp thng dn sau ba giai cp s, nng, cng;

ch hng i kinh doanh nh Phm Li th khng bao gi b khinh, m tri li bn qu tc cn mun



lm quen vi h, mi h "ngi cng xe" na.

V chnh tr v x hi, thi Chin Quc khc thi Xun Thu cng r rt, c phn r rt hn v kinh

t na, v kinh t bin chuyn u u, cn chnh tr c th vi nc nh S, Tn c nhng bc

nhy vt.

- Ch phong kin suy vi. Trong Chin Quc sch (trang 10,11) chng ti vit: t khi di

sang pha ng (Lc p), nh Chu suy nhc ln ln, t ai th phi chia ct phong cho cc ch

hu cng khanh, nn mi ngy mi thu hp li (ho ra ngho), ch cn trng cy vo s cng hin

ca cc ch hu m ch hu nh nc L, trong 242 nm ch triu cng c ba ln: khng nhng vy,

v ci danh ngha thin t, i khi cn phi gip lng thc cho ch hu nhng nm h mt ma

hoc c chin tranh.

Nh Chu suy nhng mt s ch hu mi ngy mt mnh v chnh tr tt, kinh t pht t nh T,

hoc v thn tnh c nhng nc nh hn, khai thc c nhng t mi nh S, Tn. S ch hu

trc kia cn ngn ri, ti thi ng Chu (Xun Thu) ch cn li trn mt trm, qua thi Chin

Quc, gim xung na, cn di mt chc: T, Tn, S, Hn, Ngy, Triu, Yn; trong s tht hng,

mnh nht l Tn, S, T v t ai rng (nht l S) m ti nguyn li nhiu. Gn cui thi Chin

Quc h thnh nhng quc gia c lp, khng phc tng nh Chu na, khng chu xng b m t

xng vng (tc t coi mnh ngang vi nh Chu) nh T, Ngy nm -334, Tn nm -325, Hn, Yn

nm -323...; sau Tn Chiu Tng vng cn t xng l (Ty ) - nm -228 - sai s lp vua T

lm ng na, ngha l coi Trung Quc khng cn nh Chu, ch cn Tn v T l ng lm thin

t ca cc ch hu thi, Tn lm ch phng Ty, T lm ch phng ng. H thnh nhng quc

gia c lp.

Trong quc gia ca h, h cng b ch phong kin m dng ch qun huyn. Tn l nc u

tin lp ra mt huyn, huyn Khu Trung thi Xun Thu (cui th k th VII), sau khi chim c

mt min ca mt r v pha ty. Sau l cc nc S, T, Ng, nhng nhng qun huyn thi

vn cn c vi nt thi p, v quyn cai tr vn cn cha truyn con ni. Qua thi Chin Quc, nht l

t nm -350, Thng ng lm tng quc Tn, ch qun huyn thc s mi c ph bin v

mt hn tch cch thi p, ngha l vin quan cai tr do chnh quyn trung ng b nhim, c th b

thay th bt k lc no, y nh mt cng chc thi nay. l mt tin b ln a ti ch qun ch

chuyn ch cc i sau ny.

- Mi khi mt nc ch hu b thn tnh - m sut i Xun Thu v Chin Quc, c hng trm nc

nh vy- th mt bn qu tc mt a v, tc nh trng hp Khng T. T tin ng vn ngi nc

Tng. v b mt quyn tha p bc, h Khng phi di qua nc L, c nm i th sinh ra ng.

Gia nh sa st, mi tm tui cha c mt chc v g c, mi chn tui thnh gia tht ri mi nhn

chc y li, coi vic gt thc kho, sau lm t chc li (chc t li?), coi vic nui b d dng



vo vic cng t, u l nhng chc thp nht trong chnh quyn. Mnh T cng ging ng, thuc

ging di cng tc Mnh Tn nc L, nhng n i ng cha sa st, tuy l qu tc m sng

nh bnh dn.

Qua thi Chin Quc, mt s vua ch hu mun tc quyn ca bn qu tc, mt mt khng phong

thi p cho h na, mt mt thu tc lc ca con chu nhng ngi c phong, nh nc S

di triu iu Vng u th k th IV, Ng Khi vch cho iu Vng thy ci hi ca bn i

thn c phong qu ng, khin cho nc ngho, binh yu, nn khuyn iu Vng sau ba i th

thu tc lc li. iu Vng nghe theo, b cc chc quan khng cn thit, bt lng bng ca mt

s khc, ly tin nui chin s. Bn qu tc bt mn, khi iu Vng cht, bn ha nhau hm hi

Ng Khi, git v cht chn tay Ng Khi. Gia th k th IV, Tn cn lm mnh hn na, t ra

bn mi mt qun huyn trong khp nc, hng trm gia nh qu tc mt a v.

Tm li thi Chin Quc, gia cp qu tc c ln ln tan r, khng nm quyn hnh na, v mt gii

hu sn mi ln thay: h l nhng ngi khai ph nhng t mi, nhng thng nhn lm giu ri

mua t v thnh nhng tn a ch, li sng cng nh bn qu tc c, nhng t tng tin b hn,

v mt s c ti nhy ra lm chnh tr. Thi Xun Thu c mt s t ngi trong giai cp chim

c nhng a v cao: nh Bch L H, Qun Trng, Ninh Thch..., nhng thi Chin Quc mi

thc l thi ca h tung honh. H l nhng k s o vi[5] gii v chnh tr, ngoi giao, kinh t hay

v b, lm qun s hoc tng quc cho cc vua cha. H l T Tn, Trng Nghi, Cam Mu, Phm

Tuy, Ng Khi, Bch Khi, L Bt Vi, L T...

H thng minh, c ch, quyt lp nn s nghip, trau di kin thc, tm hiu tnh hnh mi nc, ri

i kim mt ng vua th. H phi ch ngi gii thiu hay t lt mua chuc bn hu cn nh

vua xin uc tip kin. c tip kin, h phi dng ba tt li thuyt phc nh vua - coi thin

Thu nan (trong phn dch sau), c gi s thy thut thuyt phc kh khn v nguy him ra

sao. Khi thuyt phc c ri, ngha l nh vua chu nghe theo k hoch ca h, tin dng h, th mt

bc h nhy ln chc tng quc. Nhng mun gi a v , h phi nh t nh hng ca bn

"cha anh" nh vua, tc bn qu tc c, bn ny vn bo th, mun bm ly quyn li, ght mi s

ci cch, ghen quyn hnh ca h, nn nhiu khi lm cho h mt mng, nh trng hp Ng Khi,

Thng ng - coi thin C phn trong phn dch. S thng tin ca k s l mt nt c bit

trong thi Chin Quc.

- Mt nt c bit na l thi Xun Thu, cc vua cha cn trng nhn ngha, vi ba ng cn dng

nhn ngha tr dn; qua thi Chin Quc, h ch dng thut. Nh vy mt phn do xu th ca



ng thi, mt phn cng do s thc y ca bn s k trn.

Ngi ta thy chnh sch "nhn chnh" dng nhn ngha tr dn ca Nghiu, Thun m Khng,

Mnh cao nu khng phi l vu khot th cng chm c kt qu, khng th thi hnh c.

Ti thi Mnh T cn c mt s vua ch hu thch nghe thuyt nhn chnh, nh T Tuyn Vng,

Lng Hu Vng, nhng h ch nghe thi, ch khng kin nhn theo. Nh Lng Hu

Vng phn nn vi Mnh T rng ht lng tr nc theo nhn ngha, cu gip dn ngho m sao

kt qu khng hn g cc nc lng ging, dn s vn khng ng hn cc nc y. Mnh T em

trn chin ra gii thch, bo:

- "Qun hai bn giao chin, m qun ca nh vua thua, ci b o gip, ko ao thng m chy, k

chy trm bc m ngng, k nm chc bc ri ngng. K chy nm chc bc c quyn ch k

chy trm bc khng?"

Hu Vng khng p, v Mnh T kt lun:

-"Vy th nh vua cng ng nn mong nc nh vua ng dn hn cc nc chung quanh".

Ngha l cha thy kt qu ch ti cha thi hnh nhn ngha n ni n chn, cn phi kin nhn

nhiu, gng sc nhiu na, mi by nhiu tuy kh hn cc vua khc, nhng cha .

Ngay nh ng Vn Cng thnh tm tin thuyt nhn chnh, gng sc thi hnh, nhng b T, S p

hai bn, lm le thn tnh, nn lun lun lo s mt nc, my ln khn khon xin Mnh T ch cho

cch i ph. Mnh T chng a ra k hoch no hay c, trc sau cng ch khuyn rng cng vi

dn khng chin, khng chin khng c th b nc m i. Li cng lm ng Vn Cng lo

thm. B qu Mnh T nh phi bo: "Nh vua c lm iu thin i, i sau s c ngi lp c

nghip vng m thng tr thin h". Tht l mt li v trch nhim, nc sp mt y, dn sp lm

n l y, mng mnh khng bit cn hay khng y, m hy vng i sau!

Khng c li no t c s tht bi ca chnh sch nhn chnh v t c tm trng xt xa ca cc

Nho gia thi Chin Quc bng li Mnh T trch T Tuyn Vng di y:

"C ngi hi nh hc o (tr quc) ca thnh hin, ln ln mong thi hnh s hc ca mnh. Nhng

nh vua li bo: Khoan, hy qua mt bn s hc ca nh ngi m lm theo ta ". Nh vy

mi lm sao! Nay nh vua c mt ht ngc cha mi, d ng vn dt th cng giao cho th ngc

mi da. n vic tr nc th nh vua li bo: "Khoan, hy qua mt bn s hc ca nh ngi m

lm theo ta ! Sao hnh ng li khc khi giao ngc cho th mi da?" (Lng Hu Vng, h -

9).

Hnh ng phi khc ch, sao li khng? Ht ngc em mi da ngay th n p ln ngay, ch

khng hi g c. Cn dng s hc ca Mnh T tc nhn chnh, tr nc T th T khng th

mnh ln ngay c m cn c th b Tn, S nh bi na. Mnh T c tt v von, thnh th l lun

ca ng nhiu khi bng lng, khng thc t.



Thi Chin Quc l thi by ngi ui bt mt con hu, k no mu m, nhanh chn kho tay l

c. Nhn ngha i khi cng c ch y, nhung khng , phi lm sao cho nc mau giu, mau

mnh, phi dng thut - thut hiu theo hai ngha: k thut v tm thut (tc th on). Cho nn bn

Ng Khi, Thng ng, T Tn, Trng Nghi... t cch km xa Mnh T, Tun T m c trng

dng, lm cho Tn, S mau hng cng.

Trong khi Nho gia ch bn v nhn ngha, ch k thut (Khng t ch mt mn l qu ma v hi

ng v ngh nng), cho s ci cch ch , kinh t l tm thng (Mnh T ch s nghip ca Qun

Trng l thp km) th bn s kia tm cch ci thin chnh tr, canh nng, binh b, dng thut ngoi

giao lm hu thun, dng thut kim sot, iu khin b ti cng c qun quyn, kt qu ch trong

nm, mi nm l thy r, nn ng vua no m chng tin h?

- Quan trng nht l s ci thin k thut chin tranh. Thi Xun Thu chin tranh cn theo lut qun

t.

c Tam Quc Ch chng ta mm ci khi thy hai bn dn trn ri, tng bn ny xng ra, ma

gio thch , c khi s v hoc ma mai khuyn nh tng bn kia; h i p vi nhau mt hi ri

mi xp li sc nhau, trong khi qun lnh ng sau ng. Khng bit thi Tam Quc ngi ta

nh nhau nh vy c tht khng, nhng thi Xun Thu th chc chn nh vy, c khi ngi ta cc

k l vi nhau l khc. Marcel Granet, tc gi cun La Civilisation chinoise (Albin Michel - Paris

- 1948) trong mt chng rt l th, chng La vie publique, cho ta bit thi Xun Thu, trc khi

lm chin, tng hai bn phi s gi nh gi giao tranh. Khi ra trn, tng hai bn ng trn chin

xa ci u ba ln cho nhau; nu tng bn y thy tng bn kia chc tc hoc danh ting ln

hn mnh nhiu th xung xe, lt m tr cho na. C khi h cn trao i thc n v ru vi

nhau. Mt nh qu tc m ra trn th ch git nhiu lm l ba tn ch ch khng git hn. C k

nhm mt m bn ch, nu l m trng th l ti s phn ca ch. Nc ci nht l trong mt cuc

giao chin gia Tn v S, mt chin xa ca Tn sa ly, tin khng c, tnh cnh nguy ngp,

tng Tn loay hoay khng bit lm sao. Tng S ng bn ng, ri ch cho cch g b bt then

ngang cng c v kh gii i, qun Tn nghe theo thot ra khi ch ly c.

D nhin cng c nhiu lc h hng hi chm git nhau, nhng khng bao gi ngi ta mun tn dit

qun ch, v c ngi khng mun tha lc ch cha chun b kp m tn cng ngay, cho vy l

khng qun t. Chng hn mt ln Tng v S giao tranh Trc Cc. Qun S ng qua sng.

Qun Tng i tha dp tn cng ngay. Tng Tng cng khng cho, bo ch qua sng . Khi

qun S qua sng ht ri, qun Tng li xin tn cng. Tng cng cng bo: "Khoan, i chng dn

trn xong ". S dn trn xong, nh bi Tng, Tng cng b thng, m cn bo:" Bc qun t

khng nh qun ch khi h trong bc cng khn". Truyn chp trong thin XXXII sch Hn

Phi t, s dch sau.



Tn Vn cng ng thi vi Tng Tng cng (ng ny mt nm -637 th nm sau Vn cng ln

ngi) cng v ham ci ting nhn ngha m c mt hnh ng mu thun: trong chin tranh vi S,

H Yn khuyn ng nn dng mu gt S, cn Ung Qu khuyn ng ng, ko mt ch tn, tri o.

ng theo H Yn, thng S ri th thng cng Ung Qu hu hn H Yn, v theo ng, Ung Qu

bit "ci li mun i" cn H Yn th ch ngh n ci li nht thi m thi. (Hn Phi ch thi

trong thin XXXVI - coi phn dch.)

Chin tranh thi Xun Thu chc cht t ngi lm.

Nhng qua thi Chin Quc th khc hn. Mnh T phi phn nn rng cc ch hu u "tranh

thnh d chin, tranh a d chin", "st nhn doanh d, st nhn doanh thnh. Ht ci lut qun t,

m ch cn ci lut rng r: chm git cho tht nhiu, cp bc cho tht nhiu.

K thut chin tranh, kh gii c ci thin. Ngi ta dng n ging bng chn, bn c xa hn,

tng truyn l bn c k th cch xa non mt cy s.

K binh xut hin; nh rt kinh nghim ca Hung N, ngi ta va phi nga va bn. Nm -307,

Triu V Linh vng c l l ng vua u tin n mc nh ngi H, ci nga bn cung nh ngi

H, ngha l dng k binh nh ngi H chng li h. (coi Chin Quc sch - Triu II.4 - L Bi

- 1972). B binh cng xut hin v thnh binh chng quan trng nht. C nhng o qun hng trm

ngn ngi. Ngay t th k th IV, Tn l nc u tin bt buc mi ngi mnh m phi i lnh.

Ngi ta ch nhng ci thang my, nhng ci thp cng ph thnh ch; c nhng cuc cng ph

ko di ti hai, ba nm. Ngi ta dng thut do thm, tuyn truyn, ngha l dng c chin tranh tm

l.

Cng v cui thi Chin Quc, chin tranh cng tn khc; kinh tm nht l tng Tn Bch Khi

chn sng bn chc vn qun Triu u hng (nm -260)

- Do tnh hnh dn chng tht iu ng. Gi na dn phi i lnh, k nh phi np thu c khi

ti ba phn t hoa li. Nhng nm c ma, dn cng khng c hng v triu nh thu ht la

nui lnh; m nhng nm mt ma th k gi, ngi bnh cht hng lot trn ng, trong rung.

D chin tranh chm dt th ha cng ko di hng chc nm, "v tn ph vo chin tranh, mi nm

thu la cng cha b. Qun i m chin u xong th mu v kch gy, vng v dy cung t, n

hao tn, xe h hng, nga mt mi, tn mt i gi na, o gip cng binh kh triu nh pht ra,

k s v i phu du i mt phn, s tt ly trm i mt phn, d thu thu rung mi nm cng

cha b vo" (Chin Quc sch - T V.I). y l cha k bao nhiu ngi cht, bao nhiu t ai

b b hoang, nhn lc v ti nguyn quc gia c th b kit qu.

M chin tranh trong hai nm cui cng thi Chin Quc lin min bt tuyt, c khi no chm dt

u, ch tm dng nc ny hay nc khc chun b cho mt chin tranh khc.

Dn chng kh s v ni bn vua cha try lc, bc lt na. Bn ny sng cc k xa hoa trn xng



mu ca dn: v h eo y chu bu, ngc thch, h ngi trong nhng xe ph gm vc, sng trong

nhng lu i lng ly, tic tng sut ngy ny qua ngy khc, c ba tic hng trm mn n, ti ni

"mt khng nhn thy ht c, tay khng gp ht c, ming khng nm ht c". Mt v i

thn nc Ngy (tc nc Lng) m c my trm c xe trang hong p , c ngn con nga mp

v my trm nng hu n mc nh cc cng cha. Nh vy ta tng tng cch sng ca cc vua

nc ln nh T, Tn, S ra sao.

Quan li a s tham nhng: T M Thin trong b s K, thin 119, ch chp truyn c nm v quan

tt (tun li) m thin 122 chp truyn mi tn quan xu (khc li) iu rt c ngha. K s ch

tranh nhau n, ti ni Phm Tuy, t tng Tn, t cch cng chng cao p g m cng phi v h

vi by ch ca vua Tn: "(khi bnh thng) nm th cng nm, i th cng i, ngng th cng

ngng, khng cn nhau; nhng h nm cho chng mt khc xng th chng vng dy, nhe nanh ra

cn nhau. Ch ti tranh n" (Chin Quc Sch - Tn III.13).

Thy x hi t trn xung di y trm cp nh vy, bn qu tc sa st bt bnh, mun tr li thi

Xun Thu, n nh hn, nhng bt lc; hng th sinh th ch th di, ging nhn ngha; cn hng v

dng th ch bit dng thanh gm ra nhc cho k b oan c, bnh vc k b p bc, thnh bn

thch khch m ngi ta gi l hip s. Chng ta khng thy lm l rng thi Chin Quc c nhiu

hip s hn cc thi khc, v T M Thin khng tic li ca tng h trong thin 124: Du hip.

H tic thi c, mun tr li thi Xun Thu, mt phn v thi n nh hn, tn trng nhiu gi tr

tinh thn (nhn ngha...) hn, mt phn cng v mun khi phc li a v c ca h. Nhng h li

bt lc; ging lch s ch chy xui ch khng chy ngc.

Ch thch:

[1] C sch cho nh Chu bt u t nm 1134, nm V Vng ni ngi cha lm Ty b.

[2] i Thng, vua cht th truyn ngi cho em trai, khng c em trai mi truyn cho con. i Chu

i hn: ch truyn cho con, khng c con mi truyn cho em.

[3] Cc hc gi Trung Quc cha nht tr v s phn nh cc thi i. Quch Mt Nhc trong

Trung Quc c i x hi nghin cu (Khoa hc xut bn x Bc Kinh 1960) cho i n l ch

th tc, Ty Chu l ch n l, ng Chu l ch phong kin; cn L Chn V ng thi vi



Quch cho n l ch n l, Ty Chu l ch phong kin (Phong l rng cy chia ranh gii, kin

l kin quc; phong kin l ct t, nh ranh gii cho ch hu lp quc).

[4] Theo Quch Mt Nhc (sch dn) th ch tnh in cn l mt nghi vn, v trong cc kinh

Thi, Th khng thy ni ti, m n cng kh thc hnh c, nhng Maspro trong Le Chine

antique (PUF 1965), trang 90, chng minh l n c.

[5] o vi tc l gc bnh dn, khng phi trong gii qu tc, ch khng hn ngho v ngho qu th

khng hc hnh c


Hn Phi T

Chng 2

CC PHP GIA TRC HN PHI

Chin Quc l mt thi i c bit chng nhng trong lch s Trung Hoa m c trong lch s nhn

loi na. c lch s th gii thi thng c v trung c, chng ti khng thy mt dn tc no c

mt chng s nh vy: t ai rng chia lm thnh nhiu nc nh, dn ng m lon lc lin min

trong ba th k, cng lon, dn tnh cng kh, m nh no cng ch ngh cu dn ra khi cnh lm

than, thng nht quc gia bng cch ny hay cch khc, tch cc c, tiu cc c, mt cnh "trm hoa

ua n", trong hai ngn nm sau khng h ti hin na.

Lm Tri, kinh nc T, c th coi l kinh vn ho ca Trung Hoa thi , ni t tp ca cc

danh s bc nht. T tng c hon ton t do, m vua T trng i mi nh, cho h trong

nhng dinh th lng ly Tc mn, ca ty kinh (do c tn l Tc H tin sinh), tng h chc

tc (lit i phu) v lng bng rt hu, ch thnh thong hi kin h v vic nc, hoc mi

h v triu ging o l, vit sch truyn b o ca h. Ring Mnh T, thi T Tuyn Vng cng

dt my trm mn sinh vi mt on xe my chc chic li kinh T trong my nm; Thun

Vu Khn, Thn o, Hon Uyn, in Bin..., cn bit bao trit gia khc cng qua : nh vy ta

tng tng c s thnh vng ca vn ho ra sao.

T l nc giu nht thi , c th nui hng ngn hng vn k s; ngay nc Tn l nc khng

giu bao nhiu, m cng l ni trng i k s, a s l php gia. Theo Lon Vandermeersch[1] th

T Sn, ng Tch, L Khc, Ng Khi, Thng ng, Thn Bt Hi u c thi sng Tn hoc

nhng nc chu nh hng Tn.



Sau cng ti i Tn Thy Hong, Hm Dng l kinh vn ho cng(?) Trung Hoa thng

nht. L Bt Vi tp hp cc hc gi danh ting ng thi, cp dng cho h h son chung b

L Th Xun Thu, gm 26 quyn, chp li Nho thut v t tng ca o gia, Mc gia, m dng

gia.

Ngi ta thng gi thi Chin Quc l thi ca Bch gia (trm nh) ch t, li khng qu ng.

Trong Chin Quc sch, trang 17 - 19, chng ti sp xp t tng ca nhng trit gia mun vn

hi trt t cho Trung Hoa thi thnh hai ch trng.

"Mt ch trng mun gi li ch c, ch phong kin, tng uy quyn cho thin t, bt cc ch

hu phi phc tng;

"Mt ch trng p ch c v bit rng n khng tn ti bao lu na, m lp mt ch mi.

"Theo ch trng th nht c Nho gia v Mc Gia. Mi u Khng T mun cu vn nh Chu. Ri

sau, Mc T, Mnh T, Tun T thy nh Chu suy qu, khng th cu c, mong c v minh qun

thay th nh Chu thng nht Trung Hoa m thi hnh ch c sau khi sa i t nhiu. R nht l

ch trng ca Mnh T. Mt ln Lng Tng vng hi ng: "Khi no thin h yn nh c?"

ng p: Khi no thng nht thin h th yn nh c...v ai khng thch git ngi th thng

nht c... Hin nay trong thin h chng c bc chn dn no m chng ham git ngi. Nu c

mt v vua c lng nhn, chng ham git ngi hi chng th mi ngi trong thin h s quay u

ngng c trng v v y" (Lng Hu vng, thng -6). Ngha l ng khng tin g nh Chu na,

mun gp bt k ng vua no bit theo o ca ng - bit dng nhn ngha tr dn - ng ph t

thng nht thin h.

"Theo ch trng th nh, c o gia v Php gia. o gia mun dng chnh sch phng nhim,

gim thiu chnh quyn, c theo t nhin nh thi s khai; h tin rng khi khng cn giai cp th s

ht lon, chng cn thng nht cng nh thng nht. Nh vy phi ny o mt ci cu (ch

phong kin) tr v mt ci cu hn (x hi nguyn thy).

"Php gia tri li, khng mun tr v ci cu, m mun tin ti mt ch mi; h mun dng

chnh sch c ti, dng v lc lt ch phong kin m lp mt ch qun ch chuyn ch. H

cho o "V Vi"[2] ca Lo, Trang l hoang ng, h mun cc "hu vi"; h li ngh rng "vng

o" ca Khng, Mnh, ch lm quc gia thm lon, nn h ch trng "b o".

Trong cun ny vit v Hn Phi, ngi tp i thnh t tng ca cc php gia thi Xun Thu v

thi Chin Quc, chng ti ng v mt kha cnh khc m chia li, cng lm hai ch trng:

1- Ch trng l tng, trng o c ca Nho (Khng, Mnh, Tun) Mc, Dng, Lo, Trang.

2 - Ch trng thc t, trng quyn lc ca Php gia, nh Qun Trng, Thn o, Thn Bt Bi,

Thng ng, Hn Phi...

Phi trn hon ton l nhng trit gia bn v chnh tr; phi di gi l trit gia cng c, nhng



thc s h l chnh tr gia hn trit gia. Phi trn c cng vi trit hc, o c, vi s o to tm

hn dn tc Trung Hoa nhng hon ton tht bi v chnh tr (Khng c cm quyn L khng

lu; Mnh ch lm khch khanh T, Lng, ng; Tun ch lm mt vin huyn lnh; Mc bn ba

khp ch hu m khng ai theo hc thuyt ca ng[3], cn Dng, Lo, Trang th lnh i).

Phi di tri li, hon ton thnh cng thng nht c Trung Hoa, lp c ch qun ch

chuyn ch nh h:

- Khng ngn cn s bin chuyn ca ging lch s m cn thc y n tin mau hn.

- Trng thc t, khng bn sung, ch nhm kt qu ngn hn, tch ri chnh tr v o c[4]

i sau c nhiu ngi khng phc h v h khng ng v quan nim ca dn, m ng v quan

nim ca vua (ca quc gia); nhng chnh sch ca h t Tn, Hn tr i khng thi no nh cm

quyn khng theo, sau khi dung ho n t nhiu vi chnh sch ca Nho gia

Trong chng ny chng ti xt s lc s tin trin ca hc thuyt Php gia trong thi Xun Thu v

Chin Quc, tc t tng ca mt s Php gia quan trng c gi nhn c uyn nguyn ca

hc thuyt Hn Phi.

QUN TRNG

Ngi m ng cho cc Php gia l Qun Trng. Khng ai bit ng sinh nm no, ch bit ng lm

tng quc cho T Hon cng t nm -685 n nm -645, nm ng mt.

Thi T Tng cng hoang dm v , b mt cng tn l V Tri git, nc T lon. Hai v cng

t c t cch ni ngi l cng t C v cng t Tiu Bch. Bo Thc Nha l i phu nc T em

Tiu Bch chy sang nc C lnh nn, cn Qun Trng a cng t C sang L.

Qun Trng tn l Di Ng ngi t Dnh Thng (T), sinh trong gii bnh dn, nhng c hc, nh

ngho, phi i bun du, hi tr chi thn vi Bo Thc Nha. Hai ngi hn vi nhau sau h ai thnh

cng th gip ngi kia. Nm -648, V Tri b mt i phu git, nc T khng c vua, Bo Thc

mn qun i ca C a Tiu Bch v; L cng a cng t C vi Qun Trng v. Tiu Bch v

trc, c th gi sp t i ph vi L, L thua, cng t C cht, Qun Trng b cm t tr v

T. Tiu Bch ln ngi, tc T Hon cng. Bo Thc bit ti Qun Trng, chng nhng thuyt phc

c Hon cng tha ri trng dng Qun Trng, m cn t t di quyn Qun Trng na.

Hon cng phong Qun Trng lm tng quc, trng ng nh cha ch, nn gi ng l Trng ph

(cng nh thc ph). Hon cng l mt ng vua rt tm thng hiu sc, thch n ngon, a nnh, ch

nh bit tin dng Qun Trng trong 40 nm lin tip, mi vic trong nc u giao ph cho ng ht,

m nc T ng suy ha thnh, thnh b ch cc nc ch hu. Qun Trng cht ri, T li suy

lin v Hon Cng khng nghe li Qun Trng, dng bn tiu nhn Dch Nha, Th iu..., v hai

nm sau b bn ny nht, bt nhn i, cht, thy thnh di m khng c chn.

i sau truyn li b Qun T (gm 86 thin, mt 10 thin) chp thnh tch chnh tr, t tng cng



php ch ca Qun Trng. T M Thin, trong S k bo c nhng thin Mc dn, Sn cao,

Tha m, Khinh trng, C ph ca Qun Trng, li bo b nhiu ngi c; Hn Phi cng bo

trong dn gian nhiu nh c b , vy ta c th tin rng n xut hin tr lm vo cui i Chin

Quc. Nhng ht thy cc hc gi i sau u nhn rng n khng phi ca Qun Trng son, m

ca ngi i Chin Quc vit v trong b c nhiu on trng nhau, nhiu ch mu thun, nhiu

t tng y ht hc thuyt Php gia i sau. Tuy nhin n cng cha mt phn di thuyt ca Qun

Trng, v di y l nhng iu chng ta c th gn tin c, sau khi tham kho mt s sch khc

nh S k, Trung Quc c i chnh tr gia, Trung Quc chnh tr t tng s...

1/ Ch trng ca Qun Trng l "li bn lun khng cao xa m d thi hnh (lun ti nhi d hnh),

ngha l ng c c thc t, khng bn chuyn vin vng, trnh nhng l thuyt cao siu (nh Mc t,

Lo, Trang sau ny).

2/ Mc ch tr nc theo ng l lm sao cho quc ph, binh cng. ng ch trng nht n s ph

quc v "kho lm y ri mi bit l tit, y thc ri mi bit vinh nhc".

Thi l Xun Thu, T cng nh mi nc khc trng nng nghip hn ht. Nhng T tng i

hp hn cc nc khc, m li gn bin v c nhiu m, nn ng khuyn khch s khai thc m

c tin, nu nc bin lm mui. Mui sn xut c nhiu, ch i bn cc nc khc xa b bin,

thnh mt mi li ln, nh vy m T mau giu.

ng li bit lu thng ho vt , thu mua hng ha trong thin h mt ch, i dp gi cao bn ly

li, lp ra 300 nh n l (tc nh thanh lu) cho khch bun i li t hp, thu thu. Nh vy ng

xng ra hai ci cch: coi cng v thng cng quan trng ngang nng nghip, nu khng hn, v

quc hu ho mt s ngun li trong nc.

3/ Mun cho binh cng, ng c sng kin "ng binh nng" (gi vic binh vo ngh nng ), thi

bnh dn lm rung, nhng lc rnh ri th luyn v b, c bao nhiu nng dn kho mnh l c c

by nhiu binh s.

Nh vy cn phi nhiu gip binh; ng t ra l cho chuc ti: ti nng th chuc bng mt ci t

gip (o gip bng da con t), ti nh th chuc bng mt ci quy thun (ci thun bng mai ra); ti

nh th np kim kh, ti cn nghi th tha hn; cn nh hai bn tha kin nhau m bn no cng c li

mt phn th ng bt np mi bn mt b tn ri x ho.

ng t chc li qun i: nm ngi hp thnh mt ng, nm chc ngi (tc mi ng) thnh mt

tiu nhung, hai trm ngi thnh mt tt, hai ngn ngi thnh mt l, mt vn ngi thnh mt

qun. Ma xun t chc nhng cuc i sn nhn th chn chnh hng ng; ma thu cng nhn

nhng cuc i sn m luyn tp binh s.

4./ V quc ch, s t chc cng ht sc nghim mt: nm nh thnh mt qu, mi qu thnh mt

l, bn l thnh mt lin, mi lin thnh mt hng; nh vy mi hng gm hai ngn



(5x10x4x10) ngi.[5]

ng cho bn hng dn (s, nng, cng, thng) trong nhng khu ring: bn s nhng khu yn

tnh, bn cng nhn gom li gn nhng quan nha dinh th, bn thng nhn nhng vng th t,

cn nng dn quy t in d; nh vy con em d luyn tp quen tay ngh, khng vt v m cn

nhiu kt qu.

5./ Trong b Qun t c nhiu thin bn v php lut nh: Bn php, Lp php, Php cm, Trng

lnh, Php php...,v c tc gi nh Tiu Cng Quyn trong b Trung Quc chnh tr t tng s

(Trung hoa vn ha xut bn - 1961) cn c vo m cho rng Qun Trng lp ra mt hc

thuyt rt hon b v php lut, xt v cc vn :

- Lp pht l quyn ca vua, quy tc lp php l phi ly tnh ngi v php tri lm tiu chun;

- Hnh php th phi chun b, cng b cho r rng, thi hnh cho nghim chnh, ng thay i hoi,

m phi ch cng v t, "vua ti sang hn u phi theo lut php", thng pht phi nghim minh,

tm li nu "danh chnh, php hon b th bc minh qun chng c vic g phi lm na, v vi m

c tr".

Chng ti ngh iu kh tin c, tc gi Qun t em t tng ca cc Php gia i Chin

Quc m gn cho Qun Trng y thi. i khi chng ta ch c th cn c vo cu ny ca T M

Thin "Ngi trn c php th su ngi thn mi c yn n" on rng Qun Trng trng

php lut, t ra mt s cm lnh v mong rng ngi trn (vua, quan, cha, anh) theo ng l lm

gng cho ngi di, nh vy x hi mi c trt t c.

6 / ng ch trng tn qun nh mi t tng gia thi Xun Thu, nhng s tn qun ca ng c

im khc vi Nho gia. Chng hn Khng t, sinh sau Qun Trng khong trm ri nm, tn qun

v vua l ngi c nhn lnh mnh ca tri tr dn, cho nn i ngang qua ngai vng d khng

c vua ngi, ng cng t v s st. Vua c li ng khng dm trch thng, nhng khi vua L say m

sc p, ca ht, b b vic nc, ng mun b i nc khc nhng phi i vua L lm l t Giao,

khng chia tht cho cc quan, ri mi t chc, qua nc V, t rng vua khng mun dng mnh

na nn mnh mi i, ch khng phi l ng ch vua v o ham m tu sc.

Qun Trng khc hn, tuy khng lm tri Hon cng, kho can gin Hon cng khng nn v gin

Thiu C, mt qu phi l v l vi mnh, m em qun nh nc Thi, li mc Hon cng gn

gi vi bn tiu nhn Dch Nha, Th iu; nhng i vi Hon cng ng c thi thn mt, m

Hon cng cng trng ng nh cha ch, c h nh ng tn qun ch v vua i biu cho quc gia;

lng trng vua ca ng khng c cht mu sc thn quyn hay tn gio g c. Chc chn ng khng

tin rng vua l "con tri". ng khng i hi g nhiu Hon cng, khng mong rng Hon cng

phi sng sut, c uy, c c; ch cn tin dng ng, nghe li ng, yu dn mt cht, ng tn bo,

ngoi ra, c ham tu sc m ng try lc th cng khng sao, v ng ngh cn mnh th bn Dch



Nha, Th iu khng lm hi x tc c.

Cch dng ngi, ng ch ch trng ti ti nng, khng cn bit n giai cp ca h, chng hn gii

thiu Ninh Thch, mt n s chn b, vi Hon cng, v Hon cng phong lm i phu, cho cng coi

vic nc vi ng. iu d hiu, chnh ng cng trong giai cp bnh dn m c Bo Thc

tin c vi Hon cng.

Tuy nhin, i vi cc qu tc T, nh h Cao, h Quc, ng t ra nh nhn, khng nghi k tm

cch trit h quyn li ca h nh Ng Khi v Thng ng sau ny; mt phn do ng n ho,

khn kho, mt phn c l do bn qu tc thi uy quyn cn mnh lm, khng suy nh cui i

Chin Quc, ng bit rng khng th lt h c.

7/ Qun Trng bit thun dn, "dn mun g th cp cho ci , khng mun ci g th tr cho ci

" (S k). ng tm cch gip dn, gim bt thu m, khuch trng cng thng, dng chnh

sch kinh t t do lm cho dn giu.

C ngi cho rng ng yu dn l v th on, ngha l yu dn khng v dn m v vua, v quc gia;

chng ti ngh li ch v cn c v cng v l: ng va lm li cho nc, m li va lm li cho

dn th l thnh cng ln, cn i g hn na.

8/ Sau cng ng cng ch trng n o c, bo l, ngha, lim, s l bn iu ct yu (t duy)

trong nc, ngi cm quyn rng gi m tr dn.

Xt k tm im k trn, hai im cui cng rt hp vi quan im ca Nho gia, im 6 cng hi

ging Nho gia, cn nm im u l nhng sng kin rt thc t ca Qun Trng nh hng ln n

cc Php gia sau ny. Cho nn chng ta c th coi ng l thu t ca Php gia m cng l chic cu

ni Nho gia[6] vi Php gia, bit dung ho thc t vi l tng, trng kinh t, v b m cng bit l

ngha, nhn tn. Cng ca ng rt ln chng nhng i vi T, m i vi c vn minh Trung Quc

na. Cho nn chnh Khng t hai ln khen ng.

Bi 18 - chng Hin vn (Lun ng) - "T Cng hi:

- Qun Trng khng phi l ngi nhn chng? Hon cng git cng t C (cha ca Qun Trng),

ng ta khng cht theo m cn lm tng quc gip Hon cng.

Khng t p:

- Qun Trng gip Hon cng lm b ch ch hu, bnh nh c thin h. Dn ti nay cn mang

n ng. Nu khng c ng th chng ta thnh mi r, u dc tc, o ci nt bn tri ht ri.

Nghi l Khng t nh n Qun Trng dp r h phng Bc, cu nn vn minh Trung Quc.

Ln khc ( bi 17 cng chng trn), T L cng ch Qun Trng bt nhn, khng cht theo cng t

C.

Khng t p:

Hon cng chn[7] ln hp ch hu m khng dng n v lc (binh xa), l nh ti sc Qun



Trng. Nh vy chng phi l nhn sao? Chng phi l nhn sao?[8]

Cn Mnh T, sinh sau Qun Trng ba trm ri nm, ch Qun Trng c chuyn dng bn chc

nm m ch gip Hon cng lp c nghip b, th ti cha gi l cao. c v kin thc Mnh

t qu cha bng Khng t; ng ta cha bit rng thi Qun Trng, Trung Quc cha lon lc lm,

ch phong kin cn kh vng, ch hu, ngay c T vn cn tn trng nh Chu, cha c vn

phi thng nht nh sau ny.

T SN

T Sn sinh sau Qun Trng mt trm nm, cm quyn nc Trnh t -554 n khi cht -523 (hay -

522); vy c th ln hn Khng t ba bn chc tui (Khng t sinh nm -551).

ng l mt cng tn (chu vua, ngnh th) ca nc Trnh, tn l Kiu, nn thng gi l Cng tn

Kiu. Trnh thi l mt nc nh, thnh v thng mi, c nhiu tn a ch, nm kp gia hai

nc mnh: Tn Bc, S Nam, li thm pha Ty c Tn, pha ng c Tng, T, L, thnh mt

ci ch cho mi mi tn nhm vo, thng b ln bang xm phm, kh m t cng c, c gi

c cho khi b dit vong l may.

vy, triu nh li hn n, quyn hnh trong tay bn cng t, cng tn, h honh hnh, tranh

dnh ngi vua, chm git nhau, c k mun nh cy Tn hoc S tiu dit k ch ca mnh a

mnh ln ngi na.

T Sn c lng i quc cao, hi tr chuyn tm hc hi, ln ln lu ti vic nc, khng ch

trng dng v lc m dng ngoi giao cu nc. Nh hc rng, c ti ngoi giao, m t cch li

cao, ng c cc chnh tr gia ng thi (nh n Anh T, Qu Trt Ng, Thc Hng

Tn...) qu trng, cc nc khc khng gy s vi Trnh na. Trong nc ng cng quyt v ngay

thng p dng Php ch, ta ln bn th gia ho phit m an nh c x tc. Khi t ra mt lut l

mi, ng cho dn t do ph bnh. ng lp ra nhiu "hng hiu" (trng lng), dn thng ti

bn v chnh s. C ngi khuyn ng nn dp i, ng bo: "Ti sao li dp? C cho dn ti m

bn bc, a kin. Dn thch iu g th ta theo, khng thch th ta sa i, dn l thy ca chng ta

m".

ng tn trng d lun nh vy li thng dn na, c mt ln cho ngi dn ngi xe ng qua

sng. Mnh t ch rng lm chnh tr sao m lo ban nhng n hu nh mn cho dn nh vy, th gi

u m lo vic ln na; nhng Khng t li khen l ngi nhn.

Trc Tun T my trm nm, ng o d oan: c ln Trnh b lt ln, dn cho rng ti cc

con rng tranh u nhau, xin ng cu o long thn, ng p: "Rng tranh nhau l vic ca rng, lin

quan g ti vic ca chng ta? Chng ta khng cu g rng, th rng cng khng cu g chng ta".

Ln khc sao chi xut hin, c ngi bo bn nc Tng, V, Trn, Trnh sp b ho tai, xin ng

cu o cho Trnh trnh c ha, ng khng nghe. Sau qu nhin bn nc u b ho tai, ngi ta



li thc ng cu o, ng p: "o tri xa, o ngi gn, khng lin quan g ti nhau". T

tng nh hng ti Tun t v mt s Php gia i sau nh Hn Phi.

Nhng l do chnh chng ti t ng vo phi Php gia, l ng cho c "hnh th", ngha l cho c

nhng ci nh ghi li hnh php.[9]

H c quc gia th tt nhin phi c php lut v Trung Hoa c php in t lu. Tng truyn c

cc b V hnh (i vua V), Thang hnh (i vua Thang) v Cu hnh (i Chu), c ba u thnh

lp trong khi quc gia ri lon. Li c thuyt cho rng i vua Thun (trc i vua V na) ng

Cao Dao coi vic hnh. Nhng hnh lut c chp trong s mi nc. Chng c l trong ln

hp ch hu Ninh Mu (Sn ng) nm -653. Qun Trng bo T Hon cng rng cc quyt nh

trong cuc hi hp u c ghi vo s mi nc ch hu, tc khc trn th tre, ct trong th kh

ca mi triu nh.

Ti nm -536, mi tm nm sau khi cm quyn, T Sn mi cho c hnh php ca Trnh trn

nhng ci nh bng st[10] ri nm -513, Tun Dn v Triu ng noi gng, cng cho c hnh

php ca Tn trn nh.

Khng T v Thc Hng nc Tng u ch trch hnh vi ca T Sn, khng phi v c trn

nh th hnh php s c tnh cch c nh, khng thay i c, cng khng phi v nh vy hnh

php s c cng b, dn chng ai cng bit ri s kh tr (d khc trn th tre hay c trn nh thi

cng vn l triu nh, dn chng lm sao v m c c); m ch v l c trn nh, hnh

php c tnh cch bt b mt: cc quan coi v hnh khng cn c gi ring nhng th tre ghi lut

php na, khng th t gii thch lut php na, m h gii thch sai th cc quan trong triu so

snh vi bn vn trn nh, khng ai ct giu c m s ch trch, bt gii thch li.

Chng ta nn nh thi cc quan coi v hnh cng nh cc quan i thn triu nh u trong

gii qu tc, h thng gii thch lut php theo quan nim l tc ca h, c li cho h. Vic c

hnh th lm cho h mt quyn gii thch php lut theo t , tc l lm gim quyn uy ca h. H

c gi cc tc "l bt h th nhn, hnh bt thng i phu" (L k), ngha l gia h vi nhau c

xy ra vic g th h theo php in bt thnh vn (l) ca h m dn xp; cn i vi dn thng h

mi dng hnh m ch h c bit thi.

V vy Thc Hng ngi ngi ta s tranh nhau gii thch hnh th mi ngi mt , ri nn hi l

s ny n, nc s lon, "ti i con chu chng ta, nc Trnh s nguy mt". T Sn p: "Kiu ti

bt ti, u dm ngh n i con i chu chng ta, ch mong cu i lc ny thi. Nhng mc du

ti khng vng li ngi, ti vn khng dm qun ci c ln ca ngi" (tc lng nhn t ca ngi i

vi ti).

T Sn cha phi ch trng php tr, nhng cng lm cho php lut c tnh cch khch quan hn

trc, nh cm quyn khng th t gii thch theo quyn li ca mnh na; v dn ng tc mt



cht quyn ca giai cp qu tc, tc giai cp ca ng. ng thc s c lng yu dn v ngay thng.

Cho nn Khng T d ch vic c hnh th m vn khen ng l ngi qun t: "khim cung i vi

ngi, th vua th knh trng, thng ban n hu cho dn, sai khin dn mt cch hp l" ( Lun Ng

- Cng D Trng - 15). Tng truyn khi hay tin T Sn cht, ng khc.

Theo Hn Phi (thin XXX) th trc khi cht, T Sn dn d Du Ct, ngi s ni chc ng:

- Ti cht ri, ng s cm quyn nc Trnh, ng phi nghim khc tr dn. La c v d dn, nn t

ngi b cht thiu; nc c v nhu nhc nn nhiu ngi cht ui. ng nn dng hnh pht

nghim khc, ng cho dn cht ui v s nhu nhc ca ng.

Du Ct khng nghe, ti khi thanh nin mun ni lon, mi n hn thng tay trng tr. Nu truyn

ng th Thng ng v Hn Phi sau ny u chu nh hng ca T Sn.

L KHI

Th k th 4 trc T.L., cc php gia ni tip nhau xut hin. ng ghi trc ht l L Khi s k

thi Chin Quc. C sch gi ng l L Khc (c l v m Khc v m Khi gn nhau), c sch gi

ng l L oi (v ch Khc vi ch oi rt ging nhau). ng lm quan th t Thng a

ri lm tng quc cho Ngy Vn hu, khng r nm sinh t, ch bit sng hu bn th k th 4.

Tng truyn ng vit b Php kinh gm 6 thin v Thng ng sau ny dng b bin php

Tn. B tht lc. ng li c cng a ra thuyt "Tn a lc" tc tng gia nng sn ti mc

ti a.

Hn Phi chu nh hng t nhiu ca ng v trong thin XXX - Ni tr thuyt thng (coi phn dch)

c nhc ti ng nh sau:

Khi lm quan th Thng a, mun cho dn ni bn gii, ng ra lnh rng h trong vic tranh

tng m cn h nghi th cho hai bn bn vo ch, ai bn trng s thng kin, ai bn trt s thua. Dn

ua nhau tp bn, ho ra bn gii, nh vy m khi chin tranh vi Tn, ng i thng.

NG KHI

ng chnh l mt Binh gia, nhng ng thi cng l mt Php gia v thc hnh: Binh gia v Php

gia tinh thn c nhiu im ging nhau. ng sng cng thi vi L Khi, mi u l tng qun

nc S, sau lm quan th t Ty H v tng quc cho Ngy V hu, con Ngy Vn hu, sau

cng lm tng quc cho S iu vng. Theo Hn Phi th thi ca Hn, ngi ta cha ct nhiu

sch ca Thng Qun, Qun t, Tn t, Ng t. Ng t tc Ng Khi v b binh th ca ng gm

18 thin.

Khi lm quan th t Ty H, mun trit h mt ci "nh ca Tn bin gii m khng phi trng



binh, ch dng dn trong min thi, ng ngh ra mt thut: chng ci cng xe ca bc, bo ai di n

qua ca nam th s c thng rung v nh thng hng. Mi u dn khng tin, ch ci; sau

c mt ngi c th di i, qu nhin c thng nh ha. Mt lt sau ng t mt thch (10

u) ca ng bo ai di qua ca ty th cng s c thng nh trc; dn tranh nhau di i.

Ri ng li ra lnh hm sau nh chim ci nh, ngi u chim c s c phong chc i

phu, thng rung v nh thng hng. Dn tranh nhau tn cng, ch trong bui sng chim c.

C l Thng ng sau ny dng thut c lng tin ca dn chng nc Tn trc khi ng

bin php.

Lm tng quc nc S, thy quyn th bn qu tc qu ln, ng mun tc bt, khuyn vua ra

lnh rng con chu cc v hu c phong t, c ba i th thu tc lc li. ng c l l ngi u

tin dm tn cng bn qu tc, h rt on ng, cht chn tay ng khi iu vng cht, ngha l ch

mt nm sau khi k hoch ca ng c thc hin.

Hn Phi trng v thng ng mun cho S c ph cng m phi cht thm, nn hai ln nhc ti

ng trong tc phm ca mnh, mt ln thin XXX, mt ln thin XIII. Trong thin XIII, Hn vit:

"S khng dng Ng Khi b mt nc v lon, Tn thi hnh php ca Thng Qun (tc Thng

ng) m ph cng. Li hai ng y u ng m Ng Khi b cht chn tay, Thng qun b xe x

thy l ti sao? Ti bn i thn on php thut m dn chng ght s cai tr."

THN BT HI

Qun Trng v T Sn u tn trng o c, vn cn t cch ca Nho gia. Thn Bt Hi mi cho

chnh tr ly khai o c, nn c ngi cho chnh ng mi thc l thu t ca Php gia. ng thuc

giai cp a ch mi nn mi chng l, cao php.

Thin 63 trong S k, T M Thin sp ng chung vi Hn Phi v cho bit qua loa v i ca ng.

ng gc gc t Kinh thuc nc Trnh, (ng lm Kinh l nc S), mi u lm mt chc

quan nh Trnh. Chuyn hc v hnh danh (hc thuyt ca phi Danh gia), sau c Chiu Ly hu

nc Hn (Trnh lc ny b Hn thn tnh) dng lm tng quc.

Trong 15 nm - t -351 n 337,[11] c sch chp l t - 355 n -341, x xch 4 nm - nh ti ni

tr v ngoi giao ca Thn m Hn thnh mt nc mnh, khng b nc no xm ln c.

Thn li hai thin, nhan l Thn t.

V nm sinh nm t, S k khng cho ta bit. Cc hc gi i sau a ra hai thuyt:

- Sinh nm -401, mt nm -337 ("-" trc Ty lch).

- Sinh nm no cha quyt, mt nm -341.



Chng ta cn nh nm -376, nc Tn chia ba thnh Ngy, Hn, Triu. Trong ba nc , Hn nh

nht, t li kh cn, dn chng ngho kh. Khi Thn Bt Hi lm tng quc cho Chiu Ly hu,

nc Hn mi thnh lp c vi chc nm, cha t chc kp, lut l c ca Tn cha b m li

ban thm lut l mi, c khi mu thun nhau, ni chnh ri lon, quan li khng bit p dng lut l

no, k di c khi khng phc tng k trn. Thn Bt Hi phi lp li trt t trc ht, theo thuyt

hnh danh (danh phi ng vi thc), ch trng "tn qun, ti (tri vi tn) thn, sng thng c h".

ng ch trng nht n "thut", tc phng tin, mu m t c mc ch: vua chn v dng

b ti cch no, th ti h, iu tra h ra sao.

Cun Thn t khng cn, hc thuyt ca ng, chng ta ch bit c i khi nh t on trong

thin nh php (coi phn trch dch sau) ca Hn Phi.

Gn u thin , Hn vit: Thut l nhn ti nng m giao cho chc quan, theo ci danh m trch

c ci thc (tc l ni sao th phi lm ng nh vy, hoc gi chc v no th phi lm ng nhim

v); nm quyn sinh st (cho sng hay bt b ti cht) trong tay, m xt kh nng ca qun thn.

l ci m bc vua cha phi nm trong tay.

(Thut gi, nhn nhim nhi th quan, tun danh nhi trch thc, thao st sinh chi bnh, kha qun thn

chi nng gi d, th nhn ch chi s chp d).

Gn cui thin Hn Phi li vit: Thn t bo: "Quan li khng c vt chc, d bit cng khng

c ni" ( - Tr bt du quan, tuy tri bt ngn).

Nghi l theo thut hnh danh, gi mt chc quan no th phi lm ng chc quyn ca mnh

thi, vic g ngoi chc quyn th d bit cng khng c ni[12].

Cng trong thin Hn Phi ch Thn Bt Hi ch chuyn dng thut, khng lo v php, nn c k

li dng s mu thun gia lnh c ca Tn v lut l mi ca Hn m lm nhiu iu gian tr, thy

lut lnh no c li cho h th h theo. Do , Hn c mt vn c chin xa, Thn cm quyn c

mi by nm m Hn khng lm b ch c. Li c phn nghim khc qu. Thn khng a

Hn ln ngi b ch c v c nhng nc mnh hn Hn nhiu nh Tn, S, T, Triu, nht l

nc Tn lc ln li c Thng ng gip m hng cng ln rt mau. Hn lm sao bng

c? V ni tr, ng c l cha dit ht bn tham nhng nh Hn Phi trch, nhng v ngoi giao,

ng gip cho nc Hn khi b xm ln, nh vy cng kh ri.

Trong thin XXXIV - Ngoi tr thuyt hu thng, Hn cn dn mt on ca Thn, i khuyn

bc vua cha phi c ci thut "b him ng l ra cho b di bit s sng sut hay khng sng

sut, s hiu bit hay khng hiu bit, s yu hay ght ca mnh; nu khng k di phng, tm

cch gt, nh mnh. Cui cng Thn bo "Ta khng da vo u m bit ngi (b ti) c, ch c



v vi (khng lm g c) l c th d xt c h m thi". C l v cu m T M Thin bo hc

thuyt ca Thn gc Hong, Lo chng? B Thn t tht truyn, chng ta khng bit chc c

Thn chu nh hng ca Lo t ti mc no: nhng xt chung th php v vi ca php gia khc

xa thuyt v vi ca o gia - im ny chng ti s xt k trong mt phn sau.

Chin quc sch (Hn sch III - 5) chp li chuyn di y ca Thn Bt Hi: Hn vi Ngy l hai

nc ngang hng nhau m Thn Bt Hi vi Chiu Ly hu cm khu ngc li yt kin vua Lng

(tc vua Ngy), khng phi l thch s ti tin m ght s tn qu, cng khng phi l vng suy m

tnh lm. "Thn Bt Hi mu tnh nh vy: "Ta cm ngc khu yt kin vua Ngy, vua Ngy tt t

c rng Hn phi thn phc mnh, tt s mit th thin h, th l nguy cho Ngy v ch hu ght

Ngy tt s th Hn, m ta chu khut thn di mt ngi c dui mnh trn vn ngi. Lm

cho binh lc ca Ngy suy nhc i m lm cho quyn th ca Hn mnh ln, th khng gi bng

triu phc Ngy". Ri khen Thn "Chiu Ly hu thi hnh k qu l mt v minh qun; Thn Bt

Hi mu tnh vic nc m by k , qu l mt trung thn". Chuyn c th tin c m cho ta

bit mt "thut" na ca Thn Bt Hi v ngoi giao. R l ci khng kh ca thi Chin Quc, thi

ca cc bin s o vi m Thn Bt Hi l mt.

THN O

Chng ta c bit rt t v i Thn o, mc d hc thuyt ca ng c nhu ngi nhc ti; nh

Tun t, Hn Phi, v tc gi thin Thin h[13] trong Trang t. Nguyn do c l ti ng khc hn cc

Php gia trc v sau ng, khng lm chnh tr, nn s khng nhc ti[14]. ng thun ty l mt t

tng gia.

Cc sch chng ti c ch ni rng ng ng thi vi Thn Bt Hi, Thng ng; duy Trung Quc

trit hc i cng ca V ng (Thng v n th qun - 1958) l cho bit ng sinh vo khong

370, mt vo khong -290 m khng h dn chng hoc cho xut x.

S k ca T M Thin c hai ch nhc qua ti ng:

Thin 46 v in Knh, Trng Hon, bo T Tuyn Vng trng k s i du thuyt, nh Tru Din,

Thun Vu Khn, in Bin, Tip D, Thn o, Hon Uyn, phong h chc i phu v cho h nh

ti Tc H. C ti 76 ngi nh vy, ngi ta gi h l Tc H tin sinh. Ri sau s tng ln ti

c trm, c ngn. H t do tranh lun nhng khng d vo vic tr nc ca T.

- Thin 74 v Mnh Kha, Thun Vu Khn, Thn o, Trn Thch, Tun Khanh, cho ta bit thm

rng Thn o l ngi nuc Triu, in Bin, Tip D l ngi nc T, Hon Uyn l ngi

nc S, ht thy u theo o Hong Lo.

ng vit 12 bi lun, c sch ni l 42 thin sch, nhng tht truyn[15]

Thin Thin h trong Trang t bo ng ch trng "b tr tu, qun mnh i, c theo th bt c d

m hnh ng, thn nhin thun theo s vt, nh vy hp vi o l (...) ng trn tra theo s bin



ho, b quan nim th phi khi b ly v vt, ng khng tin tri thc cng s suy ngh ca mnh,

khng bit trc sau, ng mt mnh mt ci..." Vy l ng cng mt ch trng vi Lo, Trang.

Tun t trong thin Phi thp nh t sp ng vo phi Php gia, ch ng qu trng "php" v "th".

"Ni rng trng php m chnh mnh li khng gi php lut, cho vic tu thn tr quc l thp m

a by t sinh s, trn khin c vua nghe theo, di lm cho bn th tc va lng, sut ngy ni

cng dn vn trng in, nhng xt k th thy bng lng xa vi, khng a ti u, khng kin thit

c quc gia, chun nh c ch , vy m bin lun vn c chng c, bn lun vn mch lc,

gt gm bn ngu, l trng hp Thn o v in Bin".

Nt chnh trong t tng ng l trng "th", m h trng th th t nhin trng php lut.

Theo Hn Phi trong thin Nn th, th Thn o bn v "th" nh sau:

"Con phi long ci my (m bay ln tri), con ng x (mt loi rn nh rng, khng c chn) ch

ng sng m m ln trong . My tan, sng tnh ri th hai con cng ch nh con giun, con

kin v mt ch da. Ngi hin m chu khut k bt tiu l v quyn (th) nh, (a) v thp; k bt

tiu m phc c ngi hin l v quyn trng, v cao. Nghiu hi cn l dn thng th khng tr

c ba ngi, m Kit khi lm thin t th c th lm lon c thin h. Do ti bit rng quyn th

v a v nh cy c, m bc hin, tr khng cho ta hm m.

Cy n yu m bn c mi tn ln cao l nh sc gi a i, k bt tiu m lnh ban ra c thi

hnh l nh sc gip ca qun chng. Nghiu khi cn l k l thuc, i ging dy th dn khng

nghe; n khi ngi quay mt v phng Nam, lm vua thin h, ban lnh l ngi ta thi hnh lin,

cm on l ngi ta phi ngng ngay. Do m xt th hin v tr khng cho m ng phc

tng; m quyn th, a v khut phc c ngi hin.

Thn t vit: Phi long tha vn, ng x du v, Vn bi v t, nhi long x d dn ngh ng h, tc

tht k s tha d. C hin nhn nhi khut bt tiu gi, tc quyn trng v tn d. Nghiu vi tht

ph bt nng tr tam nhn, nhi Kit vi thin t nng lon thin h. Ng d th tri th v chi tc th, nhi

hin tr chi bt tc m d.

Ph n nhc nhi th cao gi, kch phong d. Thn bt tiu nhi lnh hnh gi, c tr chng d.

Nghiu gio l thuc nhi dn bt thnh, ch nam din nhi vng thin h, lnh tc hnh, cm tc

ch. Do th quan chi, hin tr v tc d phc chng, nhi th v tc d khut hin gi d.



Thn o cao sc mnh v tc dng ca quyn th, a v; iu ng. Nhng khng . Khng

r trong 42 thin tht truyn, ng c bn g thm khng, c xt quyn th, a v do u m c, khi

no th chnh ng, khi no khng, v mt khi c c ri th lm sao gi c... V trng "th"

nn Thn o ch trng tp quyn, cm khng c lp b ng, a v v quyn li ca v ln b,

con c con th phi r rng, i thn khng c ln vua, phi b ring m ch theo lut.

THNG NG

Php gia c ba phi chnh, phi trng thut l Thn Bt Hi, phi trng th l Thn o, phi th ba

trng php l Thng ng. V i ca Thng ng chng ta c bit kh y . S k dnh

ring mt thin v ng: Thin 68 Thng Qun ng.

ng, khng r sinh nm no, c th vo khong -388, sng cng thi vi Thn Bt Hi v Thn

o, nh tui hn Thn v ln tui hn Thn. ng l ngi nc V (v vy cn gi l V ng),

mt nc nh ph dung ca nc Ngy, tn h l Cng tn (vy l ging di qu tc sa st, khc

hn Ng Khi v Thn Bt Hi) cho nn cn gi l Cng tn ng.

ng thch mn hc hnh danh, lm chc Trung th t, tc nh b th, cho quan tng quc nc

Ngy l Cng Thc Ta (c sch ni l dy con cho Ta); Cng Thc Ta khen l c k ti, khi au

nng, tin c ng vi Ngy Hu vng v dn: " Nu i vng khng dng hn th git hn i,

ng cho hn ra khi nc Ngy". Lc Hu vng ra v ri, Cng Thc Ta li bo nh V ng;

"Ta tin c thy vi nh vua v dn nh vua nu khng dng thy th nn git thy i. Ta coi nh

vua khng mun dng thy u, vy nn mau mau trn i". ng im nhin p: "Nh vua

khng nghe li ngi m dng ti th l no li nghe li ngi m git ti", ri c li nc Ngy. Nu

chuyn c thc th V ng qu l bit ngi, gan d m c bn lnh cao. Trong thi gip vic

cho Cng Thc Ta, chc ng c bit t tng ca Ng Khi.

Sau nhn dp qua vua Tn Hiu cng cu hin, V ng qua Tn nm -361, nh mt vin quan thn

tn ca Hiu cng l Cnh Gim tin c, c Hiu Cng cho yt kin. Mi u ng bn v o lm

"" (tc o tr nc ca cc bc thnh nh Nghiu, Thun), Hiu cng chn khng bun nghe. Ln

sau, ng h thp xung, bn v o lm "vng (vng o), dng nhn ngha tr dn, Hiu cng

cng khng thch. Sau cng, bn v b o th Hiu cng l nt vui, nghe V ng thuyt my ngy

m khng chn. Truyn cha chc c tht, nhng cho ta bit rng thi o Nho suy, cc vua

ch hu ch thch dng b o thi, cho vng o l vu khot.

V ng c trng dng ngay, hai nm sau (-359) a ra mt ci cch v php lut. Mt v i

thn tn Cam Long phn i, bo:

- Thnh nhn ty theo dn m dy, theo php lut c m tr, nh vy khng mt sc m thnh cng.

V ng p:



- l li th tc, bn ngi thng thch gi tc c, khng bit rng tam i (H, Thng, Chu), l

khng ging nhau m u lm c vng nghip, cc ng b, php lut khng ging nhau m u

lp c b nghip. Bc tr nhn lp ra lut php mi, bc hin nhn t ra cc iu l mi. Khng

phi ch c mi mt cch tr nc. Vua Thang, vua V khng theo c m lm bc vng, H v n

c thi theo c m mt nc. Vy lm khc thi trc cha hn l ng ch, m c cha hn l ng

khen.

Hiu cng cho V ng l c l, v theo ngh ca ng m ra lnh:

- T chc lin gia 5 nh v 10 nh, bt phi t co ln nhau[16], thy k c ti m khng t co th b

chm ngang lng, t co th c thng nh chm c mt u gic; cha chp k gian th b x

nh ti hng qun ch.

- C hai ngi con trai trng thnh tr ln m chung nh th ngi trong nh phi ng thu gp

i.

- Ai c chin cng th c phong chc, ai gy ln nhau th b trng tr.

- Ai cy cy, nui tm, dt la nng sut trn mc nh th khi phi lm kh dch; ai lm giu

bng thng mi hoc lm bing khng sn xut th phi lm n l.

- Qu tc m khng c chin cng th s h xung thng dn.

Trc khi ban b sc lnh, s dn khng tin, Thng ng dng thut di y:

ng cho dng mt khc cy di ba trng ca Nam ch Kinh , bo h c ngi no di c

khc cy y qua ca Bc th c thng mi nn vng[17]. Dn ly lm l; vic d nh vy sao

m thng hu nh vy, ng triu nh c n g nn do d. Hm sau ng li ra lnh di c th

thng nm chc nn vng. Mt ngi th di khc cy xem sao, qu nhin c thng nm mi

nn. T dn Tn tin rng lnh ca triu nh ban ra th thi hnh ng. C s ny rt ging c s

v Ng Khi Ty H m chng ti dn trn; Thng ng chc chu nh hng ca Ng

Khi.

Lnh ban ra, trong triu nhiu ngi chng i, m dn chng cng ko nhau c hng ngn ngi ti

kinh phn khng. Chnh Thi t cng bt bnh, c ln phm php. Thng ng bo mi

ngi chng k sang hn, u bnh ng v php lut. Nhng thi t s ni ngi vua, vy hai s ph

ca thi t phi chu ti thay. T dn u s lnh ca ng, trong mi nm ca ri ngoi ng

khng ai dm lm, ti rng ni cng khng cn trm cp, chng bao lu Tn hi mnh, thng

c Ngy mt trn

T nm -350 n -348, Thng ng li bin php ln na, ln ny v hnh chnh v ti chnh:

- Cm cha con anh em ng c cho cng vic khn hoang mau pht trin.

- Chia nc thnh qun huyn.

- M mang t ai, ai v thm c t th lm ch t, t mt th thu cng bng, ai cng nh ai.



Hai vic lp qun huyn v m mang t ai ny c t thi Xun Thu, Thng ng ch c cng

a ra thnh quc sch, v p dng mt cch i quy m thi.

- Thng nht o lng.

t nm sau, Tn mnh ln, thng Ngy mt trn ln M Lc, git c tng Ngy v cm t thi

t Ngy. T Ngy khng ngc u ln c na, vua Ngy chc n hn khng nghe li Cng

Thc Ta, khng dng m cng khng git Thng ng.

Danh vng, chc tc ca Thng ng by gi ln n tt bc. Tn Hiu cng phong cho ng mt

khu gm 15 p t Thng, vi tc Thng qun, v vy ng c tn l Thng ng. Tt c triu

nh, nht l gii qu tc, cha anh ca vua u ght ng. S d ng cn ng vng c ch nh

Hiu cng che ch. Chin Quc sch (Tn sch -I.1) chp rng khi Hiu cng au nng, mun truyn

ngi cho ng, ng khng nhn v gi ng ch trng ca Php gia: b ti gi phn b ti.

Hiu cng mt ri, Hu vng ln thay. Hu vng chnh l thi t hi trc b Thng ng

lm nhc. C ngi bo Hu vng:

- i thn m quyn ln qu th nc nguy; k t hu thn cn qu th bn thn nguy. Nay Tn,

n b tr con u ni: php lnh ca Thng qun, ch khng ni php lnh ca i vng, th l

chnh Thng qun mi lm vua, m i vng ho thnh b ti. V chng Thng qun chnh l k

th ca i vng, xin i vng xt k.

Hu vng sai bt Thng ng, ng trn ra bin gii, ti mt l im, ch l im khng dm

cha, bo: "theo lnh ca Thng qun, khch ti tr phi c "thn phn chng", tc nh th cn

cc. ng khng c, cha ng ti s b ti."

Thng qun nh phi trn sang Ngy, ngi Ngy ui ng v Tn. Cng qu, ng liu tr v t

Thng, dng binh t Thng chng li triu nh, tht bi b git Thng Tr (thuc t Trnh).

Thy ng b "xa lit": ct u v tay chn vo 5 con nga, ri nh cho nga chy v 5 pha. Nm

l nm -338; ng sng khong 50 tui. Ngi ght ng, cho rng ng b qu bo, nhng ngi phc

ng nh Hn Phi thng ng cht v bn phn, v l tng.

Sch Hn ch chp rng ng c son mt b nhan Thng t nay cn 24 thin, nhng theo cc

hc gi gn y th b hon ton ca ngi sau vit.

Ch trng ca ng l:

- Php lut phi rt nghim, ban b khp trong nc, v t trn xung di ai cng phi thi hnh,

khng phn bit giai cp; php nh ri th khng ai c bn ra bn vo na, khng c "dng

li kho m lm hi php", ngha l lm sai ngha ca php tm li cho mnh.

- Ti d nh cng pht rt nng, cho dn s, m sau khi phi dng hnh pht. l cch "dng

hnh pht tr b hnh pht" (D hnh kh hnh). T Sn cng ch trng nh vy trc khi dn

Du Ct phi dng hnh pht cho tht nghim. V vic thng, ng cho rng lm iu thin l bn



phn ca dn, khng ng thng; nhng ng li trng thng bn co gian, l im mu thun.

Hn Phi rng ri hn, bo lm iu thin cng ng khuyn khch.

ng bo: "Nc s d c trng, vua s d c tn l nh sc mnh" - M mun cho nc mnh

th phi trng nng v chin, nng nui chin: hc thut v c cng ngh, thng mi ng cho l

v dng, c hi cho nc: "C ngn ngi dn lm vic nng, chin, m c mt ngi c thi th,

tranh bin nhau v tr tu, th ngn ngi kia u ha ra lm bing v nng chin. C trm ngi dn

lm vic nng, chin m c mt ngi lo v k ngh th trm ngi kia u ho ra lm bing v vic

nng chin. Nc nh nng, chin m yn, vua nh nng chin m c tn".

V vy ng khuyn khch, gn nh bt buc nng dn phi khn hoang, cho h lm ch t h khai

thc c; mt khc bt ton dn phi l lnh (chng ta thy ng chu nh hng ca Qun

Trng): "trng nam hp li thnh mt qun, trng n hp li thnh mt qun, cn cc ng gi b c

hoc n ng n b m yu hp thnh mt qun gi l tam qun. Qun trng nam th cho n nhiu

v luyn tp vic binh, sp hng i ch, qun trng n cng cho n nhiu v p thnh, sp hng

i lnh; (...) Qun gi yu th chn b, d heo, trng trt, kim cy c, thc n no n c th thu

thp nui bn trng nam, trng n"

Theo Hu Hn th, chnh sch c rt hiu qu; qua i Hn, ngha l trn mt trm nm sau khi

Thng ng mt, Quan Ty, ngha l t Tn, pha Ty ca i Hm cc, ph n cn bit

dng kh gii ra trn.

Hn na, Thng ng cn mun to mt giai cp qu tc gm cc qun nhn - nh giai cp

noblesse d pe thi Trung c chu u; ng ngh: "Ch bn nh gic mi c giu sang[18],

nh vy dn nghe thy ra trn l chc mng nhau, ng ngi n ung lc no cng ca ht chin

tranh".

- Ph qu chi mn tt xut binh, th c dn vn chin nhi tng h d, khi c m thc s ca dao

gi chin d - "Ai cht c u gic th tc c thng mt cp, mun lm quan th c mt

chc quan lng bng l 50 thch (100 thng l mt thch); cht c hai u gic, tc c thng

hai cp, mun lm quan th c mt chc quan lng bng l 100 thch; quan tc thng u xng

ng vi cng chm u gic".

Nh vy l Thng ng nh mt n mnh vo giai cp qu tc ng thi khng c cng lao g

vi quc gia m cng c hng tc lc ng cha truyn li. C l v im ng cng chu

nh hng ca Ng Khi v Ng Khi ngh vi S iu vng: i vi con chu nhng ngi

c phong th c ba i s thu tc li. Nhng thi giai cp qu tc cn mnh, h qut li: Ng

Khi v Thng ng u b h git mt cch tn nhn. Phi i ti i Hn, giai cp tn a ch



mi thng c giai cp qu tc v c mt a v vng vng.

Nh vy l giai cp tn a ch vi mt s qu tc tin b nh T Sn v tin dn nh Mc T

can m tranh u khong nm th k - c k b bn qu tc qut li ti ch cht khng ton thy -

mi xo b c mt s c quyn ca qu tc, b c l "hnh bt thng i phu, l bt h th

dn" u i Chu; v ln ln to c mt x hi tng i cng bng (th dn c tuyn dng

v x theo lut php cng nh qu tc), mt x hi tm n nh trong non 2000 nm, c ting l

dn ch sm hn Ty phng mi th k

Mi ti gn th k chng ta, sau hai cuc cch mnh lin tip ca tiu t sn v v sn, tnh trng x

hi u i Chu mi lt ngc li; giai cp v sn dnh c quyn li v a v ca giai cp qu tc

ba ngn nm trc. Mt chu k chm dt. Ri bt u mt vng trn c khc chng?

Ti y hc thuyt ca Php gia c ba phi: Th ca Thn o, Thut ca Thn Bt Hi, v Php

ca Thng ng; k nh hon b. Ch cn mt ngi tp i thnh, sa cha, thm bt. Ngi

l Hn Phi m chng ti s xt trong cc phn sau. Nhng Hn Phi mun lm chnh tr m khng

c dng; ngi p dng hc thuyt ca ng lm cho Tn thng nht c Trung Quc l L T,

mt bn hc ca ng.

Xt li, trong thi Xun Thu v Chin Quc, nhng ngi c cng thc y s bin chuyn ca x

hi Trung Hoa t ch phong kin qua ch qun ch chuyn ch, khng phi Nho gia, Mc gia

hay o gia m chnh l Php gia. Nhng nc T, Trnh, Hn, Ngy, Tn nh Qun Trng, T Sn,

Thn Bt Hi, Ng Khi, Thng ng, L T thay nhau ni bt ln nhiu hay t trong s cc

nc ch hu, nh du nhng giai on quan trng, v vy m c nh nh Vandermeersch[19]

ngh nn chia li thi Xun Thu v Chin Quc theo nhng giai on , m b li phn chia t

trc ti nay ch cn c vo s ca nh Chu. kin mi m v c l mt phn.

Ch thch:

[1] La formation du Lgisme - cole franaise d Extrme Orient - Paris- 1965.

[2] Hn Phi cng dng ting "v vi", nhng theo mt ngha khc. Khi xt hc thuyt Hn Phi chng

ti s ging r.

[3] Thuyt Mc t tng lm quan Tng b cc hc gi c ting bc.

[4] Xt chung th cc trit gia theo phi trn hu ht trong giai cp qu tc suy vi, cn mun duy

tr quyn li ca giai cp mnh nn c tinh thn bo th hoc phc c (Khng t, Lo t, Mnh t,

Tun t); cn phi di trong giai cp a ch mi, nn chng li giai cp qu tc c (L Khi,

Ng Khi, Thn o, Thn Bt Hi). Nhng cng c nhiu l ngoi; Mc t trong giai binh u

chng c qu tc ln a ch mi; Trang t trong giai cp qu tc suy vi m qu ym th, hoi



nghi; Thng ng, Hn Phi u trong giai cp qu tc m chng li giai cp , bnh vc giai

cp a ch mi

[5] Theo Cng gim di tri lc ca Ng Tha Quyn ( i Thanh) th nc T chia lm 21 hng, 6

dnh cho cng ngh v thng mi, 15 dnh cho s v nng - 21 hng tc 2000 x 21 = 42.000

ngi. Sao m t vy? 420.000 ngi th ng hn.

[6] Chng ta nn nh o Nho c trc Khng t. T Nghiu, Thun, hoc tr nht l t Chu cng,

cho nn Khng t bo ng ch thut o ngi xa ch khng sng tc.

[7] Thc ra l 11 ln

[8] Nguyn vn: "nh k nhn?" C th hiu l: Hy lm nhn nh ng y.

[9] Theo L Th Xun Thu th ng Tch l ngi u tin nc Trnh nu vic phi t ra hnh

php. ng v phe cc tn a ch, thng ch trch cc lnh ca giai cp qu tc, T Sn cm

khng c. ng c c "thy ci", xi ngi ta kin nhau. Tng truyn c ngi vt c xc mt

ngi nh giu, gia nh ngi ny xin chuc. Ngi vt xc i nhiu tin qu, ngi nh giu ni

vi ng Tch. ng bo: "c yn, mc h, h cn bn c cho ai u?". Ngi vt c xc m

lo, li hi ng, ng bo: "c yn, mc h, h cn mua u c na". ng c ci ti ly tri lm

phi, ly phi lm tri; li dm t ra php lut ring chp ln th tre, treo trc ca khin cho d

lun xn xao. T Sn phi git ng, nhng vn dng chnh sch ci lng php lut ca ng.

Sch T Truyn bo T Thuyn git ng Tch ri dng Trc hnh ca ng, nh vy ng vi T

Sn khng sng cng mt thi.

C hc gi li cho rng h sng cng thi, nhng ng Tch cht sau T Sn hai chc nm.

Cha bit thuyt no ng

[10] C hc gi ng l bng ng v thi Trnh hoc Tn cha c st hoc mi c m ch lm

nhng thng dng thi.

[11] Chng ti b du trc nhng nm ny, v khng th lm c l nm Ty lch

[12] Hn Phi ch ch trng , coi mt chng sau

[13] Trong b Trang t a ra nhng l l ti sao tc gi khng tin thin ny l do Trang t vit

(N.X.B Vn Ho, 1991) (B.T.)

[14] Mnh t, Co t h, bi 8, c chp truyn Mnh t thuyt Thn t ng nghe li vua L, em

qun nh T. Thn t l ngi khc, khng phi Thn o.

[15] (Chin Quc sch - S II.7- c mt truyn l th v Thn o, nhng khng ng tin nn khng

chp vo y ).

[16] Chnh sch co gian ny, Mc t ngh khong 100 nm trc - coi cc thin Thng

ng- b Mc t

[17] Nguyn vn l "kim". Ch ny c th tr mt ng tin vng, mt nn, mt dt, mt cn vng;



li c th tr mt kim loi khc, nh ng.

[18] Mc t cng ngh ch ngi hin mi c giu sang, cn qu tc bt ti th cng phi

ngho hn - coi cc thin Thng hin, b Mc t

[19] Sd, trang 275


Hn Phi T

PHN II - Chng 1

HN PHI: I SNG V TC PHM

I SNG

V tiu s Hn Phi chng ta ch c ba ngun ti liu: Chin Quc sch, Hn Phi T v S k ca T

M Thin; nhng nhng ti liu y a s u mp m hoc khng ng tin, c khi mu thun nhau

na.

Trc ht chng ta c th gt b ti liu trong Chin Quc sch, tc bi Diu C p vua Tn (Tn -

V.8- bn dch ca chng ti, nh L Bi 1973) v Chin Quc sch khng ng coi l mt tc phm

v s, (nhiu bi ch c gi tr v vn hc, v lun thuyt thi, iu ny chng ti trnh by trong

phn gii thiu Chin Quc sch trang 40, nht l bi Diu C p vua Tn c ging tiu thuyt qu,

khng th tin c). i khi truyn nh sau:

Hn Phi thy Diu C l ngi nc Ngy, gip vua Tn (Thy Hong) c lc c phong chc

thng khanh, m ghen ght, dm pha, tu vi vua Tn: "C em chu bu, pha Nam i s Kinh

(tc nc S), Ng, pha Bc i s Yn, i. Ba nm sau, tnh giao thip vi cc nc v tt dng

quyn ca i vng, bo vt ca quc gia m t kt giao vi ch hu xin i vng xt li. V li

tn lnh gi ca ca nc Lng n cp Lng, li c ln lm b ti Triu m b ui (...)

m em bn vic x tc vi hn th cn u ci nghim khc i vi qun thn"

Vua Tn bn vi Diu C v hi. C nhn ht, nhng bo Thi Cng Vng, Qun Trng, Bch L

H u xu xa tin v Thi Cng Vng c lc lm tn t, Qun Trng vn l mt con bun

tham b, Bch L H l mt tn n xin t Ngu, vy m vua Vn vng, vua T Hon cng, vua

Tn Mc cng vn dng h m nh h lp c nghip vng, nghip b, cn hng cao kht nh

cc n s Bin Thy, V Quang, Thn ch th khng vua no dng c, nn h chng gip g

cho x tc. Vy l khi dng ngi, nh vua ch nn xem xt k gip c vic cho mnh khng,

ch ng cu n h d bn, xu xa; nht l ng nghe li gim pha m s khng c b ti trung vi



mnh u

Rt cuc, "vua Tn khen l phi, li dng Diu C m git Hn Phi".

Nhn vt Hn Phi trong bi b bi nh qu thnh mt bin s h ng, v t cch m Tn Thy

Hong cng khng ng l mt ng vua dng c nghip ln nht thi Chin Quc: h nghe

li Hn Phi, ri li d dng b Diu C thuyt phc, git Hn Phi mt cch v l. S thc, Hn c th

b L T (v c l c Diu C na) gim pha, nhng cht v mt l do khc hn.

Chin Quc sch ch chp mi truyn v Hn Phi. B Hn Phi T cho ta c nhiu ti liu hn:

nm thin ht thy.

Thin I - S kin Tn, m nhiu tc gi ch gii l bi biu Hn Phi dng vua Tn trong ln hi kin

u tin, nhng h khng cho ta bit vic xy ra nm no. i bi bo Tn ng s lc quc

(Triu, Yn, Ngy, Kinh "S", T, Hn) hp tung nh Tn v kho lm ca h trng rng m s tt

ca h s cht, nn h s thua. Cn Tn c iu kin lm b ch, s d cha thn tnh c thin

h v mu thn bt ti, bt trung (Hn dn chng Tn v lm ln m ba ln l c hi lm b).

Cui cng, Hn kt: Thn khng s cht, xin yt kin i vng bn v cch ph th hp tung

ca cc nc trong thin h, thng Triu, dit Hn[1] bt Kinh, Ngy phi thn phc, bt T, Yn

phi kt thn vi mnh, thnh ci danh b vng. Xin i vng th nghe thuyt ca thn, mt ln

ra qun m qun trong thin h khng b ph () danh b vng khng thnh, ch hu bn phng

khng thn phc th xin i vng chm u thn i mi ngi trong nc bit rng thn mu

tnh m khng trung thnh vi cha.

C ba l do nghi ng bi khng phi ca Hn Phi:

- Khng c mt sch no khc chp truyn c, trc sau Hn Phi ch i s Tn c mt ln dng

vua Tn bi biu Tn Hn (coi phn di) thi.

- Ging bi cng l ging bn bin s nh T Tn, Trng Nghi, ch khng phi ging mt t

tng gia v chnh tr nh Hn. C ngi ng l ca Thi Trch (ngi nc Thi, ly tn nc lm

tn h, lm t tng Tn Chiu vng sau khi Phm Tuy t chc); nhng Chin Quc sch cho l

ca Trng Nghi thuyt Tn Hu Vng. Bi trong Chin Quc sch (Tn sch I.5) y ht bi trong

Hn Phi t, cha r b chp b no.

- T tng ca Hn Phi trong bi , tc thin 1- S kin Tn tri ngc hn vi thin 2 Tn Hn.

Trong S kin Tn Hn Phi nguyn gip Tn dit lc quc, trong c nc Hn, t quc ca Hn

Phi. Trong Tn Hn, tri li Hn Phi c thuyt phc Tn Thy Hong duy tr nc Hn:

Lc Triu v Tn xch mch vi nhau, Tn mun chim Hn trc v Hn nm gia Tn v Triu.

Hn Phi khuyn ng nh Hn v Hn t trc vn cng np v thi hnh mnh lnh ca Tn, cha

chc dit ngay c, Hn s c th; trong khi Ngy, Triu s hng v T, khi hp tung s

mnh m Tn s nguy:



Hn vn l mt nc nh, phi chng c s cng kch bn pha, cha nhc, ti kh, trn di

cng lo lng vi nhau t lu ri, cho nn phng b k, phng k ch mnh, tch tr lng thc,

xy p ho ly c th. (Nh vy) Tn m nh Hn th mt nm cha chc dit c, cn nu

nh ch chim c mt thnh ri rt lui th quyn uy ca Tn s b thin h coi thng, m thin h

s b gy binh ca ta, (v) Hn m phn (chng) Tn th Ngy s hng ng, Triu s da vo T,

c T hu vin. Nh vy Hn, Ngy thm s cho Triu, mn ci phc ca Triu, ci ha ca

Tn

V vy tt hn, Tn nn giao ho vi Kinh (S), Ngy, ri nh Triu, thng c Triu, T ri th

t nhin Hn, Ngy, Kinh u qui phc Tn: Theo k ngu ca thn th nn (mt mt) sai ngi i

s Kinh, dng l hu mua chuc cc b ti c trng trch, trnh by cho h thy Triu khinh nhau

(hay gt) Tn ra sao; mt khc trao i con tin vi Ngy cho Ngy an tm, ri c sut qun ca Hn

nh Triu[2], d Triu c lin kt vi T cng khng ng lo. Dp xong hai nc (Triu, T)

ri, ch cn gi mt bc th l nh c nc Hn. Nh vy l nht c m hai nc b suy vong, li

thm Kinh, Ngy cng t qui phc ta

on trn, Hn Phi gi c t cch mt s gi, cao tinh thn on kt quyt tm c th ca vua

ti Hn; on di l lun vng nn Tn thy Hong c v xiu, nhng cn do d.

Thin Tn Hn c hc gi cng ng khng phi ca Hn Phi, v ging cng hi c ging bin s

nhng s vic k trong thin th chc ng, v hp vi S k ca T m Thin (coi on sau)

- Thin 3 Nan ngn, nhiu nh ch gii cng cho l mt bi biu ca Hn Phi v m u Thn l

Phi, khng phi l kh ni.. m t tng cng hp vi Hn Phi (so snh thin vi thin XII

Thu Nan), nhng khng hc gi no bit c bi biu dng vua no, nn chng ti khng th

dng vit tiu s ca Hn c.

- Thin 19 Sc t - Bi ny cng c ging mt bi biu, cc nh ch gii cho l Hn Phi vit dng

vua Hn, khuyn ng nn tin d oan, ng nn trng cy vo nc ln, ch nn tin chnh mnh

thi, v mun nc mnh th vua phi sng sut trong vic thng, nghim khc trong vic pht,

thng v pht khng c qu ng m cng khng c bt cp.

Nhng t tng ng l ca Hn Phi, nn chng ta c th tm tin c.

Sau cng Thin XLII Vn in c chp mt on Hn Phi tr li ng Kh cng, mt mu thn

ca nc Hn.

ng Kh cng cnh co Hn Phi rng lp ra php lut v thut th s nguy cho thn nh Ng Khi

v Thng ng. Hn p rng mnh vn bit vy nhng t ra php lut l vic li cho dn, cho

nn mnh c lm, d c gp b trn hn m, khng hiu mnh m b tai ha ra sao th cng chu, nh

vy mi ng l bc nhn, tr.

on r rng l ca ngi sau vit v khng ng tin, v theo mt hc gi Trung Hoa hin i,



Trn Thin Qun, th ng Kh Cng ln hn Hn Phi khong by chc tui, kh c th ni

chuyn vi Hn Phi nh vy c. (Coi Lon Vadermeersch sch dn trang 58-59) Tm li

nhng ti liu trong Hn Phi t ch c hai im ny l c th tin c:

- Hn Phi mun cho nc Hn mnh, khuyn vua Hn nn trng php lut, ng tin d oan, ng

trng cy nc ln.

- Hn Phi rng thuyt phc Tn Thy Hong bo tn nc Hn.

Chung qui, ti liu gip chng ta c nhiu nht vn l S k ca T m Thin. Trong S k c ba

thin nhc ti Hn Phi:

- Thin 63: Lo t, Trang t, Thn Bt Hi, Hn Phi trong phn Lit truyn.

- Thin 6: Tn Thy Hong trong phn Bn k.

- Thin 45: Hn trong phn Th gia.

Thin 63, T m Thin vit:

Hn Phi l mt cng t[3] ca nc Hn, thch ci hc v hnh danh, php, thut, nhng gc l ci

hc ca Hong , Lo t.

ng vn c lm, ni khng hay nhng vit hay. ng cng vi L T theo hc Tun Khanh; L T t

xt khng bng ng. ng thy nc Hn mt t, suy nhc, my ln dng th can gin vua Hn[4],

nhng vua Hn khng bit dng ng, nn ng bc mnh rng nh vua tr nc khng lo sa cha,

lm sng t php ch, khng nm ly ci th ch ng b ti, lm cho nc nc giu binh mnh,

khng tm hin ti giao cho chc v m tri li, ct nhc bn su mt by b, trng dng chng hn

hng ngi tht c lng. ng cho rng bn Nho s dng vn lm lon php lut, cn bn hip s dng

v m phm cm lnh. Thi thong th (bnh an), nh vua qu hng ngi c danh ting (ho), n khi

cp bch th li dng k s mang o gip, i m tr (nn trn), nh vy k dng c khng nui

m k c nui li khng dng c. ng bun v ni k lim khit ngay thng l nn nhn ca

bn b ti gian t, cong queo, xt cc bin c nn hay hng trong thi trc, m vit cc thin C

phn, Ng , Ni, ngoi tr, Thu nan.gm trn mi vn ch.

C ngi em sch ca ng n nc Tn, vua Tn[5] c cc thin C phn v Ng , bo: A,

nu qu nhn c gp ngi ny, giao du vi ng ta th cht cng khng hn! L T tu rng tc

gi nhng thin l Hn Phi.

Lc Tn ng nh nc Hn. Vua Hn trc kia khng dng Hn Phi, by gi lm nguy mi

sai Hn Phi i s Tn. Vua Tn thch ng nhng cha tin dng th L T v c l Diu C mun hi

ng, gim pha ng vi vua Tn rng: Phi l cng t nc Hn. Nay nh vua mun kim tnh ch

hu; rt cuc Phi tt v Hn ch khng v Tn u, nhn tnh nh vy. Nh vua khng dng hn, gi

hn lu y ri cho v Hn th l t chuc ly ha vo mnh. Sao bng buc ti hn ri git i.

Vua Tn cho l phi, x ti Hn Phi. L T sai ngi em thuc c cho Hn Phi, bo nn sm t



x, Hn Phi mun trn tnh, xin yt kin vua Tn m khng c. Sau vua Tn n nn, sai ngi tha

cho Hn Phi th Hn Phi cht.

Nguyn nhn ci cht ca Hn Phi y ng tin hn trong Chin Quc sch, hp vi thin Tn

Hn trong Hn Phi T. Hn Phi c nh vua Hn Vng An phi qua thuyt phc Tn Thy Hong

nn tn Hn, nhng Hn Phi tht bi, b vua Tn nghi ng m cht oan.

Thin 6: Trong phn Bn k cho ta bit thm: nm th 10 i Tn Thy Hong, L T bn vi vua

Tn chim Hn trc cho cc nc khc s. Vua Tn bn phi L T qua Hn thuyt phc vua

Hn thn phc Tn. Vua Hn cm thy Tn mun thn tnh mnh, bn vi Hn Phi v cch lm cho

Tn yu i. Bn nm sau, tc nm 14, Hn Phi c phi qua Tn thuyt phc vua Tn tn Hn,

nhng vua Tn nghe li L T[6], mun chim Hn, nn gi Hn Phi li v Hn Phi cht Vn

Dng. Nm 17, Tn chim Hn, i thnh qun Dnh Xuyn.

Sau cng, thin 45, phn th gia T M Thin chp:

Nm th 5 i (Hn) Vng An: Tn nh Hn, Hn lm nguy, phi Hn Phi qua Tn, nhng Tn

gi Hn Phi li x t.

Nm th 9 i Vng An, Tn bt sng c Vng An, chim ht nc Hn, i thnh qun Dnh

Xuyn. Hn b dit.

Vy T M Thin ghi r Hn Phi cht nm th 14 i Tn Thy Hong tc nm th 5 i Hn

Vng An, Ty lch l -234 v bn nm sau, tc nm -230 Hn b dit.

Tt c cc ti liu chng ti kim c i Hn Phi ch c by nhiu. Tm li, chng ta c th tin

c nhng iu di y:

Hn Phi l mt cng t nc Hn, hc rng, bit c o Nho (v l mn ca Tun T), o Lo,

nhng thch nht hc thuyt ca cc Php gia, c nhiu t tng mi v chnh tr, c L T phc l

gii. ng trong giai cp qu tc nhng c tinh thn tin b, trng k s gii php thut (tc bn tn

a ch), ch bn trng nhn (qu tc) l c h, v dng.

ng c tinh thn i quc cao. Nc Hn nh Thn Bt Hi m c yn n mi lm nm. T khi

Thn cht, nc Hn li rt suy nhc. t hp, khng c ngn dm m vo mt v tr nguy

him, ti ngay ca ng ca Tn. Khi Tn mnh ln, mun thn tnh ch hu, Hn thnh ra ci ch

ca cc ch hu nhm vo. Th Tn khng c, s b Tn nut; m chng Tn th khng sc.

Hp tung hay lin doanh th Hn a u, bao gi cng b tai ha trc nht. Cho nn trong thin

Ng (coi phn trch dch), Hn Phi rt ght bn du thuyt dng ming li ngoi giao nay lin kt

vi nc ny, mai lin kt vi nc khc, ch ngh n li ca h m khng ngh n ci li nc.

Theo ng mun cho nc mnh, th phi dng thut v php, ci t li ni chnh, ng trng cy vo

ngoi giao. Chc ng nhiu ln ngh vi vua Hn nh vy m vua khng nghe, nn ng bun

ru. Thin C phn (coi phn dch) ca ng c l vit vo lc ng khng c dng Hn, ch



khng phi trong khi b giam Tn.

Mi ti khi Hn lm nguy, sp b Tn thn tnh, Vng An mi phi ng i s qua Tn thuyt

phc Tn Thy Hong bo tn Hn, nhng Tn Thy Hong khng nghe li ng m nghe li L T,

ng ng khng thc tnh m ch lm li cho Hn thi nn git ng nm 234. C sch chp l u

nm -233. Chng ti dng nm ny. Ba nm sau Vng An b bt sng, t quc ng b dit.

Nm t ca ng khng cn g nghi ng c. Cn nm sinh th T M Thin khng cho ta bit, nhng

cc hc gi gn y, chng hn Tin Mc da vo cc gi thuyt ny: Hn Phi v L T cng hc

chung mt thy l Tun t, tui chc xp x nhau; ri on rng L T khi ti Tn, t nht cng

khong ba chc tui, Tn khong bn chc nm ri mi b Nh th Hong (H Hi) git nm -

208; nh vy L T phi sinh vo khong by chc nm trc, tc khong -280, m Hn Phi cng

vy.

Cc sch chng ti c u theo thuyt , nhng chng ta nn nh rng nin i -280 ch l phng

chng, c th l sai mi nm.

C ngi c tiu s Hn Phi trong S k a ra nghi vn ny: L T vn l con ngi th on, bit

Hn Phi gii hn mnh, tt ghen ti Hn Phi, ti sao li gii thiu Hn vi vua Tn khi m vua Tn

khen cc thin C phn v Ng ca Hn? M gii thiu ri, ti sao sau li gim pha bn b x

t? Rt cuc l Hn cht v yu nc hay v b gim pha? Chng ti ngh rng c th v c hai: L T

c th v tnh, but ming ra m bo tc gi l Hn Phi, khng ng rng sau Hn Phi i s qua Tn,

m vua Tn c gp ri thch; ri ti khi Hn Phi thuyt phc vua Tn duy tr Hn, tri vi ch

trng ca L T th tt nhin phi bc, gim pha Hn l t im li ni che y mu gian, v nu

vua Tn nghe m Tn v Hn thn thit vi nhau th li cho Hn, nht l cho Phi v Phi s c

trng dng.

Nhng truyn vua Tn thch vn ca Hn Phi ti ni than rng c gp th cht cng kh

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