He Thong Nuoc Khu Khoang

CNG TY C PHN PHN M V HO CHT DU KH

NH MY M PH M

H THNG SN XUT NC KH KHONG

NH MY M PH M Xng Ph Tr

K H U C N G N G H I P P H M 1 , H U Y N T N T H N H , T N H B R A V N G T U

TNG CNG TY DU KH VIT NAM CNG TY PHN M V HA CHT DU KH

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G2-30-QT-01-010 Ln ban hnh

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H THNG

SN XUT NC KH KHONG NH MY M PH M

Ngy ban hnh Son tho Kim tra Ph duyt 20/09/2007

L.T.Chin L.Q.Hng


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NI DUNG

Trang I. MC CH............................................................................................................................... 5II. CC CU HI N TP .......................................................................................................... 5III. PHM VI P DNG................................................................................................................ 5IV. TI LIU VIN DN .............................................................................................................. 6V. NH NGHA-THUT NG ................................................................................................... 6VI. L THUYT C S ................................................................................................................ 6

1. NC V CC THNH PHN CA NC................................................................. 62. MT S NG DNG CA NC. ................................................................................ 83. CC CH TIU CHT LNG NC KH KHONG................................................ 94. CC BIN PHP X L NC................................................................................... 115. CHT TRAO I ION................................................................................................... 156. HT NHA TRAO I ION ......................................................................................... 167. CC NHN T NH HNG N TC TRAO I ION................................... 218. TI SINH HT NHA TRAO I ION........................................................................ 229. X L BAN U NHA MI ..................................................................................... 2510. PHC HI NHA B NHIM BN .............................................................................. 2511. CC HO CHT THNG DNG ................................................................................. 26

VII. NGUYN L LM VIC CA CC THIT B CHNH ...................................................... 321. Cc thit b chnh ............................................................................................................. 322. Thit b trao i ion dng 30PK1001/V1 (A/B/C).......................................................... 333. Thit b kh kh 30PK1001/V2 ........................................................................................ 344. Thit b trao i ion m 30PK1001/V3............................................................................. 365. Thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/V4 ............................................................. 376. Bn pha long axt ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng 30PK1001/TK10 ..................... 387. Bn pha long axt ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/TK11 ........... 398. Bn nh lng axt ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng 30PK1001/TK3...................... 399. Bn nh lng axt ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/TK4 ........... 3910. Bn nh lng xt ti sinh thit b trao i ion m 30PK1001/TK5............................ 3911. Bn nh lng xt ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/TK6 ............ 4012. Bm nc ti sinh............................................................................................................ 4013. Bn nh lng Natri Sulphit Na2SO3 30PK1001/TK7..................................................... 4014. B trung ho 30PK1001/BA1........................................................................................... 4115. B cn bng 30PK1001/BA2 ........................................................................................... 4116. Bn cha axt trung ho 30PK1001/TK9 ..................................................................... 4117. Bm nh lng axit trung ho nc thi ti sinh 30PK1001/ P8 A/B ......................... 4118. Bn cha xt trung ho 30PK1001/TK8...................................................................... 4119. Bm nh lng xt trung ho nc thi ti sinh 30PK1001/ P7 A/B .......................... 4220. Bm nc thi ti sinh trung ho 30PK1001/ P5 A/B .................................................. 4221. Qut khng kh b trung ho 30PK1001/ K1 A/B............................................................. 42


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22. Bn cha kh nn ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/V5 ................. 4223. Cc thit b o lng, iu khin, cc loi van ................................................................. 42

VIII. TIU HAO HO CHT V YU CU SN PHM NC................................................ 431. c tnh ca nc cp (nc th)..................................................................................... 432. Tnh cht nc kh kh u vo thit b trao i ion tng hn hp. .................................. 443. c tnh nc kh khong ra khi thit b trao i ion tng hn hp ................................ 444. Cc thng s thit k khi h thng ch s dng nc th .................................................. 455. Tiu hao ho cht ch trong trng hp ch s dng nc th .......................................... 486. Cc thng s thit k khi h thng s dng nc hn hp ................................................ 497. Tiu hao ho cht trong trng hp s dng nc hn hp .............................................. 50

IX. NHIM V CNG V V MI QUAN H........................................................................ 511. Nhim v ......................................................................................................................... 512. Mi quan h..................................................................................................................... 513. Nguyn l sn xut .......................................................................................................... 514. Dy chuyn cng ngh..................................................................................................... 525. Thit b, ng ng phi qun l...................................................................................... 52

X. CH TIU K THUT NC KH KHONG.................................................................... 53XI. QUY TRNH KHI NG H THNG ............................................................................... 54

1. Cng tc chun b trc khi khi ng............................................................................. 542. Quy trnh khi ng cng on kh ion ........................................................................... 543. Quy trnh khi ng cc bnh trao i ion tng hn hp ................................................... 56

XII. QUY TRNH TI SINH NHA TRAO I ION .................................................................. 571. Cc phn ng ha hc trong qu trnh ti sinh ht nha trao i ion ................................. 572. Ti sinh cm kh ion ....................................................................................................... 573. Ti sinh cm trao i tng hn hp .................................................................................. 664. S khc nhau gia ti sinh bnh thng v ti sinh kp .................................................... 72

XIII. QUY TRNH NGNG BNH THNG ................................................................................ 731. Ngng bnh thng cm kh ion ..................................................................................... 732. Ngng bnh thng thit b trao i tng hn hp ............................................................ 74

XIV. QUY TRNH X L S C ................................................................................................. 751. Cm kh ion .................................................................................................................... 752. Cm trao i tng hn hp............................................................................................... 77

XV. S KHC NHAU GIA QUY TRNH BAN HNH V THC T SN XUT HIN ANG P DNG................................................................................................................... 80

XVI. GIM ST H THNG VN HNH ................................................................................... 81XVII.CH GIAO NHN CA..................................................................................................... 82


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I. MC CH Ti liu ny:

Gii thiu l thuyt chuyn mn lin quan n cc qu trnh ho hc trong h thng x l nc kh khong p dng ti nh my m Ph M.

M t cc thit b chnh v nguyn tc hot ng, quy trnh vn hnh ca chng. M t tng bc chi tit trong quy trnh x l nc kh khong t nc cng nghip, quy trnh

ti sinh ht nha trao i ion trong h thng x l nc kh khong p dng ti Nh my m Ph M.

Ch ra cc thng s cn theo di, gim st trong qu trnh vn hnh cc thit b ca h thng nc kh khong nhm sn xut khi lng nc kh khong t cc ch tiu cng ngh phc v sn xut ca nh my.

Gii thiu cc ho cht s dng trong qu trnh x l nc kh khong, cch tn cha, vn chuyn, quy tc s dng an ton ho cht, cc bin php s cp cu khi tai nn vi ho cht.

II. CC CU HI N TP Mc ch ca vic kh khong nc trong nh my m Ph M l g? Nu cc thit b chnh, ng dng ca chng ? Nu cc phn ng ho hc chnh xy ra trong qu trnh kh khong nc cng nghip ? Nu cc phn ng ho hc chnh xy ra trong qu trnh ti sinh nha trao i ion dng, m? Ti sao phi lp thit b kh kh trong dy chuyn kh khong nc? Nu cc thng s vn hnh cn theo di trong h thng kh khong nc? Nu cc ho cht s dng ti sinh ht nha? Cc mi nguy him ca cc ho cht ? Qu trnh ti sinh thng t ng, vy khi no th cn ti sinh th cng? Nc thi ti sinh c cn phi trung ho khng? Ti sao? Nu cc bc trung ho nc thi ti sinh? Lm th no vn chuyn, tn cha nc kh khong?

III. PHM VI P DNG Quy trnh ny p dng i vi h thng nc kh khong trong Xng Ph Tr Nh my m Ph M iu kin sn xut v ngng my bnh thng.

Quy trnh ny lin quan mt thit vi Quy trnh vn hnh h thng nc th, Quy trnh vn hnh h thng x l nc thi.


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IV. TI LIU VIN DN ) Operating manual Utilities production Vol.1, Vol.2, Vol.3. ) Utility & Offsite PFD 2098-31-PFD-0010-01 2098-31-PID-0031-01~09

V. NH NGHA-THUT NG ) Nc kh khong l nc c s l, loi b phn ln cc ion kim loi, phi kim

thng c trong nc t n cc ch tiu k thut cho vic sn xut hi nc.

) Nc th l nc cng nghip. ) Nc ngng cng ngh l nc thu c sau khi ngng t hi t cc qu trnh cng

ngh ca cc xng cng ngh.

) Nc ngng hi l nc thu c t qu trnh ngng t trc tip hi nc. ) Nc ngng tua bin l nc thu c t cc tua bin hi nc. ) Ti sinh l qu trnh khi phc kh nng trao i ion ca ht nha trao i ion bng Axt

v baz.

VI. L THUYT C S 1. NC V CC THNH PHN CA NC.

Phn t nc H2O do 2 nguyn t Hydro (H) v 1 nguyn t Oxy (O) lin kt cng ho tr vi nhau da trn cp electron dng chung. Phn t H2O c biu din dng n gin lin kt cng ho tr nh sau:

H : O : H

hoc

H = O = H

Cc phn t nc li lin kt vi nhau bng cc lc ho hc nh lin kt hydro, lin kt tnh in...to thnh pha lng iu kin thng nh ta bit.

iu kin thng, nc tinh khit si 100 0C, ho rn 0 0C. Nc l cht lng khng mu, khng mi, khng v. 4 0C nc c khi lng ring ln nht. Nhit dung ring ca nc ln nht trong cc vt cht rn lng. V vy khi nhit ca nc tng hoc gim th lng nhit to ra hay thu vo cng ln nht. y l mt c im c nhiu ng dng ca nc.

Nc c tnh phn ly yu to thnh cc ion H+ v ion OH-. Nc l dung mi trung tnh (pH = 7) c kh nng ho tan rt nhiu cc ho cht khc nhau v l thnh phn c bn ca c th sng.


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Nc trong t nhin tn ti c 3 pha, di dng cc dung dch vi nhiu loi tp cht khc nhau ( cc mui kim loi, cc hp cht keo t, cc hp cht hu c, cc vi sinh vt, to) vi hm lng khng ging nhau v chim trn 70% din tch b mt tri t: pha rn (bng cc vng lnh, n i), Pha lng (bin, ao, h, sng sui, mch ngm), pha hi (bay l lng trong khng kh, my).

Trong cng nghip nc c s dng c dng th (khng qua s l) v c dng qua x l cc cp khc nhau tu theo mc ch v qu trnh cng ngh.

Nc sng, bin c th dng lm ngun lnh trong cc thit b trao i nhit. Sau khi qua x l s b bng lng, lc, trao i ion, chng ct thu c nc cng nghip, nc ung, nc kh khong dng cho l hi, nc nguyn cht

Nc nguyn cht c s dng lm dung mi, cht chun, dng trong cng nghip dc

Nc kh khong dng sn xut hi nc. Hi nc c s dng nh mt ngun ng lc lm quay cc tuabin hi, chng theo hi nc (tripping), lm nguyn liu cho cc phn ng ho hc

Nc cng nghip s dng lm ngun nhit nng, lnhtrong cc thit b trao i nhit. Nc cng nghip cn lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh x l nc thu nc kh khong, nc nguyn cht.

Nc cng l nc c tp cht l cc mui ho tan ca kim loi Canxi (Ca), Magie (Mg) dng ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ . nng cao, cc mui kim loi ny ho tan km hn v kt ta trn b mt thit b truyn dn, thit b tn cha s gy tc nghn cc ng ng, gim kh nng truyn dn nhit ca thit b, lm gim nng sut v lu di s gy h hng thit b nghim trng. Do vy vn x l nc trong cng nghip lun c t ra v nghin cu t lu. quy m cng nghip, ngi ta dng ht nha trao i ion dng ROH trao i loi b cc ion ion dng Ca2+ , Mg2+ ... Nc kh cc ion dng Ca2+ , Mg2+ (hoc cn, nhng nng rt thp) c gi l nc mm.

Ngoi ra, trong nc cng nghip cng thng c Clo t do Cl2 , ion Cl- (trong ho cht kh trng nc) gy n mn thit b kim loi rt mnh. Do vy ngi ta cng phi loi b chng trong nc. Clo t do Cl2 c kh thnh ion m Cl- trong nc bng Na2SO3. Trong cc dy chuyn cng nghip, cc ion m c loi b bng nha trao i ion m ROH.

Nh my m Ph M l mt c trng v s dng nc tt c cc dng nu trn.


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2. MT S NG DNG CA NC. a) ng dng ng lc

Nc c s dng nh mt ngun ng lc t xa xa trong lch s lm quay gung nc vn chuyn nc ti tiu cho ng rung.

Khi x hi pht trin, nc dng quay cc tuabin pht in trong cc nh my thu in. Hin nay nhiu quc gia vn ang tip tc xy dng nhiu nh my in v nhng li ch lu di v li ch mi trng

Hin nay nc c x l kh khong sn xut hi nc. Hi nc cng dng quay cc tuabin nhng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh lm ngun ng lc dn ng my pht in, my nn kh hay bmtrong cng nghip.

b) ng dng truyn dn nhit

Do nhit dung ring ln - lng nhit to ra/thu vo lm cho nc gim/tng thm 1 0C nn nc c dng lm cht truyn dn nhit trong cng nghip. c bit, hi nc c p sut cng cao th nhit cng cao. y l mt trong nhng tnh cht c ng dng kinh t nht ca nc.

Ngi ta dng hi nc p sut cao lm ngun nhit trong cc thit b trao i nhit, trong cc thit b phn ngVic khng ch ngun nhit hi nc rt d dng bng s thay i p sut ca hi nc. Nu khng s dng hi nc th khng bit khoa hc ng dng hin nay cn ang giai on no trong lch s.

c) ng dng lm tc nhn lnh

Ngoi dng lm tc nhn nng th nc cn c dng lm tc nhn lnh nh ly nhit trong cc thit b trao i nhit.

d) ng dng lm sch

Nc dng ho tan, xi ra cht bn bm trn b mt cc thit b, vt dng rt hiu qu ngay c trong i sng thng nht nh chng ta bit.

e) ng dng lm nguyn liu

Nc v hi nc c dng lm nguyn liu trong rt nhiu cc phn ng ho hc.

Trong cng nghip m nc dng lm ngun cp Hydro sn xut NH3 lm thnh phn chnh ca m ( NH2)2CO.

f) ng dng lm dung mi.

Nc l cht d dng ho tan nhiu cht khc nhau nn c s dng lm dung mi rt tt trong cng nghip ho cht, cng nghip dc. Trong cng nghip tuyn khong, nc s dng dung mi tuyn ( thanh lc ) c nhiu loi khong cht.


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3. CC CH TIU CHT LNG NC KH KHONG. a) pH

pH l mt ch tiu quan trng, n biu th tnh cht axit hoc tnh kim ca nc. Nc nguyn cht c tnh trung ho, trong nc ch c khong mt phn mi triu phn t nc phn ly thnh ion H+ v OH-.

Trong nc nguyn cht 220C, nng cc ion H+ v OH- nh sau:

[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 g/l.

pH nh ngha (tnh bng ) m logarit c s 10 ca nng ion H+ nh sau:

pH = -lg[H+]

Vy vi nc nguyn cht th:

pH = -lg[H+] = -lg[10-7 ] = +7

Da vo pH ngi ta phn nc ra cc loi nh sau:

Nc c pH < 5,5 l nc c tnh cht axit mnh.

Nc c pH = 5,5 6,5 l nc c tnh cht axit yu.

Nc c pH = 6,5 7,5 l nc trung tnh.

Nc c pH = 7,5 8,5 l nc c tnh cht kim yu.

Nc c pH > 8,5 l nc c tnh cht kim mnh.

Tu theo pH m cc axit ln trong nc c cc cp phn ly khc nhau. Th d vi axit silicxic H2SiO3. Khi pH < 7 hu nh khng phn ly thnh ion, khi 7 < pH < 11, ch phn ly cp th nht theo phng trnh phn ng.

H2SiO3 H+ + HSiO3-

Khi pH 11 c phn ly cp th 2:

HSiO3 H+ + SiO32-

i vi axit cacbonic, khi pH 4,3, axit khng phn ly. Khi pH = 8,3 8,4 th phn ly ton b theo cp th nht:

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Khi pH > 12 th phn ly hon ton theo cp th 2:

HCO3- H+ + CO32-


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Tu theo cp phn ly ca axit trong nc c pH khc nhau c th gip ta kho st qu trnh hnh thnh cu cn trong l hi, v cc ion dng c th lin kt vi cc ion kim loi hnh thnh cc cht c ho tan khc nhau.

V d, trong nc c pH = 8,3 8,4, c cha nhiu ion HCO3- th kh ng cu cn trong thit b do khi s to ra Ca (HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 d ho tan. Ngc li khi pH > 12 th li to thnh CaCO3, MgCO3 kh ho tan bm trn b mt thit b.

b) cng ca nc

cng ca nc biu th nng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ c trong nc v cng l kh nng bm cu cn trn b mt thit b truyn nhit, thng o bng cng c hoc cng miligam ng lng.

cng c : 10H = 10 mg CaO/lit.

cng miligam ng lng: 1 mgd/lit = 20,04 mg Ca2+/lit

hoc 1 mgd/lit = 12,16mg Mg2+/lit .

Da theo cng c th chia nc thnh cc loi nh sau:

- Nc rt mm, cng < 4 0H - Nc mm, cng = 4 8 0H - Nc bnh thng, cng = 8 16 0H - Nc cng, cng = 16 30 0H - Nc rt cng, cng > 30 0H

cng cn chia thnh cng tnm thi v cng vnh cu. cng tm thi l cng ca nc gm c Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2. cng tm thi c th kh c bng nhit . cng vnh cu khng kh c bng nhit .

Tng cng tm thi v cng vnh cu gi l cng ton phn.

c) kim

kim biu th tng hm lng HCO3-, CO32- , OH- v gc mui ca cc axit yu khc. Tu theo thnh phn, c th chia ra thnh kim bicacbonat (c gc HCO3-), cacbonat (c gc CO32-), hydrat (c gc OH- ), photphat (c gc PO43-), silicat (c gc SiO32-) kim c nh hng xu n cht lng ca hi v tui th cc thit b, b mt truyn nhit.

Ngoi ra ngi ta i khi cn dng cn hoc kh kt lm mt trong cc ch tiu ca nc. cn l tng hm lng cc vt cht cn li sau khi lm cho nc bay hi ht. n v o cn l mg/lit.


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d) Tc hi ca tp cht

Cc tp cht kh nh O2, CO2, H2Strong nc, hi nc s to thnh cc axit, gc axit gy n mn ho hc v n mn in ho cc b mt kim loi. Thng phi kh bt cc cht kh bng cch gia nhit theo nguyn l, nhit cng cao th kh nng ho tan cc kh cng gim. do vy khi gia nhit nc trong b kh kh th cc cht kh tch ra khi nc v c thi ra ngoi.

Cc tp cht rn th c th tch ra thnh cu cn bm vo cc b mt truyn nhit nh cc b hm nng nc, ng sinh hi, b qu nhitgy gim hiu sut trao i nhit v qu nhit cc b trong thit b, gim tui th ca thit b rt nhanh chng.

S d cc tp cht tch ra c, mt mt v nhit tng cao th ho tan ca mt s mui trong nc gim xung, mt khc khi vn hnh, nc dng sn xut hi lin tc bay hi, lm cho nng tp cht tng dn (do tch lu), khi nng tp cht vt qu nng bo ho th tch ra, to thnh cu cn trn b mt thit b. Ngoi ra do tc dng nhit, nhiu tp cht b bin i to thnh cht kh ho tan, ng cu ln b mt thit b.

Ngi ta cng phn ra hai loi cu cn: Cu cn s cp v cu cn th cp.

Cu cn s cp l cu cn sinh ra lp tc bm ngay vo b mt thit b. Cu cn ny kh x l loi b khi b mt thit b.

Cu cn th cp l cu cn do tch t li ri mi bm ln b mt thit b. Cu cn th cp d x l hn cu cn s cp.

Cu cn cng thng mang in tch v gy n mn in ho cc b to thnh cc vt lm, h su, nhng k nt trn ng ng, thit b.

4. CC BIN PHP X L NC trnh cc tc hi ca cc tp cht trong nc gy nn i vi l hi, ngi ta thng quy nh cc c tiu cht lng nc hoc dy lp cu cn cho php.

i vi l hi nng sut di 2 tn/h, p sut di 16 bar, chiu dy lp cu cn khng c qu 1mm, p sut t 16 22 bar, chiu dy lp cu cn khng c qu 0,5 mm.

i vi l hi ln hn, nc cp phi t cc tiu chun sau:

- cng: + Vi l hi ng l v ng la H0 0,5 mgd/l ( cng theo tiu chun c) + Vi l hi ng nc:

p sut P < 16 bar, H0 < 0,3 mgd/l p sut P = 16 32 bar, H0 0,2 mgd/l p sut P = 32 100 bar, H0 0,01 mgd/l


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p sut P > 100 bar, H0 0,005 mgd/l + Vi l hi trc lu, H0 0,001 mgd/l

- Hm lng xy trong nc khng c vt qu 0,03 mg/l khi p sut P 32 bar v khng vt qu 0,02 mg/l khi p sut P > 32 bar.

- Cc tp cht khc cn trong phm vi cho php nh bng sau:

Hm lng tp cht cc i cho php, mg/l p sut trong l hi, bar SiO32- Fe2+ Cu2+ Du

< 40 - 70 - 3 40 100 0,1 35 20 1

>100 0,05 20 10 0,5

gim bt tc hi ca cu cn i vi l hi, thng dng cc bin php sau:

- Hn ch n mc ti thiu cc tp cht trong nc cp l hi, tc l x l nc nc khi a vo l hi, hay gi l x l nc ngoi l.

- Dng bin php bin nhng tp cht c nhiu kh nng ng cu thnh nhng cht rn tch ra di dng bn d dng thi ra ngoi. Bin php ny cn gi l x l nc trong l.

Trc khi a nc vo l hi c th tin hnh kt hp cc phng php x l nc sau:

4.1. Phng php lng lc:

C tc dng kh trc tip cc ht bn c ng knh trn 10-3 mm (1 phn nghn mm) hoc nhng ht keo sau khi cho chng kt hp li vi nhau.

4.2. Phng php x l bng ho cht kt hp vi lng lc:

C th dng vi Ca(OH)2 thc hin cc phn ng:

Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

2Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

Ca(OH)2 + MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2

Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4 Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

Ta thy nh trn ch kh c cng cacbonat bng cch lng lc cc kt ta, cn cng khng cacbonat khng kh c. Do vy c th cho thm sa Na2SO3.

C th dng xt NaOH, qu trnh xy ra nh sau:


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2NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

2NaOH + Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

2NaOH + MgCO3 Mg(OH)2 + 2Na2CO3

2NaOH + MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

Sa Na2SO3 sinh ra, c th tin hnh cc phn ng sau:

Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + 2NaCl

Na2CO3 + CaSO4 CaCO3 + Na2SO4

c im ca phng php dng xt l c sinh ra sa, n c th lm mm cng ca canxi. Nu lng sa sinh ra va l tt nht, khng th c th b xung thm. Do cn gi l phng php xt + sa. Nu tha ion CO32- th a thm vi, gi l phng php xt + vi.

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng mt s ho cht khc nh Na3PO4, BaCO3, Ba(OH)2, BaAl2O4

4.3. Phng php x l nc bng trao i cation (ion dng)

Cho nc cp ni hi i qua bnh ng cc cationit (ht nha trao i ion dng ) nh R-Na, R-H, R-NH4trong R- l gc ca cationit khng ho tan trong nc, ng vai tr l anion (ion m) trong nc. Khi cc cation d ng cu cn c trong nc nh Ca2+, Mg2+ s trao i vi cc cation d ho tan ca cationit nh Na+, H+, NH4+ Nh vy cc cation d ng cu cn c cationit gi li, cn cc cation d ho tan theo nc cp vo l.

Khi dng Cationit Natri, phn ng xy ra nh sau:

2NaR + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2NaHCO3

2NaR + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2NaHCO3

2NaR + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2NaCl

2NaR + MgCl2 MgR2 + 2NaCl

2NaR + CaSO4 CaR2 + Na2SO4

2NaR + MgSO4 MgR2 + Na2SO4

Khi dng Cationit Hydro, th xy ra phn ng sau:

2HR + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O

2HR + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O


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2HR + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2HCl

2HR + MgSO4 MgR2 + H2SO4

Khi dng Cationit Amn, th xy ra cc phn ng sau:

2NH4R + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2NH4HCO3

2NH4R + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2NH4HCO3

2NH4R + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2NH4Cl

2NH4R + MgSO4 MgR2 + (NH4)2SO4

T cc phn ng trn ta thy rng khi dng cationit th ton b cng u c kh, c th t n tr s nh, thm ch ti mc ch cn 0,01 0,015 mgd/l, song kim v cc thnh phn anion khc c trong nc khng thay i.

Khi dng Cationit Hydro th cng v kim u c kh nhng cc anion ca cc mui Ca(HCO3)2 , Mg(HCO3)2, CaCl2, MgSO4 u to thnh cc axit, khng c li cho l hi, do vy ngi ta thng dng phi hp hai phng php trao i cationit Natri v Hydro.

Khi trao i bng cationit amn th li to thnh cc mui Amn. Khi i vo l hi th cc mui amn s b phn hu thnh cc hp cht gy n mn thit b:

NH4Cl NH3 + HCl

(NH4)2SO4 2NH3 + H2SO4

Vic to ra NH3 cng vi s c mt ca Oxy trong nc s gy n mn cc hp kim ng, do vy thng cng phi hp cationit amn vi cationit natri.

Sau qu trnh phn ng, cc cationit s mt dn kh nng trao i cationit. Do vy phi hon nguyn kh nng trao i cation cho cc cationit, hay cn gi l ti sinh ht nha trao i ion dng.

hon nguyn cc cationit natri, thng dng dung dch mui NaCl, nng 6 8%, theo phn ng sau:

CaR2 + 2NaCl 2NaR + CaCl2

MgR2 + 2NaCl 2NaR + MgCl2

Vi cationit hydro, dng dung dch H2SO4 nng 1 1,5% hoc HCl theo phn ng:

CaR2 + H2SO4 2HR + CaSO4

Vi cationit amn th dng cc mui amn, v d:

CaR2 + 2NH4Cl 2NH4R + CaCl2


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Cc hp cht tch ra sau khi hon nguyn cn dng phng php ra ngc thi ra ngoi.

4.4. Phng php x l nc bng trao i anion:

Cho nc i qua lp anionit ROH, cc phn ng nh sau:

2ROH + H2SO4 R2SO4 + H2O

ROH + HCl RCl + H2O

Ngi ta dng phng php ny kt hp phng php trao i cation trn kh hon ton cc ion c trong nc.

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng cc phng php in trng, t trng, siu m x l nc.

Nc kh khong cp cho l hi cn phi c tip tc c x l m bo thu c hi nc theo tiu chun m khng nh hng nhiu n tui th cc thit b sn s dng hi nc. Do vy ngi ta cn dng cc bin php nhit v b xung ho cht vo l hi x l cn, bnCc bin php nhit s c cp trong cc ti liu lin quan n l hi.

5. CHT TRAO I ION 5.1. Phn loi

Da vo ngun gc v tnh cht c th phn loi cc cht trao i ion nh sau a) Cht trao i ion v c

- T nhin: Khong cht Zeolit, Permutit, t ty mu - Nhn to: Cc Zeolit c sn xut nhn to t t st vi Na2CO3, K2CO3

b) Cht trao i ion hu c - T nhin: Than nu, than bnbn thn chng c cc nhm -COOH, -OHtrong

axit Humic c kh nng trao i ion km. tng kh nng trao i ion ca chng, ngi ta xy ho than nu, than bn bng HNO3 hoc sunph ho bng H2SO3 to thnh than sunph ho ( cn gi l lu hong ho )

- Nhn to: c chia lm 3 loi: Ion dng, Cationit: c th trao i cc ion dng (cation).

Loi axit mnh c cha cc gc axit mnh SO3H. Loi axit yu c cha cc gc axit yu: -COOH, -OH

Ion m, Anionit: C th trao i ion m (anion). Loi kim mnh c cha cc gc: - N+(R)3OH, - N+(R)2. Loi kim yu c cha cc gc : - NH2, -NHR


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Cc loi nha c tc dng trao i ion c bit: Ch gi li chn lc mt vi ion.

6. HT NHA TRAO I ION 6.1. Khi nim chung

Nha trao i ion c iu ch bng cc phn ng polyme hay copolyme ho di dng cc ht hnh cu c ng knh khong 0,5 mm tng din tch b mt tip xc trong qu trnh x l nc.

Ht nha trao i ion l hp cht hu c cao phn t gm 2 phn: Phn 1 l khung hu c cao phn t c cu trc khng gian v phn 2 l gc ion trao i. Gc ion trao i li do 2 thnh phn nh hn cu thnh, mt phn gn cht vo khung hu c cao phn t to thnh mt ion c nh (m hoc dng) v mt phn l ion linh hot, hot ng c in tch ngc du (dng hoc m). Phn ion linh hot chnh l phn c th trao i ion.

cho ngn gn mt cch gn ng, ta c th coi ht nha trao i ion c hai thnh phn l ion trao i (H+ hoc OH-) gn trn thnh phn gc polyme (R- hoc R-). Ht nha trao i ion c phn ion linh hot l ion H+ gi l ht nha trao i ion dng hay Cationit (Cation Resin). Ht nha trao i ion c ion linh hot l ion m OH- gi l ht nha trao i ion m hay Anionit (Anion Resin).

6.2. Ht nha trao i ion dng

Ht nha trao i ion dng dng trong nh my m Ph M l hp cht hu c tng hp c tn thng mi Rohm & Haas Amberlite 120 Na vi thnh phn ch yu l gc Hydrocacbon (vit rt gn l gc R- ) lin kt yu vi ion H+. Ht nha trao i ion dng thng c k hiu trong cng thc ho hc l RH hoc R-H.

Trong dung dch c pH cao, lin kt yu ca ion H+ trong ht nha s b phn ly to thnh cc ion H+ v gc R- mang in tch m. Trong nc c cc ion dng Ca2+ , Mg2+ s to lin kt mi vi gc R- mang in tch m. Nh vy cc ht nha gi cc ion dng Ca2+ , Mg2+ l thnh phn c bn lm cng nc.

tng din tch tip xc gia ht nha hu c vi nc ngi ta tng hp ht nha trao i ion vi kch thc nh ph hp m vn m bo hiu sut, cng sut thch hp.


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6.3. Ht nha trao i ion m

Ht nha trao i ion m dng trong nh my m Ph M l hp cht hu c tng hp c tn thng mi Rohm & Haas Amberlite 910 Cl vi thnh phn ch yu l gc Hydrocacbon (vit rt gn l gc R- ) lin kt yu vi ion OH-. Ht nha trao i ion m thng c k hiu trong cng thc ho hc l: ROH hoc R-OH.

Trong dung dch c pH thp, lin kt yu ca ion H- trong ht nha s b phn ly to thnh cc ion OH- v gc R- mang in tch dng.

Trong nc c cc ion Cl-, SO42-, SO32-, HCO3-, HSiO3-, CO32-s to lin kt mi vi gc R- mang in tch dng.

Nh vy cc ht nha gi cc ion Cl-, SO42-, SO32-, HCO3-, HSiO3-, CO32-l thnh phn tp cht c bn trong nc.

Trong thc t cc ion HCO3-, CO32- tn ti trong nc vi nng rt thp. Trong dung dch, cc ion HCO3-, CO32- thng phn ly nh sau:

HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2

Kh CO2 c y ra khi nc bng thit b kh kh trc khi a vo thit b trao i ion m gim tiu hao nng lc trao i ca ion m.

y cng l l do ngi ta thit k h thng thit b kh khong nc nh sau: thit b trao i ion dng, thit b kh kh, cui cng l thit b trao i ion m.

6.4. Tnh cht vt l ca ht nha trao i ion m

a) Hnh dng bn ngoi: Ht nha trao i ion trong cng nghip c dng cu (trn 90%) ng knh khong 0.5 mm, khng mu.

b) H s ngm nc: H s ngm nc phn nh h s khe h mao qun ca nha. H s ngm nc cng ln th h s lin kt trong ht nha cng nh. Trong qu trnh s dng, nu h s ny thay i th ni ln ht nha c th b h hng.

c) H s trng n: Nha trao i ion ngm trong nc s trng n. trng n c lin quan n bn lin kt gia khung hu c v cc nhm hot ng, dung lng trao i, nng cht in gii, c tnh trao i ion. Ht nha c h s trng n ln thng d nt v, h hng.

d) Tnh chu mi mn: Tnh chu mi mn phn nh cng c gii ca ht nha. Trong qu trnh s dng, cc ht nha va chm vo nhau gy bo mn, nt v. y l ch tiu quan trng ca ht nha.


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e) Tnh ho tan: Khung cao phn t dn b lo ho, ho tan trong nc di dng keo. Do vy tnh ho tan phn nh tui th ca ht nha.

f) Tnh chu nhit: Ht nha trao i ion dng c th lm vic trong mi trng nc n 100 0C. Ht nha trao i ion m c th chu c nhit n 80 0C.

g) Tnh dn in: Ht nha trao i ion kh khng dn in.

6.5. Tnh cht ho hc ca ht nha trao i ion

h) Tnh axt - kim : Ht nha trong nc phn ly yu lm cho nc c tnh axt hoc tnh kim.

i) Tnh n nh ho hc: Tnh n nh ho hc phn nh kh nng xy ho v qu trnh lo ho phn khung cao phn t. Cc ht nha khc nhau th c tnh n nh ho hc khc nhau.

j) Tnh phn ng thun nghch: Phn ng trao i ion c tnh cht thun nghch, y l tnh cht ho hc rt quan trng ti sinh ht nha trao i ion.

k) Tnh cht chn lc: Nha trao i ion c i lc khc nhau vi cc ion khc nhau, do vy n c u tin th t cho cc ion trao i.

l) Dung lng trao i ion: Dung lng trao i ion phn nh kh nng trao i c khi lng ion l bao nhiu. y l ch tiu quan trng hng u ca ht nha.

Dung lng trao i hon ton (hay dung lng trao i l thuyt trao i trong iu kin th nghim) l kh nng trao i hon ton phn ion linh hot ca ht nha.

Dung lng trao i lm vic l dung lng trao i thc t trong qu trnh lm vic, chu nh hng ca iu kin lm vic thc t. Cc iu kin thc t nh hm lng cc mui ho tan trong nc, thnh phn cc mui , chiu dy ca lp nha, vn tc nc vn hnh, nhit nc, phng thc ti sinh, chng loi ho cht ti sinh, thun ca ho cht ti sinh, nng dung dch ti sinh, vn tc, nhit ti sinhu c nh hng trc tip n dung lng trao i lm vic ca ht nha.

6.6. c tnh trao i ion ca ht nha trao i ion

6.6.1. Nha trao i ion [ H+ ] axt mnh

Cc nhm R-H ca nha trao i ion dng ( Cationit ) mnh u c kh nng trao i tng i mnh vi mi nhm cation c trong nc, c th kh c cng c trong nc ng thi lm gim kim ca nc. Nc ra khi ct trao i ion dng s c tnh axit.


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Thay i tnh cht ca nc ra

Khi trong nc thin nhin c cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ i qua lp nha cationit R-H th th t chn lc ca nha cationit i vi cc ion trong nc l Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+. Ngha l khi nc i qua lp ht nha th ht nha s u tin gi Ca2+ trc, sau ti Mg2+ v Na+. V vy th t cc ion trong nc ra s l H+ , Na+ , Mg2+, Ca2+ . Th t ny khng ph thuc vo nng tng i ca cc ion ny trong nc u vo.

Khi nc i qua lp nha, cc ion dng trong nc b nha gi li v ng thi nha gii phng H+.

Theo tnh chn lc ca ht nha, trc khi ht nha b bo ho ion Na+, cc ion H+ c gii phng ra s trung ho cc ion m ( OH-, HCO3-, CO32-) lm gim kim ca nc (pH gim xung).

Do cc phn ng trao i khng xy ra tc thi, nn nng ion Na+ s bt u xut hin (im a) v tng dn ln (do ht nha chn lc km vi Na+) , tng ng axit gim mnh (pH li bt u tng ln). Khi nng Na+ tng ng vi lng axit mnh th nc ra c pH trung tnh (im b). Khi nc ra c nng ion Na+ ln hn na th nc ra s c tnh kim ( pH > 7 ) v H+ sinh ra khng trung ho kim ca nc. kim ca nc ra tng cho ti khi bng vi kim ca nc vo th ngha l ht nha khng cn gii phng H+ na. Ton b ht nha chuyn sang dng R2-Ca, R2-Mg, R-Na.

Khi nc ra bt u xut hin cc ion Mg2+ v sau l Ca2+ (im d trn biu ), nng Na+

gim dn n khi nc ra hon ton ging nc vo th ht nha ht kh nng trao i ion.

Nh vy : im a l im cui ca qu trnh kh mui hiu qu.

im d l im cui ca qu trnh trao i ion kh cng ca ht nha.

Na

axt

kim

a b c d e

axit mnh

Na

cng

H1 - S thay i tnh cht ca nc ra


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6.6.2. Trao i ion kim mnh (anionit mnh)

Th t chn lc ca nha anionit R-OH i vi cc anion trong nc l SO42- > NO3- > Cl- > HCO3- > HSiO3-.

Kh nng trao i HSiO3- ca anionit l km nht, v vy trong nc ra thng c mt lng nh ion HSiO3- v tnh kim yu.

Nng cao kh nng kh Silic (Si).

HSiO3- l mt trong cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn cc vn cu cn trong h thng hi nc s dng nc kh khong. Do vy ngi ta thng coi s xut hin ca ion HSiO3- l bo hiu s kt thc qu trnh trao i anion. Hay l lp nha ht kh nng trao i. Nhng v l do kinh t m ngi ta chp nhn nc ra c nng ion HSiO3- nht nh v sau s c tip tc x l gim i tc hi ca ion HSiO3- trong nc.

nng cao hiu qu kh HSiO3-, yu cu phi c nha anionit mnh, cht lng nc vo c pH thp v nng cao hiu qu qu trnh ti sinh ht nha.

a) Yu cu cht lng nc vo.

Khi nc vo c pH thp (tnh axit cao), cc hp cht Silic s tn ti dng ion HSiO3- do phn ng trao i sau:

R-OH + HSiO3- RHSiO3- + OH-

Do khi nc c pH thp th cn bng phn ng c li nghing v pha hp th HSiO3-.

Ngoi ra gim thp cc nng ca cc ion khc trong nc cng lm thun li cho qu trnh kh Silic. Do tnh chn lc ca anionit nn thc t ch c nng ca ion HCO3- l nh hng trc tip (xt kha cnh nng cc ion ) n hiu qu kh Silic nn ngi ta thng kh ion HCO3- trc bng thit b ui kh CO2 ( Degasifier ) t trc thit b kh Anion.

b) Yu cu i vi iu kin ti sinh

- Cc cht dng ti sinh phi l kim mnh. - Phi dng d ho cht mt lng nht nh nhng phi khng ch nng dch ti sinh. - Nng cao nhit ti sinh v tng thi gian tip xc. - Nng cao thun ca cht ti sinh.


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7. CC NHN T NH HNG N TC TRAO I ION 7.1. Nng dung dch

S chnh lch nng l ng lc qu trnh khuych tn.

Khi nng ion linh ng trong nc > 0,003 mol/l, tc khuych tn mng ca ion rt ln, s khuych tn trong ht nha tr thnh tc khuych tn chung ca qu trnh trao i ion. Qu trnh ny xy ra khi ti sinh ht nha.

Khi nng ion linh ng trong nc < 0,003 mol/l, tc khuych tn mng nh. Khi tc khuych tn ny tr thnh tc khuych tn chung ca qu trnh trao i ion. Qu trnh sn xut nc kh khong thuc dng ny.

Nng ion trong dung dch cng nh hng n trng ca ht nha v tc khuych tn mao qun.

7.2. Lu tc dung dch

Ni chung lu tc dung dch khng nh hng n tc khuych tn mng ca ion.

7.3. Nhit dung dch

Nhit cao th tc khuych tn mng v mao qun cao. Thng thng nhit dung dch gi khong 20 40 0C. Nhit khng c cao qu gii hn cho php ca ht nha, khng thp qu lm gim tc khuych tn ca ion.

7.4. lin kt ca khung nha trao i ion

lin kt ca ht nha ln th ng knh mao qun thng nh, lm gim tc trao i ion.

7.5. ng knh ht nha

ng knh ht nha cng nh th tng din tch b mt tip xc gia ht nha v dung dch cng cao, chiu di ng mao qun gim, do tng trao i ion mnh.

Nhng ng knh ht nha khng th qu nh v s lm tng tr lc ca tng nha v khi vn hnh th d b ra tri, ht nha thot ra ngoi.

7.6. Kch thc mao qun

Nha c mao qun kch thc ln thng dng x l nc c nhiu khong hu c. Thng l ht nha c tng hp bng phng php trng hp.

Nha c mao qun kch thc nh thng dng x l nc c nhiu khong v c. Thng l ht nha c tng hp bng phng php trng ngng.

Ni chung nha c mao qun ln th tc khuych tn mao qun cao, tng tc trao i ion.


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8. TI SINH HT NHA TRAO I ION Phn ng trao i ion l phn ng thun nghch. Khi kh ion trong nc, cc ion b nha hp th. Ngc li, khi ti sinh, cc ion ny b dung dch ti sinh ly i khi ht nha. V th khi vn hnh h thng, ht nha s suy gim kh nng trao i ion n mc cho bt u cho ra nc t tiu chun gii hn. Khi ta phi ti sinh phc hi kh nng trao i ion cho ht nha. y l bc quan trng trong cng ngh x l nc bng phng php trao i ion s dng ht nha.

Ti sinh tt hay xu khng nhng nh hng trc tip n dung lng trao i lm vic ca ion, cht lng nc sn phm v hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut.

8.1. Phng thc ti sinh

Ngi ta phn chia phng thc ti sinh theo hng dng chy ca dch ti sinh: Ti sinh thun dng v ti sinh ngc dng.

8.1.1.Ti sinh thun dng

Khi hm lng mui khong trong nc khng ln, cng ca nc khng cao th ngi ta thng dng phng thc ti sinh thun dng.

Ti sinh thun dng l phng thc ti sinh cho dung dch ti sinh i cng hng vi hng dng chy ca nc khi sn xut. Thng thng dng chy i t trn xung. Phng php n gin v hiu qu kinh t, k thut cao.

8.1.2.Ti sinh ngc dng

Ti sinh ngc dng l phng thc ti sinh m dung dch ti sinh i ngc hng vi hng dng chy ca nc vo trong sn xut. Trong sn xut, thng thng nc i t trn xung, khi ti sinh, dung dch ti sinh i t di ln. Khi gi l cng ngh ti sinh chy ngc tng c nh. Khi sn xut, nc chy t di ln, khi ti sinh, dung dch ti sinh i t trn xung th gi l cng ngh tng ni.

Hng dng chy ca nc sn xut Hng dng chy ca dch ti sinh


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K thut ti sinh ngc dng c ng dng rng ri, m rng phm vi thch ng ca trao i ion vi hm lng ion cao ca nc cp, nng cao cht lng nc sn phm, gim tiu hao ho cht.

8.2. Chng loi v thun ca ho cht ti sinh

Chng loi ca ho cht trc tip nh hng n hiu qu ti sinh v gi thnh ti sinh.

So snh 2 ho cht dng trong ti sinh ht nha trao i ion dng: Axit Clohydric HCl v Axit Sulphuric.

Xem bng di y:

Hng dng chy ca dch ti sinh Hng dng chy ca nc sn xut

H2 - Cng ngh ti sinh chy ngc tng c nh

H3 - Cng ngh ti sinh tng ni

Hng dng chy ca dch ti sinh Hng dng chy ca nc sn xut


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Thng s so snh HCl H2SO4 Gi thnh Cao Thp Hiu qu ti sinh Cao Thp To mui kh x l Khng C: CaSO4 Phng thc c th p dng ti sinh

D dng Kh khn khi dng phng thc chy ngc t di ln

Tnh n mn thit b Cao Thp Vn chuyn, bo qun. Kh D X l st (Fe) c Khng

thun ca dch ti sinh cao, hm lng tap cht t, ti sinh ca ht nha cao, cht lng nc sn phm ti sinh tt. nh hng ca thun cht ti sinh trong phng php ti sinh ngc i vi ht nha trao i ion m ln hn i vi ht nha trao i ion dng.

8.3. Lng dng cht ti sinh

Lng cht ti sinh nhiu hay t nh hng trc tip n dung lng trao i lm vic ca nha sau ti sinh v gi thnh nc sn phm. Phi cn bng gia hiu qu ti sinh v hiu qu kinh t lin quan n tiu hao ho cht ti sinh.

Lng dng cht ti sinh cng lin quan n tnh cht ca ht nha trao i ion. Ni chung nha loi mnh lng dng cht ti sinh cao hn vi loi ht nha yu.

Ti sinh thun chiu tiu hao lng cht dng ti sinh ln hn ti sinh ngc chiu.

Ni chung dng lng cht ti sinh cao th nng cao hiu qu kh Silic.

8.4. Nng dch ti sinh

Khi dng cng mt lng cht ti sinh nht nh, nng dch ti sinh ( mt phm vi nht nh) cng ln th ti sinh nha sau ti sinh cng cao. Nhng nng dch ti sinh qu cao lm cho th tch dch ti sinh gim, din tch tip xc b mt ca ht nha vi dch ti sinh gim, nha khng d tip xc u vi dch ti sinh v thi gian lu cn thit.

Ti sinh thun dng thng dng dch ti sinh nng cao hn khi dng ti sinh ngc dng.

8.5. Nhit dch ti sinh

Nhit dch ti sinh cao th tc khuych tn mao qun v khuych tn mng cao, tng hiu qu ti sinh. Nhng nhit ti sinh khng c cao hn nhit cho php ca ht nha, trnh nh hng tui th ht nha.

Ti sinh ht nha trao i ion dng mnh dng axit Clohydric th khng cn gia nhit khi ti sinh. Vi ti sinh ht nha trao i ion m mnh dng NaOH, nhit khng nh hng r rt.


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8.6. Lu tc dch ti sinh

Lu tc dch ti sinh nh hng n thi gian tip xc ca cht ti sinh v ht nha. Thng thng lu tc dch ti sinh khong t 4 8 m/h.

9. X L BAN U NHA MI Trong nha trao i ion thng c mt lng nh hp cht cao phn t c phn t lng thp v n th khng tham gia cc phn ng polyme ho. Cho nn khi mi ln u tip xc vi cc dung dch nc, axit, kim chng s chuyn vo dung dch, nh hng xu n cht lng nc sn phm.

Khi ng gi, vn chuyn cng c th lm ht nha b nhim cc tp cht v c cho nn nha mi trong cng ngh kh khong nc cn phi x l trc khi s dng nng cao hot tnh, tnh n nh v sch ca ht nha.

Cc bc x l:

Bc 1. Ngm nha mi trong dung dch NaCl 10% trong thi gian 24 gi. Bc 2. Ra sch n khi nc ra khng cn mu vng. Bc 3. Ra li kh sch mn nh v tp cht c gii ln trong nha. Bc 4. Nha trao i ion dng ngm trong dung dch NaOH 2% trong 2 4 gi.

Ngm nha trao i ion m trong dung dch HCl 5% trong 2 4 gi. Bc 5. Ra sch cho n khi nc ra l trung tnh. Bc 6. Thc hin li bc 4 . v bc 5. Bc 7. a vo sn xut hoc d phng.

10. PHC HI NHA B NHIM BN Ht nha thng b hai loi nhim bn:

Nhim bn b mt do hnh thnh cc kt ta dng mng mng hoc cn mng trn b mt ht nha. Cc kt tu ch yu do cc huyn ph hu c v cht v c trong nc mang vo

Nhim bn bn trong ht nha do cc cht hu c v v c ngm vo bn trong cu trc ca ht nha.

Thng ht nha trao i ion dng b nhim bn do cc cht v c. Ht nha trao i ion m nhim bn do cc cht hu c.


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Khi b nhim bn, ht nha chuyn sang mu ti, tng th tch, gim dung lng trao i ion, tiu hao nhiu ho cht ti sinh, tiu hao nhiu nc ra. gim cht lng nc sn phm, do cn x l, phc hi ht nha.

10.1. Phc hi nha trao i ion dng

Dng khng kh nn thi cc cht lng ng trn b mt ht nha. Dng axit ra cc cht lng ng khng thi c bng khng kh nn. Khi b nhim bn cht hu c nh du, mth dng NaOH ngm ra nh khi x l

ht nha mi.

10.2. Phc hi nha trao i ion m

Dng khng kh nn thi cc cht lng ng trn b mt ht nha. Dng nc c tnh kim ngm ra cht hu c. B nhim bn st th dng axit clohydric ngm ra nha x l ht nha mi. B nhim bn silic th dng kim nng ra. nhng nhit khng c cao qua gii

hn cho php ca ht nha trnh gim tui th ht nha.

11. CC HO CHT THNG DNG 11.1. Axit Sunphuric H2SO4

a) Gii thiu chung.

Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 l axit v c, khi lng phn t 98,08, cn c tn gi khc l Hydro Sulphat. Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 thng c vn chuyn, tn cha nng m c 98% hoc dng olum gim chi ph. (lum l Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 cn ngm kh SO3 nng cao). Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 m c 98% si 330 0C, ho rn -1,1 0C v gim khi nng gim. p sut hi 40 0C l 0,0002 mmHg. Khi lng ring 1,8437.

iu kin thng, Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 m c 98% l cht n nh, nhng phn ng mnh vi nc v cc cht hu c gy to nhit.

iu kin chy: Khi chy b phn hu to thnh SO2, SO3, v hi H2SO4.

Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 m c phn ng vi hu ht cc vt liu hu c (ht nc phn t ca vt liu) v c th gy chy do to nhit khi phn ng. Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 l cht khng chy nhng khi phn ng vi hu ht cc kim loi th to cht rt d chy n l Hydro (H2)

Trnh gn ngun nhit, ngun la, cc vt liu hu c, cc vt liu d b n mn.


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b) Mi nguy nh hng n sc kho:

Vi mt: Khi Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 tip xc vi gic mc mt s ph hng gic mc mt gy m mt.

Vi da: Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 m c l cht oxy ho mnh, ho nc. Do vy khi tip xc trc tip vi da s ht nc ca da gy chy da v bng 2 hoc 3. nng thp cng c th gy kch ng, d ng da.

Vi h h hp: S cc k nguy him nu nut hay ht phi, nng cao c th cht. Nhng ngi b bnh hen suyn c khuyn khng nn tip xc vi ho cht ny. N c th lm tng nguy c vim hng vim phi. Cc axit v c mnh c cha Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 l mt trong cc tc nhn gy bnh ung th.

Vi h tiu ho: Gy chy ming, c hng, thc qun. nh hng lu di: Tip xc lu, lp li nhiu c th gy n mn, ph hu men rng.

c) Phng php s cp cu khi b tai nn vi Axit Sunphuric H2SO4

Vi da: Ra ngay vng da b tip xc axit di dng nc chy t nht l 20 pht. Nu vn cn b kch ng da th tip tc ra. ng thi tho b trang phc b thm axit. Gi ngay cho i y t khn cp. Khng vn chuyn nn nhn trc khi ra xong hoc l phi va vn chuyn va tip tc ra. Trong khi vn chuyn n trung tm y t, phi dng nc lnh p vo vt thng ca nn nhn. Nu v l do no m vic x l y t phi hon li th phi tip tc ngm vt thng ca nn nhn trong nc ang tan, hoc p cc vo vt thng. Ch trnh b ng bng m vt thng. Tho b qun o, giy ng b thm axt trnh da b tip xc thm vi axt. Git qun o ny ring trc khi ti s dng.

Vi mt: Ra mt ngay lp tc di dng nc chy t nht l 20 pht. mt m trong khi ra. Tip tc ra cho n khi khng cn cm thy b kch thch mi thi. Gi ngay cho i y t khn cp. Khng vn chuyn nn nhn trc khi ra xong hoc l phi va vn chuyn va tip tc ra.

Vi h h hp: Chuyn nn nhn n ni thong kh. Ch h hp nhn to nhn to khi nn nhn ngng th. Khng dng phng php ming-ming nu nn nhn n hoc ht phi ho cht: Phi s dng thit b ht dng van mt chiu v mt n chuyn dng trong y t. Cp cu ngay nu nn nhn ngng mch v ngng th.

Vi h tiu ho: Khng c gy nn cho nn nhn. Nu nn nhn cn ra hiu c v khng b co git th ra ming nn nhn v cho ung n 1 cc nc lm long


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ho cht. Nu nn nhn nn t nhin th u nn nhn thp xung trnh b ht vo cht nn ra. Thng bo ngay lp tc cho trung tm chng cht c a phng, khu vc v vn chuyn nn nhn i cp cu.

d) Thit b bo h c nhn khi s dng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4.

Bo v h h hp: S dng thit b lc khng kh NIOSH/MSHA khi nng hi/khi axit, bi, m khong 10mg/m3.

Bo v da: Dng gng tay, o lin qun, giy ng khng thm. Cc vt liu sau nn c dng:

Cao su Butyl, Polyethylen, Teflon, Saranex , 4H , Barricade , CFP 3 , Respoder , Trellchem HSP , Tychem 10000 dng c trong hn 8 gi lin tc.

Viton dng c trong hn 4 gi lin tc.

Neoprene, PVC ch dng trong thi gian t hn 4 gi lin tc.

Cao su t nhin, cao su nitrt, PVA ch dng cho thi gian ngn t hn 1 gi.

Bo v mt: S dng knh hoc mt n.

( xem thm Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)- Bng thng s an ton vt cht )

Trong nh my m Ph M ngi ta dng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 ti sinh ht nha trao i ion dng, trung ho nc thi ti sinh, trung ho nc sng lm mt.

11.2. Natri Hydroxit NaOH

a) Gii thiu chung

Natri Hydroxit NaOH l cht rn kim tnh mu trng, khng mi. Natri Hydroxit NaOH thng c s dng dng dung dch vi nc v c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip v trong cc qu trnh ho hc.

Natri Hydroxit NaOH c khi lng phn t 40,1. Nhit si l 270 0F. Dung dch NaOH 46% iu kin thng c t trng l 1,50.

Natri Hydroxit NaOH c lit vo danh sch cc cht nguy him do tnh n mn mnh ca n.


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Natri Hydroxit NaOH l cht ho tan mnh trong nc (n 100%) to thnh dung dch kim c trng v lm tng pH ca mi trng.

b) Cc mi nguy nh hng n sc kho khi tip xc vi Natri Hydroxit NaOH

Nhng ngi tip xc trc tip hay trong mi trng c bi Natri Hydroxit NaOH c th b nh hng:

i vi h h hp: Khi ht phi bi git dung dch Natri Hydroxit NaOH c th gy kch ng hoc ph hu phi. liu lng cao c th gy trn dch phi cc k nguy him.

i vi da: Natri Hydroxit NaOH tip xc da c th gy chy da nghim trng. i vi mt: Mt tip xc vi Natri Hydroxit NaOH gy chy nim mc mt, c th

dn n m mt.

Theo bo co nghin cu ca khoa Sc kho trng i Hc New Jersey, M th Natri Hydroxit NaOH khng l nguyn nhn gy bnh ung th, v khng nh hng n kh nng sinh sn.

Cc nh hng lu di khc: Khng nn ht thuc nu bn phi lm vic trong mi trng c Natri Hydroxit NaOH v n s lm bn tng nguy c b ung th phi, bn thn khi thuc l mt nguyn nhn nguy him cho phi ca bn.

Gii hn tip xc trong mi trng lm vic: Theo tiu chun OSHA: c php lm vic 8h lin tc trong mi trng c nng bi Natri Hydroxit NaOH 2mg/m3.

Theo tiu chun NOISH: c php lm vic 15pht lin tc trong mi trng c nng bi Natri Hydroxit NaOH 2mg/m3.

Khi lm vic trong mi trng c bi hoc dung dch Natri Hydroxit NaOH, ngi lm vic phi c cung cp cc thng tin v an ton sc kho theo tiu chun OSHA 1910.20. Khi pht hin bn thn b cc vn sc kho lin quan n Natri Hydroxit NaOH th cn phi i n gp Bc S chuyn nghnh c khm cha bnh kp thi.

c) Cc phng php gim thi gian tip xc Natri Hydroxit NaOH.

Lp t h thng thng gi hiu qu ni lm vic. Mc qun o bo h v thay ngay khi b dnh vo qun o.


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S dng bm t ng vn chuyn Natri Hydroxit NaOH t ni ny qua ni khc nu c th.

Ra ngay bng nc khi mt, da b tip xc vi Natri Hydroxit NaOH. Khng n, ung, ht thuc trong khi lm vic vi Natri Hydroxit NaOH. Khng dng phng php thi kh v sinh khu vc lm vic vi NaOH. S dng

chn khng hoc phng php t v sinh khu vc lm vic.

Thng bo cc thng tin cnh bo nguy him trong khu vc lm vic.

d) Cc phng php s cp cu khi b tai nn vi Natri Hydroxit NaOH.

Vi mt: Ngay lp tc xi ra mt bng lng ln nc hoc di dng nc chy lin tc trong t nht 30 pht v lin tc nhm, m mt. Kim tra y t ngay.

Vi da: Nhanh chng ci b qun o nhim ho cht. Tm, ra bng lng ln nc. Kim tra y t ngay.

Vi h h hp: a nn nhn ra khi ni c tip xc vi ho cht. H hp nhn to nu nn nhn ngng th, Bp tim ngoi lng ngc nu tim nn nhn ngng p. a nn nhn n trung tm y t. Theo di phi v s th h hp ca nn nhn lin tc trong vng t 24 n 48 h.

(xem thm MSDS)

Trong nh my m Ph M ngi ta dng Natri Hydroxit NaOH ti sinh ht nha trao i ion m, trung ho nc thi ti sinh.

11.3. Natri Sunphit Na2SO3

a) Gii thiu chung

Natri Sunphit Na2SO3 l cht rn kt tinh khng mu, nng 96% rt c, khi lng ring 2,63. Natri Sunphit Na2SO3 l cht rn n nh v b phn hu 900 0C.

Dung dch 1% c pH = 9,8.

Natri Sunphit Na2SO3 l cht xy ho mnh, phn ng to nhit mnh lit v gii phng kh dioxit sulphua SO2 c mi trng thi, c hi.

Khi Natri Sunphit Na2SO3 tip xc da s gy kch ng da gy hay chy da. Khi nut phi c th gy kch ng nim mc d dy. C th gy d ng nguy him i vi ngi mc bnh hen v


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ngi mn cm vi dioxit sulphua SO2 . hm lng ln c th gy au bng d di v tiu chy, ri lon tun hon mu, suy gim h thn kinh trung ng, v thm ch gy cht ngi.

b) Cc phng php s cp cu khi b tai nn vi Natri Sunphit Na2SO3. Vi mt: Ngay lp tc xi ra mt bng lng ln nc hoc di dng nc chy lin

tc trong t nht 15 pht v lin tc nhm, m mt. Kim tra y t ngay.

Vi da: Nhanh chng ci b qun o nhim ho cht. Tm, ra bng x phng v lng ln nc. Kim tra y t ngay.

Vi h h hp: a nn nhn ra khi ni c tip xc vi ho cht. H hp nhn to nu nn nhn ngng th, Bp tim ngoi lng ngc nu tim nn nhn ngng p. a nn nhn n trung tm y t. Theo di phi v s th h hp ca nn nhn lin tc trong vng t 24 n 48 h.

Vi h tiu ho: Nu nn nhn cn tnh th cho ung 2 n 4 cc nc, gy nn cho nn nhn. Kim tra y t ngay. Nn nhn bt tnh th cng khng nn dng ming h hp cho nn nhn

(xem thm MSDS)

Trong nh my m Ph M, ngi ta dng Natri Sunphit Na2SO3 loi b Clo (Cl2) d trong nc (nc cng nghip dng Clo kh khun ) theo phn ng sau:

a) Natri Sunphit Na2SO3 phn ly trong nc theo phn ng sau: Na2SO3 2Na+ + SO32-

b) Ion SO32- phn ng vi Cl2 d ho tan trong nc:

SO32- + Cl2 + H2O SO42- + 2Cl- + 2H+

Nh vy Clo (Cl2) kh x l chuyn thnh ion Cl- d loi b v s c loi b trong thit b trao i ion m.


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VII. NGUYN L LM VIC CA CC THIT B CHNH 1. Cc thit b chnh

a) Cm thit b nc kh khong (30-PK-1001)

- Cc bnh trao i nha ion dng 30-PK-1001/V1A/B/C - Cc ct kh kh 30-PK-1001/V2A/B/C - Cc qut gi 30-PK-1001/K2A/B/C

- Cc bm nc kh kh 30-PK-1001/P2A/B/C - Cc bnh trao i nha ion m 30-PK-1001/V3A/B/C - Cc bnh trao i tng hn hp 30-PK-1001/V4A/B/C

- Cc bn nh lng axt 30-PK-1001/TK3/4/9

- Cc bm nh lng axt 30-PK-1001/P8A/B - Cc Injector phun axt 30-PK-1001/J1/2

- Cc bn nh lng xt 30-PK-1001/TK5/6/8

- Cc bm nh lng xt 30-PK-1001/P7A/B - Cc bn pha axt 30-PK-1001/TK10/11

- Cc thit b khuy xt 30-PK-1001/Z1/2 - Cc Injector phun xt 30-PK-1001/J3/4

- Bn cha Natri Sunpht 30-PK-1001/TK7

- Cc Injector phun Natri Sunpht 30-PK-1001/P6A/B - Bm nc th phc v ti sinh 30-PK-1001/P3

- Bm nc kh khong phc v ti sinh 30-PK-1001/P1A/B

- Thit b cha kh nn phc v ti sinh 30-PK-1001/V5 - B trung ha 30-PK-1001/BA1 - Cc qut gi cho b trung ha 30-PK-1001/K1A/B

- Cc bm nc trung ha 30-PK-1001/P5A/B b) Thit b lm ngui nc ngng hi tua bin 30-E-1001 c) Bn cha nc kh ion 30-TK-1001

d) Cc bm nc kh ion 30-P-1001A/B

e) Bn cha nc kh khong 30-TK-1002 f) Cc bm nc kh khong 30-P-1002A/B

g) Bn cha axt sunphurc 30-TK-1003

h) Cc bm np/vn chuyn axt 30-P-1003A/B i) Bn cha xt 30-TK-1004


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j) Bm np xt 30-P-1004 k) Ton b h thng ng ng dn lu cht cc loi (nc th, nc kh khong, kh iu

khin, ha cht).

l) Cc loi van ngt, van iu khin v thit b o lng lp t trong h thng.

2. Thit b trao i ion dng 30PK1001/V1 (A/B/C) a) Cu to thit b:

S lng thit b: 3 (2 lm vic, 1 d phng) ng knh: 2000mm Chiu cao: 2600mm Vt liu: Thp cacbon v JIS G3101 SS400. n mn cho php: 3mm. Lp bo v bn trong: 3mm cao su. Ca vo: - s lng: 2

- ng knh: 500mm S chn : 4 Chu k lm vic: 12h. Th tch ht nha: 3960 lt/thit b. Loi ht nha: Rohm & Haas Amberlite 120 Na Phng php ti sinh: Ngc chiu 2 bc. Axt tiu tn: 396 kg H2SO4 100% mi ln ti sinh. Nhit lm vic: Nhit mi trng. p sut lm vic: 4 barg.

b) Nguyn l lm vic

Nh my m Ph M s dng 3 thit b trao i ion dng c lp 30PK1001/V1A,B,C (2 thit b lm vic, 1 thit b d phng ) tng ng vi 3 dy chuyn c lp A,B,C, trong mi thit b cha 3960 lt ht nha trao i ion dng.

B mt trong ca thit b c bo v bng lp cao su dy 3mm chng ho cht n mn v kim loi st cacbon (dy 3mm).

Khi ti sinh s tiu tn 396 kg axt H2SO4 (quy v nng 100%).

Thit b trao i ion dng 30PK1001/V1 lm vic theo nguyn l: nc i t trn nh thit b i xung tip xc trc tip vi lp ht nha trao i ion dng v c thot ra t y thit b.


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Cc ion dng Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+trong nc b ht nha gi li v gii phng ion H+. Nc thot ra c nng ion m cao v kh CO2 ho tan s c a sang thit b kh kh.

Nng lc x l nc ca mi thit b l 150m3/h.

Mt chu k lm vic thc t thng l 12 gi vi thun nc cng nghip, v 24 gi vi hn hp nc cng nghip v nc ngng cng ngh.

Sau khi x l c 1800m3 thun nc cng nghip (hoc 3600m3 hn hp nc cng nghip v nc ngng cng ngh) hoc dn in nc sn phm t n 20 S/cm th phi ngng thit b ti sinh ht nha.

Khi ti sinh ht nha trao i ion dng, ngi ta dng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 theo phng php bc ti sinh nh sau:

Bc 1 dng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 1,6%.

Bc 2 dng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 4%.

bc 1 phi dng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 1,6% trnh to thnh mui sunphat ca cc kim loi Mg2+, Ca2+ ho tan km v ph bm trn b mt ht nha gy cn tr qu trnh trao i ion bn trong ht nha.

bc 2 dng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 4% tng cng kh nng trao i ion ca ht nha v lc ny nng ion kim loi Mg2+, Ca2+cn rt t, kh c kh nng to thnh mui sunphat ca cc kim loi Mg2+, Ca2+ ho tan km v ph bm trn b mt ht nha.

Sau khi ti sinh ht nha bng Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 phi ra ht nha bng nc.

3. Thit b kh kh 30PK1001/V2 3.1. Cu to thit b

a) Thp tch kh S lng: 3 ( 2 lm vic, 1 d phng) ng knh: 1800mm Chiu cao: 3300mm Vt liu: Thp cacbon v JIS G3101 SS400. Lp bo v bn trong: 3mm cao su.

b) Bn cha nc kh kh

S lng: 3 ( 2 lm vic, 1 d phng) ng knh: 2400mm Chiu di: 4500mm


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Kiu loi: Nm ngang. Vt liu: Thp cacbon v JIS G3101 SS400. Lp bo v bn trong: 3mm cao su.

c) Bm nc kh kh

S lng: 3 ( 2 lm vic, 1 d phng) Cng sut: 170m3/h mi ci. Chiu cao y: 30 m H2O Kiu loi: Bm ly tm nm ngang.

Cng sut m t: 23.8 KW Tc m t: 37 KW/2900 vng/pht in th: 400V/3pha/50Hz.

d) Qut kh kh S lng: 3 ( 2 lm vic, 1 d phng) Cng sut: 3100 m3/h. Chiu cao y: 50 mmH2O Kiu loi: Ly tm. Vt liu: Kim loi nh. M t: 2,2 KW/1500 vng/pht. in th: 400V/3pha/50Hz.

e) Nguyn l lm vic

Nh my m Ph M s dng 3 thit b kh kh c lp 30PK1001/V2A,B,C (2 thit b lm vic, 1 thit b d phng ) tng ng vi 3 dy chuyn c lp A,B,C.

Thit b thc t gm 2 phn: Phn trn hnh tr ng, rng v phn di hnh tr nm ngang. Bn trong thit b c ph lp cao su dy 3mm.

Thit b vn hnh cng vi 1 bm c cng sut 170m3/h v 1 qut gi vi mt 37KW.

Phn hnh tr ng trn lm vic theo nguyn l nc phn tn trn i xung tip xc trc tip vi dng khng kh i t di ln. Khng kh tip xc vi dng nc phn tn s ko theo kh CO2 ho tan trong nc thot ra ngoi. y chnh l phn quan trng nht v mt cng ngh ca thit b kh kh.

Phn hnh tr nm ngang ch l thit b cha nc trung gian h thng lm vic n nh. Dng khng kh c to ra do cc qut 30-PK-1001/K2 tng ng.


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4. Thit b trao i ion m 30PK1001/V3 a) Cu to thit b:


- ng knh: 500mm S chn : 4 Chu k lm vic: 12h. Th tch ht nha: 4800 lt/thit b. Loi ht nha: Rohm & Haas Amberlite 910 Cl Phng php ti sinh: Ngc chiu. Xt tiu tn: 480 kg NaOH 100% mi ln ti sinh. Nhit lm vic: Nhit mi trng. p sut lm vic: 4 barg.

b) Nguyn l lm vic

Nh my m Ph M s dng 3 thit b trao i ion m c lp 30PK1001/V3A,B,C (2 thit b lm vic, 1 thit b d phng ) tng ng vi 3 dy chuyn c lp A,B,C, trong mi thit b cha 4800 lt ht nha trao i ion m.

B mt trong ca thit b c bo v bng lp cao su dy 3mm chng ho cht n mn v kim loi st cacbon (dy 3mm).

Khi ti sinh s tiu tn 480 kg Natri Hydroxit NaOH (quy v nng 100%).

Thit b trao i ion m 30PK1001/V3 lm vic theo nguyn l: nc i t trn nh thit b i xung tip xc trc tip vi lp ht nha trao i ion m v c thot ra t y thit b.

Cc ion m Cl-, SO42-, SO32-, HCO3-, HSiO3-, CO32-trong nc b ht nha gi li v gii phng ion OH-. Nc thnh phm s c a sang bn cha nc kh ion 30TK1001.

Nng lc x l nc ca mi thit b l 150m3/h.

Mt chu k lm vic thc t thng l 12 gi vi thun nc cng nghip, v 24 gi vi hn hp nc cng nghip v nc ngng cng ngh.


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Sau khi x l c 3600m3 nc hoc dn in nc sn phm t n 20 S/cm th phi ngng thit b ti sinh ht nha.

Khi ti sinh ht nha trao i ion m, ngi ta dng Natri Hydroxit NaOH nng 5%:

Sau khi ti sinh ht nha bng Natri Hydroxit NaOH phi ra ht nha bng nc. Thng thng, khi mt trong cc thit b trao i ion dng hoc m ca cng mt dy chuyn b ht nng lc lm vic thi phi dng c 2 thit b cng ti sinh.

Thi gian ti sinh c 2 thit b trao i ion l 150 pht.

5. Thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/V4 a) Cu to thit b:


- ng knh: 500mm S chn : 4 Chu k lm vic: 120h (5 ngy) Th tch ht nha ion dng: 2650 lt/thit b. Loi ht nha ion dng: Rohm & Haas Amberlite 120 Na Th tch ht nha ion m: 2650 lt/thit b. Loi ht nha ion m: Rohm & Haas Amberlite 910 Cl Phng php ti sinh: Ngc chiu. Axt tiu tn: 265 kg H2SO4 100% mi ln ti sinh. Xt tiu tn: 265 kg NaOH 100% mi ln ti sinh. Nhit lm vic: Nhit mi trng. p sut lm vic: 4 barg.

b) Nguyn l lm vic

Nh my m Ph M s dng 3 thit b trao i ion tng hn hp c lp 30PK1001/V4A,B,C (2 thit b lm vic, 1 thit b d phng ).

Mi thit b cha 2650 lt ht nha trao i ion dng v 2650 lt ht nha trao i ion m.


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y l thit b cui cng trong dy chuyn x l nc. N c nhim v loi b trit cc ion cn li trong nc n khi dn in t n


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i km vi bn pha long Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 30PK1001/TK10 l mt thit b khuy lp trong bn v mt bm phun a dung dch Axit Sunphuric H2SO4 1,6% v 4% vo thit b trao i ion dng.

7. Bn pha long axt ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/TK11 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 1000mm Chiu cao: 1200mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: MS PTFE (kim loi nh ph nha PTFE)

8. Bn nh lng axt ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng 30PK1001/TK3 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 600mm Chiu cao: 1000mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: MS (kim loi nh ) Dung tch: Cha 404 kg H2SO4 98% hay 146 lt.

9. Bn nh lng axt ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/TK4 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 600mm Chiu cao: 1000mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: MS (kim loi nh ) Dung tch: Cha 270 kg H2SO4 98% hay 146 lt.

10. Bn nh lng xt ti sinh thit b trao i ion m 30PK1001/TK5 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 1400mm Chiu cao: 1400mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: MSRL (kim loi nh ph cao su) Dung tch: Cha 1600 kg NaOH 30% hay 1205 lt. Thit b khuy: Loi tuabin tc cao bng thp khng g.


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11. Bn nh lng xt ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/TK6 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 1000mm Chiu cao: 1400mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: MSRL (kim loi nh ph cao su) Dung tch: Cha 2650 kg NaOH 10% hay 2390 lt. Thit b khuy: Loi tuabin tc cao bng thp khng g.

12. Bm nc ti sinh S lng: 2 ( 1 lm vic, 1 d phng) Cng sut: 50m3/h mi ci. Chiu cao y: 3,5 barg Kiu loi: Bm ly tm nm ngang.

Cng sut m t: 7,14 KW Tc m t: 11 KW/2900 vng/pht in th: 400V/3pha/50Hz.

13. Bn nh lng Natri Sulphit Na2SO3 30PK1001/TK7 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 2000mm Chiu cao: 2000mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: CSRL (thp cacbon ph cao su) Thit b khuy: Loi tuabin tc cao bng thp khng g. Bm Natri Sulphit Na2SO3:

- S lng: 2 - Kiu loi: Bm nh lng chu k - Cng sut: 10 lt/pht. 5 barg. - Tc : 112 vng/pht. - Hnh trnh nh lng: 22,2 mm - p sut ti a: 10 barg - M t: 0,25 KW/1500 vng/pht - in th ngun: 400V/3 pha/50 Hz.


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14. B trung ho 30PK1001/BA1 S lng: 1 Kch thc Di x Rng x Su: 16 m x 7,5 m x 3,5 m Th tch: 250m3 Vt liu: B tng ph cht chng axit/xt.

15. B cn bng 30PK1001/BA2 S lng: 1 Kch thc Di x Rng x Su: 16 m x 7,5 m x 3,5 m Th tch: 250m3 Vt liu: B tng ph cht chng axit/xt.

16. Bn cha axt trung ho 30PK1001/TK9 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 600mm Chiu cao: 1000mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: MSRL (kim loi nh ph cao su ) Dung tch: Cha 12000 kg H2SO4 30% hay 1000 lt.

17. Bm nh lng axit trung ho nc thi ti sinh 30PK1001/ P8 A/B S lng: 2 Kiu loi: Bm nh lng chu k Cng sut: 500 lt/pht. 1,5 barg. Tc : 96 vng/pht. ng knh mng: 145 mm p sut ti a: 10 barg M t: 0,75 KW/1500 vng/pht in th ngun: 400V/3 pha/50 Hz.

18. Bn cha xt trung ho 30PK1001/TK8 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh: 600mm Chiu cao: 1000mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: MSRL (kim loi nh ph cao su ) Dung tch: Cha 12000 kg NaOH 30% hay 900 lt. Thit b khuy:


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- S lng: 1 - Kiu loi: Tuabin tc cao - Vt liu: Thp khng g (SS304) - M t: 0,25 KW/1500 vng/pht

19. Bm nh lng xt trung ho nc thi ti sinh 30PK1001/ P7 A/B S lng: 2 Kiu loi: Bm nh lng chu k kiu mng Cng sut: 500 lt/pht. 1,5 barg. Tc : 96 vng/pht. p sut ti a: 10 barg M t: 0,75 KW/1500 vng/pht in th ngun: 400V/3 pha/50 Hz.

20. Bm nc thi ti sinh trung ho 30PK1001/ P5 A/B S lng: 2 Cng sut: 95 m3/h. Chiu cao y: 2,3 barg. Kiu loi: Bm ly tm c chiu cao ht 3,5 m M t: 11 KW/3000 vng/pht in th ngun: 400V/3 pha/50 Hz.

21. Qut khng kh b trung ho 30PK1001/ K1 A/B S lng: 2 (1 lm vic, 1 d phng) Cng sut: 350 m3/h. Chiu cao y: 0,5 barg. Kiu loi: Trc vt 2 thu. M t: 11 KW/1500 vng/pht in th ngun: 400V/3 pha/50 Hz.

22. Bn cha kh nn ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp 30PK1001/V5 S lng thit b: 1 ng knh x chiu cao: 1800mm x 2000mm Kiu loi: Hnh tr ng Vt liu: Thp cacbon v JIS G3101 SS400 p sut thit k: 11 kg/cm2 (g)

23. Cc thit b o lng, iu khin, cc loi van Xem chi tit di y v cc ti liu lin quan.


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VIII. TIU HAO HO CHT V YU CU SN PHM NC. 1. c tnh ca nc cp (nc th)

Nc th Nc th

Nc cng ngh t

xng Ur

Nc ngng cng ngh t

xng Amniac

Nc hn hp

stt Tn ch tiu n v ppm

tng ng

ppm theo

CaCO3

ppm theo CaCO3

ppm theo CaCO3

ppm theo CaCO3

1 pH 7,8 7,8 - - 7,8 2 c NTU 0,5 0,5 - - 0,5 3 Clo d mg/l 0,6 0,6 0 0 0,13 4 St quy v Fe mg/l 0,19 0,34 0 0 0,07 5 Vt liu hu c, ppm O2 mg/l 0,9 0,41 0 0 0,29 6 Tng rn ho tan mg/l 70 - - - - 7 Tng cng theo CaCO3 mg/l 71 71 0 0 14,81 8 cng Canxi theo CaCO3 mg/l 50 50 0 0 10,43 9 cng Magi theo CaCO3 mg/l 21 21 0 0 4,38 10 Natri v Kali theo CaCO3 mg/l 3,55 3,55 0 0 0,74 11 NH3 - 0 3 10 4,89 12 Ur - 0 3 0 1,3 13 Methanon - 0 0 20 7,18

Tng ion dng mg/l 74,55 74,55 3 10 20,44 14 CO2 mg/l - 0,75 0 10 3,71 15 Tng kim theo CaCO3 mg/l 18,3 18,3 0 0 8,71 16 Kim photphat theo CaCO3 mg/l - - - - 4,89 17 Tng silic theo SiO2 mg/l 12,5 15 0 0 3,13 18 Clo theo Cl mg/l 30 42,3 0 0 8,81 19 Nitrat theo CaCO3 mg/l 3,6 3,6 0 0 0,75 20 Sulphat SO4 mg/l 9,95 10,35 0 0 2,16

21 Tng axit (Cl + SO4 + NO3) theo CaCO3 mg/l - 56,2 - - 12,69

22 Tng ion m theo CaCO3 mg/l - - - - 20,43 NO3 mg/l 0,044 4,4 NO2 mg/l 0,003 0,003 O2 tiu hao mg/l - 0,48

23 Nhit 0C - 25 45 45 - 24 Lu lng thit k m3/h - 27,7 57,4 47,7 132,80


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2. Tnh cht nc kh kh u vo thit b trao i ion tng hn hp.

stt Tn ch tiu n v Nc ngng tuabin Nc ngng

hi Nc kh

kh

Nc hn hp km cht

lng nht

1 SiO2 ppm 0,5 0 0 0,401 2 Fe (st) ppm 0,2 0 0 0,155 3 NH3 mg/l 0 3 0 0,464 4 Ur mg/l 0 3 0 0,464 5 p sut barg 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 6 Nhit 0C 45 45 45 45 7 Natri mg/l 0 0 0,2 0,015 8 Lu lng thit k m3/h 154,5/149,3/154,5 28,4/30,9 Cn bng 200 9 Lu lng tu chn m3/h 154,5 30,9 14,6 200

3. c tnh nc kh khong ra khi thit b trao i ion tng hn hp

stt Tn ch tiu n v Nc hn hp km cht lng nht

1 pH 6,5 7,0

2 c NTU khng

3 dn in m/cm


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4. Cc thng s thit k khi h thng ch s dng nc th

stt Tn ch tiu thit k u vo n v tnh (theo mgCaCO3/l) Sau chm nh lng Na2CO3

(theo mgCaCO3/l)

1 Thit b trao i ion dng

a. Canxi 50 50

b. Magi 21 21

c. Tng cng (Ca + Mg) 71 71

d. Natri + Kali 3,55 4,39

e. Tng ion dng (a+b+c+d) 74,55 75,39

2 Thit b trao i ion m

a. Clorit (Cl- ) 42,3 43,14

b. Sunphat (SO42- ) 10,35 11,49

c. Nitrat + Nitrit ( NO32- + NO22- ) 3,6 3,6

d. Photphat (PO42-)

e. Florit

f. Tng gc axit (a+b+c+d+e) 56,25 57,93

g. P-Alkalinity

h. M-Alkalinity 18,3 17,46

i. Tng ion m (f+h) 74,55 75,39

j. Silica hot tnh 20,8 20,8

k. Tng silica

l. Tng ion m (sau kh CO2) 83,05 84,73

3 Cc thnh phn khc

a. CO2

b. St 0,19

c. ng

d. Clo t do 0,6 Khng

e. Gi tr tng

f. pH 7,8

g. Tng rn ho tan 70

h. Tng rn l lng 0,5


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Cc thng s khi ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng

stt Cc bc Lu lng (m3/h) Thi gian

(pht) Th tch

(m3) Ngun nc

1 Ra ng gp gia 28 5 2,35 Th 2 Ra ngc (Tu chn) 28 5 2,35 Th 3 Chun b phun axit ( cha c axit) 20 2 0,67 kh kh

Phun nc trc 40 2 1,33 Th 4 Phun axit 1,6% 40 23 15 kh kh

Phun nc 40 23 15 Th 5 Phun axit 4,0% 20 12 4 kh kh

Phun nc 20 12 4 Th 6 Ra axit 20 24 8 kh kh

Phun nc 20 24 8 Th 7 Ra cui 150 5 12,5 Th

Tng cng 398 27,67 Kh kh 43,2 Th

8 Tng nc thi ti sinh ion dng 71 70,85 Nc thi ra b trung ho (c ho cht) 56,00 Nc thi ra sng (khng ho cht) 14,85

9 Tng nc thi khi ti sinh i 135 129,2 Nc thi ra b trung ho (c ho cht) 112,0 Nc thi ra sng (khng ho cht) 17,2

Cc thng s khi ti sinh thit b trao i ion m


(pht) Th tch

(m3) Ngun nc

1 Ra ng gp gia 9 5 0,78 kh kh 2 Ra ngc (Tu chn) 9 5 0,78 kh kh 3 Chun b phun xt ( cha c xt) 16 2 0,53 kh khong

Phun nc trc 19,2 2 0,64 kh kh 4 Phun axit 5% 19,2 30 9,6 kh khong

Phun nc 19,2 30 9,6 kh kh 5 Ra xt 19,2 30 9,6 kh khong

Phun nc 19,2 30 9,6 kh kh 6 Ra cui 150 5 38 kh kh

Tng cng 398 58,62 Kh kh 19,73 kh khong

7 Tng nc thi ti sinh ion m 82 78,35 Nc thi ra b trung ho (c ho cht) 39,57 Nc thi ra sng (khng ho cht) 38,78

8 Tng nc thi khi ti sinh i 149 118,70 Nc thi ra b trung ho (c ho cht) 79,14 Nc thi ra sng (khng ho cht) 39,56


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Cc thng s khi ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp


(pht) Th tch

(m3) Ngun nc

1 Ra ng gp gia 40,7 5 0,39 kh ion

2 Ra ngc 40,7 5 0,39 kh ion

3 n nh - 2 - -

4 Chun b phun xt ( cha c xt) 17,7 2 0,59 kh khong

5 Chun b phun axit ( cha c axit) 10,6 - 0,35

6 Phun xt 21,2 15 5,3

7 Phun axit 21,2 - 5,3

8 Ra xt 21,2 15 5,3

9 Ra axit 21,2 - 5,3 kh khong

10 X nc thi 5 4,5 kh ion

11 Trn kh nn 0,4 barg 542 10 -

12 p n nh/in y nc 3 -

13 Ra cui 200 10 33,3 kh ion

Tng cng 72 66,76

Nc kh khong 22,14

Nc kh ion 44,62

14 Tng nc thi ti sinh ion tng hn hp

Nc thi ra b trung ho (c ho cht) 26,64

Nc thi ra sng (khng ho cht) 40,12


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5. Tiu hao ho cht ch trong trng hp ch s dng nc th a) Ho cht dng ti sinh

n v tnh

H2SO4 ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng Kg theo nng 100% 396

NaOH ti sinh thit b trao i ion m Kg theo nng 100% 480

H2SO4 ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp Kg theo nng 100% 265

NaOH ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp Kg theo nng 100% 265

b) Ho cht dng trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi ch ti sinh n thit b trao i ion dng v thit b trao i ion m.

n v tnh

H2SO4 trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi ch ti sinh n thit b trao i ion dng v ion m Kg theo nng 100% 181,9

c) Ho cht dng trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi TI SINH I thit b trao i ion dng v thit b trao i ion m.

n v tnh

H2SO4 trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi TI SINH I thit b trao i ion dng v ion m Kg theo nng 100% 374,1

d) Ho cht dng trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi cng ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng, m v thit b trao i ion tng hn hp.

n v tnh

H2SO4 trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi TI SINH I thit b trao i ion dng v ion m Kg theo nng 100% 288


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6. Cc thng s thit k khi h thng s dng nc hn hp

stt Tn ch tiu thit k u vo n v tnh (theo mgCaCO3/l) Sau chm nh lng Na2CO3

(theo mgCaCO3/l)

1 Thit b trao i ion dng a. Canxi 10,43 10,43 b. Magi 4,38 4,38 c. Tng cng (Ca + Mg) 14,81 14,81 d. Natri + Kali 0,74 0,91 e. NH3 4,89 4,89 f. Tng ion dng (a+b+c+d) 20,44 20,61

2 Thit b trao i ion m

a. Clorit (Cl- ) 8,81 8,98 b. Sunphat (SO42- ) 2,16 2,33 c. Nitrat + Nitrit ( NO32- + NO22- ) 0,75 0,75 d. Photphat (PO42-) 0 e. Florit 0 f. Tng gc axit (a+b+c+d+e) 11,72 12,06 g. P-Alkalinity h. M-Alkalinity 8,71 8,54 i. Tng ion m (f+h) 20,43 20,60 j. Silica hot tnh 3,05 3,05 k. Tng silica l. Tng ion m (sau kh CO2) 20,77 21,11

3 Cc thnh phn khc

a. CO2 3,78 b. St 0,19 c. ng d. Clo t do 0,12 khng e. Gi tr tng f. pH 7,8 g. Tng rn ho tan 28,50 h. Tng rn l lng 0,50


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7. Tiu hao ho cht trong trng hp s dng nc hn hp e) Ho cht dng ti sinh

n v tnh

H2SO4 ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng Kg theo nng 100% 396

NaOH ti sinh thit b trao i ion m Kg theo nng 100% 480

H2SO4 ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp Kg theo nng 100% 265

NaOH ti sinh thit b trao i ion tng hn hp Kg theo nng 100% 265

f) Ho cht dng trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi ch ti sinh n thit b trao i ion dng v thit b trao i ion m.

n v tnh

H2SO4 trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi ch ti sinh n thit b trao i ion dng v ion m

Kg theo nng 100% 0

g) Ho cht dng trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi TI SINH I thit b trao i ion dng v thit b trao i ion m.

n v tnh

H2SO4 trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi TI SINH I thit b trao i ion dng v ion m

Kg theo nng 100% 0

h) Ho cht dng trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi cng ti sinh thit b trao i ion dng, m v thit b trao i ion tng hn hp.

n v tnh

H2SO4 trung ho nc thi ti sinh khi TI SINH I thit b trao i ion dng v ion m

Kg theo nng 100% 0

i) Tiu hao ho cht Na2CO3 kh Clo

n v tnh

1 ppm Cl2 d cn dng 1,8 ppm Na2CO3 kh

0,6 ppm Cl2 d trong nc th cn dng (Kg, theo nng 100%) 1,08 Lu lng, m3/h 30 Tng khi lng Na2CO3 dng cho mt ngy, gms 778


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Tng khi lng Na2CO3 dng cho mt ngy, kg 0,78 Tng khi lng Na2CO3 dng cho mt thng, kg 23,33 Tng khi lng Na2CO3 dng cho mt nm sn xut, kg 280

IX. NHIM V CNG V V MI QUAN H 1. Nhim v

Vn hnh ton b h thng thit b nhm sn xut ra nc kh khong khi lng v m bo cc ch tiu k thut cung cp kp thi cho yu cu sn xut hi trong nh my v yu cu s dng nc kh khong khc ca cc xng cng ngh.

2. Mi quan h Chu s ch o trc tip ca trng ca xng Ph Tr, ng thi c mi quan h mt thit vi cc cng v (n v) cp nc th (nc thnh ph) v s dng nc kh khong.

3. Nguyn l sn xut Qu trnh sn xut nc kh khong s dng ht nha trao i ion v nha trao i tng hn hp loi b phn ln cc ion Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42-, SO32-, HCO3-, HSiO3-, CO32- c trong nc th v nc ngng cng ngh nhm t c cc ch tiu k thut ca nc kh khong.

Cc qu trnh ha hc kh ion trong nc th:

Qu trnh kh ion dng:

Na+ + R-H R-Na + H+

Mg2+ + 2R-H R2-Mg + 2H+

Ca2+ + 2R-H R2-Ca + 2H+

CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2 HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 Kh CO2 c tch thot ra bnh kh kh 30-PK1001/V2A/B/C.

Qu trnh kh ion m:

Cl- + R-OH R-Cl + OH-

SO42- + 2R-OH R2-SO4 + 2OH-

SO32- + 2R-OH R2-SO3 + OH- HSiO3- + R-OH R-HSiO3 + OH-


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4. Dy chuyn cng ngh H thng sn xut nc kh khong c 3 dy chuyn cng ngh ging nhau v c lin quan mt thit vi nhau. Trong sn xut bnh thng th 1 trong 3 dy chuyn ang sn xut, trong khi 1 dy chuyn trng thi d phng, v 1 dy chuyn khc c th ang trong qu trnh ti sinh.

Nc ngng cng ngh ho trn vi nc th kh Clo (Cl2) bng natri sunpht (Na2SO3) c a vo cc bnh trao i Ion dng, n bnh tch kh v bnh trao i Ion m loi b phn ln cc ion khong cht c trong nc to thnh nc kh ion. Nc kh Ion c cha trong bn cha 30-TK-1001 (dung tch 500 m3) cng vi nc ngng hi v nc ngng hi tua bin t cc xng cng ngh.

Cc bm 30-P-1001A/B bm nc kh ion n cc thit b trao i ion tng hn hp (2 chy, 1 d phng/ti sinh) loi b trit cc ion trong nc kh ion nhm t n cc ch tiu k thut ca nc kh khong v a v bn cha nc kh khong.

Cc bm 30-P-1002A/B bm nc kh khong t bn cha nc kh khong 30-TK-1002 (dung tch 9000 m3, p ng yu cu nc kh khong ca ton nh my trong 24 gi) n cc ni s dng.

Cht lng ca nc kh khong c kim sot bng cc thit b o lp t trc tip trn h thng.

Nc thi t qu trnh ti sinh ht nha trao i ion b nhim ha cht c tp trung v b 30-PK-1001/BA1 v c trung ha bng dung dch axt sunphurc/xt trc khi thi ra mi trng thng qua b nc sng lm mt 30BA3001.

Nc ra ng gp gia, ra ngc v nc ra cui khng nhim ha cht c dn trc tip n b nc lm mt 30BA3001 m khng cn phi x l.

Trong qu trnh khi ng ln u, nc thi ti sinh khng nhim amnic c bm n b nc lm mt 30BA3001 sau khi trung ha.

Trong vn hnh bnh thng, nc thi ti sinh nhim amnic c a ti thp trng theo hi nc 40-T-2001 tch loi amnic trc khi a v b nc lm mt.

5. Thit b, ng ng phi qun l m) Cm thit b nc kh khong (30-PK-1001)

- Cc bnh trao i nha ion dng 30-PK-1001/V1A/B/C - Cc ct kh kh 30-PK-1001/V2A/B/C - Cc qut gi 30-PK-1001/K2A/B/C

- Cc bm nc kh kh 30-PK-1001/P2A/B/C - Cc bnh trao i nha ion m 30-PK-1001/V3A/B/C


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- Cc bnh trao i tng hn hp 30-PK-1001/V4A/B/C - Cc bn nh lng axt 30-PK-1001/TK3/4/9 - Cc bm nh lng axt 30-PK-1001/P8A/B

- Cc Injector phun axt 30-PK-1001/J1/2 - Cc bn nh lng xt 30-PK-1001/TK5/6/8 - Cc bm nh lng xt 30-PK-1001/P7A/B

- Cc bn pha axt 30-PK-1001/TK10/11

- Cc thit b khuy xt 30-PK-1001/Z1/2 - Cc Injector phun xt 30-PK-1001/J3/4

- Bn cha Natri Sunpht 30-PK-1001/TK7

- Cc Injector phun Natri Sunpht 30-PK-1001/P6A/B - Bm nc th phc v ti sinh 30-PK-1001/P3

- Bm nc kh khong phc v ti sinh 30-PK-1001/P1A/B - Thit b cha kh nn phc v ti sinh 30-PK-1001/V5

- B trung ha 30-PK-1001/BA1

- Cc qut gi cho b trung ha 30-PK-1001/K1A/B - Cc bm nc trung ha 30-PK-1001/P5A/B

n) Thit b lm ngui nc ngng hi tua bin 30-E-1001

o) Bn cha nc kh ion 30-TK-1001 p) Cc bm nc kh ion 30-P-1001A/B q) Bn cha nc kh khong 30-TK-1002

r) Cc bm nc kh khong 30-P-1002A/B s) Bn cha axt sunphurc 30-TK-1003 t) Cc bm np/vn chuyn axt 30-P-1003A/B

u) Bn cha xt 30-TK-1004

v) Bm np xt 30-P-1004 w) Ton b h thng ng ng dn lu cht cc loi (nc th, nc kh khong, kh iu

khin, ha cht).

x) Cc loi van ngt, van iu khin v thit b o lng lp t trong h thng.

X. CH TIU K THUT NC KH KHONG

Ch tiu Gi tr n v NH3 3 ppm Ur 3 ppm


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pH 6,5-7 dn in


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Trnh t khi ng thit b trao i ion dng A (tng t cho B/C)

c tnh van Thi gian FC FO FC FO FC FC FC FC FC FC FC

Chu k

XV

3120

1A

XV

3120

2A

XV

3120

3A

XV

3120

4A

XV

3120

5A

XV

3120

6A

XV

3120

7A

XV

3120

8A

XV

3120

9A

XV

3121

0A

XV

3121

1A

in y nc [khi ng P2A v K2A]

C O C C C C C O C C C

Kim tra qu trnh ra trc khi a vo vn hnh [khi ng P2A v K2A]

C O C O C C C C C C C

Vn hnh 24 gi

(hoc 3600m3)

C O C O C C C C C C C

Trnh t khi ng thit b trao i ion m A ( hoc B/ C)

c tnh van Thi gian FC FO FC FO FC FC FC FC FC FC FC

Chu k

XV

3121

1A

XV

3121

2A

XV

3121

3A

XV

3121

4A

XV

3121

5A

XV

3121

6A

XV

3121

7A

XV

3121

8A

XV

3121

9A

XV

3122

0A

SOL3

1201

A

in y nc [khi ng P2A v K2A]

C O C C C C C O C C C

Kim tra qu trnh ra trc khi vn hnh [khi ng P2A, K2A]

C O C C C C O C C C O

Vn hnh 24 gi

(hoc 3600m3)

C O C O C C C C C C O


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02 Trang 56 / 82

3. Quy trnh khi ng cc bnh trao i ion tng hn hp Trn bng iu khin ti hin trng:

Chuyn cng tc chnh ca dy chuyn cn vn hnh sang v tr SVC.

Trnh t khi ng bao gm:

# M cc van nc vo v van x kh in y nc cho cc bnh trao i ion tng hn hp (van x kh t ng ng khi c nc pht ra, 01 pht).

# Kim tra qu trnh ra tng hn hp trc khi a vo vn hnh. Nu dn in ca nc ra khng gim di gi tr ci t (0,2 S/cm) trong 10 pht, s xut hin cnh bo, nhng qu trnh ra vn tip tc cho n khi dn in gim di gi tr ci t hoc nhn vin vn hnh nhn nt Advance trn bng iu khin cho bnh trao i tng hn hp ang lm vic.

# Vn hnh: Kim tra m cc van nc vo/ra tng ng ca bnh trao i tng hn hp. Kim tra s vn hnh bm nc kh ion v m van in t pha trc thit b phn tch t ng dn in trn ng nc ra khi bnh trao i tng hn hp.

Bm nc kh ion 30-P-1001A (hoc 30-P-1001B) vn hnh lin tc.

Trnh t khi ng thit b trao i tng hn hp A (v/hoc B/C)

c tnh van Thi gian FO

FC

FO

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

Chu k

XV

3123

1A

XV

3123

2A

XV

3123

3A

XV

3123

4A

XV

3123

5A

XV

3123

6A

XV

3123

7A

XV

3123

8A

XV

3123

9A

XV

3124

0A

XV

3124

1A

XV

3124

2A

XV

3122

3A

SOL3

1202

A

in y O C C C C C C C O C C C C C

Kim tra qu trnh ra trc khi vn hnh O C C C C C O C C C C C C O


M s ti liu


02 Trang 57 / 82

Vn hnh 120 gi O C O C C C C C C C C C C O

XII. QUY TRNH TI SINH NHA TRAO I ION Qu trnh ti sinh nha trao i ion c th c tin hnh cc ch nh sau:

a. Ti sinh t ng da trn chu k vn hnh

b. Ti sinh t ng da trn cht lng nc kh khong (nc kh khong khng t yu cu - dn in cao)

c. Ti sinh th cng

1. Cc phn ng ha hc trong qu trnh ti sinh ht nha trao i ion Ti sinh bnh trao i ion dng bng axt H2SO4

R-Na + H+ R-H + Na+

R2-Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + 2R-H R2-Ca + 2H+ Ca2+ + 2R-H Ti sinh bnh trao i ion ion m bng xt NaOH:

R-Cl + OH- R-OH + Cl- R2-SO4 + 2OH- 2R-OH + SO42- R2-SO3 + 2OH- 2R-OH + SO32- R-HSiO3 + OH- R-OH + HSiO3

2. Ti sinh cm kh ion C th chn ch ti sinh bn t ng hoc ti sinh th cng bng cch t cng tc v tr SEMI-AUTO hoc MANUAL.

ch SEMI-AUTO, cc bc ti sinh c tin hnh theo trnh t cho n bc ti sinh cui cng - ra cui bnh trao i nha ion m. PLC s m s ln ti sinh cho mt dy chuyn; thc hin qu trnh ra ngc v ti sinh kp cho bnh trao i nha ion dng v nha ion m ln ti sinh th 7.


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02 Trang 58 / 82

ch MANUAL, phi nhn nt ADVANCE thc hin mi bc ti sinh. Cng c th chn ch ti sinh i bt k thi im no.

in y axt/xt cho bn nh lng axt/pha long xt ngay khi nhn vin vn hnh chuyn cng tc sang ch REGEN.

Cc bc ti sinh cm kh ion nh sau:

Bc 1: Nha ion dng: Ra ng gp gia.

Bc 2: Nha ion dng: Ra ngc (ty chn, thc hin ln ti sinh th 7)

Bc 3: Nha ion dng: Chun b phun axt Phun nc trc.

Bc 4: Nha ion dng: Phun axt 1,6%.

Bc 5: Nha ion dng: Phun axt 4%.

Bc 6: Nha ion dng: Ra axt.

Bc 7: Nha ion dng: Ra cui Nha ion m: Ra ng gp gia

Bc 8: Nha ion dng: Vn hnh Nha ion m: Ra ngc (ln ti sinh th 7)

Bc 9: Nha ion dng: Vn hnh Nha ion m: Chun b phun xt - Phun trc

Bc 10: Nha ion dng: Vn hnh Nha ion m: Phun xt 5%

Bc 11: Nha ion dng: Vn hnh Nha

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