/ X. . 2- . .: ; .: , 2003. 860 : . ( ), , , , . X. , , . , , , . , , , , . ......................15 ....................20 1986 ..........................21 .....................22 1. : ...............25 ..........................26 ..................................31 .......................;.......33 ..........................................34 - ..............................37 .....................................38 .............................................................40 .........................................43 ...............................................................45 .......................................48 ...................................................50 2. .....54 ....................................................55 ..........................................60 ...............................67 - .....71 ........................76 .....................................82 ........................................84 - ...........87 .........................................88 ........................................97 ...........................................................106 3. ................................ 108 : .....................................108 .................................109 .........................111 - : .......112 - : . ..........115 : -............................................122 : . ........................126 : ... 130 ..........134 .......................142 ...............................................144 ... 147

4. ..................... 150 - ..........................................152 ...............................................153 ......................................................157 ................................160 ...........................................161 ...............................162 ..................................164 ........................164 .........................................166 . ..........168 ........................................................169 .................................: 171 .....................................................175 ..........................................175 ........................................177 .....................................180 .....................................................184 ................................................184 .............................187 ................192 ...................193 , ..................................194 , .. 195 ............................196 ...................................................199 .........................................201 ..................................................204 ...............................................205 ...............................208 .............................................209 .............................................213 ......................213 ...............214 .....218 .....................220 ........................................................221 5. . . . 222 .................................................225 ...................................................227 ..........................228 .................................................232 , ...........234 .................................236 , ........241 ..............................241 ....................................243 .............................................245 ....................247 ..........................248 ...................................249 .......................................250 : .............253 ....................................255 SR ..................257 ........................................258

......................261 ..............................262 .......................................263 ....................266 ............267 ... 268 ....................................272 ........................................274 .............................................276 ............279 ....................................282 .......................................283 .................................289 ......................................290 ...........................................292 .................................294 , ...........296 ................................................298 .....................................299 ............................................300 .........................................303 6. : ....................304 ..................................................305 .........................307 ..................309 : .................309 ...........................................311 ..............312 ...................................316 , ....................317 : .......................................320 ...................................321 ...................................................326 ......................327 ..............................................329 ..............................................340 ........................342 : ..................................343 ........................................344 : .....................................347 7. ............................................350 ...................................................351 ...............................352 .......................354 .........................................356 ...................................358 , ..............360 ...........363 ..........................365 8. ................................... 367 - ...............................368 .....................................................370 ................................371 ..................................372 ......374 .....................................375

......376 ......................379 . ...................................381 .................... 382 ...................................................385 .........................387 - .............................................390 ..................................393 ............................395 ...............396 : ......402 ...................................403 : .............405 ...................409 ............410 ........................................................411 ............................................412 .........................414 ..................................416 ............................................416 : ...............417 : ...................................420 .........................................423 ....................................................423 ......................................424 ; ................427 ............................................427 ........428 ......................................429 ...........................430 .....432 - ..........................436 - .....................................439 9. ........................................443 .....................................444 .......447 ...............................................451 .......................................452 .........................................453 ................................................................455 ....................J............455 - .........................456 ..................................................458 .............................................460 ..........................................462 .....................463 .........466 ..............467 .............!.......467 ........................................................468 ............................469 ......................470 ................472 ...............................................475

..................................479 ...................483 10. ..............................................485 ......................................485 ...........................................490 .......................................491 .......................................495 ...............................................................501 : .......................................503 .............................505 ...................508 ...................................................508 ...................................509 ......................................509 ..............................512 .......................514 .........................................................514 - ................................515 ........................................517 .............519 , ..............................520 ........................................................521 ....................................................523 .........................524 ...........................525 ...............................527 ..............................527 ........................................529 ..................................530 ......................................532 ......................................534 : ........................536 .........536 ................................538 ........................541 11. : ......................546 - .................................547 ...............................................550 ..........................................................551 ...........................................551 ...................................................553 .....................................554 .............................560 ................566 ............................................................ 567 ..................................................570 .........571 ...........................................574 12. ......................................575 .............................................576 ..................................................577 .................................................578 ................................................582

: .........583 1. ...................................583 2. .....................................................583 3. .............................................584 4. ................................................585 5. ......................586 6. ..........586 ...........................................587 ..............................................588 .............................................589 ..............................................590 ......................595 ..........................................................598 ............................................599 , .. 601 ..................................603 , .............604 ..................................605 .............................606 ...............613 13. : ........615 ..........................616 ...........................617 .............................617 ..............620 ...................................620 .......................622 .........622 .......................................623 .....................624 ...........................................625 : ?...............626 ...............................................628 ........628 ...............................630 ...........................631 .................634 .......................................637 .....................................638 .................... 641 : ...........644 , .........................647 ? ...................................................647 ...............................651 ......................................652 ............................. 653 .........................655 , --655 ..........................................656 ? .. 656 .................659 ..........660 .......662 ...........................................663 ...........666 14. ......................668

....................................669 , ..............................................672 .........................................672 ..................................................673 .......................677 ..............................680 ..............................687 : ........................688 : ...............................689 .......................................690 : ...............693 .......................................695 , ..................696 ............................................699 .....................................................699 ......................................700 .....................................................702 ......................................703 ...................................704 ....................705 .............707 : ............710 ..........................710 .......................................711 - ....................713 15. .... 717 .....................................717 ...............718 ...................................718 ....................................................719 ..............719 ..................................................720 ................................722 () .........723 ......................................725 ............................................727 ? ... 729 .......................................731 ....................................732 .......................................735 ..........................................................738 .................................................740 .........741 : ... 745 : ...............745 ...........749 ...................................751 ............................................752 , ................................754 .............................757 ..................760 , : -- ...................................761

....................764 .....................................764 ...................................765 __768 ...........................769 .........................................770 - .............................................771 .............................................774 ..................................................776 ..................777 ...........779 .............................................783 .......785 , .....787 .............................................788 ...............788 ..............................................790 ...........................................855 1 , . XX , , , . . . 1 , (3. , . , . , . , . . ) , , , . , : , , , , , . , 1960-1970- . , , , () . , , , , , , . , . . , 2. 2 . 1 2

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. , . , , , , . , ( , , , ). , , . , , , . , , : , , . 1980- . . 1988 . , . , . , . , , , . . , , , , . () . , , , . . , , 6. 4 , . , , , , 1989 . , . -, 1980- . , . , . , . , . , . , . . -, , , . -, , , , 13 , . , , , , , , . 15 . , . , , . , , , , , . , , . , , 6

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, , , . , , , , , - . , - , XXI . per se, 10-20 . , . 5 , , . , , , . : . . (. 5), . . (. 5, 8), . . (. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8), . . (. 1-4, 7-15), . . . . (. 6). . . , . . , . . . , . . . . , . . . , . . . , 1980 . , , . . , . , (Heckhausen, 1982). , , , . , . , . , , . () , , . . . -, . -, . -, , , , . , . , . : , , , . ( 7-12) , , , , . ( 13-15) , . , , . , , , , , , , . , 1988 1986 . , , , , .

. 3. , . . , . . ( ) . . , . , . . , . , , , - . , , , . , , , , , . , . , . , - 70- . , , . . , , . , . . . . , . , . . , . . . . , . , 20 1985 . X. . . , , - . , : , , , ( , ) - . . . , , , - . . . , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , - . . . -, . -, . , -, -

, . , , . . , , . , , . , , , . , . , , , , . , . - , . . ( ) ( ) . (Erwar-tungs-mal~Wert) . , , . , , , , 9,11 12. , . , , . , , , , , , , . . - , - . , , , , , , . 1 . - . 2 . , . , , ( 3), ( , 4) . 5 , . , , , , , , 6-8. 9. 10 - , 70- . . 11 . 12 , ,

. , 13 . , : . , -, . . : , , , - , - , , , , , , , . . -, , . , . , . , - , -, . , - , , , , . . . , 1980 .

1 . , , , , ; - . -, (Klinger, 1971), , . , . : ? ? ? . . , . , , , . , ?. -. : ? ? , - () ? , , ?. , , , , , , . , , ?; , , . , , , , , , , . . . , . , . , , , . , . , , . , : , . , . , . .

, . , , , , , , /. , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , - . , , ( ) , , , , .

, , . . , , , . , . , , (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, Lowell, 1953). , . . , , . , , , , , , , , . . , ; , , ; ; ; . , , . , , , , . , , , . , . . . , , ; , , , , , . , , , . , , , , ? , - ( , , ), , . , , , . . , , , . . , , . , : , , , . : , , ( ) , . , , . . , (Atkinson, 1957), , . , . , , . , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , ,

. (., .: Magnusson, Endler, 1977). . - , , , . , . , , - , , . , , , , - . , - , , , . , , . , , (Atkinson, Birch, 1970, 1978, 2). , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , , ; , , . , , , ( ) , , . , . , , . , , , , . . , . , , , , . , , , , , . . . , , (.: Heckhausen, Kuhl, 1985). , , . , , . . . , , , , , . . : . . . , , , , ; , . . , -, , , , . , , , . , , , , , . . , (Ach, 1910) (Michotte, Prurn, 1910) , ,

; (, 1983; Schneider, Schmalt, 1981). , , . XX . , . 1) ; 2) , , , , , , ; 3) , . , ; : 1) , 2) 3) ( ). . , , , (.: Heider, 1958). , . , . , , .

. . , , , , . , (.: Heckhausen, 1980; : , 1986). , , , , , . ; , , (., .: Mischel, 1984). , , , , , . (.: Kelley, 1967): , , , -, , -, , -, . , , , . , . , . , , . , , , , , . , (, ) (.: Amelang, Bartussek, 1981). . : , , , , . , , . , . , , .

, . , , , . -, : , . : , (Bowers, 1973). , , , (Cantor, Mischel, Schwartz, 1982). -, , , , . , , . , ( , . .), , , ( ), , , , . , , , , (Olweus, 1976). -, (. . ) , , (, ) . , . . , . , -, , . Qones, Nis-bett, 1971). , . . , . , . , , , (Storms, 1973). , ( ). . , .

, , , : - , , . , . , , , , , , . (.: Ittelson, Proshansky, Rivlin, Winkel, 1974; Kaminski, 1976). (Barker, 1960) (behavioral setting), , . , , , , . , , . {opportunity structure). , , . , . , , , . , , . . , . , .

, . , *' , , . . ; , . , , 20- . (Hartshorne, May, 1928,1929), 60- . (Mischel, 1968). , .

, , , . . . . . , , . , , . (Bern, Allen, 1974) . (Hartshorne, May, 1928,1929) , , . , . ( 0,20 0,40). , , . , , . . , , , , , , , . (Bern, Allen, 1974), , , , . , (.: Bern, Allen, 1974). , (Brunswik, 1952, 1956), . . , , . , , . , , . , , , . , , . , -, , -, , , , -, , ( ) . , , , , , . 1937 . , , , , , , (Allport, 1937, S. 250). . (Bern, Allen, 1974), . , . , , . , , . , ,

(. . ), , . , (., .: Chaplin, Goldberg, 1985; Mischel, Peake, 1982). (Mischel, Peake, 1982). , . 19 , , ; . , ( ); , ' , . . , . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , . () ; , ; , . , ; , ( ). , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , .

- , . , . , . - , . , . , , , . (Kelley, 1967) ( , ) (consensus). , , . . (consistency)

, , . , , , , , ( ) ( , , . . ). ^ ( ) (distinctiueness). , . . , , . , , , , , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , , . . () , . ( ) (/ ) , , . , , (.: McArthur, 1972), , , . , , , , , - . , -, , (. . , ), . -, , . - , . , . , , ; , .

, , , . , , , , . , , , , , . . ( ). , . ; , , , , , , . , . , , , , , . .,

, . . , , , - . , , . , , , . , , , . , , . -, , (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, Lowell, 1953) . , . , , . . , , . , , . , . . , , , , . , . , . . - , . - . , , , * (Cronbach, Meehl, 1955). , (.: Funder, 1983). , . , . . . , , . , , . , . ( ) ... ....

, , , , . , , , - , , . , . , , . ( )

, . , , . , (.: Feather, 1982; Kuhl. 1982). , , . , , . . . , . , , . , , , , . , , . . (. 6). . , , , . ; , , , . . , ; , . . , . ; , , , . , -, - , . , (Atkinson, Birch, 1970), , ( (consummately force)), , , ( {instigating force)). {inhibiting forces); (displacement value) , , , , (substitution value); , . ( ) - , . , , . , , , . , . , . , , , , , . , . , , . , , , . .

, , . , , . , , . , , , . , , . -, , , . . , . -, . : (. . 1.1; Heckhausen, Kuhl, 1985).

. 1.1.

. , , . , , . , XX . (Ach, 1910) (Michotte, Priim, 1910) , , . , - ! , . , . , , . , , . , , . , . , , . . , (, ), , ( ). (James, 1890) ; !. , , . . , . , . 6 (.: Heckhausen, Gollwitzer, 1987). , ( ), , , , ( ). . , , . , , . . ( ) , , , , , . , . , , . , , , , . ,

. , . (Kuhl, 1983), . , ( ), (. . ).

. , - 1921 . , , . , , . . , , () , ; , , (.: Shultz, 1980; Smith, 1978). , , . , , , . , - , , , . , , . , (Miller, Galanter, Pribram, 1960) , (Carver, Scheier, 1981; von Cranach, Kalbermatten, Indermuhle, Gugler, 1980; Hacker, 1978 Lantermann, 1980; Powers, 1973). - . , (.: Atkinson, Raynor, 1974; Heckhausen, Schmalt, Schneider, 1985). , , , 1926 . , . (Ach, 1910) (Michotte, Priim, 1910) , ( ) , (, ) ( ) , . ., , - (.; Heckhausen, 1987e; Kuhl, 1983). () , . , . , -, 1912 . - , . , . , , , , . , . , , -, , , , , . , , . , , , , , . . (Yerkes, Dodson, 1908) , ( ) , . , , -, , ; , -, () . . , ( , ) (Atkinson, Raynor, 1974). , (, ) ,

(, ) . - , , . , (, ), , . , (. 8). , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , . . , , , . (Heckhausen, 1981). , (.: Dorner, Kreuzig, Reither u. Staudel, 1983). , . ( (Opportunistic Planning Model) - - (Hayes-Roth ., Hayes-Roth F., 1979) (Wilensky, 1981)) , , .

, . , , , , . . , . , , , , , . . , . . , , , , . , , . , , , , . (Lewin, 1926) ; (Ovsi-ankina, 1928), (Birenbaum, 1930) (Lissner, 1933; Mahler, 1933). (Wicklund, Gollwitzer, 1982) (. . ) . , , . , , , . , . (. 13 14). , . , (.: Meyer, 1973b; Weiner, 1974), ,

, , , , (Wong, Weiner, 1981). , , ( ) (, ) , ( ) ( ), , . , . , , , , , , (Kuhl, Helle, 1986) . , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . , (.: Weiner, 1985a). , . , . , . , , , (Heckhausen, Rheinberg, 1980). , , , , . , . , , , .

. , . -, , , , : , , , , , . - , , . , . -, , , , . . . , , : - - . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . -, , ,

, . . . , , , . , , . . , . . ( ) . , . ( ), ( ). . , , , , . 20- 70- . . , , , , . , , , . , , . . , , , , , , (). , , . -, (). , , . -, , , , . , - , - , . , , . , -, , , , . , . , ( ) , ( ). , , , ( ). , , , . , . , . , . , , . . , , , , : ( ) , . ,

. . , , , ' . , , - , , , . ^ , , , . , , - . , (Kuhi, 1983) , . - , , , , , . . , , , , , , . , , XX (, , -). , . (Michotte, Priim, 1910). . . 1912 . , - . , , . , . , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , .

2 , , . , 1, , , , , , , . (.: Bolles, 1975) - (1850-1909), , , : , . , . . , . , . , , . , XX . () , , . , , . , , . ; , , , . . -, - , , , ; -, , . . . , , , , , . , , . ( , ) ( ). , (James, 1890; Ach, 1910; Pfander, 1911). 1936 . , : . . Young, -Motivation and Behavior. , , . , , , . ( 1953 .), (Koch, 19591963; Thomae, 1965) (Cofer, Appley, 1964; Atkinson, 1964; Atkinson, Birch, 1948; Bolles, 1967, 1975; Madsen, 1959, 1974; Heckhausen, 1980; Weiner, 1972, 1980). , . . , , , .

, . , , . . , , , . , . ( ) . ,

, . , , , . , (Darwin, 1859). (1809-1882) : . , .

, , . , ; , . , . , 1908 . , . (, ). - , , , (Freud, 1900) (Freud, 1915), . , , , , 40- ., . , , -, . , , , , XX . , ; , , . , , , . , . 1880- . . . (Thorndike, 1898, 1911) . (1842-1910) . , , , , , . , , , (James, 1890, vol. I, p. 144). , habit (, ) . , , , . , , , . , . , , . . . . ( 1927 .) , . , . ; ( , , ), , , ( ). , . . , , , . , . . (1822-1911), , , . (1857-1911), , . , ,

, 30- . (Allport, 1937), (Murray, 1938) (Cattell, 1950) . , . , , . , . . , XX . . , , . , (1832-1920), , . (Wundt, 1894) , , , , . . (1862-1915) . , . , , . (1871-1946) 1905 . . (1881-1965) , , , , . (. Madsen, 1974). . 2.1. , - , - , -, .

. 2.1. . ( , . Madsen, 1974. S. 91)

, , . , , , , , , - , (

, ). , , , , , . , , . , , , , . . 80 . , , . .

, , , , , , . - , , , , , , , , . . (1711-1776), , , (impressions) (ideas), , . , , . . , . , , , . , , , . XX . . . , . , , , , , , . . , , , . (1850-1909), , (Ebbinghaus, 1902). (18631916) (1862-1915) . (Munsterberg, 1888) , . (Kiilpe, 1893) . - ( 1862-1915). : , , (Meuraann, 1913, S. 347; . 1908). , , . , , (Anderson, 1983; Norman, 1980). , . . , ( ; .: Vroom, 1964; Heckhausen, 1977b). -, . (Werner, Heckhausen, Meyer, Cook, 1972). , , , -, . , , , . , , (Wundt, 1874,1896; . : . Mischel, 1970). , , . , , . ,

. , . , Ga"ies, 1890) , , . . , , ! (fiat!) . , , , , , . , , : , . , . - ; , ; - , , : "! !" , (Jarnes-^ 1890, . 1132-1133). , , , ( ). , , , , , . , - (), , , : . 6. , , ; , , , , , . , , , , -- : , . , , , , , , . , XIX-XX . . . (L. Lange, 1888; Kiilpe, 1893), , (Muller, Pilzecker, 1900; Ach, 1905,1910). , (Michotte, Priim, 1910). , , , , , . (Boring, 1929) 12 , . : , , , , , , , , - ( . . ). XIX . . , . . . , , , , ( , ), , . . . (Donders, 1862) , , : . ( ) , . (, , ). 1888 . , . , . , , , . * ,

, -. 0,1

, , , , (Kiilpe, 1893) . , , , , - , , , . - , , , , . , , . , , , , . X. (Watt, 1905), , . (, ) (, ), (, ). , , . , , . , , . , . , . . (1850-1934) . , , . (Ach, 1905,1910), 1900 . , 1904 ., . , (Selz, 1913). , . ( ) (Ach, 1905) , , , , . . (Ach, 1910) , , . ( ) . , , , , , . . . , ! ( '6). (Selz, 1910), , . , , , , . , , , . . . , , . (1890-1947) - (1887-1967) (1880-1943). , , , , , , . , , ; (.:

Heckhausen, Gotzl, ). , , , (Lewin, 1926). , . , . , (.: Heckhausen, 1987e). , ., , , , . (Zeigarnik, 1927; Ovsiankina, 1928), (Lissner, 1933; Mahler, 1933), (Birenbaum, 1930). , , . 1905 1906 . . 1906 . , , , (Michotte, 1954). 1908 . , . , , 1910 ., ( ) . , , (1910), . , . , . , . , , , 4-5 . ; , , , , , , . . , (. 1912 .). . , , . (1875-1941), . , , , . (Aveling, 1926) . , . , , . , , . , , . . (Irwin, 1971) Intentional behavior and motivation A cognitive view. , , , , . From acts to dispositions (Jones, Davis, 1965) -, , , . . (. 13). (1875-1939) (Lindworsky, 1923,3- .). (Selz, 1910), , , , , ; , - (Lindworsky, 1923, S. 94). , . - (Hillgruber, 1912) - . , ( ), . - . (Diiker, 1931, 1975) . - (Locke, 1968), , , . , 1955 . , : (Mieske, 1955). . (; 6), . , (Kuhl, 1983) . . , . - . , , , ,

.

, , , , , , . {James, 1890, v. , . 383). , . ; , , , , , , - , (ibid., p. 387). , . , , . - (1871-1938). , , , , , XX . 1908 . ( , 30 ) , , - . . 1908 . : , , . , , , , , , . ; , , , "" " ". , " " , , , (McDougall, 1908, . 14). , - . , , , . , , (system of self-regarding sentiment). , , - (1908, . 249). , , , - ; . , . , (. 15), , . , - . , , . : "... , , " (McDougall, 1908, . 25). . , ( ) , ( ), ( ) ( ). - 12 , ( . 3). * (propensities), . ; , , , , , , (McDougall, 1932, . 118). - 1932 . 20- . , , - . , 1913 . , . - ,

. , 1924 . , ,

14 046 ! , , . - , 18 (McDougall, 1932). , , (.: Krantz, Allen, 1967). -- . -, , . (Allport, 1937), (Lersch, 1938), (Murray, 1938), . -, - , (). (Lorenz, 1937; 1943), - , . . , . , . , , . , , , , . , (, ) (). , . , . ; , , -, , , . (Lorenz, 1950) (, , (Freud, 1895)). , . , , , ( ). (, , 1973 . ), , :

, , , , * (Tinbergen, 1951, . 112).

, , . . . . , . . -, , , , . -, (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1973, 1984). (Lorenz, 1966) , (. 10). , , . , , . ( : Cofer, Appiey, 1964; Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1975; Hess, 1962; Hinde, 1974.) (, 1976). ( - ).

- . ( ), , ( , ). , , (1856-1939). , , , . , , , . , , . - , . , . - , . , , , . . . , , . , , , , . , , , , . - . , , . , , , , , , (Freud, 1900) . , , , ( ) . . 1915 . , 1895 . . , , , , . , . , , , (1915, S.213). ( , , , , ). . , , . , , . , (Lust-Unlust'Prinzip). , , , ( ) () . , . : , "" , , , , , . , : , , , . , , . , . , . , , . , (1915, S. 214-215). , ; , . , . 1915 . (, ) (), , , . . : () ().

, , . , , . . -. , , ' . (Murray, 1938; McClelland et al., 1953). , (. . ) , , . ( ) ( ). . , , . -, . . , . , , , . , , - . . ( ). , . : ( : , , ), ( : ), ( : , ). ( ). (). . : . , ( ) . . , , - , . , . - . (Rapaport, 1959,1960). (Toman, 1960a, b) , , , . , XX - , , . (Ach, 1910), , , . (1890-1947), , . , . , (Lewin, 1926) . , . , , , . , , , . . . (, 1930; Jucknat, 1938). , , , , . , , , .

, . , (). . ( ) . , ( ). . (, , ) , (, ). , , . , , : V=/(P,V). (Lewin, 1931b), , (. 1). , , . , , ( ). , , . , , , , , , , . (Lewin, 1936:1963) , (, ) , , , (, ), . : ( ), ( ), . , : 1930- ., 1950- ., 1960- .

, , , ( ). 1960- . : , . . (Vroom, 1964) . , , . , , , . . , , . , , . ( , ). , , . , (, ) . , ( ). , , . , , (Lewin, Dembo, Festinger, Sears, 1944; Tolman, 1932). , , -- . 1938 . , , "36 (. 3), ( ), , ( ) 27 , , , , ( ) . . , 1950- . - . ; , ( ) . ,

. , . . - , . , . ( ); . , , , ( ). - , , (Atkinson, 1957, 1964), , , , . , - 1951 . , (McClelland, 1951, . 466). - (McClelland et al., 1953) : (Helson, 1948). , , . . ( , . . ) , . , , . , . , . - : , . , - (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, Lowell, 1953, p. 28), . : . "Bocco3flaf me" , . . : , , ( ) , , , ,

. , , , , (1), (), . > , , - , , - -. , , , (.: Peak, 1955; Heckhausen, 1963b). , (. 15), ( ). , , - , . , (McClelland, 1961, 1971, 1975). . - , (McClelland, 1965a, 1978; McClelland, Winter, 1969). , - (Atkinson, 1957; 1964), , (. 5 8). , , - , , . . (), (). ( ) , 40- . (Escalona, 1940) (Festinger, 1942b) . , , (von Neumann, Morgenstern, 1944) (Edwards, 1954). , . .

, , ? (Atkinson, 1957) , ' / . , (My). , (Atkinson, Feather, 1966).

(), , : -.. ( ) , , (). , , : , . (.: Heckhausen, Schmalt, Schneider, 1985). , . , . , ^ . (Atkinson, Cartwright, 1964). , (Atkinson, Birch, 1970; . : Atkinson, Birch, 1978), : , , . , , (. 15). . . , , . , . , , (Raynor, 1969), (Atkinson, Raynor, 1974a, b) , (). , -, . \ , , 70- . . - , , (Heckhausen, 1972, 1982b; Trudewind, 1975), (Schneider, 1973), (Kleinbeck, 1975), (Kuhl, 1978a, ), (Schmalt, 197), (Halisch, Heckhausen, 1977), -- (Krug, 1976; Rheinberg, 1980). , (Weiner, 1972), - (. ) . (Meyer, 1973a, 1976), (Meyer, 1973a; Schmalt, 1979). , (Heckhausen, 1972, 1978). . , (Meyer, 1.973). (Ach, 1910) . , (Heckhausen, 1977a) , . 1964 . , -. , . , (Kuhl, 1977). (Kuhl, 1982,1983) , . (Heckhausen, Gollwitzer, 1987; Heckhausen, Kuhl, 1985). 6. -- , , ,

, , ,. . (.: Nygard, 1981). , , 80- . I

. , . j , , . , , . , , , , . : . , , . (.: Zajonc, 1968), : ... , , - , , (McGuire, 1966, . 1), , , , : , . - ( , , , ), ( 1947 .). (Heider, 1946, 1960). , . . 1 2 3 1 , 2 3 , 1 . 1 . , , -, . . , , , , , . ( ) 20- . . (Festinger, 1957, 1964), . , \' , . . . , , . (. 4). , . . . (Heider, 1958) ; (. 13). , . (.: Kelley, 1967; Weiner, 1972). , - . , , , , , . , ? (), , - ? , - , . , , . , , , . , , . (, , ), , . () . (try). , (, , , : , ). ,

, -

. , , . , , , , , . . , , . . (Weiner, 1972,1974), , . , , , , . , . , , 14 . , , . . , . , , ( , , ), , . . , , , , . (. 14 15). (Cognitivescience) - , . , .

30- . , , . (1871-1938), 1935 . - . , - -. 1, . , , unitas multiplex ( ). , ( ) ( ). . (1897-1967), . (Allport, 1937) . , - , . , ( ) , ( ). : - ( ) - , , , (Allport, 1937; . ., 1949, S. 296). . , 30- ., (.: Lehmann, Witty, 1934-). , (Hartshorne, May, 1928). (Allport, 1937) , , : .

(Bern, Allen, 1974). . , , . ' . ( (Stem . Ubcr Psydiologie der individuellen DilTercnzcn. Ideen zu einer Diiferentiellen Psychologic*, Leipzig: Harth, 1900). . , . . , . , . , . . , . . - . .

, , - . . , - . . : , , (Allport, 1937; . ., 1949, S. 194). . 1. . (1908-1970). , . (Maslow, 1954) , . , : , , , . (growth needs) (deficiency needs) (. 3). , . (1898-1973). 1938 . , , 1951 . . . , , , , . , (Thomae, 1968, 1974). , , . . , . . .

(Thomae, 1944) . , (Thomae, 1960, 1974) . , . (Cattell, 1957, 1965, 1974), . -. . , , . , . ; (attitudes), (sentiments) (ergs). , - . , . . ( ergon ) , . . (dynamic lattice), . , , , , . . , , - . , , . , , , - ( ). . 2,2.

- , ,

, .

, . . (1820-1903), , , . . . ( ) , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , ^.

, - (1874-1949) 1890- . . . ? ( ), . - , , . . . , , . . . , . , , , , , . (Thorndikc, 1898) . , , , , , , , ; , , , , . , * (Thorndike, 1911, . 244).

. 2.2. -

( ), , . . , . , , (Thorndike, 1898). . , . , . , . , . . , . , , . (Thorndike, 1911) , (Thorndike, 1913). , , . - - , . , , . (habit). , ; , . . (Woodwortb, 1918) (drive). . (1869-1962) , , , , , , , .

, , , . . (1886-1959) , . . , : , , . . , (Tolman, 1932) . ( ) . , , , (cognitive map), (means-end-readiness) (expectancy). , , . : (drive), , (demand for the goal object), ; (^incentive). (. 5). , . , ( ), ( ). , , , , . , . . . (1884-1952). ( ) ( ), . - 17 133 . . , . . , . , - (, , ). , . , , . , , () . , . , , , . , , , , , . . , , (1!, 1943, . 57).

(Hull, 1952) - . (D) (). (, ^) . , , reaction-evocation-potentialSER ( ): (/fft) , . . , . , . (1907 1967) ( ). . (Spence, 1956, I960), , , .

(Hull, 1930) (fractional anticipatory goal responses, rG sG). , ( ) (rG), (sG). , expectancy () . . , , . , , : E = f(D + K) xH. , , . . , , , , . . , , , . , , . (), (D) . , , . , , , . : , . (. ), (sG rG). , ( -). , (Taylor, 1953), , . , , (Taylor, Spence, 1952). , . , . . -. , , . (Miller, Dollard, 1941; Miller, 1959). (Miller, 1944), (Miller, 1948, 1951) . , , (G6-) (Miller, 1963). . : , , : 1) , , 2) ( ) 3) (Dollard, Miller, 1950, p. 31). , , , (cues), , . . , , (ibid., p. 32). : , , , (ibid., p. 34).

, . (Miller, 19^8,1951) , . , , , . : . , . , . , , ( ) , , . (Miller, 1944). , . , . , , , , , , ; - . , . .

. (Brown, 1961) . . , . , , --, . , , . , , . , . . , , . (Brown, 1953). , , , . . , (, , ), - ; . , (, , ), , , , ( , ). , , , . , . , - . , . - . , , , . - (McClelland et al., 1953) . , , (. ), . (Mowrer, 1939) . (Freud, 1926) , , , . . - , . . . , . (Mowrer, 1960), , . : 1) (incremental reinforcement, ), , ; 2) {decremental reinforcement, ) , , , . ' . ( ); ( ). , ( , ) , , (). , , . ( , . . ), . , , . - , ( ). , , - . , - , . . : , , , . , , . , . .

, . - , . () () (). , . , , , , , , (habit, H ), - (/). . , . , , (drive, D), (Hull, 1943), , (rG rF), . . 2.3 . 5 R (stimulus response) . , . (Thorndike, 1898). . , , .1. - ~* ^ * ~~* _.

(, 1898)

D

3. s -> SHR rG r L _ 4. (1932) -> [], [] - . 2.3. (: Bolles, 1974)

(1849-1936) (1857-1927) , . (1829-1905), 1863 . , . , ( ) , . ( ) . , , . . ( ) (, , ), . , . , . , , ( ). , , , . ., , , . . (.: Angermeier, Peters, 1973). , , . , . ( 1904 . ), , -, , -, . , . .

. , , . (. . . ). 1906 . - (Yerkes, Morgulis, 1909) . , . , - , . . (1878-1958), . 9- (Watson, Rayner, 1920; . Harris, 1979). , . (Skinner, 1935) : , , , . . , , , , , , , (reinforcer). , . , . . . . , , (Skinner, 1938, 1953) , (Skinner, 1968). . , , , - . , , , (. . ) . , , , , , , . (Miller, 1959) , , . , : , , . : , , , . , (. . 2.4), (3 3) - . . . , , , , . . -, . , . . -, . . -, , . , -, , , . , (). (Moruzzi, Magoun, 1949), . . , , U- . , . : , , . (, 1957).

( ) . , , (Olds, Milner, 1954; Olds, 1955,1969). , .

. 2.4. , , (.: Miller, 1959, . 278)

. , . (, 1949) . , - , . , . {cellassemblies), , . ( ) , . , . (Hebb, 1953) {central) (conceptual) . {arousal function) {cue function). , . . , (, ), (, , , ). , ( ) . , . -

, . (Piaget, 1936) . , - , , . , , . - (McClelland, 1953) . . (1924-1976). , ( ) ( ). , , , (Berlyne, 1960, 1963, 1967) , -, , -, . , , . , - *. , , () , . : , , . : , ,

. , ( *). , , ( ). , U-- . , , , . . , . :, , . , , . , * (Berlyne, 1960, . 194).

( , ). , , , , . . . () , , . . -- . 1936 . , , , . , . 1940- . (Young, 1941,1961) . , , . , (, ) , , , (Young, 1959). . (Duffy, 1932) 1930- ., . (, - ) , (activation) ( arousal ()), . (Duffy, 1934, 1941) , . (1962) . : , -, , , , . , , , , U (Duffy, 1962, . 194).

, , - (Bindra, 1959) , . , . : . , ... , ? (ibid., . 59). , , . , , , (sensory cues), , (arousal level), (positive reinforcing mechanism), . , (Bindra, 1969, 1974). (incentive object), - ( ) , , . (Boiles, 1972) , (. 5).

. , . ... (1958, 1963 .), , (, ). , . ; , . , . : , , , , (, ) . . , , . , . , , * , . . , . : - *, , . (Eysenck, 1967) , . . . , . . ( ) , (, ). , . , . - , . , 2.5 - . , . , . , . . , , , , , , , , . , . . (), ( ) . . . , . . , . ' - . , - . , , ,

, , . ; (), ( ), - () ; ().

, , . , , . , , , . . , (, , Cofer, Appley, 1964; Thomae, 1965). , , , . . , , . . , . , , , .

. 2.5. -

3

: . , '. . (), . , , , . . , , . , , , , 1. : ? , . . ? , , , . . , , . , , . , ? " . ( ) . , . , , , . , . , , . , , .

1970- ., 1930- ., , . , , . , , . , -, . , . . , , . . , . , ( ), ; , , . - , . -, , , , . . 1, , , , . , , . 1930- . , (Hart-shorne, May, 1928, 1929). 1, , , . , {total character score),

0,30. , (Mischcl, 1968) . - , . , , , . (Newcomb, 1929) , - . 0,14 , . (Dudycha, 1936) 4300 , . . 0,19. , . ? , , : . : , , , 0,30. 30- ., , (Allport, 1937). , (- 0,13), , , , , . , . , , , . , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , (-) , , , , , -. , , . . , , (Bern, Allen, 1974). , (Allport, 1937; . ., 1949, S. 296): , - . , , , , . , , . . .

1937 , . . . ( ). , . , , , . , - (Eysenck, 1967,1981) / - ( ). - , (Zucker-man, 1984), , , , , , , (, , , . .). . (Barrat, Patton, 1983), ,

(Schalling, Edman, Asberg, 1983) . , , (Gray, Owen, Davis, Tsaltas, 1983) , , , , ,

. , - . , . (. 11 12). . - . : - . , . '

- : (P. Lersch, 1938) ( 1951 . , ). , (Klages, 1910) (A. Pfander, 1922), , - , . . , , , , . . , . , , , , . , . . , (Lersch, 1951, S. 34). : . , (ibid., S. 35).

. , . , , , , , , . , , . , - . . , ( ) - ( ). . , . . , . , . . ! i. , . . , : , . . , , (ibid., S. 35).

, . . , . . ,

, , . , , , (ibid.), . ? , ( ) , . ; , , , -, . . . , ( ) . ( ) , . . , (ibid., S. 90). . . , (ibid., S. 93). , , . . ... , (ibid., S. 105). , , , , , . , . , , - -, , , ... (ibid., S. 131). , ( ), (), , (), ( , , ). , , ; , . , , . : , , , , , , . , . ... , . - , (ibid., S. 145). , , ( ). , ; , (ibid., S. 164). , . , , . , , : , , , , , , , , . , , - , . , (ibid., S. 124). , - . , - . . . , , , (, ).

- : . , , , . , ( ) ( ), ( ). , , , . : (), ; , ; , , , . . ,

, . , , ( V). , . , , . (Cattell, 1957,1958,1965) , , . - . - , . , , , . , , , . . - ( , , ) , , . . - , . -, ( ) , . , , , . -, - , , . , , , , , , . , (Cattell, 1957) . , , . . , . , . ( ) . , , . , , (devices), . , , . , . , . . , , , - , . (Cattell, 1957, pp. 465-471) 55 . , (, ), , , , , , - , , . , , : , *-. 1. . ? . . ., The Elks, , Co-optimists1. 3. . , ? 0%,5%, 10%, 50%.1

, , , , . 4: head; heaiV, hands; health. . .

6. - . . . , , , , . .

.

, , , 20 50 , 200 . ^ ,, , , . , . ( ) , , -. , , . , , . : . , (, -). 1: . , , . 3 6: - . , . , , . - . dynamic calculus . , , . . , . , (unitary dynamic source traits). ( ergon , ). , - (McDougall, 1908).

. 3.1. (Cattell, 1965, . 186)

, , , , , , . (sentiments). (, memory ), , , . , - (McDougall, 1932) (propensities) (sentiments).

: , (, ) if , , , , () , , , , , . - , ( ) * (Cattell, 1957, . 543).

, , . , , , , . : . , (Cattell, 1965, . 192). (dynamic lattice). 3.1 , (attitude level), , ( ), . , - ( ), , , (Cattell, 1957,1965; Cattell, Child, 1975). . 3.1 , , , , , (. . 0,50). 1957 . . 3,1 , , (Cattell, 1957, . 541) , 1.

1. 3. 4. 5. 5.

, , , , ,

- - . ( ) . - - . - , - . , , , , . , , , . , , , . . . - , . . - - . -

, - . ( ) - , , . . . - . , , , , , . ( ) , , , . , , , , (Murray, 1938)., , . , , - , , . , , , . , , .

: - - , -. - (McDougall, 1908) . , . , , . XIX . . (James, 1892) , , (ibid., . 383). , , -- , . . , . , - , , . , - , (Watson, 1919). , (Woodworth, 1918), , drive (). , , . . -. , , . -? , . -, , . : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) , ; 6) ; 7) . - . : 1) (, ); 2) ( ); 3) , (, ). : ... - (), (McDougall, 1908, . 26). , . , - , ( ), , , .

, , * (ibid., p. 33). , - 12 , - ( ); 1) (); 2) (); 3) (); 4) (); 5) (); 6) (); 7) (); 8) (-); 9) (-); 10) (-); 11) (-); 12) (-).

, - (propensity). , , (propensity) (tendency), -: , , , , , (striving), (diive) . , , (desire) (1932, . 118).

(sentiments) - , ( ). , . , (self-sentiment), . ' (- 1 ). . 3.2 -.' . ., . , ? (11) (9)? (17) (5)? , , . -.. , , , >; -, - i , , : - . , ? , . - -, . . . , - , , . . . . , . 3.2 (propensity) (McDougall, 1932, p. 97^98) 1. . (, , ) 2. . 3. . 4. . , 5. . 6. . , 7. . , 8. . , , 9. . , , , , 10. . , 11. . , 12. . 13. . , , 14. . 15. . , : ,

, 16. . , 17. . 18. , , , , ,

, , , - . - , , , . , . , , , , -, , , . -, , . . , . , . , , , , . 1930- . (.: Krantz, Allen, 1967). -, , . , , , ' . ? ? : , , , , ? . . . - : (needs) 1938 .

: . (Murray, 1938) , , , -, . , , . ' . , , () , - , . , , . , , . , . - , . : , , ( ), , . , - , , , . , , - . . , , . , , , , . , , , . ; , *. , (ibid., p. 39-40). , (Bowers, 1973; Magnusson, Endler, 1977). () . (need) (press) . , ; , , , .

? , , , . (, , ) , , . : , . , (thema) ( , . ). . , . - : ( ), ( - ), , , , (conation) , * (Murray, 1938, . 123124). ... "" . . , , , . , "" , !, (ibid., p. 61). , -, . . , () (, , , , , ) () (. . 3.3). (), ( ). -, () (), . - , (), (). , , . . : .... , , (ibid., p. 748). : 1) - , , 2) -, (ibid., p. 122). . , 50 , , , . {needs; n) , 3.3 l.B. Abasement (n Aba) 2. Achievement (n Ach) . 3.n. Affiliation (n Aff) 4. . 5. . G.n . .. 8. . 9. . 10. . . . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. . Aggression {nAgg) Autonomy (n Auto) Counteraction (n Cnt) Deference ( Def) Defendants (n Dfd) Dominance {n Dom) Exhibition (n Exh) Hmtnavoidance (n Harm) Infavoidance (n Inf) Nwturance (n Nur) Order (nOrd) Play (n Play)

16. Rejection (n Rej) . 17. Sentience (n Sen) . 18. Sex (n Sex) . () 19. Succorance (n Sue) . 20. Understanding (n Und) . , : . Acquisition (n Acq) ,

. Blamavoidance (n Blom) , . Cognizance (nCog) , . Construction (nCons) , . Exposition ( ) (), . Recognition (n ) , . Retention (n Ret) (). (. . 3.3). 27 ; , , . , . ( ), , , . , , (. 6). . , . , ( Ach), { Aff) ( Power), 50- . . ? , , , , . . - . . , ?, , , . - - . ( ) . () () , , , . , , , , . () (McClelland et al., 1953).

: , , , (Maslow, 1954). , . , . (Dilthey, 1894), . , . , , , , .

. , , , . , . -, , . -, , . . () , . , . (pushed) , (pulled) . , , , , .

. 3.2. ( : Krech, Cruthfield, Ballachey, 1962, p. 77)

. , , , . , . . (. : Erikson, 1963). , , . , . 3.2 . {deficiency needs), {growth needs). . 3.4 . . : , ( ) , , , . , , , . , . -... , , (Maslow, 1954, . 91, 92). 3.4

5. (self-actualization needs);

; 4. (esteem needs): , , 3. (needs for belongingness and love): , ,

, 2. (safety needs): , , , 1. {physiological needs): , , . . ,

. (.: Allport, 1937; . 2). , , , , , (Maslow, 1954; 1955). : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 16 . : 1. . 2. , , . 3. , , , , . . 4. . 5. , , (Maslow, 1954, . 98). , , . , ( ) . ; , , (.: Loevinger, Wessler, 1970). (. 1). , , . ( 1) , . , , . , , , . , , . . , , , , , . , , (Maslow, 1961), . - , . , , , - (.: Graumann, 1977; Misiak, Sexton, 1973). , , . . , , , . , . ( ) .

. (Darwin, 1872), , : , , / , , , /.- . , , ,

. . , ( ), . , (., ., Klineberg, 1938), , , , , (Ekman, Friesen, 1971; Ekman, 1972). , . , ( , ). , (Tomkins, 1970)? - (1908), , . , (Arnold, 1960) (Tomkins, 1970,1981), - , (. (Zajonc, 1980) (Lazarus, 1984), , ). . , . , , , . , . , . (Watson, 1924) , , , . , (Watson, Rayner, 1920). , . . , . , . , . , , . , . , , , , . (Arnold, 1960) , : . . , , , (, ), , , . , (, ; ), , , . , , , , , . , . , (Ekman, 1972), . . , , , , -' . ., , , ,

, . . 3.3, , - (Plutchic, 1980) , , , , . , (, ). . 3.5 , ( ), .

. 3.3. (: Plutchic, 1980)

. , , . , , , . , , (Scherer, 1981). , , , . - , , , , , , . 3.5

, , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , ,

, , , . ( , ; .: Lorenz, 1966.) , . (Mowrer, 1939, 1960) , ( ) , . , - , , , , , . , .

, 1, , , . , ( ) . , . , . . (central assembly) . : i , . , , . , , , , (Torakins, 1981, , 324). (Scherer, 1981) , , , , . (, ; ); , - ( , .: Schneirla, 1959; ; , , ); , . . , , , , ( ; , ). (: , , , ); , , (: , , , ). , , ( ) . 2 5 (/ ) , 3 4 ( ) . , . , - , , , , , . , , . , , . , ( ) , , 1) , 2) 3) , . ( ) , , ( , , , ). , . , , , . (. : ), , , . (Pribram, 1973) (Mandler, 1975) . , () , , - -. 3.6 , , , , , , (1981). . . 3.6, (Ekman, 1971; Izard, 1971; Plutchic, 1980;Tomkins, 1962, 1970). (.: Rinn, 1984). 3.6 , , (Scherer, 1981).

(1877)

. .

(1981) . . . (1971) . . (1971) . . . (1980) . . - , , . , , , . , , , . (Tomkins, 1981), , . , , , , . , , , , , , . . , , . , , . , (.: van Hooff, 1967; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1973). (\151*, Beresford, 1982) , , , , ( . : Heckhausen, 1984b). . , , , ? , , ( ). , , , (Geppcrt, Heckhausen, ). , , , , . , (. 8). , . , . . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . 3.6. (Tomkins, 1970) . ( ), , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , . , , ,

. . , , , , .

, . ; ? , . . -, , , , . , , ( ) , . . , , . , , . , . , , . , . , . . , , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . , , , (Murray, 1951, pp. 457-463): 1. , , . 2. . , . 3. , . (, ), . 4. ( ). 5. ( , ). 6. : . , , : , , . . 7. , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , - , , , - . (Murray, 1951) , , . ( ) . , , , , , , , ,

(. . ) . , , , . , , . , , , , , ( ), , , - . - , , , . . ; . --; . , ( ): . ... . , -, . , , (Maslow, 1954, . 70-71).

. , , , . . . , . (, ) (, ), . (Young, 1936) 16 : , , , , (), , , , , , , , , , (, ), . . , , , , - . , . . , , . !] . . , , , , , , ( ) . , , , , , , , . , , , , , (Kornadt, Eckenberger, Emmmgbaus, 1980). , . 50- . ( , ), (Parsons, Shils, 1951). - , . - (Allport, Odbert, 1936) 18 000 , 5% . (Cattell, 1946,1957) , , 171 . 100 , . . . , 208 . 16 , , (Cattell, Saunders, Stice, 1957), ,

, . -, , , , . -, , , ( ) . , , , , (Passini, Norman, 1966). , , , (Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck, 1961; . : Graumann~ 1965, S. 277 ). , , , . , , , , , (Kluckhohn, 1962, . 411). , , , , , . . * (Murray, 1938) (Murray, 1951), ( ) ( ). : : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10) ; 11) ; 12) . : 1), ; 2) , , ; 3) , , ; 4) , ; 5) , ; 6) , ; 7) , ; 8) , , ; 9) , ; 10) , ; 11) , ; 12) ; 13) , ; 14) , . , , . , : ? , , . , , . .

. , , , , . , , . . 1937 ., . , ... , (. ., 1949, S. 295). , . . , , , , . . . , (Heckhausen, 1974a). . 1) ; , 2) , 3) , , . . , ; . 4) , . , 5) , . , . , , , , ) . ,

-ie , ) . -) , . ( , ) ;. , , ; , , -1 . , 13 , , 1, , . ( settings no: Barker, 1968), , , -; -. , , , ( , -, , . -1 , -. -, . . , ? , - - (Kornadt, Eckenberger, Emminghaus, 1980; [aehr, 1974). ( ) -1, - ( ). - , , , - ( ). - : 1. ( 2 ). 2. , ( 4 ). 3. ( 5 ). 4. , (.: Machr, 1974) ( 3 ). (Kornadt et al., 1980) (Maehr, 1974) , , , , . , - (, , , , , , ), , , . : , , (, , , ), , . , , . . , . - . , : ? , . , , , . . . , , , (. . ) . : - , , , , , ? . , , , ( - ). (, .: Kornadt et al., 1980). , , , , .

4 , . - . , . , , , , . , . , . . , . , . , , . . . , , . , , , , ? , , , . , . , . . , . , , , . , ; , - , - , , . . : "". - , , ! . - , : , , . . , , ( ), -. , , . "", "". , , (Murray, 1951, . 454-455).

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