Introducción al análisis de las Politicas publicas

8/11/2019 Introducción al análisis de las Politicas publicas

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HEYSAIRGGH×E F@ FEÆ@HWHW IB

Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW









H EYSAIRGGH×E F@ FEÆ@HWHW IB Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW

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F DAIA IB HEYSAIRGGH×E

^frthbeia ibsib uef pbrspbgthvf mhst÷rhgf qub tadb be gubetf `f ‐bspbghghifi ib`

Bstfia be Fdèrhgf @fthef—, bstb `hcra sb prapaeb ibsp`bkfr `f ‐gfjf ib mbrrfdhbe-tfs— qub praparghaef b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs pfrf fcarifr `fs tubrgfs y tar-

eh`às qub supaeb b` bstuiha ib eubstrfs dftrhgbs bstftf`bs.

B` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs -be sus aräkbebs sucihsghp`hef ib `f ghbeghf pa`ä-

thgf-, fuequb tfdchèe ibeadhefia saghaàkäf ib` Bstfia a ‗dæs fdp`ha fúe- ib `f

fggh÷e púc`hgf, sb eutrb ib dugmfs mbrrfdhbetfs tb÷rhgfs y dbtaia`÷khgfs qub chbe

pubibe fp`hgfrsb f` gaetbxta frkbethea y `ftheafdbrhgfea, she rbbihtfr daibàs eh

oarzfr `f apbrfghaef`hzfgh÷e ibsgaetbxtuf`hzfif ib hestrudbetas.

Arhkhef`dbetb, b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ibrhvf ib` beoaqub pùrf`hstf, bs-

pbghf`dbetb, ib fqub`às trfcfjas qub sb gbetrfrae sacrb b` feæ`hshs ib às pragbsas

ib ibghsh÷e. Be krfeibs `äebfs, pfrf bstb beoaqub `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf bs b` rbsu`tfia

ib `f gaeoraetfgh÷e betrb às ihsthetas krupas ib hetbrès hdp`hgfias be às pragbsas

ib praiuggh÷e saghf`. @a eavbiasa ib bstb feæ`hshs bs qub radpb gae `fs trfihgha-

ebs dfrxhstfs y wbcbrhfefs ib` Bstfia, qub à betbeiäfe gada uef bethifi kàcf`

susgbpthc`b ib ue feæ`hshs bspbgäga, y àkrf fcarifr `fs dú`thp`bs rfghaef`hifibs be

gadpbtbeghf ibetra ib` dhsda Bstfia.F su vbz, b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ibrhvf ib` grbghbetb ra` fiaptfia par as

Bstfias be pa`äthgf bgae÷dhgf y saghf` trfs `f sbkueif pastkubrrf. @f duthp`hgfgh÷e

ib eubvas prakrfdfs púc`hgas kbebr÷ b` hetbrès par gaeagbr ib daia rhkurasa b`

oueghaefdhbeta bobgthva ib `fs hetbrvbeghaebs bstftf`bs, f ihobrbeghf ib` fcarifjb

dæs trfihghaef`dbetb juräihga y oardf`hstf ib às bstuihas ib fidhehstrfgh÷e pú-

c`hgf prbiadhefetbs mfstf bsb dadbeta. B` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs hegarpar÷

eubvfs pbrspbgthvfs y dbtaiaàkäfs, hegùybeia f`kuefs pravbehbetbs ib `f ghbeghf

pa`äthgf, `f bgaeadäf, `f bstfiästhgf y atrfs ihsghp`hefs shdh`frbs. May, b` gfdpa ib



OBSEFEIA D. JFHDB, KRWYF_A IROARS , DFSYÄE F@BWWFEISA X FR@F FDFXF

=

`fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb eutrb ib bstas aräkbebs ihvbrsas pfrf grbfr su prapha y ihs-

thethva pbr` ib bstuiha.

Be bstb sbethia bstb trfcfja fpuetf f hetraiughr ue gaejueta ib gftbkaräfs y dfr-

gas fef`äthgas qub rbsu`tfe heihspbesfc`bs pfrf b` bstuiha ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

Bstb acjbthva sb pbrshkub fef`hzfeia `f rb`bvfeghf y gadp`bjhifi praphfs ib às pra-gbsas qub ftrfvhbsfe `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs f pfrthr ib `f prbsbetfgh÷e, gadpfrfgh÷e

y bvfùfgh÷e ib f`kueas dfrgas fef`äthgas y gaegbptuf`bs qub pubibe sbr gaeshibrf-

ias rbprbsbetfthvas ib` ibsfrra`à qub mf bxpbrhdbetfia `f ihsghp`hef be `fs ú`thdfs

guftra iègfifs. Sbvhsfr bstas dfpfs gaegbptuf`bs gaesthtuyb ue pfsa hdpartfetb be

`f cúsqubif ib dbjarbs mbrrfdhbetfs pfrf fef`hzfr `fs pa`äthgfs fgtuf`bs a às pra-

gbsas mhst÷rhgas. ^frf ``bvfr fib`fetb bstf tfrbf ea s÷à rbgarrbrbdas uef pbquböf

pfrtb ib f fcueifetb `htbrfturf bxhstbetb shea tfdchèe uth`hzfrbdas f`kueas bstuihasib gfsa sacrb pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs hdp`bdbetfifs be Frkbethef be fs ú`thdfs iègfifs.

F à `frka ib bstb trfcfja fcarifrbdas ihsthetfs ihdbeshaebs ib `fs pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs. F à `frka ib às ias prhdbras gfpätuàs eas fcagfrbdas f fef`hzfr às

prheghpf`bs eaghaebs ib` feæ`hshs pa`äthga: `f rb`fgh÷e betrb bstfia, shstbdf pa`äthga y

b` rèkhdbe pa`äthga, f às ebs ib betbeibr g÷da sb praiugbe `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

be ue rèkhdbe ibdagræthga.

âstbrhardbetb eas fpraxhdfrbdas f `fs prheghpf`bs tbaräfs qub heifkfe `fs pa`ä-

thgfs púc`hgfs. Be bstb sbethia, eas fcagfrbdas f ibehr què betbeibdas par pa`äthgf

púc`hgf (Gfpätuà HHH), g÷da fef`hzfr às pragbsas a sbgubeghf`hifibs ib `f pa`äthgf

púc`hgf (Gfpätuà H_), g÷da sb tadfe `fs ibghshaebs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf (Gfpätuà

_) y guæ`bs sae às prheghpf`bs fcarifjbs be tarea f` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

(Gfpätuà _H).

Be tbrgbr ùkfr, be b` Gfphtuà _HH fcarifrbdas b` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs pú-

c`hgfs frkbethefs, paehbeia èeofshs be b` feæ`hshs ib às trfesoardfghaebs apbrfifs

be às pragbsas pa`äthgas y saghf`bs ib às ú`thdas ias shkàs be tarea f `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y be às jubkas qub as prheghpf`bs fgtarbs pa`äthgas y saghf`bs ibsp`hbkfe f`

dadbeta ib oardu`fr ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs efghaef`bs.

Be b` ú`thda gfpätuà eas fcagfrbdas f` feæ`hshs ib às b`bdbetas ib` dhgrafeæ`-

shs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf (^frsaes, 3>>;), beoagæeiaeas be `f apbrfghaef`hzfgh÷e ib

ihsthetas hestrudbetas pfrf b` feæ`hshs ib `f fggh÷e púc`hgf, be bspbghf` às pragbsas

ib p`fehgfgh÷e y bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

Dugmfs vbgbs b` bstuiha ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs oub vhsta gada ue dueia cf`-

gfehzfia ib tbaräfs ib rfeka dbiha (Wdhtm y @frhdbr, 3>>8). Bs eubstrf hetbegh÷e




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qub `f prbsbetb acrf pbrdhtf f` bstuihfetb hegarparfr mbrrfdhbetfs ib feæ`hshs qub

`bs pbrdhtfe ifr gubetf ib `fs hetbrfgghaebs gadp`bjfs qub gfrfgtbrhzfe `f gaestrug-

gh÷e ib `fs ihobrbetbs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

Sbobrbeghfs

^frsaes, [fyeb. 3>>;. â`äthgfs ^úc`hgfs. Ref hetraiuggh÷e f `f tbaräf y f `f

prægthgf ib` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. Cubeas Fhrbs: Dhöa y Iævh`f bih-tarbs.

Wdhtm, Lbvhe y Gmrhstapmbr @frhdbr. 3>>8. Ymb ûc`hg â`hgy Ymbary ^rhdbr .Cauìbr, Ga.: [bstvhbw prbss.





GF^ÄYR@A H. Gaegbptas hetraiugtarhas

6. B` Bstfia. 6.6 Ref rbvhsh÷e mhst÷rhgf. 6.3. B` Bstfia gada curagrfghf ygada fspbgta ib `fs rb`fghaebs saghf`bs. 3. B` shstbdf y b` rèkhdbe pa`äthga. 3.6. @fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be ue rèkhdbe ibdagræthga. 7. Be rbsudbe.

B` tèrdhea ‐pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs— rbquhbrb ibehr y ihsguthr hehghf`dbetb às shkehgf-

ias ib pa`äthgf y ib à púc`hga. Ref ib `fs ibehghaebs dæs mfchtuf`bs ib pa`äthgf `f

pravbb Dfx [bcbr (68=;), quhbe `f bethbeib gada `f ihrbggh÷e a f heubeghf sacrb

`f ihrbggh÷e ib uef fsaghfgh÷e pa`äthgf, `f guf` sb gfrfgtbrhzf par b` gaetra` ib `f vha-

`beghf oäshgf gada dbiha bspbgäga ib iadhefgh÷e. Dæs fib`fetb ibsfrra``frbdas

qub, pfrf [bcbr, `f hibf ib fsaghfgh÷e pa`äthgf be b` dueia gaetbdparæeba rbbrb

cæshgfdbetb f` Bstfia.

Bstf gaegbpgh÷e fgatfif ib f pa`äthgf sb ihobrbeghf ib fs prbvf`bghbetbs be atras

pbräaias. ^frf Frhst÷tb`bs, par bjbdpà, b` madcrb brf ue ‐fehdf` pa`äthga—: su fgth-

vhifi be `f pa`hs ea brf s÷à ue gadpaebetb dæs ib su vhif, shea b` rfska ibehtarhaib su bxhstbeghf (Wfrtarh, 68=9). Be `f ghvhtfs radfef `f pa`äthgf sbkuäf she sbr uef

fgthvhifi fut÷eadf, y bs rbghèe gae Ehga`æs Dfquhfvbà, be b` shkà ]_, qub `f pa`ä-

thgf fpfrbgb gada uef bsobrf praphf, sbpfrfif, par bjbdpà, ib `f èthgf. Fdcfs pub-

ibe bstfr hegùsa be gaehgta, parqub `f darf` pa`äthgf (fqub`à qub b` `äibr pa`äthga

ibcb mfgbr par b` ùkfr qub agupf) bs ihsthetf f `f darf` praphf ib atrfs fgthvhifibs.

[bcbr (68=;) mf shstbdfthzfia bstf hetuhgh÷e ib Dfquhfvbà sböf`feia qub be agf-

shaebs b` pa`äthga ibcb aptfr betrb sbkuhr `f èthgf ib sus gaevhgghaebs a rbspbtfr uef

èthgf ib `f rbspaesfch`hifi: ‐Vuhbe cusgf `f sf`vfgh÷e ib su f`df y `f ib às ibdæs

qub ea `f cusqub par b` gfdhea ib `f pa`äthgf, guyfs tfrbfs, qub sae duy atrfs, s÷à

pubibe sbr gudp`hifs dbihfetb `f oubrzf—. Acsbrvfdas fquä `f rbobrbeghf f` paibr

gada fspbgta hebùihc`b ib `f pa`äthgf. Ihrhkhr b` Bstfia bs tbebr b` paibr pfrf tadfr

ibghshaebs ac`hkftarhfs y vhegu`fetbs pfrf às dhbdcras ib uef saghbifi. Wb gubetf,

pfrf b`à, gae b` rbspfìa ib f gabrgh÷e< be tèrdheas ib [bcbr, gae b` daeapa`ha ib

`f vha`beghf bkäthdf.

Gfrfdfeh (3>>=) shetbthzf `fs ihdbeshaebs qub gaeoardfe à pa`äthga: `f tadf ibibghshaebs púc`hgfs y futarhzfifs, `f fiquhshgh÷e y b` dfetbehdhbeta ib` paibr pfrf




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tadfr bsfs ibghshaebs, y b` gaehgta y `f gadpbtbeghf par b` paibr y su uth`hzfgh÷e.

Bstb bsgbefrha bs ebgbsfrhfdbetb gaehgthva parqub `fs ibghshaebs tadfifs par `f

pa`äthgf sub`be hdp`hgfr uef rbihstrhcugh÷e ib rbgursas betrb às dhbdcras ib `f

saghbifi (Gaàdbr, 3>>8). ^frf bstb futar, à ihsthethva ib `f pa`äthgf bs `f ibghsh÷e

sacrb `f pravhsh÷e ib chbebs púc`hgas, fqub`às qub ea pubibe sbr pravhstas par b`dbrgfia u atras dbgfehsdas prhvfias. F`kueas ib bstas chbebs (gada `f ibobesf

efghaef`) kbebrfe cbebghas pfrf taias às hetbkrfetbs ib `f saghbifi, pbra `f df-

yaräf ib b`às (`fs pa`äthgfs bgae÷dhgfs y saghf`bs, `fs acrfs púc`hgfs, às bsqubdfs

hdpashthvas qub `fs efeghfe, btg.) daihgfe `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib às rbgursas be `f

saghbifi, a guf` bxp`hgf f gadpbtbeghf par f`gfezfr fs pashghaebs pa`äthgfs ibghsa-

rhfs, a f` dbeas par heuhr sacrb b``fs. Mfraì @fsswb`` (682=) mf rbsudhia bsta be

pagfs pf`fcrfs: ‐`f pa`äthgf bs quhèe acthbeb què, guæeia y g÷da—.âr `fs rfzaebs yf dbeghaefifs, `f pa`äthgf be `f èpagf gaetbdparæebf sb `hkf

hebùihc`bdbetb f` Bstfia. Èsb bs b` tbdf ib `f shkuhbetb fggh÷e.

6. B@ BWYFIA

Gada ibgäfdas, pfrf [bcbr b` Bstfia bs `f fsaghfgh÷e pa`äthgf qub be ue ibtbr-

dhefia tbrrhtarha daeapa`hzf `f vha`beghf `bkäthdf, bxpraphfeia pfrf b`à f atrfs

fsaghfghaebs (hk`bshfs, bstfdbetas, btg.) qub prbvhfdbetb ihsputfrfe bsb paibr. Bstaea hdp`hgf qub b` Bstfia ibcf rbgurrhr gaetheufdbetb f `f vha`beghf pfrf bjbrgbr su

iadhefgh÷e, pbra sä qub èstf bs b` dbiha bspbgäga, ihsthethva, qub sbpfrf f` Bstfia

daibrea ib atrfs fsaghfghaebs.

Dhgmfb` Dfee (6886) ihsthekub ias gadpaebetbs ib` Bstfia qub bstæe prbsbetbs

be `f ibehgh÷e ib [bcbr. âr ue `fia, Dfee rbibeb f` daeapa`ha ib `f gafggh÷e

gada b` ‐paibr ibsp÷thga— ib` Bstfia: su gfpfghifi pfrf tadfr ibghshaebs vhegu`fe-

tbs she rbqubrhr b` fgubria ib atra fgtar. ar atra fia, f gaegbetrfgh÷e ib as dbihas

pfrf bjbrgbr bsb paibr bs betbeihia gada ue ‐paibr heorfbstrugturf`—, qub rbbrb f

às shstbdfs fidhehstrfthvas, juräihgas, curagræthgas, hdpashthvas y gabrghthvas qub

`b pbrdhtbe pbebtrfr f `f saghbifi y mfgbr gudp`hr sus ibghshaebs. Fquä fpfrbgb atra

rfska ihsthethva ib` Bstfia daibrea, gada à bs `f bxhstbeghf ib ue gubrpa curagræ-

thga qub ea bs iuböa ib bsas dbihas dftbrhf`bs ib` Bstfia, gada be oardfs prbvhfs

ib iadhefgh÷e. B` cur÷grftf ea bs iuböa ib `f aghef púc`hgf iaeib trfcfjf a ib `f

gadputfiarf qub usf. Be atrfs pf`fcrfs, bxhstb ue aribe `bkf` y fidhehstrfthva qub

bs heibpbeihbetb ib `fs pbrsaefs qub agupfe às pubstas bstftf`bs.




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6.6. B` Bstfia: uef rbvhsh÷e mhst÷rhgf

G`fra qub bsta ea shbdprb oub fsä. Be prhdbr ùkfr, par b` mbgma cæshga ib qub `f

gbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib` paibr praphf ib` Bstfia daibrea oub uef rfrbzf be `f mhstarhf ib

`f mudfehifi, gfrfgtbrhzfif kbebrf`dbetb par saghbifibs gae rb`fghaebs ib paibrdbeas hesthtughaef`hzfifs. W÷à be saghbifibs iaeib `f praiuggh÷e bgae÷dhgf iha

ùkfr f ue bxgbibetb dæs f``æ ib `f sucshstbeghf sb iha pfsa f `f fpfrhgh÷e ib futarh-

ifibs gbetrf`hzfifs, gfpfgbs ib sbr efeghfifs par bsb bxgbibetb y ebgbsfrhfs pfrf

ibghihr prbghsfdbetb su ihstrhcugh÷e (Dfee, 6886). @as grbghbetbs hetbrgfdchas f

pfrthr ib bsas bxgbibetbs tfdchèe ibdfeifrae `f gaesa`hifgh÷e ib futarhifibs gf-

pfgbs ib rbku`fràs y ib mfgbr gudp`hr às fgubrias. bra iurfetb shkàs bstfs futarh-

ifibs gabxhsthbrae gae atras paibrbs y bstfdbetas qub tfdchèe ibdfeifcfe `bf`tfi

f sus hetbkrfetbs. W÷à gae b` surkhdhbeta ib` Bstfia fcsaùthstf, qub bxpraph÷ fihgmas bstfdbetas (÷ribebs rb`hkhasfs, sböarbs obuif`bs, ghuifibs-bstfia hcrbs, btg.)

sus praphas dbihas ib gabrgh÷e y às gbetrf`hz÷ cfja ue daefrgf, fpfrbgb `f hibf ib

Bstfia daibrea.

Bstb gfdcha tuva ue arhkbe dh`htfr: s÷à gaegbetrfeia rbgursas paiäf kfrfe-

thzfrsb `f ibobesf orbetb f atras Bstfias. ^bra Ymadfs Maccbs, be b` shkà ]_HH,

crhei÷ uef justhgfgh÷e ib` Bstfia fcsaùta cfsfif be `f sbkurhifi hetbref. Maccbs

ibsgrhcb uef bsgbefrha mhpatèthga, qub ``fdf ‐Bstfia ib efturf`bzf—, pfrf ibsgrhchruef shtufgh÷e she eardfs qub rbku`be `f vhif ib `fs pbrsaefs y she uef futarhifi qub

`fs mfkf gudp`hr. @fs feshfs ib paibr ib gfif uea gaeiughräfe bstf shtufgh÷e f uef

‐kubrrf ib taias gaetrf taias—, qub rbiughräf `f vhif f uef bxhstbeghf crbvb y crutf`.

Fue sh `fs pbrsaefs ea cusgfrfe paibr, b` dhbia fetb `fs fpbtbeghfs ib às atras às

``bvfräf f fgtufr prbvbethvfdbetb pfrf ibobeibrsb, kbebrfeia ib` dhsda daia bsb

bsgbefrha ib ùgmf kbebrf`hzfif. Maccbs, betaegbs, pastu`f f` Bstfia gada b` rbsu`-

tfia ib ue gaetrfta qub rbf`hzfe as heihvhiuas, par b` guf` gbibe f èstb su gfpfghifi

ib fggh÷e heibpbeihbetb be tfeta kfrfethgb su vhif y su praphbifi.Bvbetuf`dbetb f tbesh÷e betrb ue paibr pa`äthga fcsaùta y uef dfyar ihspbrsh÷e

ib as rbgursas bgae÷dhgas (dathvfif, be pfrtb, par b` ibsfrra`à ib` dbrgfia qub b`

Bstfia mfcäf pbrdhthia) iha ùkfr f dfyarbs rbstrhgghaebs f` fgghaefr bstftf`. Wurkb

fsä b` Bstfia `hcbrf`, qub f trfvès ib ihsthetas dbgfehsdas (b` gaesthtughaef`hsda, `f

ihvhsh÷e ib paibrbs) bstfc`bgb `ädhtbs f` paibr fcsaùta ib às kacbrefetbs. Bsta brf

gambrbetb gae `fs tbaräfs bgae÷dhgfs ib` efghbetb gfphtf`hsda: sh sb `hdhtf `f fggh÷e

ib` Bstfia y sb pbrdhtb b` `hcrb ibsfrra`à ib às dbrgfias, pastu`fe bstas futarbs,taif `f saghbifi tbrdhefræ cbebghæeiasb. ^bra `f ihsaùgh÷e ib fethkufs `bf`tfibs






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fpravbgmfia par uef garrhbetb pa`äthgf b hetb`bgtuf` qub ibsib mfgäf f`kueas föas

vbeäf arkfehzæeiasb y efeghæeiasb pfrf gaetrfrrbstfr à qub vbäfe gada uef he-

tbrvbegh÷e bstftf` bxgbshvf. Fsä, iurfetb `fs iègfifs shkuhbetbs be ihsthetas pfäsbs

sb fiapt÷ uef pa`äthgf ib rbiuggh÷e ib` tfdföa ib` fpfrfta bstftf`, prhvfthzfgh÷e

ib vfrhfs ib sus oueghaebs, ibsrbku`fgh÷e ib às dbrgfias y bxhch`hzfgh÷e ib `fs

rb`fghaebs `fcarf`bs. Be `f Frkbethef, pbra tfdchèe be dugmas atras pfäsbs, bstfs

pa`äthgfs oubrae sugbihifs par oubrtbs fudbetas be as ehvb`bs ib ibshkufìfi saghf`.

Be às gadhbezas ib` shkà ]]H bstf tbeibeghf pfrbgb bstfr be rbvbrsh÷e. Eu-

dbrasas pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas, qub mfcäfe bxpbrhdbetfia vbrshaebs hetbesfs ib`

hibfrha eba`hcbrf`, vhrfrae mfghf ue ra` dæs fgthva ib` Bstfia, prheghpf`dbetb be df-

tbrhf ib pradagh÷e saghf`. @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib trfesobrbeghfs gaeihghaefifs ib he-

krbsa, par bjbdpà, sb hesgrhcb be `f trfihgh÷e ib` Bstfia ib Chbebstfr ib kfrfethzfrehvb`bs däehdas be dftbrhf saghf` pfrf taias às ghuififeas. Be b` föa 3>>=, uef

eubvf grhshs bgae÷dhgf dueihf`, guyas aräkbebs pubibe ftrhcuhrsb f `f of`tf ib rbku-

`fghaebs bobgthvfs be dftbrhf efeghbrf, gaeiujbrae f às pfäsbs dæs ibsfrra``fias

f bdprbeibr tfdchèe ue gfdhea f`ka ihstheta f` ib ebs ib` shkà ]]. Whe bdcfrka,

f ihobrbeghf ib` ‐gaesbesa saghfìbd÷grftf— qub sastuva f` lbyebshfehsda iurfetb

iègfifs, qub bstb rudca sb gaesa`hib y kbebrf`hgb be b` dueia be as föas par vbehr.

6.3. B` Bstfia gada curagrfghf y gada rb`fghaebs saghf`bsYrfs bstf shetèthgf y shdp`hgfif efrrfgh÷e mhst÷rhgf, paibdas rbtadfr gae dfya-

rbs b`bdbetas `f ihsgush÷e tb÷rhgf y gaegbptuf` sacrb b` Bstfia. Gada ibgäfdas

fetbrhardbetb, b` dbiha par b` guf` b` Bstfia daibrea bjbrgb b` daeapa`ha ib `f

gafggh÷e `bkäthdf, y par b` guf` mf hdp`bdbetfia `fs pa`äthgfs qub oub fiaptfeia be

b` thbdpa, bs ue gubrpa fidhehstrfthva curagræthga. Bstb gubrpa fgtúf, f` dbeas `f

dfyar pfrtb ib` thbdpa, be cfsb f eardfs qub ibebe su rfeka ib fggh÷e bstfc`bgh-

ia. Wu bstrugturf bs jbrærquhgf, gae oueghaefrhas uchgfias be bsgf`foaebs supbrharbs,ihrbgthvas, y atras be pubstas sucarihefias. Be ue p`fea hibf`, bstas cur÷grftfs sae

às bjbgutarbs ib `fs dbihifs ihspubstfs par às ibghsarbs pa`äthgas (@bkhs`fiarbs,

^rbshibetbs, Dhehstras, btg.), fuequb às bstuihas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e (gada sb vbræ

be b` gfpätuà H_) mfe ibtbgtfia qub `f sbpfrfgh÷e tfjfetb betrb ibghsh÷e b hdp`b-

dbetfgh÷e ea sb vbrhgf be `f prægthgf, yf qub `f bjbgugh÷e ib uef dbihif rbquhbrb

eudbrasfs ibghshaebs fihghaef`bs qub pubibe fobgtfr`f shkehgfthvfdbetb.

Dfx [bcbr bs eubvfdbetb b` pbesfiar oueifdbetf` ib bstb obe÷dbea, f` qub pbrghcäf gada ue rfska gadpfrthia ib `fs saghbifi daibrefs, guf`bsquhbrf oub-




6?

rfe sus arhbetfghaebs hiba`÷khgfs: ‐@f fidhehstrfgh÷e curagræthgf purf, a sbf…

ftbehif f` bxpbihbetb, bs f tbear ib taif `f bxpbrhbeghf `f oardf dæs rfghaef` ib

bjbrgbrsb uef iadhefgh÷e< y à bs be às sbethias shkuhbetbs: be prbghsh÷e, gaetheuh-

ifi, ihsghp`hef, rhkar y gaefezf< gf`gu`fch`hifi, par tfeta, pfrf b` sacbrfea y às

hetbrbsfias< hetbeshifi y bxtbesh÷e be b` sbrvhgha< fp`hgfch`hifi oardf`dbetb ueh-

vbrsf` f taif subrtb ib tfrbfs< y susgbpthch`hifi tègehgf ib pbrobggh÷e pfrf f`gfezfr

b` ÷pthda be sus rbsu`tfias… Yaif eubstrf vhif gathihfef bstæ tbjhif ibetra ib bsb

dfrga. ûbs sh `f fidhehstrfgh÷e curagræthgf bs be kbebrf` -gfbtbrhs pfrhcus- `f

dæs rfghaef` ibsib b` pueta ib vhstf tègehga-oardf`, may bs, fibdæs, sbegh``fdbetb

hesbpfrfc`b ib `fs ebgbshifibs ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e ib dfsfs (pbrsaef`bs a dftb-

rhf`bs). Wb thbeb qub b`bkhr betrb f curagrfthzfgh÷e y b` ih`bttfethsda ib `f fidhehs-

trfgh÷e< y b` krfe hestrudbeta ib `f supbrharhifi ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e curagræthgfbs èstb: b` sfcbr praobshaef` bspbghf`hzfia— ([bcbr, 68?9).

@as prhdbras bstuihas sacrb b` Bstfia sb beoagfrae be b` gadpaebetb curagræth-

ga ib `fs fidhehstrfghaebs púc`hgfs, pbra ibsib uef pbrspbgthvf oardf`, `bkf`, qub

ibsgrhcb fqub`à qub fs eardfs sböf`fe qub fs hesthtughaebs sae. B` g`æshga tbxta ib

[aairaw [h`sae Ymb stuiy ao fidhehstrfthae, par bjbdpà, ibeb f bstf garrhbetb

ib bstuihas gada ‐`f bjbgugh÷e shstbdæthgf y ibtf``fif ib` ibrbgma púc`hga— ([h`-

sae, 6==;). ^bra atrfs garrhbetbs hetb`bgtuf`bs fiaptfräfe atras beoaqubs. B` pùrf-

`hsda, be fukb f dbihfias ib` shkà ]], gaegbcäf f` Bstfia shdp`bdbetb gada uef‐gfjf ebkrf—, qub rbghcäf ibdfeifs ibsib `f saghbifi (gfef`hzfifs f trfvès ib pfrth-

ias pa`äthgas, sheihgftas, fsaghfghaebs bdprbsfrhfs, btg.) y kbebrfcf pa`äthgfs f pfrthr

ib às bquh`hcrhas ib paibr betrb às krupas qub oardu`fcfe bsfs ibdfeifs. Fsä, b`

shstbdf pa`äthga brf vhsta gada ‐ue tbrrbea be b` qub as krupas ib hetbrès ib gfræg-

tbr bgae÷dhga a às davhdhbetas saghf`bs eardfthvas gaetbeiäfe a sb f`hfcfe betrb

sä pfrf gaekurfr `f fiapgh÷e ib ibghshaebs sacrb pa äthgf púc hgf. Wb betbeiäf qub

bsfs ibghshaebs brfe rbpfrtas ib cbebghas betrb às krupas qub às rbg`fdfcfe— (Wgalpa`, 3>>=: 6;>). E÷tbsb qub fquä b` èeofshs bs be b` ‐shstbdf pa`äthga—, dæs qub

be b` Bstfia< shdh`frbs dbgfehsdas apbrfe be saghbifibs she Bstfias daibreas,

ifia qub taias gubetfe gae f`kuef bstrugturf qub ibsbdpböf b` dhsda ra`.

B` dfrxhsda bs atrf garrhbetb qub mf prbsbetfia f` Bstfia y sus fgghaebs gada

uef gaesbgubeghf ib à qub agurrb f ehvb` ib `f saghbifi ghvh`. Be sus ihsthetfs vbr-

shaebs, às futarbs dfrxhstfs gadpfrtbe `f hibf kbebrf` ib qub ‐às Bstfias bstæe

gaekurfias heträesbgfdbetb par `fs g`fsbs a `fs ùgmfs ib g`fsbs y shrvbe pfrf

dfetbebr y fdp`hfr as daias ib praiuggh÷e— (Wgalpa`, 3>>=: 6;6). Be sus gaegbp-




6;

ghaebs dæs shdp`bs, b` Bstfia fpfrbgb gada uef ‐supbrbstrugturf— qub shdp`bdbetb

rbbjf `fs rb`fghaebs saghf`bs ib praiuggh÷e prbiadhefetbs. Be b` gfphtf`hsda, b`

Bstfia fgtúf gada ue ‐gadhtè ib fsuetas ib `f curkubsäf—, qub rbbjf y gaesa`hif

`f prhdfgäf ib bstb krupa saghf`. Futarbs ebadfrxhstfs pastbrhardbetb dfthzfrae

bstf vhsh÷e uth`hzfeia gaegbptas gada b` ib ‐futaeadäf rb`fthvf— ib` Bstfia orbetbf às krupas saghf`bs, pbra su hibf cæshgf (f` hkuf` qub be b` pùrf`hsda) bethbeib b`

fgghaefr bstftf` gada uef rbspubstf f ibdfeifs b hetbrbsbs saghf`bs. B` bstuiha ib

`fs curagrfghfs, par à tfeta, qubi÷ pfrghf`dbetb ib `fia.

Sbghèe gae b` eba-hesthtughaef`hsda f ftbegh÷e va`vh÷ f gbetrfrsb be ihgmfs gubs-

thaebs, fuequb fmarf ea (gada à brf be b` vhbja hesthtughaef`hsda) ibsib uef pbrs-

pbgthvf oardf`hstf. Ref ib `fs futarfs qub ‐trfja f` Bstfia ib vub`tf— à shetbthzfcf

fsä: ‐@as Bstfias, gaegbchias gada arkfehzfghaebs qub rbhvheihgfe b` gaetra` ibtbrrhtarhas y pbrsaefs, pubibe oardu`fr y pbrsbkuhr acjbthvas qub ea sbfe ue shdp`b

rbbja ib `fs ibdfeifs a às hetbrbsbs ib krupas a g`fsbs saghf`bs ib `f saghbifi.

Bsta bs à qub sb bethbeib eardfthvfdbetb par futaeadäf ib` Bstfia— (Wgalpa`,

3>>=: 6;9). Whe ebkfr `f heubeghf ib às krupas saghf`bs arkfehzfias, mfy ue rbga-

eaghdhbeta ib qub b` Bstfia pasbb ue gfrægtbr ihsthethva. Gada sböf`f Dfee (6886),

hegùsa sh b` Bstfia bs ue ÷rkfea uth`hzfia pfrf hetbeshgfr a hesthtughaef`hzfr ghbr -

tfs rb`fghaebs saghf`bs, pfrf ibsbdpböfr bsf tfrbf ibcb gbetrf`hzfr rbgursas, pbeb-

trfr f `f saghbifi ghvh` y bjbgutfr ibghshaebs pa`äthgfs, fiquhrhbeia fsä uef bstrugturfarkfehzfghaef` (ue paibr heorfbstrugturf`) duy ihstheta f` ib guf`quhbr krupa saghf`.

Ihsthetas futarbs ebahesthtughaef`hstfs bxp`hgfe f `fs hesthtughaebs bstftf`bs gada

bstrugturfs qub, dbihfetb ihsthetas hegbethvas, bsthdu`fe f gaapbrfgh÷e betrb as heih-

vhiuas y gaetrhcuybe f` ibsbeva vhdhbeta ib `f saghbifi y `f bgaeadäf. âr bjbdpà,

sböf`fe qub be uef shtufgh÷e ib fusbeghf ib Bstfia ea mfcräf sfegh÷e pfrf quhbe rad-

phbrf às gaetrftas, pbrjuihgfeia fsä `f fgthvhifi bgae÷dhgf. @f fdbefzf ib sfegh÷e

bstftf` fgtúf gada ue hegbethva pfrf gudp`hr às fgubrias betrb heihvhiuas y arkfeh-zfghaebs. _f`b eatfr qub f`kueas ib às trfcfjas eba-hesthtughaef`hstfs mfe gfäia be b`

prac`bdf apubsta f` ib às pfrfihkdfs dæs sagha`÷khgas. Gada heihgf Gfr as Fguöf

(3>>=: 66), be f`kuefs ib bstfs acrfs: ‐sb ibsvfebghbrae be b` a`vhia tb÷rhga `f hevbs-

thkfgh÷e y besböfezf sacrb f rb`fgh÷e ib` Bstfia gae gfphtf`hstfs y trfcfjfiarbs, sa-

crb `fs oueghaebs bstftf`bs y su rb`fgh÷e gae dfgra-pragbsas bstrugturf`bs, fsä gada

pbrspbgthvfs dæs Bstfia-gèetrhgfs—. Fsä, par bjbdpà, bxp`hgfr f `fs hesthtughaebs pa-

`äthgfs gada dbgfehsdas qub praiugbe gaapbrfgh÷e betrb fgtarbs saghf`bs pubib mfgbr

a`vhifr b` gfrægtbr ibshkuf` ib bsfs ‐rbk`fs ib` jubka—. Gada sböf`f ue prapha futar




6=

ib bstf garrhbetb, pbra gräthga ib vfrhas ib sus ga`bkfs, `fs ihspashghaebs hesthtughaef-

`bs f vbgbs ofvarbgbe f` gaejueta ib `f saghbifi, pbra be eudbrasfs ghrguestfeghfs

cbebghfe f ghbrtas sbgtarbs y pbrjuihgfe f atras, ibpbeihbeia ib quhèe sb hdpaeb

be b` bquh`hcrha ib oubrzfs. Be pf`fcrfs ib Dab (3>>2): ‐@fs hesthtughaebs pubibe sbr

bstrugturfs ib gaapbrfgh÷e… pbra tfdchèe pubibe sbr bstrugturfs ib paibr—.Yf` vbz `f pashgh÷e dæs bquh`hcrfif `f pravbf Kuh``brda A‘Iaeeb`` (6887), pfrf

quhbe b` Bstfia bs ue gubrpa curagræthga y tfdchèe ue gaejueta ib rb`fghaebs sa-

ghf`bs, qub bsb Bstfia bxprbsf y rboubrzf gafgthvfdbetb. ^frf b`à, b` Bstfia fpb`f

f atrf ib sus ihdbeshaebs gaesthtuthvfs: ue shstbdf `bkf`, qub oardf`hzf ihgmfs rb`f-

ghaebs. F f vbz, fue be f dbihif be qub bxprbsfe rb`fghaebs saghf`bs, fs ihobrbetbs

hesthtughaebs qub gaeoardfe b` Bstfia ihbrbe, f vbgbs eatarhfdbetb, be sus ehvb`bs

ib futaeadäf orbetb f às krupas saghf`bs, sus oueghaebs, sus arhbetfghaebs y àsrbgursas gae qub gubetfe (Asz`fl 3>>=). B` Bstfia bs ue gaekàdbrfia ib ihobrbe-

tbs hesthtughaebs, dæs qub ue fpfrfta daea`äthga y madakèeba. Ib bstf dfebrf, b`

Bstfia ‐sb gaesthtuyb be ue bspfgha be b` qub sb hetbrsbgtfe gaetrfihgtarhfdbetb

ihobrbetbs rfghdas ib rb`fghaebs saghf`bs— (Fcf` Dbihef, 3>>7). @fs guftra oubetbs

ib` paibr hibethgfifs par Dfee (`f hiba`÷khgf, `f bgae÷dhgf, `f pa`äthgf, `f dh`htfr)

gaeoardfe uef dftrhz (y ea ue ‐shstbdf—) par b` guf` ehekuef ib `fs oubetbs pasbb

uef pashgh÷e shbdprb prbpaeibrfetb, y par beib tfdpaga `f fggh÷e bstftf` rbspaeib

shbdprb f uef úehgf `÷khgf oueghaef` (Dfee, 6886).Sbtadfeia taif f ihsgush÷e prbvhf, bs pashc`b frrhcfr f ue gaegbpgh÷e ib` Bstfia

gada `f ibeb Fcf` Dbihef (3>63): ‐paibdas frdfr qub b` Bstfia bs ue fspbgta

ib `fs rb`fghaebs saghf`bs< bspbgägfdbetb, bs `f hestfeghf pa`äthgf ib iadhefgh÷e,

acjbthvfif be ihvbrsfs hesthtughaebs, qub bjbrgb be oardf `bkäthdf b` daeapa`ha ib

`f gabrgh÷e oäshgf bkäthdf be ue tbrrhtarha ibtbrdhefia. Yhbeb par acjbta kfrfethzfr

`f rbpraiuggh÷e ib ue gaejueta ib rb`fghaebs f `fs qub paibdas bekàcfr cfja b`

gaegbpta ib dftrhz pa`äthga-saghf`, heihgfeia gae èstb f `fs gfpfghifibs ihobrbe-ghf`bs qub thbebe às ihsthetas fgtarbs y krupas saghf`bs pfrf `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib sus

hetbrbsbs. âr ú`thda, gaesthtuyb uef futarhifi fut÷eadf, be vhrtui ib su pbgu`hfr

shstbdf arkfehzfghaef : bs uef bstrugturf tbrrhtarhf`dbetb gbetrf`hzfif, par f guf`

`fs rb`fghaebs pa`äthgfs hrrfihfe ibsib b` gbetra y mfghf b` gbetra—.

3. B@ WHWYBDF X B@ SÈKHDBE Â@ÄYHGA

Bstfs gfrfgtbrästhgfs kbebrf`bs ib às Bstfias prbsbetfe vfrhfghaebs ib fgubria fquhèe y g÷da kachbref. Bs ibghr, sbkúe guæ` sbf b` rèkhdbe pa`äthga hdpbrfetb be




68

gfif Bstfia. ^bra fetbs ib prbsbetfr bstb gaegbpta, paibdas heifkfr be uea dæs

fcfrgfthva, qub à hegùyb: b` ib ‐shstbdf pa`äthga—.

Gada dbeghaefdas fetbrhardbetb, `f rbvaùgh÷e gaeiugthstf ib dbihfias ib`

shkà ]] hegarpar÷ `f eagh÷e ib shstbdf pa`äthga f` `bekufjb fgfièdhga. Rea ib às

prheghpf`bs tb÷rhgas ib bstf garrhbetb, Ifvhi Bfstae (68?8), ibtf``÷ trbs gadpaebetbsib taia shstbdf pa`äthga:

h) Ref gaduehifi pa`äthgf, gaeoardfif par `fs pbrsaefs, krupas y arkfehzf-

ghaebs (gada às pfrthias) qub heuybe sacrb b` shstbdf, y `fs hibaàkäfs y

vfàrbs qub ibbeibe.

hh) Re rèkhdbe pa`äthga, ibehia par b` gaejueta ib eardfs qub bstfc`bgbe

g÷da as ihsthetas dhbdcras ib f gaduehifi pfrthghpfe ib` jubka pa`äthga,

g÷da sb rbsub`vbe às gaehgtas betrb b`às, y `fs bstrugturfs ib futarhifiqub ibebe b` ra` qub pasbbe `f gfpfghifi ib dfeia.

hhh) @fs futarhifibs, qub sae quhbebs agupfe `fs bstrugturfs rbghèe ibsgrhptfs.

Gada vhdas, ib taifs dfebrfs, `f rbobrbeghf f` ‐shstbdf pa`äthga— (praphf ib`

gaeiugthsda, b` pùrf`hsda, b` bstrugturf`-oueghaef`hsda) hdp`hgfcf be ghbrtf db-

ihif uef pèrihif ib` gbetrf`hifi ib` Bstfia. Waghbifibs she Bstfia tbeäfe as gad-

paebetbs ib` shstbdf pa`äthga, fue sh hdp`bdbetfias par atra thpa ib bstrugturfs.

Gae b` ibg`hvb ib bstfs garrhbetbs hetb`bgtuf`bs, bstb gaegbpta ea bs usfia gae

ibdfshfif orbgubeghf. Be gfdcha, `f eagh÷e ib ‐rèkhdbe— ebgbsfrhfdbetb ibcb

sbr dfetbehif, fue rbbdp`fzfeia b` gaegbpta supbrhar ib ‐shstbdf pa`äthga— par b`

ib ‐Bstfia—, gada à mfgb Kuh``brda A‘Iaeeb``. Bstb futar hegùyb be b` rèkhdbe

f às ‐pftraebs, oardf`bs b heoardf`bs, y bxp`äghtas b hdp`äghtas, qub ibtbrdhefe

às gfef`bs ib fggbsa f `fs prheghpf`bs pashghaebs ib` kachbrea, `fs gfrfgtbrästh-

gfs ib às fgtarbs qub sae fidhthias y bxgùhias ib tf` fggbsa, às rbgursas y `fs

bstrftbkhfs pbrdhthifs pfrf àkrfrà, y `fs hesthtughaebs f trfvès ib `fs guf`bs bsb

fggbsa agurrb y ibsib `fs guf`bs, uef vbz àkrfia, sae tadfifs `fs ibghshaebs

kucbrefdbetf`bs— (3>>7:7?).

@f prheghpf` ihsthegh÷e qub paibdas ihsthekuhr betrb as rbkädbebs pa`äthgas gae-

tbdparæebas bs `f qub sbpfrf f às ibdagræthgas ib às ea ibdagræthgas. F su vbz,

betrb às rbkädbebs ea ibdagræthgas paibdas ihsthekuhr betrb às futarhtfrhas y às

tatf`htfrhas. Bstas ú`thdas, sbkúe @hez (3>>>), prbsbetfe uef dæxhdf gaegbetrfgh÷e

ib` paibr be uef pbrsaef a ue krupa (par bjbdpà, be às `äibrbs ib ue pfrthia

úehga), bstæe hibethgfias gae uef ibtbrdhefif hibaàkäf (gada b` efzhsda a b`

bstf`hehsda) y cusgfe uef davh`hzfgh÷e hetbesf ib `f saghbifi. @as rbkädbebs fu-




3>

tarhtfrhas, be gfdcha, fidhtbe ue `hdhtfia pùrf`hsda, pbrdhthbeia `f bxhstbeghf ib

krupas bxtbreas f` Bstfia (gada hk`bshfs a sheihgftas), kbebrf`dbetb gfrbgbe ib ue

`fza hiba`÷khga oubrtb y ea cusgfe f davh`hzfgh÷e saghf`, qub bs pbrghchif gada uef

fdbefzf pfrf b` rèkhdbe.

Bstas gfsas ea ibdagræthgas, be sus vfrhbifibs futarhtfrhf y tatf`htfrhf, sb ihob-rbeghfe ib às rbkädbebs ibdagræthgas. Fue gadpfrthbeia rfskas gaduebs, bxhstbe

heehifi ib ibehghaebs ib ‐ibdagrfghf—, qub rbsf`tfe ihsthetas fspbgtas ib f dhsdf.

h) Eaghaebs däehdfs a pragbihdbetf`bs ib ibdagrfghf. ^frf futarbs gada

Jasbpm Wgmudpbtbr a Fifd ^rzbwarslh, b` úehga rbquhshta pfrf gf`hgfr f

ue rèkhdbe gada ibdagræthga bs qub be è` sb gb`bcrbe b`bgghaebs gadpbth-

thvfs, bs ibghr, b`bgghaebs iaeib `f apashgh÷e pubif sbr vhgtarhasf y pubif

pfsfr f agupfr pashghaebs ib kachbrea.hh) Eaghaebs qub hegarparfe ue gaejueta ib hcbrtfibs. Futarbs gada Sacbrt

Ifm` (68?6) gaheghibe be `f ebgbshifi ib b`bgghaebs gadpbththvfs pfrf gf-

`hgfr f ue rèkhdbe gada ibdagræthga, pbra fkrbkfe atrfs gfrfgtbrästhgfs,

hegùybeia `f `hcbrtfi ib bxprbsh÷e, `f bxhstbeghf ib oubetbs vfrhfifs ib

heoardfgh÷e, y b` ibrbgma f oardfr arkfehzfghaebs pa`äthgfs, betrb atrfs. Be

tf`bs gfsas, ihgb Ifm`, paibdas gaeshibrfr qub ue rèkhdbe bs ‐pa`hærquh-

ga—, be b` sbethia ib bxprbsfr bdpärhgfdbetb às prheghphas ibdagræthgas.

hhh) Eaghaebs qub hegarparfe `fs gaeihghaebs saghf`bs. F`kueas futarbs gae-shibrfe qub, she ghbrtas ehvb`bs ib hkufìfi saghf`, ea bs pashc`b mfc`fr ib

rèkhdbe ibdagræthga. @f ihgu`tfi be bstfs ibehghaebs bs fgarifr guæ`bs

sae às ehvb`bs däehdas ib bquhifi f sfthsofgbr pfrf paibr gaeshibrfr f ue

pfäs gada ibdagræthga.

hv) Eaghaebs ib ibdagrfghf ‐gae fijbthvas—. F`kueas futarbs sasthbebe qub,

be f`kueas pfäsbs ftheafdbrhgfeas ib rbghbetb ibdagrfthzfgh÷e, fue gufeia

ghbrtfs `hcbrtfibs pastu`fifs par Ifm` ea bstæe prbsbetbs a à bstæe s÷à iboardf ièch`, hkuf`dbetb sbräf hegarrbgta bxgùhràs ib f gftbkaräf ib rbkädb-

ebs ibdagræthgas. Ea sae ibdagrfghfs p`befs, pbra tfdpaga sae rbkädbebs

futarhtfrhas. Fsä, Ga``hbr y @bvhtsly (688;) iagudbetfe `f pra`hobrfgh÷e ib

gaegbptas gada ‐ibdagrfghfs h`hcbrf`bs—, ‐ibdagrfghfs ebapftrhdaehf`bs—

a ‐prata-ibdagrfghfs—, qub rbbjfe bstb gfrægtbr ftbeufia pbra hkuf`dbetb

ibdagræthga ib bstas rbkädbebs. @f eagh÷e ib ‐ibdagrfghf ib`bkfthvf— ib

A‘Iaeeb`` (6889) bs ihsthetf ib bstas bjbdpàs parqub sä sb trftf ib ue bjbd-

pà p`bea ib ibdagrfghf, fue gufeia b` gaetra` marhzaetf` betrb paibrbs ibBstfia sbf ièch` y par à tfeta `f gf`hifi ib `f ibdagrfghf sb vbf fobgtfif.




36

A‘Iaeeb`` rbf`hzf uef ihsgush÷e sacrb bstfs f`tbrefthvfs, y gaegùyb gae su pra-

phf ibehgh÷e, f` heihgfr qub ue rèkhdbe bs ibdagræthga gufeia ‐b` fggbsa f `fs

prheghpf`bs pashghaebs ib kachbrea sb àkrf dbihfetb b`bgghaebs qub sae f `f vbz

gadpbththvfs b hesthtughaef`hzfifs y be `fs qub bxhstbe, iurfetb y betrb bsfs b`bg-

ghaebs, ihvbrsfs `hcbrtfibs mfchtuf`dbetb ``fdfifs ‐pa`äthgfs—, tf`bs gada `fs ib

fsaghfgh÷e, bxprbsh÷e, davhdhbeta y ib ihspaehch`hifi ib heoardfgh÷e ea daea-

pa`hzfif par b` bstfia a par fkbetbs prhvfias— (A‘Iaeeb`` 3>>7: 7?). B` rèkhdbe

bs, fsä, uef dbihfgh÷e betrb `f saghbifi y b` Bstfia, qub ibtbrdhef b` daia be qub

ibsib fqub``f sb fggbib f `fs f`tfs pashghaebs kucbrefdbetf`bs. Be `fs ibdagrfghfs

gaetbdparæebfs, às pfrthias pa`äthgas bjbrgbe ue ra` ibghshva be bstf tfrbf.

Bstf ibehgh÷e ib rèkhdbe ea hdp`hgf, ib taifs dfebrfs, ibsgfrtfr tatf`dbetb fs

gaeihghaebs saghf`bs qub mfgbe pashc`b f `f ibdagrfghf. Gada b` dhsda A‘Iaeeb``(3>>3) heihgf, `f tbaräf ibdagræthgf sb sustbetf sacrb b` supubsta ib `f ‐fkbeghf—,

bs ibghr, `f hibf ib qub gfif heihvhiua pasbb `f gfpfghifi pfrf sbr rbspaesfc`b par

sus praphas fgtas, gae `f garrbspaeihbetb bxhstbeghf ib ue gaejueta ib ibrbgmas

y ac`hkfghaebs uehvbrsf`bs rbspfìfias par b` shstbdf `bkf`. @f pacrbzf bxtrbdf,

b` tbdar, `f vuèbrfch`hifi, `f ibshkufìfi be b` trfta crheifia par b` Bstfia, sae

taifs shtufghaebs qub fobgtfe `f gfpfghifi ib fkbeghf, y par à tfeta heuybe sacrb

`f rbf` ‐ibdagrfthghifi— ib ue Bstfia ib ibrbgma. âr bsa, A‘Iaeeb`` ihsthekub ue

‐rèkhdbe ibdagræthga— ib ue ‐Bstfia ibd÷grfthga—. B` prhdbra sfthsofgb `fs gaeih-ghaebs ib fggbsa f` paibr y ib bjbrghgha ib` dhsda ibsgrhptfs dæs frrhcf< b` sbkueia,

fibdæs ib bsta hegarparf uef fdp`hf kfdf ib ibrbgmas ghvh`bs, saghf`bs y gu`turf`bs

pfrf sus ghuififeas.

3.6. @fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be ue rèkhdbe ibdagræthga

@fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be ue rèkhdbe ibdagræthga agurrbe be b` dfrga ibehia par

`f gaegbpgh÷e yf prbsbetfif ib ‐ibdagrfghf—. Be kbebrf`, f ihobrbeghf ib às rbkä-dbebs futarhtfrhas, `f ibdagrfghf supaeb uef du`thp`hghifi ib ‐fgtarbs ib vbta—

(Ysbcb`hs, 3>>=) be `f tadf ib ibghshaebs sacrb pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @as fgtarbs ib

vbta sae fqub`às guya fgubria bs rbqubrhia pfrf fpracfr uef ibghsh÷e qub daih -

qub b` stftu qua. Be ihsthetas shstbdfs ib kachbrea, gada sb ihsguthræ be b` gfpätuà

shkuhbetb, bxhstb ihsthetf gfethifi ib fgtarbs ib vbta hesthtughaef`bs. Be ue pfäs prb-

shibeghf`hstf, gada `f Frkbethef, tfeta b` ^rbshibetb gada b` Gaekrbsa sae fgtarbs

ib vbta pfrf `fs ibghshaebs qub rbquhbrbe `f pradu`kfgh÷e ib `bybs. B` Gaekrbsaibcb fpracfr ihgmf ibghsh÷e (gae `f dfyaräf rbqubrhif sbkúe b` tbdf be gubsth÷e),




33

pbra b` ^rbshibetb pubib vbtfr`f. Be sbethia hevbrsa, b` ^rbshibetb pubib bevhfr ue

praybgta ib `by f` Gaekrbsa, pbra èstb pubib ea fpracfrà. Fdcas sae, betaegbs,

fgtarbs ib vbta. X ifia qub b` Gaekrbsa Efghaef` pasbb ias Gædfrfs gae shdh`frbs

ftrhcughaebs, b` fgubria ib fdcfs bs rbqubrhia pfrf fpracfr uef `by< `fs Gædfrfs ib

Ihputfias y ib Wbefiarbs, gfif uef, sae fgtarbs ib vbta.Be uef ibdagrfghf ib pfrthias pa`äthgas, bxhstbe atras fgtarbs ib vbta ea ib-

ehias be `f Gaesthtugh÷e. @as pfrthias a gaf`hghaebs gae dfyaräf be b` Bjbguthva y

b` @bkhs`fthva pubibe sbr futèethgas jukfiarbs gae vbta ib` shstbdf pa`äthga, bspb-

ghf`dbetb sh fgtúfe ib oardf uehgfif y ihsghp`hefif. Whe su fgubria, ea bs pashc`b

gfdchfr fs pa`äthgfs vhkbetbs. Be ue sbethia dæs fdp`ha ib` tèrdhea, tfdchèe pubib

gaeshibrfrsb qub atrfs arkfehzfghaebs qub pfrthghpfe ib `f bsobrf púc`hgf gaesthtu-

ybe fgtarbs ib vbta. âr bjbdpà, be hestfeghfs qub hegùybe f sheihgftas y bdprb-sfs (gada b` Gaesbja ib` Wf`frha, qub thbeb betrb sus oueghaebs `f ibtbrdhefgh÷e

ib` sf`frha däehda, vhtf` y d÷vh`), bsfs arkfehzfghaebs tfdchèe sae jukfiarbs guya

fgubria bs rbqubrhia pfrf gfdchfr b` stftu qua. Ohef`dbetb, fuequb su ra` be f tadf

ib ibghsh÷e sbf ihsguthc`b, eudbrasfs ibghshaebs fiaptfifs par b` Bjbguthva y b`

@bkhs`fthva sb tbrdhefe ihrhdhbeia be b` âibr Juihghf`, par à guf` uef gaegbpgh÷e

fdp`hf ib` daibà ib fgtarbs ib vbta pubib hegùhr f bstb paibr.

@f gfethifi ib fgtarbs ib vbta bstæ rb`fghaefif gae `f bstfch`hifi ib `fs pa`äth-

gfs púc`hgfs. Gufeia b` fgubria ib dæs jukfiarbs bs rbqubrhia pfrf gfdchfr uef pa`äthgf, dæs ihoägh` bs àkrfrà. Be gfdcha, gufeia b` eúdbra ib fgtarbs ib vbta bs

rbiughia, bs dæs shdp`b gfdchfr b` stftu qua y par à tfeta `f hebstfch`hifi be `fs

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs bs dfyar. Be bstas gfsas, às kachbreas betrfetbs thbebe dfyar

ofgh`hifi pfrf hetraiughr daihgfghaebs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf< par a tfeta, f sugbsh÷e

ib kachbreas ib ihobrbetb shkea pa`äthga pubib gaeiughr f gaetheuas gfdchas ib pa-

`äthgfs. Be f shtufgh÷e apubstf, ue b`bvfia eúdbra ib fgtarbs ib vbta pubib hdp`hgfr

uef krfe ihgu`tfi be daihgfr `fs pa`äthgfs< be bstas gfsas, sbkúe Ysbcb`hs (3>>=),`f ibdagrfghf pubib vbrsb fobgtfif sh f`kueas fgtarbs ibsbasas ib daihgfr `fs

pa`äthgfs rbgurrbe f dbihas bxtrf-gaesthtughaef`bs pfrf àkrfr bsb acjbthva. Ib bstf

dfebrf, tfeta ue eúdbra duy pbquböa gada ue eúdbra bxgbshva ib fgtarbs gae

paibr ib vbta pubibe tbebr bobgtas ebkfthvas, be ue gfsa par `f hebstfch`hifi be `fs

pa`äthgfs y be b` atra par `f hdpashch`hifi ib gfdchfr`fs.

Be tèrdheas bstrhgtas ib ihsböa hesthtughaef`, às shstbdfs prbshibeghf`hstfs hd-

p`hgfe dfyar gfethifi ib fgtarbs ib vbta qub às shstbdfs pfr`fdbetfrhas. Gada sb

fdp`hfræ be b` gfpätuà HH, às shstbdfs prbshibeghf`bs ihstrhcuybe b` paibr betrb ue






39

àkrfr b` fgubria ib atras fgtarbs ib vbta, quhbebs ea ibsbfe beorbetfr f` Bjbguthva

be `f apheh÷e púc`hgf. F `f vbz, be `f dbihif be qub às `bkhs`fiarbs sae b`bgtas be

ihstrhtas pravheghf`bs, f ihstrhcugh÷e ib cbebghas púc`hgas f sus ihstrhtas (uef præg-

thgf mfchtuf`, par bjbdpà, be b` prbshibeghf`hsda bstfiauehibesb) pubib pbrdhthr`b

f` ^rbshibetb actbebr às vatas sughbetbs be b` Gaekrbsa pfrf fpracfr su fkbeif.

@as pfrthias pa`äthgas y às shstbdfs ib pfrthias heuybe be `fs pa`äthgfs tfdchèe

par atras dbgfehsdas. Be tfeta arkfehzfghaebs, pfrthias ib gfrfgtbrästhgfs prakrf-

dæthgfs (fqub`às qub rbspaeibe f ue hibfrha rb`fthvfdbetb bstfc`b y qub ea vfräfe

ibdfshfia su uchgfgh÷e be b` bspbgtra pa`äthga) ofgh`htfe `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib fgubrias

hetbr-tbdparf`bs, ifia qub às gadpradhsas ib sus fgtuf`bs `äibrbs tbeibræe f sbr

rbspbtfias par b` pfrthia be b` outura (Yadfsh bt f`, 3>>?). Wh pfsfdas ib` ehvb`

arkfehzfthva hetbrea ib às pfrthias f sus pfutfs ib gadpbtbeghf, tfdchèe vbdasheubeghf sacrb `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, parqub èstfs sae oardu`fifs, ebkaghfifs y

fpracfifs par às pfrthias (a par sus rbprbsbetfetbs be b` Gaekrbsa y b` kachbrea).

@f fifptfch`hifi, gaarihefgh÷e, bquhifi a bghbeghf ib `fs pa`äthgfs ibpbeibe, f`

dbeas be pfrtb, ib g÷da gadphtbe às pfrthias qub `fs hdpu`sfe. Yfdchèe `f gf-

pfghifi ib gaetra` ib às ghuififeas vfräf sbkúe g÷da sbfe `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib`

shstbdf ib pfrthias. Gufeia `f gadpbtbeghf pfrthifrhf bs va`æth` y brræthgf, y par à

tfeta `fs shk`fs pfrthifrhfs gfdchfe be gfif b`bggh÷e, rbsu`tf gadp`bja pfrf às va-

tfetbs paibr hibethgfr f às rbspaesfc`bs par `fs pa`äthgfs fiaptfifs y prbdhfràs a

gfsthkfràs be gaesbgubeghf (Fcf` Dbihef, F`bssfeira y Gmb`h 3>>;).

Ohef`dbetb, b` krfia ib efghaef`hzfgh÷e ib` shstbdf ib pfrthias bs ue ofgtar ib-

tbrdhefetb be `f gf`hifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs (F`bssfeira, 3>63). Be tèrdheas kbebrf-

`bs, b` ehvb` ib efghaef`hzfgh÷e heihgf be què dbihif `f pa`äthgf ib ue pfäs sb mf``f

bstrugturfif par tbdfs y gaehgtas praphas ib ÷rchtfs efghaef`bs a sucefghaef`bs.

Be shstbdfs paga efghaef`hzfias, às `bkhs`fiarbs kuäfe su gadpartfdhbeta prhegh-

pf`dbetb par gubsthaebs praphfs ib su ihstrhta, y par à tfeta `f ihrbggh÷e pfrthifrhfefghaef` thbeb dbearbs rbgursas pfrf ihsghp`hefr su vata be b` rbgheta. âr à tfeta,

às Bjbguthvas tbeiräfe dfyarbs ihgu`tfibs pfrf gaestruhr gaf`hghaebs iurfibrfs y

fpracfr pa`äthgfs be b` Gaekrbsa. Be sbkueia ùkfr, b` krfia ib efghaef`hzfgh÷e ib`

shstbdf pfrthifrha sb vhegu`f tfdchèe gae às grhtbrhas qub às pfrthias uth`hzfe, ibs-

ib b` kachbrea efghaef`, pfrf ihstrhcuhr rbgursas betrb às kachbreas sucefghaef`bs.

Re pfrthia gae fpayas gaegbetrfias be ibtbrdhefifs rbkhaebs pubib prharhzfr bsfs

zaefs be `f fiapgh÷e b hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs, be ibsdbira ib atras grhtbrhas

(gada `f bquhifi a `f bghbeghf).




32

@f efghaef`hzfgh÷e ib` shstbdf ib pfrthias tfdchèe pubib heuhr be `fs pa`äth -

gfs púc`hgfs f` bsthdu`fr ihsthetas ehvb`bs ib gbetrf`hzfgh÷e a ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib`

Bstfia. ^frthias pravheghf`bs paibrasas, par bjbdpà, pubibe ebkaghfr fpayas gae

às kachbreas efghaef`bs f gfdcha ib actbebr uef dfyar ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib gad-

pbtbeghfs y rbgursas mfghf ehvb`bs sucefghaef`bs ib kachbrea. Be gfdcha, gufeia b`shstbdf ib pfrthias bstæ dæs efghaef`hzfia, bs pracfc`b qub às pfrthias cusqube

rboarzfr `fs gfpfghifibs ib` ehvb` gbetrf` ib kachbrea. (_f`b eatfr, ib taifs oardfs,

qub f`kueas futarbs pastu`fe uef gfusf`hifi be sbethia gaetrfrha: Gmmhccbr y La``-

dfe -3>>9- frdfe qub b` ehvb` ib gbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib` Bstfia bs b` qub ibtbrdhef b`

ehvb` ib efghaef`hzfgh÷e ib` shstbdf pfrthifrha).

Mfstf b` dadbeta, mfc`fdas ib às âibrbs Bjbguthvas gada fgtarbs uehgfias

be às pragbsas ib tadf ib ibghshaebs. Whe bdcfrka, gada F``hsae (68?8) y uef bx-tbesf `htbrfturf pastbrhar à ftbsthkufe, f` hetbrhar ib às kachbreas bxhstbe eudbra-

sas fgtarbs qub tfdchèe gadphtbe par mfgbr prbvf`bgbr su pashgh÷e. @as oueghaefrhas

gadphtbe ea s÷à par prbobrbeghfs y fdchghaebs pbrsaef`bs, shea tfdchèe par às

hegbethvas qub su pashgh÷e `bs kbebrf. Bspbghf`dbetb gufeia dú`thp`bs arkfehsdas

praiugbe pa`äthgfs y rbku`fghaebs sacrb uef dhsdf bsobrf (gada agurrb, par bjbd-

pà, be `f bsobrf bgae÷dhgf, qub sub`b gadprbeibr ea s÷à f` Dhehstbrha ib Bgaea-

däf shea tfdchèe f atrfs ærbfs ib kachbrea) bs mfchtuf` qub gfif oueghaefrha cusqub

fdp`hfr `fs gadpbtbeghfs ib su prapha arkfehsda. @as kachbreas fiaptfe ihsthetasdbgfehsdas pfrf `f rbsaùgh÷e ib bstfs ihvbrkbeghfs. Be f`kueas gfsas, às ^rbsh-

ibetbs prbbrbe sbr b`às dhsdas às ibghsarbs ef`bs be krfe gfethifi ib ærbfs,

bsthdu`feia uef gadpbtbeghf betrb sus oueghaefrhas sucarihefias (ue ‐bquhpa ib

rhvf`bs—) qub `b kfrfethgb f` ^rbshibetb dú`thp`bs gfef`bs ib heoardfgh÷e ea `trfif.

Be atras gfsas, as rbshibetbs ofvarbgbe qub sus oueghaefrhas `bkube f fgubrias be

hestfeghfs heobrharbs, rbsbrvæeiasb `f hetbrvbegh÷e prbshibeghf` s÷à pfrf às gfsas

iaeib b` gaesbesa ib su bquhpa ea oub pashc`b. @a qub fdcas daibàs rb`bvfe, ibtaifs oardfs, bs qub `f hibf ib ue fgtar uehgfia y daea`äthga be `f tadf ib ibgh-

shaebs eh shquhbrf bs p`fushc`b f` hetbrhar ib às âibrbs Bjbguthvas.

Be ibehthvf, be às rbkädbebs ibdagræthgas `f hibf gbetrf` bs `f bxhstbeghf ib

uef pùrf`hifi ib fgtarbs qub pfrthghpfe ib `f oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @as

ihsthetas krupas, bvhibetbdbetb, pasbbe ibshkuf`bs gfpfghifibs ib heubeghf. Gada

sb prbkuetfrf Sacbrt Ifm` (68?6) mfgb yf vfrhfs iègfifs: ‐be ue shstbdf pa`äthga be

b` qub gfsh gfif fiu`ta pubib vatfr, pbra be b` qub b` gaeaghdhbeta, `f rhqubzf, `f

pashgh÷e saghf`, b` fggbsa f `f fidhehstrfgh÷e y atras rbgursas bstæe ibshkuf`dbetb

ihstrhcuhias, ±quhèe kachbref rbf`dbetb1—. Sbspaeibr bstf oueifdbetf` prbkuetf




3?

rbdhtb ebgbsfrhfdbetb f f ihsgush÷e prbvhf sacrb b` Bstfia y fs rb`fghaebs saghf`bs.

Bs heiuifc`b qub b` Bstfia, be sus dú`thp`bs y gaetrfihgtarhfs frhstfs, rbbjf be pfr -

tb às bquh`hcrhas ib paibr betrb às krupas saghf`bs< pbra tfdchèe pfrbgb heiuifc`b

may qub quhbebs agupfe `fs pashghaebs kucbrefdbetf`bs thbebe ghbrtf futaeadäf

pfrf ibsfrra``fr pa`äthgfs qub ea rbspaeife ihrbgtfdbetb f bsfs prbshaebs saghf`bs.Fef`hzfeia `f iheædhgf ib às àcchbs gufeia sb ihsgutbe gfdchas be `fs pa`äth-

gfs púc`hgfs bstfiauehibesbs, Cfudkfrtebr y atras (3>>8) dastrfrae, par bjbdpà,

qub às sbgtarbs dæs paibrasas ib `f bgaeadäf ea àkrfe hdpaebr sus prbobrbeghfs

ib pa`äthgfs ib daia shkehgfthvfdbetb dæs orbgubetb qub atras krupas. Bsta agu-

rrb, be pfrtb, parqub `f shtufgh÷e fgtuf` yf rbbjf bquh`hcrhas ib paibr qub ofvarbgbe

f às dæs paibrasas, par à guf` ea ebgbsfrhfdbetb bsas sbgtarbs va`vbräfe f àkrfr

às gfdchas qub ibsbfe. ^bra agurrb, tfdchèe, parqub bstas krupas ea sae mada-kèebas f su hetbrhar, gae à guf` bs ofgthc`b qub fpfrbzgfe beorbetfias fetb pashc`bs

gfdchas ib pa`äthgfs. @a qub bxhstbe sae gaf`hghaebs gfdchfetbs ib krupas ib hetbrès

be pukef sbkúe b` tbdf be ihsgush÷e, y par bsa s÷à rfrf vbz ‐às paibrasas— fgtúfe

uehgfifdbetb hdpu`sfeia sus hetbrbsbs. Bstfs shtufghaebs ib bdpftb betrb krupas

kbebrfe qub b` fgtar dæs ibghshva pfrf às gfdchas ib pa`äthgfs sbfe às ^rbshibe-

tbs. Bstb mf``fzka bdpärhga bs uef cubef eathghf pfrf `f tbaräf ibdagræthgf: hdp`hgf

qub b` vata (`f b`bggh÷e ib quhèe bjbrgb `f ^rbshibeghf) bs ue ofgtar dæs heuybetb

qub `f gaegbetrfgh÷e ib rbgursas bgae÷dhgas pfrf heuhr be `f tadf ib ibghshaebs.

Ib taifs dfebrfs, bsta vfräf be ihsthetas pfäsbs, gaetbxtas, dadbetas mhst÷rhgas y

tbdfs be ihsgush÷e.

@f gadpbtbeghf betrb fgtarbs pa`äthgas ea sb if sa`fdbetb sacrb às tbdfs yf

prbsbetbs be `f fkbeif púc`hgf, shea prbghsfdbetb be b` hetbeta par ibehr às gaetb-

ehias ib bsf fkbeif. [h``hfd Shlbr (68=3) mf fguöfia b` tèrdhea ‐mbrbstbshs— pfrf

rbobrhrsb f bstb hetbeta par heuhr be `fs ghrguestfeghfs ib `f b`bggh÷e pa`äthgf. @as

agupfetbs ib ghbrtfs pashghaebs (gada às prbshibetbs ib `fs gadhshaebs `bkhs`fthvfsbe b` Gaekrbsa Efghaef`) thbebe ue g`fra paibr ib jfgh÷e ib fkbeif, f` ibehr guæ-

`bs sae às tbdfs qub sb sadbtbræe f vatfgh÷e y be què aribe. ^bra dæs be kbebrf`,

taias às fgtarbs trftfe ib heuhr be `f fkbeif púc`hgf pfrf prharhzfr fqub`às tbdfs

be às qub pairæe rbsu`tfr vbegbiarbs. âr bjbdpà, quhbe bstæ be dhearäf be ghbrtf

shtufgh÷e pubib hetraiughr ue eubva fsueta be ihsgush÷e, pfrf trftfr ib ihvhihr f `f

dfyaräf bxhstbetb. Shlbr gaeshibrf qub bstf bstrftbkhf gaeshstb be f`tbrfr b` eúdbra

ib ‐ihdbeshaebs ib bvfùfgh÷e—: f` sudfr eubvas gadpaebetbs f` tbdf be gubsth÷e,

`f gaf`hgh÷e dfyarhtfrhf pubib fmarf vbrsb ihvhihif par b` eubva fsueta be ihsgush÷e.






3=

Fcf` Dbihef, Jufe Dfeub`, Dfrt äe F`bssfeira y Kfcrhb`f Gmb`h , ‐Gaetra`feia fàs rbprbsbetfetbs: uef rbvhsh÷e tb÷rhgf y gaegbptuf` ib `f fggauetfch`hty vbr-thgf`—, be Jufe Dfeub` Fcf` Dbihef (Bi.) Bvfùfeia b` ibsbdpböa ibdagræ-thga ib `fs hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs frkbethefs, Cubeas Fhrbs, ^radbtba, 3>>;.

Fguöf, Gfràs, ‐Hetraiuggh÷e—, be Gfràs Fguöf (Gadp.) @bgturfs sacrb b` Bs-

tfia y `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: rbtadfeia b` ibcftb ib fybr pfrf oartf`bgbr b`fgtuf`, Cubeas Fhrbs, Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib Dhehstras, 3>>=.

F`bssfeira, Dfrt äe, ‐±Ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e she ibsefghaef`hzfgh÷e1 trfesoardfgha-ebs be `f bstrugturf bstftf` y `f gadpbtbeghf pa`äthgf be `f Frkbethef (68=7-3>>;)—. Ybshs ib Dfbsträf, Rehvbrshifi Yargufta Ih Yb``f, 3>63.

F``hsae, Krfmfd Y., ‐Gaegbptuf` Daib`s fei tmb Gucfe Dhssh`b—. Fdbrhgfe â-`hthgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw, ?8 (7): ?=8-;6=, 68?8.

Cfudkfrtebr, Orfel S. bt f`., @accyhek fei pa`hgy gmfekb. [ma whes, wma àsbsfei wmy. Gmhgfka, Rehvbrshty ao Gmhgfka ^rbss, 3>>8.

Gfrfdfeh, Ifehb`b, Gadpfrfthvb â`hthgs. Axoari, Axoari Rehvbrshty ^rbss,3>>=..

Gmmhccbr, ^rfibbp y Lbe La``dfe, Ymb Oardfthae ao Efthaef` ^frty Wystbds:Obibrf`hsd fei ^frty Gadpbththae he Gfefif, Krbft Crhtfhe, Heihf, fei tmbRehtbi Wtftbs, ^rhegbtae, ^r hegbtae Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>9..

Ga``hbr, Ifvhi y Wtbvbe @bvhtsly, ‐Sbsbfrgm Eatb: Ibdagrfgy whtm Fijbgthvbs:Gaegbptuf` Heeavfthae he Gadpfrfthvb Sbsbfrgm—. [arì â`hthgs, 98 (7): 97>-926, 688;.

Ifm`, Sacbrt, [ma kavbres1, Ebw Mfvbe, Xf`b Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68?6.

Bfstae, Ifvhi, Bsqubdfs pfrf b` feæ`hshs pa`äthga, Cubeas Fhrbs, Fdarrartu,68?8.

@fsswb``, Mfraì, â`hthgs: [ma kbts [mft, [mbe fei Maw, Ebw Xarl, DbrhihfeCaals, 682=.

@hez, Jufe, Yatf`htfrhfe fei futmarhtfrhfe rbkhdbs, Cauìbr, @yeeb Shbeebr,3>>>.

Dfee, Dhgmfb`, @fs oubetbs ib` paibr saghf`. _aùdbe HH, Dfirhi, F`hfezf ,6886.

Dab, Ybrry, ‐âwbr fei â`hthgf` Hesthtuthaes—. ^brspbgthvbs ae â`hthgs, 7: 362-

377, 3>>2.A‘Iaeeb``, Kuh``brda, ‐Fgbrgf ib` bstfia, `f ibdagrfthzfgh÷e y f`kueas prac`b-

dfs gaegbptuf`bs. Ref pbrspbgthvf `ftheafdbrhgfef gae rbobrbeghf f pfäsbs pasgaduehstfs—. Ibsfr ra` à Bgae÷dhga, 77 (67>): 6?7-6=9, 6887.

A‘Iaeeb``, Kuh``brda, ‐Ib`bkfthvb Ibdagrfgy—, Jauref` ao Ibdagrfgy, 2 (6):22-?8, 6889.

Aoob, G`fus, ‐Ibdagrfghf gadpbththvf ib pfrthias y bstfia ib chbebstfr lbyeb-shfea. Sbo`bxhaebs fgbrgf ib sus `hdhtfghaebs mhst÷rhgfs—, be Gfràs Fguöf(Gadp.) @bgturfs sacrb b` Bstfia y `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: rbtadfeia b` ibcftb

ib fybr pfrf oartf`bgbr b` fgtuf`, Cubeas Fhrbs, Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib Dh-ehstras, 3>>=.




38

Asz`fl, Asgfr, ‐Oardfgh÷e mhst÷rhgf ib` Bstfia be Fdèrhgf @fthef: b`bdbetastb÷rhga-dbtaia`÷khgas pfrf su bstuiha—, be Gfràs Fguöf (Gadp.) @bgturfssacrb b` Bstfia y `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: rbtadfeia b` ibcftb ib fybr pfrfoartf`bgbr b` fgtuf`, Cubeas Fhrbs, Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib Dhehstras, 3>>=.

Shlbr, [h``hfd, ‐â`hthgf` Ymbary fei tmb Frt ao Mbrbstmbthgs—, Fdbrhgfe â`hth-

gf` Wghbegb Fssaghfthae Feeuf` Dbbthek, 3 f` 2 ib Wbpthbdcrb, 68=3.Wgalpa`, Ymbif, ‐B` Bstfia rbkrbsf f` prhdbr p`fea: Bstrftbkhfs ib feæ`hshs be

`f hevbsthkfgh÷e fgtuf`—, be Gfràs Fguöf (Gadp.) @bgturfs sacrb b` Bstfia y`fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: rbtadfeia b` ibcftb ib fybr pfrf oartf`bgbr b` fgtuf`,Cubeas Fhrbs, Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib Dhehstras, 3>>=.

Yadfsh, Dfrhfea bt f`., Ymb pa`hthgs ao pa`hghbs. Bgaeadhg fei saghf` prakrbss he@fthe Fdbrhgf, [fsmhektae IG: Hetbr-Fdbrhgfe Ibvbàpdbet Cfel / IfvhiSaglbob``br Gbetbr oar @fthe Fdbrhgfe Wtuihbs / Mfrvfri Rehvbrshty, 3>>?.

Ysbcb`hs, Kbarkb, ‐@f tadf ib ibghshaebs be às shstbdfs pa`äthgas. Fgtarbs ib

vbta be b` prbshibeghf`hsda, pfr`fdbetfr hsda, du`thgfdbrf`hsda y du`thpfr-thihsda—, be Gfràs Fguöf (Gadp.) @bgturfs sacrb b` Bstfia y `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: rbtadfeia b` ibcftb ib fybr pfrf oar tf`bgbr b` fgtuf`, Cubeas Fhrbs,Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib Dhehstras, 3>>=.

[bcbr, Dfx, ‐@f pa`äthgf gada vagfgh÷e—, be B` pa`äthga y b` ghbetäohga, Dfirhi,F`hfezf, 68=; \6868T.

[bcbr, Dfx, Bgaeadäf y Waghbifi, Dèxhga, Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 68?9.

[h`sae, [aairaw, ‐Ymb stuiy ao fidhehst rfthae—, â`hthgf` Wghbegb Vufr tbr`y, HH(3):68;-333, 6==;.








73

b` obibrf`hsda, qub supaeb `f ib`bkfgh÷e ib ofgu`tfibs f sucuehifibs kbakrægfs.

Bstf ihdbesh÷e iha arhkbe f `f ihobrbeghfgh÷e betrb kachbreas uehtfrhas y kachbreas

obibrf`bs.

3.6. @f ihstrhcugh÷e marhzaetf` ib` paibr: pfr`fdbetfrhsda yprbshibeghf`hsda

B` prhdbr grhtbrha pfrf ihsthekuhr betrb ihvbrsas rbkädbebs ibdagræthgas sb cfsf be

`f ihvhsh÷e marhzaetf` ib` paibr betrb às ihsthetas paibrbs qub gaeoardfe b` Bstfia.

Bsta pbrdhtb ihsthekuhr betrb kachbreas prbshibeghf`hstfs, pfr`fdbetfrhas y sbdh-

prbshibeghf`hstfs. Gada vbrbdas, às shstbdfs prbshibeghf`hstfs thbeibe f uef df-

yar ihspbrsh÷e hesthtughaef` ib` paibr, dhbetrfs qub às kachbreas pfr`fdbetfrhstfs

pradubvbe uef dfyar gaegbetrfgh÷e ib` paibr< às shstbdfs sbdhprbshibeghf`hstfsasgh`fe betrb fdcfs gfrfgtbrästhgfs.

@f prheghpf` ihsthegh÷e betrb b` prbshibeghf`hsda y b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda pfsf par f

oardf ib b`bggh÷e ib` aibr Bjbguthva, y par f bxhstbeghf a ea ib ue dfeifta ja ib

iurfgh÷e be b` gfrka. Be às shstbdfs prbshibeghf`hstfs, b` pubcà b`hkb ihrbgtfdbetb

b` thtu`fr ib` Bjbguthva (b` prbshibetb) y f às dhbdcras ib` Gaekrbsa< be ue pfr`f-

dbetfrhsda, be gfdcha, b`hkb f às dhbdcras ib` @bkhs`fthva y sae bstas quhbebs

sb`bgghaefe f` thtu`fr ib` Bjbguthva (b` prhdbr dhehstra). F su vbz, be b` prbshibeghf-`hsda `f iurfgh÷e ib` dfeifta ib prbshibetbs y `bkhs`fiarbs bstæ ibtbrdhefif par `f

Gaesthtugh÷e< be b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda, be gfdcha, as dfeiftas pubibe fgartfrsb, par

bjbdpà sh b` fr`fdbeta rbdubvb f` prhdbr dhehstra a sh bstb ihsub`vb f` fr`fdbeta

y gaevagf f eubvfs b`bgghaebs. B` shkuhbetb gufira rbsudb bstas ias ftrhcutas:

Dfeifta ja Whe dfeifta ja

B`bggh÷e ihrbgtf ib` B ^rbshibeghf`hsda -

B`bggh÷e heihrbgtf ib` B - ^fr`fdbetfrhsda

@fs ias gbìfs ea ibsgrhptfs garrbspaeibe f gfsas mäcrhias, qub gubetfe gae

duy pagas fetbgbibetbs mhst÷rhgas. Agurrb qub fdcas ftrhcutas vfe `÷khgfdbetb

gaebgtfias. Wh, par bjbdpà, b` thtu`fr ib` Bjbguthva oubrf b`bgta ihrbgtfdbetb par b`

pubcà pbra puihbrf sbr rbdavhia par b` @bkhs fthva, pairäf agurrhr uef pbrdfebetb

hebstfch`hifi, ibchia f `f b`bggh÷e ib Bjbguthvas qub ea ebgbsfrhfdbetb tuvhbrfe

rbspfìa `bkhs`fthva.




77

Ifia qub prbshibetbs y Gaekrbsas sae b`bgtas be oardf heibpbeihbetb be b` prb-

shibeghf`hsda, bxhstb `f pashch`hifi ib kachbreas ihvhihias, gae ihsthetas pfrthias

gaetra`feia fdcas pfrthias. Be b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda, be gfdcha, ifia qub b` @b-

khs`fthva sb`bgghaef f` Bjbguthva, mfy prægthgfdbetb uef kfrfetäf ib qub ue dhsda

pfrthia a gaf`hgh÷e gaetra`fræ fdcas paibrbs. âr beib, b` prbshibeghf`hsda pradub-vb uef dfyar ihspbrsh÷e hesthtughaef` ib` paibr, dhbetrfs qub b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda

hegbethvf uef oush÷e ib paibrbs.

3.6.6. fr`fdbetfrhsda

B` arhkbe ib` pfr`fdbetfrhsda bstæ fsaghfia gae b` pfsfjb ib `f daefrquäf fcsaùtf

f f daefrquäf gaesthtughaef`, ib f dfea ib f Sbvaùgh÷e kàrhasf hek`bsf ib` shkà

]_HH. F pfrthr ib betaegbs, `fs ibghshaebs ib` rby qubifrae sujbtfs f `f fpracfgh÷e

ib` ^fr`fdbeta. Bs fsä qub `f daefrquäf fcsaùtf pfs÷ f gaesthtuhrsb be uef daefr-

quäf gaesthtughaef`. Wurkh÷ betaegbs `f kurf ib` prhdbr dhehstra, qub brf b` gaesb -

jbra prheghpf` ib `f garaef y qub fiquhrh÷ `f ouegh÷e ib prbshihr b` Gaesbja Sbf`, y

gadbez÷ f ibsfrra``frsb `f gaegbpgh÷e ib qub `f rbspaesfch`hifi pa`äthgf ib ihgma

Gaesbja a kfchebtb orbetb f `f Fsfdc`bf sbräf dbjar fsbkurfif sh sus dhbdcras

oubrfe shdu`tæebfdbetb dhbdcras ib` ^fr`fdbeta.

B` rbsu`tfia ib bstb pragbsa mhst÷rhga qub fcfrg÷ dæs ib ue shkà y dbiha oub b` pfsfjb ib `f daefrquäf gaesthtughaef` f `f daefrquäf pfr`fdbetfrhf, be b` qub oub

ibg`hefeia b` paibr rbf` y sb oub oartf`bghbeia shdu`tæebfdbetb b` fr`fdbeta gada

÷rkfea pa`äthga. Be bstb dfrga, b` prhdbr dhehstra y su kfchebtb sb heibpbeihzfrae

ib` rby, fpraphæeiasb krfiuf`dbetb ib sus prbrrakfthvfs kucbrefdbetf`bs b hegrb-

dbetfeia su ibpbeibeghf ib` ÷rkfea `bkhs`fthva, b` guf` hetbkrfe y orbetb f` qub ib-

cbe rbspaeibr. Fsä, b` prhdbr dhehstra sb gaevhrth÷ be b` jbob ib kachbrea, f` thbdpa

qub b` daefrgf dfetuva b` gfrka ib jbob ib Bstfia, uef pashgh÷e dfyardbetb oardf`

y shdc÷`hgf (Zb`fzehl, 3>>7).

Be b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda `f rb`fgh÷e betrb b` âibr Bjbguthva y b` âibr @bkhs`fthva

sb gfrfgtbrhzf par `f oush÷e ib fdcas, bs ibghr qub às kachbreas sae ibshkefias,

fpayfias y ibsthtuhias f trfvès ib` vata ib` ^fr`fdbeta (Wfrtarh, 6889). B` jbob ib`

Bjbguthva, ``fdfia prhdbr dhehstra, bs b`bkhia par b` @bkhs`fthva, paibr fetb b` guf`

bs rbspaesfc`b jueta f su kfchebtb, pubs ibpbeib ib su gaefezf y pubib vbr ibs -

thtuhia f trfvès ib ue ‐vata ib gbesurf—. âr à tfeta, b` dfeifta ib ue prhdbrd ea

bstæ ja. F `f vbz, b` prhdbr dhehstra thbeb `f patbstfi ib ihsa`vbr b` ^fr`fdbeta ygaevagfr f b`bgghaebs pfrf `f gaeoardfgh÷e ib uea eubva, fggh÷e qub sub`be ibsf-




79

rra``fr às Bjbguthvas gufeia prbvèe ue hedhebetb vata ib gbesurf pfr`fdbetfrha. Be pfäsbs pfr`fdbetfrhas, às vatfetbs b`hkbe f às dhbdcras ib` ^fr`fdbeta, qub ùbkasb`bgghaefe ib betrb sus dhbdcras f` thtu`fr ib` Bjbguthva (prhdbr dhehstra) y f às atrashetbkrfetbs ib` kfchebtb. Be bstf hdfkbe (tadfif ib Fcf` Dbihef, 3>6>) sb acsbrvfe àsgfeihiftas f` ^fr`fdbeta ib às ihsthetas pfrthias be ue ihstrhta b`bgtarf`.

Be às shstbdfs pfr`fdbetfrhas bxhstb uef ihsthegh÷e ib oueghaebs betrb b` jbob ib

kachbrea (b` prhdbr dhehstra), quhbe begfcbzf b` kachbrea, y b` jbob ib Bstfia, qub

bjbrgb ue ra` dfyardbetb shdc÷`hga y gbrbdaehf`. B` jbob ib Bstfia pubib sbr ue

rby, be às pfäsbs daeærquhgas, a ue prbshibetb, be às pfäsbs rbpuc`hgfeas. B` jbob ib

Bstfia bs quhbe oardf`dbetb prapaeb `f ibshkefgh÷e ib` prhdbr dhehstra, pbra bs b`

^fr`fdbeta (f trfvès ib uef dfyaräf oardfif par ue pfrthia a gaf`hgh÷e ib pfrthias)

quhbe rbf`dbetb ibeb quhèe agupf bsb gfrka. Ib taifs dfebrfs, be ghbrtfs agfsha -

ebs ib grhshs a gaedagh÷e efghaef` b` jbob ib Bstfia pubib ibsbdpböfr ue ofgtar ib

uehifi, be `f dbihif be qub sb trftf ib uef pbrsaef`hifi qub sb uchgf par beghdfib `f ihsputf pfrthifrhf.

Wh chbe b` prhdbr dhehstra bs quhbe ihrhkb b` kachbrea, be `f oardf g`æshgf ib

pfr`fdbetfrhsda b` âibr Bjbguthva bs ib gfrægtbr ga`bgthva, gaeoardfia par `f ta-

tf`hifi ib` kfchebtb a Gaesbja ib Dhehstras. F` rbspbgta, Wfrtarh (6889) ibstfgf qub

b` prhdbr dhehstras pubib rb`fghaefrsb gae às ibdæs hetbkrfetbs ib` kfchebtb ib ih-

vbrsfs oardfs: gada ue ‐prhdbra par beghdf ib sus ibshkuf`bs—, gada ue ‐prhdbra

betrb ibshkuf`bs— a gada ue ‐prhdbra betrb hkuf`bs—. Re ‐prhdbra par beghdf ib

sus ibshkuf`bs— bs b` jbob ib` Bjbguthva qub rbf`dbetb ihrhkb b` kachbrea y qub f `f




72

vbz bs jbob ib` pfrthia kacbrefetbs, par à qub ihoägh`dbetb pubib sbr ibsthtuhia par

b` vata ib` fr`fdbeta. Fibdæs, ibshkef a rbdubvb sbkúe b p`fgb f as dhehstras ib

su kfchebtb, qub `b sae g`frfdbetb sucarihefias. @as prhdbras dhehstras crhtæehgas

mfchtuf`dbetb mfe begfrefia bstf kurf.

Re ‐prhdbra betrb ibshkuf`bs— bs b` prhdbr dhehstra qub shkub tbehbeia uef pa-shgh÷e ib prbbdhebeghf, pbra qub kachbref fpayfia par uef gaf`hgh÷e ib dú`thp`bs

pfrthias. âr à tfeta, ea bs jbob ib taias às pfrthias qub hetbkrfe b` kachbrea. @as

prhdbras dhehstras f`bdfebs (ibeadhefias ‐Gfegh``brbs—) rbprbsbetfe bstf kurf.

Ohef`dbetb, ue ‐prhdbra betrb hkuf`bs— bs ue prhdbr dhehstra qub gfb gae sus dhehs-

tras, qub kbebrf`dbetb ibcb hegùhr be b` kfchebtb f dhehstras qub `b sae hdpubstas

par atras pfrthias ib `f gaf`hgh÷e y qub prbsbetf paga gaetra` sacrb b` krupa. Sbkä-

dbebs pfr`fdbetfrhas f`tfdbetb hebstfc`bs (gada `fs rbpúc`hgfs orfegbsf b htf`hfefib gadhbezas y dbihfias ib` shkà ]]) sae bjbdpàs ib bstb gftbkaräf.

Be b` bjbdpà pura ib pfr`fdbetfrhsda, rbprbsbetfia par b` daibà crhtæehga,

`fs ibghshaebs ib` pfr`fdbeta sae sacbrfefs, y par beib ea bstæe sujbtfs f rbvhsh÷e

juihghf`. Wh chbe bstb rfska mf shia dfthzfia hegùsa be b` gfsa ib Krfe Crbtföf, ib-

dubstrf par què ibghdas qub b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda bs uef oardf ib kachbrea fsaghfif

f `f gaegbetrfgh÷e hesthtughaef` ib` paibr. F su vbz, ibetra ib às pfr`fdbetfrhsdas

b` ``fdfia daibà ‐wbstdhestbr— a ‐dfyarhtfrha— (@hjpmfrt, 6886) bs b` qub dæs

gaegbetrf b` paibr be b` kachbrea. Bstb daibà sb gfrfgtbrhzf par uef sbrhb ib rfs-kas, b` prheghpf` ib às guf`bs bs `f bxhstbeghf ib ue kachbrea oardfia par ue úehga

pfrthia pa`äthga, qub bs f`tfdbetb ihsghp`hefia y par à tfeta thbeb kfrfethzfif be

b` ^fr`fdbeta `f fpracfgh÷e ib `fs ibghshaebs ibehifs par `f ihrbggh÷e ib` pfrthia

aghf`hstf. Be bstb daibà, f su vbz, ea bxhstbe atras dbgfehsdas ib ihspbrsh÷e ib`

paibr: b` kachbrea bs uehtfrha y b` @bkhs`fthva bs uehgfdbrf`, fsbkurfeia f` kachbr-

ea uef fdp`hf `hcbrtfi be `f tadf ib ibghshaebs sacrb pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Ib mbgma, `f

hebstfch`hifi y orbgubetb rbvbrsh÷e ib ghbrtfs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be `f Krfe Crbtföfib dbihfias ib` shkà ]] (gada `f efghaef`hzfgh÷e ib bdprbsfs cfja kachbreas ib`

^frthia @fcarhstf y `f sucshkuhbetb prhvfthzfgh÷e cfja kachbreas Gaesbrvfiarbs) mf

shia bxp`hgfif par bstb cfja eúdbras ib ‐fgtarbs ib vbta— (Ysbcb`hs, 3>>3).

B` daibà apubsta f` ib wbstdhestbr b` ib ‐gaesbesa— (@hjpmfrt, 6886). Bstb thpa

ib pfr`fdbetfrhsda bs mfchtuf` be saghbifibs mbtbrakèebfs, qub prbsbetfe uef ih-

vbrshifi ib krupas (ètehgas, `hekðästhgas, rb`hkhasas) f su hetbrhar, y qub às hegùyb

be `f tadf ib ibghshaebs pfrf bvhtfr qub dhearäfs bxgùhifs qubibe par oubrf ib`

jubka ibdagræthga. Bstb daibà ea sb gfrfgtbrhzf par kachbreas ib ue úehga pfr-




7?

thia shea par gaf`hghaebs ib kachbrea, gaeshibrfeia fibdæs qub sub`be gaetfr gae

shstbdfs b`bgtarf`bs qub f`hbetfe `f oardfgh÷e ib dú`thp`bs pfrthias qub rbbjfe `f

mbtbrakbebhifi saghf`. F `f vbz, b` paibr tfdchèe sb ihstrhcuyb vbrthgf`dbetb gae ue

oardfta obibrf`, iatfeia ib fdp`hf futaeadäf f krupas tbrrhtarhf`dbetb sbpfrfias

ib ifrsb sus praphfs eardfs be ihsthetfs ærbfs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf. F ihobrbeghf ib`daibà wbstdhestbr, uef Gaesthtugh÷e bsgrhtf y b` gaetra` juihghf` ib `f gaesthtugha-

ef`hifi ib `fs `bybs tbrdhef par pbrdhthr uef ihoush÷e dfyar ib` paibr. ^fäsbs gae

racustfs dhearäfs ètehgfs (gada Cè`khgf a Wuhzf) mfe hdp`bdbetfia vfrhfetbs ib

bstb daibà.

3.6.3. ^rbshibeghf`hsda

B` prbshibeghf`hsda thbeb su arhkbe be às Bstfias Rehias, ibsib iaeib sb mf bx-

pfeihia f atrfs rbkhaebs, hegùybeia, gbetrf`dbetb, f Fdèrhgf @fthef. @f Gaesth-

tugh÷e bstfiauehibesb bjbrgh÷ uef paibrasf heubeghf sacrb às gaesthtughaef`hstfs

`ftheafdbrhgfeas, pbra fibdæs b` prbshibeghf`hsda vbeäf f sup`hr uef gfrbeghf qub

b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda ea paiäf rbsa`vbr: gufeia às eubvas pfäsbs gaequhstfrae su

heibpbeibeghf ib `f Garaef, ea tbeäfe ue rby qub puihbrf ibsbdpböfr `f ouegh÷e ib

jbob ib Bstfia (Wfrtarh, 6889). Whbeia rbpúc`hgfs, b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda prapha ib `fs

daefrquäfs gaesthtughaef`bs ib `f èpagf ea brf ue daibà úth`.B` prbshibeghf`hsda bs ue shstbdf qub ihspbrsf b` paibr prbghsfdbetb gada rbsu`-

tfia ib `fs prbagupfghaebs ib às gaesthtughaef`hstfs bstfiauehibesbs. Èstas tbdäfe

fetb taia `f gaegbetrfgh÷e ib` paibr, yf oubrf be ue Bjbguthva qub sb fsbdbjfrf f`

rby ib `f fethkuf dbtr÷pa`h a be `f kurf ib ue @bkhs`fthva qub bxprbsfrf she orbeas

`fs pfshaebs b hetbrbsbs ib `fs dfyaräfs papu`frbs. ^frf bsa grbfrae ue shstbdf ib

‐orbeas y gaetrfpbsas— betrb paibrbs b`bgtas ib oardf heibpbeihbetb, y sbpfrfias

tfdchèe be `f iurfgh÷e ib sus dfeiftas. Atras ihspashthvas hesthtughaef`bs (gada b`

chgfdbrf`hsda `bkhs`fthva, b` obibrf`hsda, `f b`bggh÷e heihrbgtf ib` prbshibetb db-

ihfetb ue ga`bkha b`bgtarf`, `f Gartb Wuprbdf ib Justhghf, btg.) racustbgäfe bstf fd-

p`hf ihstrhcugh÷e ib` paibr betrb dú`thp`bs fgtarbs.

Gada oub heihgfia fetbrhardbetb, b` prbshibeghf`hsda sb gfrfgtbrhzf par `f b`bg-

gh÷e heibpbeihbetb ib` prbshibetb y b` Gaekrbsa, y par `f iurfgh÷e jf ib às dfe-

iftas ib quhbebs agupfe bsas gfrkas. Fsä, às prbshibetbs sae b`bgtas papu`frdbetb,

yf sbf be oardf ihrbgtf a gfsh ihrbgtf (par bjbdpà, dbihfetb ue ga`bkha b`bgtarf`,

guyas dhbdcras sae b`bgtas par as ghuififeas y qub saà thbeb gada tfrbf f eadh-efgh÷e ib` prbshibetb< fúe may às Bstfias Rehias thbebe bstb shstbdf, y `f Frkbe-




7;

thef à uth`hz÷ mfstf 6889). Fshdhsda, às prbshibetbs ea pubibe sbr ibsthtuhias par

b` @bkhs`fthva, bxgbpta be ghrguestfeghfs y dbihfetb dfyaräfs bxgbpghaef`bs (gada

b` ‐juhgha pa`äthga—), y tfdpaga pubibe às prbshibetbs fgartfr às dfeiftas ib às

`bkhs`fiarbs.

@f Frkbethef uth`hz÷ ue ga`bkha b`bgtarf` pfrf ibshkefr f` prbshibetb mfstf `f rboardf

gaesthtughaef` ib 6889. Be bstf ca`btf ib 689? (tadfif ib Fcf` Dbihef, 3>6>) sb acsbrvf b`

`hstfia ib gfeihiftas f b`bgtarbs ib `f ^ravheghf ib Cubeas Fhrbs qub fpayfcfe `f o÷rdu`f

^br÷e-Vuhjfea< fqub``f o÷rdu`f qub rbueäf uef dfyaräf ib b`bgtarbs be b` ga`bkha b`bgtarf`

brf gaesfkrfif prbshibetb y vhgbprbshibetb.

@as kachbreas pfr`fdbetfrhas, gada vhdas, thbebe ue Bjbguthva qub, f` dbeasoardf`dbetb, bs ib gfrægtbr ga`bkhfia, hetbkrfia par taias às dhbdcras ib` kfch-

ebtb. Be as shstbdfs prbshibeghf`hstfs b` prbshibetb bs quhbe ihrhkb b` Bjbguthva y as

dhbdcras ib` kfchebtb sae eadcrfias y ibsthtuhias ib dfebrf ihsgrbghaef` par b`

prhdbr dfeiftfrha, ifia qub b` Bjbguthva bs ib efturf`bzf uehpbrsaef`. F su vbz, b`

prbshibetb bs shdu`tæebfdbetb jbob ib Kachbrea y jbob ib Bstfia.






78

@fs rfzaebs qub ibstfg÷ @hez ib bstf dfyar hebstfch`hifi brfe:

h) @f bxhstbeghf ib ue pashc`b gaehgta betrb b` Bjbguthva y b` @bkhs`fthva

(uef ‐`bkhthdhifi iuf`—) ifia qub fdcas paibrbs sae b`bkhias be oardf

heibpbeihbetb par b` pubcà, y par à tfeta rbsu`tf gadp`bja rbsa`vbr ue

gaehgta betrb fdcas. Bsta pairäf ibsbdcagfr be pfræ`hshs ib kachbrea y

be `f hetbrvbegh÷e ib fgtarbs bxtrf-gaesthtughaef`bs (gada às dh`htfrbs)

pfrf sfìfr bstb gaehgta, gaeiughbeia f ue quhbcrb ib `f ibdagrfghf.

hh) @f rhkhibz praiughif par b` pbräaia ja ib às dfeiftas, qub pravagf `f

gaetheuhifi ib rbshibetbs she fpayas papu`frbs a `bkhs`fthvas, f ihobrbeghf

ib às qub agurrhräf be ue pfr`fdbetfrhsda (qub bs dæs bxhc`b f` pbrdhthr

às vatas ib gbesurf). Bsta patbeghf às rhbskas ib` gaehgta beueghfia be

b` pærrfoa fetbrhar, yf qub ehekuea ib fdcas paibrbs prbvè uef sf`hif gbr-gfef be b` thbdpa f` gaehgta.

hhh) @f bxhstbeghf ib uef `÷khgf ib ‐kfefiar úehga— a ib ‐sudf gbra—, ifia

qub `f b`bggh÷e papu`fr ihrbgtf ib` ^rbshibetb ihgu`tf `f gaestruggh÷e ib

gaf`hghaebs f` gaegbetrfr b` paibr be `f kurf ib` prbshibetb be ibsdbira

ib` kfchebtb.

hv) @f pashc`b heta`brfeghf gae `f apashgh÷e be tfeta b` prbshibetb, f` sbr jbob

ib Bstfia y jbob ib Kachbrea f` dhsda thbdpa, bs `äibr ib ue pfrthia pbra

ibcb rbprbsbetfr f` gaejueta ib `f Efgh÷e.@hez gaegùäf, betaegbs, qub às pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas ibcäfe fiaptfr shstb-

dfs pfr`fdbetfrhas ib kachbrea. Be föas shkuhbetbs, she bdcfrka, atras fgfièdhgas

grhthgfrae sus frdfghaebs. Dfhewfrhek y Wmukfrt (6889) fef`hzfrae uef dubstrf

ib pfäsbs dæs eudbrasf qub @hez, y frrhcfrae f gaegùshaebs ihsthetfs. @as prbsh-

ibeghf`hsdas bstuihfias par @hez (cæshgfdbetb, be Fdèrhgf @fthef) tbeiäfe f sbr

dæs hebstfc`bs qub às pfr`fdbetfrhsdas (be Burapf), pbra bsa brf parqub às prbsh-

ibeghf`hsdas tbeiäfe f bstfr prbsbetbs be pfäsbs ib dbearbs hekrbsas. Gadpfrfeia pfäsbs ib shdh`fr ehvb` ib ibsfrra`à bgae÷dhga, b` shstbdf ib kachbrea (prbshibe-

ghf`hstf a pfr`fdbetfrha) ea brf ue cube prbihgtar ib` quhbcrb ibdagræthga< fdcfs

oardfs prbsbetfcfe shdh`frbs ehvb`bs ib hebstfch`hifi.

Bstf ihvbrkbeghf bdpärhgf gaheghib fibdæs gae ihobrbeghfs tb÷rhgfs betrb às

futarbs. Dfhewfrhek y Wmukfrt frdfrae qub b` ‐jubka ib sudf gbra— qub @hez

ftrhcuäf f` prbshibeghf`hsda ea brf ghbrta, yf qub `f bxhstbeghf ib paibrbs ihvhih-

ias pbrdhtb f ihsthetas pfrthias gaetra`fr ihobrbetbs ædchtas ib paibr. Ifia qub

fdcas paibrbs sae b`bgtas ib oardf heibpbeihbetb, ue pfrthia qub ea fggbif f `f




9>

prbshibeghf sä pubib fsphrfr f gaetra`fr b` Gaekrbsa. Be gfdcha, be pfäsbs pfr`f-

dbetfrhstfs, bspbghf`dbetb be às ib thpa ‐wbstdhestbr—, iaeib ue dhsda pfrthia

gaetra`f fdcas paibrbs, `f apashgh÷e ea gaetra`f ehekúe ædchta ib heubeghf. âr

à tfeta, `f `÷khgf ib ‐kfefiar úehga— ea bs praphf ib às prbshibeghf`hsdas shea ib

bstas pfr`fdbetfrhsdas.^frf bstas futarbs, b` prac`bdf ib` prbshibeghf`hsda fpfrbgb gufeia sb à gad-

chef gae ue shstbdf ib dú`thp`bs pfrthias pa`äthgas. Be bstf ‐ihoägh` gadchefgh÷e—,

às prbshibetbs thbeibe f bstfr be dhearäf `bkhs`fthvf, prbghsfdbetb parqub `f orfk-

dbetfgh÷e pfrthifrhf ihgu`tf qub b` pfrthia be b` kachbrea pasbf dfyaräf be b`

Gaekrbsa. Be tf`bs gfsas pubibe agurrhr às càqubas betrb paibrbs tbdhias par

@hez. ^bra `f bxpbrhbeghf `ftheafdbrhgfef ib às ú`thdas föas paeb be iuif bstf

frdfgh÷e, ifif `f bstfch`hifi ibdagræthgf ib pfäsbs qub gaejukfe prbshibeghf`hs-da y du`thpfrthihsda. Bsta bs pashc`b par `f oardfgh÷e ib gaf`hghaebs ib kachbrea,

qub mfe rbsu`tfia dugma dæs orbgubetbs ib à qub sastbeäf @hez6. Ib bstf dfebrf,

prbshibetbs guya pfrthia bstfcf be dhearäf be b` Gaekrbsa mfe oardfia gaf`hghaebs

gae atrfs oubrzfs pfrf gaesbkuhr dfyaräfs `bkhs`fthvfs, iatfeia ib bstfch`hifi f às

prbshibeghf`hsdas du`thpfrthihstfs.

Fue betrb futarbs gräthgas ib` prbshibeghf`hsda, gada Wfrtarh (6889), f rbgadbe-

ifgh÷e ib @hez ib fiaptfr ue shstbdf pfr`fdbetfrha be às pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas

ea oub gadpfrthif. ^frf Wfrtarh, `f g`fvb qub mfgb oueghaefr f ue pfr`fdbetfrhsdabs `f ihsghp`hef pfrthifrhf: saà gufeia b` prhdbr dhehstra thbeb fsbkurfia b` fpaya

ib su pfrthia a gaf`hgh÷e be b` ^fr`fdbeta, bs qub pubib kacbrefr gae èxhta. Be

gfdcha, she ihsghp`hef, b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda sb vub`vb ue ‐fsfdc`bäsda ihsouegha-

ef`—, parqub gfif dbihif ibcb sbr ihsguthif y par beib as Bjbguthvas sae f`tfdbetb

hebstfc`bs, ibpbeihbeia ib dfetbebr dfyaräfs shbdprb prbgfrhfs. Be fusbeghf ib

räkhif ihsghp`hef pfrthifrhf, betaegbs, b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda ea pubib oueghaefr. Be

`f dfyaräf ib às pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas, às pfrthias gfrbgbe ib bsas ehvb`bs ibihsghp`hef, surkhias f` gfàr ib` efghdhbeta ib` ‐pfrthia ib dfsfs— ib gadhbezas ib`

shkà ]]. Wh bstas pfäsbs fiaptfrfe ue shstbdf pfr`fdbetfrha gfrbghbeia ib pfrthias

ihsghp`hefias, b` rhbska sbräf uef oubrtb hebstfch`hifi ib às kachbreas.

Gmbhcuc (3>>;) mf rbf`hzfia `f gaetrfstfgh÷e bdpärhgf dæs hdpartfetb ib `fs mh-

p÷tbshs ib @hez. Begubetrf qub bobgthvfdbetb as pfäsbs prbshibeghf`hstfs mfe tbehia,

be pradbiha, ibdagrfghfs dæs hebstfc`bs qub às pfäsbs pfr`fdbetfrhas. Whe bdcfr-

6 Wacrb bstb pfrthgu`fr pubib gaesu`tfrsb Gmfsqubtth (3>>>).




96

ka, sasthbeb qub bsta ea mf agurrhia par uef gfrfgtbrästhgf heträesbgf ib` prbshibe-

ghf`hsda, shea par b` gaetbxta iaeib gfif shstbdf ib kachbrea oub dæs usuf`. Wbkúe

Gmbhcuc, eudbrasas pfäsbs gae ue `bkfia ib kachbreas dh`htfrbs, bspbghf`dbetb be

Fdèrhgf @fthef, fp`hgfrae oardfs prbshibeghf`hstfs gufeia fiaptfrae `f ibdagrf-

ghf. Bsb `bkfia dh`htfr, gae su mhstarhf ib hetradhsh÷e ib `fs Oubrzfs Frdfifs befsuetas pa`äthgas, bs f gfusf qub praiugb f hebstfch`hifi, ea b` prbshibeghf`hsda. @f

ghrguestfeghf mhst÷rhgf ib qub eudbrasas pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas tuvhbrfe bsb `bkf-

ia dh`htfr y fiaptfrfe oardfs prbshibeghf`hstfs bs à qub bxp`hgf `f dfyar hebstfch-

`hifi ibdagræthgf be bstas pfäsbs. âr à tfeta, ea ftrhcuyb f` shstbdf ib kachbrea `f

rfz÷e ib às quhbcrbs ibdagræthgas be `f rbkh÷e.

3.6.9. B` sbdhprbshibeghf`hsda

B` ``fdfia sbdhprbshibeghf`hsda gadchef b`bdbetas ib às shstbdfs prbshibeghf-

`hstf y pfr`fdbetfrha. Wu daibà arhkhef` sb ibsfrra``÷ be `f _ Sbpúc`hgf Orfegbsf

ibsib 682=, fuequb eudbrasas pfäsbs à mfe fiaptfia ibsib betaegbs, hegùybeia

vfrhas ib rbghbetbs ibdagrfthzfgh÷e be Burapf ib` Bstb y Æorhgf.

B` sbdhprbshibeghf`hsda gadpfrtb gae b` prbshibeghf`hsda `f b`bggh÷e ihrbgtf y

papu`fr ib` prbshibetb. Ea acstfetb, fibdæs ib` prbshibetb bxhstb ue prhdbr dhehstra

ibshkefia par b` ^fr`fdbeta, gada agurrb be b` pfr`fdbetfrhsda. Dhbetrfs qub b` prbshibetb gudp`b b` ra` ib jbob ib Bstfia, b` prhdbr dhehstra bs b` jbob ib` kachbrea.

^bra b` prbshibetb ea bs shdp`bdbetb uef kurf gbrbdaehf`, ib uehifi efghaef`,

shea qub sbkúe b` gaetbxta pubib sbr quhbe vbrifibrfdbetb ibtbetb b` paibr. Bsta

agurrb gufeia prbshibetb y prhdbr dhehstra pbrtbebgbe f` dhsda pfrthia pa`äthga<

be tf`bs gfsas, sub`b prbiadhefr b` prbshibetb, iatfia ib` rbspfìa papu`fr qub `b

atarkf `f b`bggh÷e ihrbgtf. Be gfdcha, gufeia fdcfs kurfs pbrtbebgbe f pfrthias

ihsthetas (`f `fdfif ‐gamfchtfgh÷e—) sub`b prbvf`bgbr b` prhdbr dhehstra, qub gubetf

gae uef dfyaräf pfr`fdbetfrhf qub rbspfìf sus hehghfthvfs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

Wfrtarh (6889) prapaeb f` sbdhprbshibeghf`hsda gada uef apgh÷e ftrfgthvf pfrf

às pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas. Be su vhsh÷e, b` sbdhprbshibeghf`hsda pbrdhtb bvhtfr

às càqubas betrb paibrbs praphas ib` prbshibeghf`hsda, yf qub gufeia b` prbsh-

ibetb y b` ^fr`fdbeta garrbspaeibe f pfrthias ihsthetas, b` shstbdf ‐asgh`f— pfrf

ifr dfyar paibr f` ^fr`fdbeta, be `f kurf ib` prhdbr dhehstra. Whe bdcfrka, efif

be `fs Gaesthtughaebs sbdhprbshibeghf`hstfs kfrfethzf qub ue pashc`b gaehgta betrb

fdcas paibrbs ibcf ebgbsfrhfdbetb rbsa`vbrsb ib bstf dfebrf, y `f bxpbrhbeghf dæsrbghbetb mf ftbeufia be pfrtb b` betushfsda sbdhprbshibeghf`hstf ib gadhbezas ib






97

púc hgfs dæs hdpartfetbs rbquhbrb `f pfrthghpfgh÷e ib dæs ib ue ehvb` ib kachbrea be

su b`fcarfgh÷e y/a hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. @f dbtæoarf trfihghaef` ib` obibrf`hsda gada uef

‐tartf par gfpfs— sb rbvb`f heúth` gufeia sb acsbrvf à betrbdbzg`fia qub sb mf``fe às

ehvb bs efghaef` y sucefghaef` be f prægthgf rbf` ib fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

Be ue Bstfia obibrf`, `f gabxhstbeghf ib ihsthetas ehvb`bs ib kachbrea hebvhtf- c`bdbetb kbebrf prac`bdfs ib gaarihefgh÷e hetbrkucbrefdbetf` qub sbræe acjbta

ib ebkaghfgh÷e hetbrjurhsihgghaef`. @f eagh÷e ib ‐rb`fghaebs hetbrkucbrefdbetf`bs—

a SHK (Fstfrhtf, Caehofgha y Ib` Gak`hfea, 3>63) bs uth`hzfif gae orbgubeghf pfrf

bstuihfr `f iheædhgf ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be Bstfia obibrf`bs, tfdchèe ``fdfias

‐du`thehvb`—. âr SHK sb bethbeib `f bxhstbeghf ib shstbdfs ib gaebxh÷e betrb às

ihsthetas ehvb`bs ib kachbrea, yf sbf qub bstèe bstfc`bghias eardfthvfdbetb a qub

pasbfe ue gfrægtbr dæs heoardf` (gada às `fzas betrb oueghaefrhas begfrkfias ibkbsthaefr `fs ihsthetfs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs qub sb hdp`bdbetfe sacrb b` tbrrhtarha, a `f

praphf fgthvhifi ib às pfrthias pa`äthgas gae rbspaesfch`hifibs ib kachbrea be às

ihsthetas ehvb`bs). Ib mbgma, `f Gaesthtugh÷e Efghaef` frkbethef ea bspbghgf g`f-

rfdbetb dbihfetb què dbgfehsdas ibcbræe apbrfr bstfs hetbrfgghaebs betrb ehvb`bs

ib kachbrea, bspbghf`dbetb f a rbobrhia f fs rb`fghaebs betrb as aibrbs Bjbguthvas

efghaef`, pravheghf`bs y duehghpf`bs (b` ra` `bkhs`fthva ib `fs pravheghfs be `f bsobrf

efghaef` sä sb mf``f ibehif, be `f kurf ib` Wbefia). Fsä, `f frthgu`fgh÷e qubif

`hcrfif f pragbsas ib gaarihefgh÷e fi mag qub pubibe rbsu`tfr ib f hehghfthvf efgha-ef`, sucefghaef` a gaejuetf.

@f grbfgh÷e ib ‐Gaesbjas Obibrf`bs— mf rbspaeihia justfdbetb f `f ebgbshifi

ib hesthtughaef`hzfr dbgfehsdas ib gaarihefgh÷e hetbrkucbrefdbetf` ib `f kbsth÷e

púc`hgf, bspbghf`dbetb f pfrthr ib `f dfyar ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib gadpbtbeghfs mf-

ghf às ehvb`bs pravheghf`bs agurrhif be às föas 8>. Bxhstbe dæs ib 9> Gaesbjas

Obibrf`bs (Fstfrhtf, Caehofgha y Ib` Gak`hfea, 3>63) fgtuf`dbetb be `f Frkbethef,

gae `f pfrthghpfgh÷e ib rbprbsbetfetbs ib `f Efgh÷e y `fs pravheghfs, apbrfeia beuef du`thp`hghifi ib ærbfs tbdæthgfs (sbkurhifi hetbrhar, ouegh÷e púc`hgf, vhvhbeif,

heiustrhf, turhsda, ihsgfpfghifi, btg). Bsta ea hdp`hgf, ib taifs dfebrfs, qub `fs

prheghpf`bs ibghshaebs ib gaarihefgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb tadbe be bstas ædch-

tas< ihsthetfs kbsthaebs efghaef`bs pasbbe ihobrbetbs bstrftbkhfs ib rb`fghaefdhbeta

gae as kachbreas pravheghf`bs, y ib mbgma hestfeghfs ‐ch`ftbrf`bs—, ib `f Efgh÷e gae

gfif pravheghf sbpfrfifdbetb, sae usuf`bs be eudbrasfs ærbfs.




99

7. S B^SBWBEYFGH×E Â@ÄYHGF

Gada vhdas be b` Gfpätuà H, `fs ibdagrfghfs gaetbdparæebfs sb arkfehzfe gada

rbkädbebs rbprbsbetfthvas. B` frtäguà 33 ib `f Gaesthtugh÷e Efghaef` frkbethef, par

bjbdpà, bstfc`bgb qub ‐b` pubcà ea ib`hcbrf eh kachbref shea par dbiha ib sus rbprb-sbetfetbs—. @as ghuififeas, f su vbz, ea pubibe aribefr f sus rbprbsbetfetbs g÷da

vatfr be `fs fsfdc`bfs `bkhs`fthvfs< be `f rbprbsbetfgh÷e daibref ea bxhstb b` ‐dfe-

ifta hdpbrfthva—. ±G÷da trftfe betaegbs às ghuififeas ib qub às rbprbsbetfetbs ib-

beife sus hetbrbsbs1 Be prhdbr ùkfr, dbihfetb `f hdp`äghtf pradbsf ib sfeghaefr be

outurfs b`bgghaebs f às rbprbsbetfetbs qub ea acrbe ib bsf dfebrf (fuequb yf vhdas,

be b` Gfpätuà H, às prac`bdfs ib heoardfgh÷e bxhstbetbs pfrf bjbrgbr bstf fggauetf-

ch`hty). X be sbkueia ùkfr, be tfeta às rbprbsbetfetbs heihvhiuf`bs bstæe arkfehzfias

be pfrthias pa`äthgas qub sasthbebe uef ibtbrdhefif fkbeif ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, b`ghuififea pubib gaeagbr be trfzas kbebrf`bs g÷da sb gadpartfræ uef vbz qub agupb

b` gfrka. âr bsa às pfrthias gudp`be ue ra` oueifdbetf` be va`vbr ibdagræthgf `f

rbprbsbetfgh÷e pa`äthgf, f` dbeas sh pasbbe ghbrtf bstfch`hifi, frrfhka saghf` b hibeth-

gfgh÷e gae gursas rbgaeaghc`bs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf (Fcf` Dbihef, 3>6>).

7.6. ^frthias â`äthgas

Whkuhbeia f bstb futar, betbeibrbdas qub ‐ue pfrthia bs uef hesthtugh÷e, gae uefarkfehzfgh÷e qub prbtbeib sbr iurfibrf y bstfc`b, qub cusgf bxp`äghtfdbetb heuhr be b`

Bstfia, kbebrf`dbetb trftfeia ib uchgfr f sus rbprbsbetfetbs rbgaeaghias be pashghaebs

ib` kachbrea, f trfvès ib f gadpbtbeghf b`bgtarf` a pragurfeia f`kúe atra thpa ib sustbe-

ta papu`fr— (Fcf` Dbihef, 3>>3). Wu e bs b` ib heuhr be `fs pa`äthgfs fiaptfifs ibsib

b` Bstfia, y b` dbiha pfrf akrfrà bs gaesbkuhr `f fimbsh÷e papu`fr (à guf` be ibdagrf-

ghf hdp`hgf cusgfr b` trhueoa b`bgtarf`). Bsta às ihobrbeghf ib atrfs arkfehzfghaebs qub

tfdchèe cusgfe heuhr sacrb b` Bstfia, pbra she uchgfr f sus dhbdcras ihrbgtfdbetb beè` y she pfrthghpfr be pragbsas b`bgtarf`bs (gada às krupas ib hetbrès, qub fef`hzfrbdas

dæs fib`fetb). Bstb ra` oueifdbetf` ib às pfrthias pfrf ibehr `f arhbetfgh÷e ib `fs pa-

`äthgfs púc`hgfs as vub`vb hdpartfetbs fkrbkfiarbs ib hetbrbsbs saghf`bs, qub gaeoardfe

gaf`hghaebs ib dú`thp`bs sbgtarbs ihobrbetbs ib f saghbifi.

Wub`b uchgfrsb f às ihsthetas pfrthias be ue bspfgha hiba`÷khga gfrfgtbrhzfia par

tèrdheas gada ‐hzquhbrif—, ‐gbetra— y ‐ibrbgmf—. Yrfs `f Sbvaùgh÷e orfegbsf, às

dhbdcras ib `f Gaevbegh÷e sb fkrupfcfe be ihsthetas sbgtarbs ib` rbgheta< f `f hz-

quhbrif, às krupas dæs rfihgf`bs (às jfgacheas), y f `f ibrbgmf às dæs daibrfias(às khraeiheas). Bsta gaeiuja f kbebrf`hzfr as tèrdheas ib hzquhbrif y ibrbgmf pfrf




92

ibeatfr `fs pashghaebs ib às pfrthias, pbrdhthbeia gae ue shdp`b tèrdhea ibsgrhchr

shdp`hgfifdbetb b` gaejueta ib hibfs fsaghfifs f uef oubrzf pa`äthgf. Dæs qub ue

gaetbehia fcsaùta, fs eaghaebs ib hzquhbrif y ibrbgmf mfe hia vfrhfeia be b` thbd-

pa, y sub`be sbr dæs úth`bs be tèrdheas rb`fthvas (‐b` pfrthia ] bstæ f f hzquhbrif ib`

pfrthia X—) qub pfrf rbbjfr ibehghaebs gaegrbtfs ib pa`äthgf.

G`fra qub hzquhbrif y ibrbgmf bs saà uef ib fs pashc`bs ihvhshaebs qub aribef b` tf-

c bra pa`äthga. B` ‐g hvfjb— iadhefetb be uef saghbifi (bs ibghr, `f orfgturf qub ibtbrdh-

ef f oardfgh÷e ib krupas saghf`bs y pa`äthgas arkfehzfias be tarea f ue tbdf) pubib ea

sbr hiba`÷khga, shea ib thpa ètehga, rb`hkhasa, `hekðästhga, gu`turf`, urcfea-rurf`, btg. Be

`f Frkbethef, par bjbdpà, iurfetb frka thbdpa as prheghpf`bs pfrthias prbsbetfrae df-

yarbs ihobrbeghfs hiba ÷khgfs f su hetbrhar (gae f`fs hetbrefs hzquhbrif y ibrbgmf cfstfetb

dfrgfifs) qub `fs bxhstbetbs betrb b`às. F su vbz, `f gadpbtbeghf pa`äthgf pubib bstfrbstrugturfif par dú`thp`bs g`hvfjbs, ifeia ùkfr kbebrf`dbetb f shstbdfs ib dú`thp`bs

pfrthias pa`äthgas qub rbprbsbetfe f as ihobrbetbs krupas. @f hetbeshifi ib bstas g hvfjbs

tfdchèe vfräf be ihsthetas gaetbxtas, y as äibrbs pa`äthgas dfehacrfe pbrdfebetbdbetb

pfrf va vbr dæs rb`bvfetbs fqub` as g hvfjbs be as qub su pfrthia bs dæs papu`fr, y pfrf

ibsfgthvfr as g`hvfjbs qub ea a cbebghfe (vbr ‐mbrbstbshs— be b` Gfpätuà H).

B` eúdbra ib pfrthias pa`äthgas, qub be pfrtb ibpbeib ib` eúdbra ib g`hvfjbs

prbsbetbs be uef saghbifi, bs uea ib às grhtbrhas mfchtuf`bs pfrf g`fshgfr f às

shstbdfs ib pfrthias. Iuvbrkbr (6826), par bjbdpà, ihsthekuh÷ betrb às shstbdfs ib pfrthia úehga, às chpfrthihsdas y às du`thpfrthihsdas. ^bra bstfs shdp`bs gftbka-

räfs agu`tfcfe oubrtbs ihobrbeghfs f su hetbrhar. âr bsa, Wfrtarh (68;?) rbe÷ `f g`fsh-

gfgh÷e uth`hzfeia uef thpaàkäf qub gadchef b` eúdbra ib pfrthias gae f ihstfeghf

hiba`÷khgf bxhstbetb betrb b`às:

• Whstbdf ib pfrthia úehga. Bxhstb ue úehga pfrthia ifif `f pramhchgh÷e ib

atras pfrthias (par bjbdpà, be Gmhef).

• Whstbdf ib pfrthia mbkbd÷ehga. Wh chbe bxhstbe atras pfrthias, `fs b`bgghaebsea sae `hcrbs y gadpbththvfs, par à guf` shbdprb b` dhsda pfrthia sb hdpaeb

(par bjbdpà, b` ^SH be Dèxhga iurfetb cubef pfrtb ib` shkà ]]).

• Whstbdf ib pfrthia prbiadhefetb. Bxhstbe dú`thp`bs pfrthias y `f gadpbtbeghf

betrb b`às bxhstb, pbra thbeib f hdpaebrsb shbdprb b` dhsda pfrthia (par bjbdpà,

b` pfrthia saghfìbd÷grftf ib Wubghf iurfetb vfrhfs iègfifs ib` shkà pfsfia).

• Chpfrthihsda. Mfy gadpbtbeghf pbra sa`fdbetb ias pfrthias sae rb`bvfetbs y

sb f`tbrefe be b` kachbrea (par bjbdpà, Bstfias Rehias).

• ^ùpfrthihsda `hdhtfia. Bxhstbe ib trbs f ghega pfrthias rb`bvfetbs, qub oar-

dfe gaf`hghaebs pfrf kacbrefr (par bjbdpà, F`bdfehf).




9?

• ^ùrhpfrthihsda bxtrbda. Bxhstbe dæs ib ghega pfrthias rb`bvfetbs, gada be

Cè`khgf, Hsrfb` u Ma`feif. Be f`kueas gfsas, bsta agurrb par f krfe ihstfeghf

bxhstbetb betrb as bxtrbdas ib` frga hiba`÷khga. Be tf`bs gfsas, f gadpbtbe-

ghf pa`äthgf bs ‐pa`frhzfif—, y bs sudfdbetb gadp`bja gaestruhr gaf`hghaebs

ib kachbrea b hdp`bdbetfr uef fkbeif ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

@f hetbrfggh÷e betrb shstbdfs ib kachbrea y shstbdfs ib pfrthias if ùkfr f ih-

obrbetbs pragbsas ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Re pfr`fdbetfrhsda chpfrthihstf, par bjbd-

pà, gaegbetrf b` paibr be b` pfrthia ib kachbrea, qub pubib oardfr dfyaräf she

ebgbshifi ib gaf`hghaebs. Rth`hzfeia tèrdheas ib` Gfpätuà H, sb trftf ib uef shtuf-

gh÷e gae cfja eúdbra ib ‐fgtarbs ib vbta—, y par à tfeta ib dfyar ofgh`hifi pfrf

daihgfr b` stftu qua ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. Be b` atra bxtrbda, be ue prbshibe-

ghf`hsda gae pùrhpfrthihsda bxtrbda b` Bjbguthva ebgbshtf gaestruhr gaf`hghaebsqub `b pbrdhtfe fpracfr su fkbeif be b` Gaekrbsa, y par à tfeta sae vfrhas às

pfrthias gae ‐vbta—.

7.3. Krupas ib hetbrbsbs y garparfghaebs

Wh chbe às pfrthias fkrbkfe y rbprbsbetfe hetbrbsbs saghf`bs, bxhstbe atrfs väfs par

`fs guf`bs bstas sb bxprbsfe. Be `äebfs kbebrf`bs, paibdas ihsthekuhr ias väfs ihs-

thetfs par `fs guf`bs bsta pubib agurrhr:

• @f väf ‐pùrf`hstf—. Fquä mfy dú`thp`bs fsaghfghaebs be gadpbtbeghf betrb

sä, y bstfs arkfehzfghaebs sae dfyardbetb ib pfrthghpfgh÷e vaùetfrhf. B`

daibà bstfiauehibesb, gae su pra`hobrfgh÷e ib àcchbs fut÷eadas qub rb-

prbsbetfe ue fcfehga ib hetbrbsbs saghf`bs (bdprbsfrhas, sheihgf`bs, ib juch-

`fias, ib gaesudhiarbs, fdchbetf`hstfs, ib partfiarbs ib frdfs, btg.) pfrf

heuhr be fs ibghshaebs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf, sb fgbrgf f` daibà pùrf`hstf. Be

uef tbdprfef gräthgf f bstb daibà, Wgmfttsgmebhibr (68?>) sastuva qub of-varbgäf f às heihvhiuas ib dfyarbs hekrbsas y biugfgh÷e, qub gaetfcfe gae

dæs fdp`hfs pashch`hifibs ib oardfr arkfehzfghaebs y par beib ib heuhr be

`f pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Gada vhdas be b` Gfpätuà H, ib taifs dfebrfs, Cfud-

kfrtebr bt f` (3>>8) sasthbebe qub ea ebgbsfrhfdbetb às gfdchas ib pa`äthgf

púc`hgf rbspaeibe f `fs prbobrbeghfs ib às krupas dæs rhgas a paibrasas,

ifia qub bstas pubibe càqubfrsb dutufdbetb y qub `f hibethifi ib quhbe

gaeiugb b` kachbrea thbeib f prhdfr be `f ibehgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs.

• @f väf ‐garparfthvf—. Fquä mfy ue dbear eúdbra ib fsaghfghaebs, y be kb-

ebrf` bstfs prbsbetfe ue gfrægtbr ac`hkftarha. Wgmdhttbr (6883) ihsthekub be-




9;

trb ue ‐garparfthvhsda bstftf`—, be b` guf` `f saghbifi ghvh` thbeb uef cfjf

futaeadäf y bs b` Bstfia quhbe arkfehzf f `fs fsaghfghaebs qub rbprbsbetfe

f às krupas saghf`bs (cæshgfdbetb, sheihgftas y gædfrfs bdprbsfrhfs), y ue

‐garparfthvhsda saghf`— a ‐ebagarparfthvhsda—, be b` guf` `f futaeadäf ib

bstas krupas bs dfyar y gadp`bdbetf f `f rbprbsbetfgh÷e pfrthifrhf, shbeiabstfs arkfehzfghaebs rbf`bs pfrthghpfetbs ib às pragbsas ib ebkaghfgh÷e y

ibghsh÷e be ærbfs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Dhbetrfs qub b` garparfthvhsda bstftf`

bs dæs prapha ib rbkädbebs futarhtfrhas, b` ebagarparfthvhsda bstæ prbsbetb

be dú`thp`bs rbkädbebs ibdagræthgas.

@as futarbs qub bstuihfe bstfs oardfs ib hetbrdbihfgh÷e ib hetbrbsbs mfe gubs-

thaefia qub, be f prægthgf, f pa`äthgf pfrthifrhf sbf shbdprb b` dbgfehsda dæs oubr-

tb ib rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib às krupas saghf`bs. Be vfrhas pfäsbs burapbas, par bjbdpà,Wgmdhttbr (be Duegl y Weyibr, 3>>9) sasthbeb qub `f rbprbsbetfgh÷e garparfthvf bs

dæs oubrtb qub `f pfrthifrhf, ifia qub trfihghaef`dbetb às pfrthias mfe shia dbras

gfef`bs `bkhs`fthvas ib krupas saghf`bs arkfehzfias. Ref mhp÷tbshs g`æshgf sacrb `f

Frkbethef (Ih Yb``f, 68;6) sböf`f `f ihgu`tfi ib `f curkubsäf pfrf gaesa`hifr ue

pfrthia pa`äthga gaesbrvfiar rb`bvfetb, fetb a guf` prharhzfrae `f fggh÷e garparfthvf

ihrbgtf, gae ebkfthvfs gaesbgubeghfs pfrf `f ibdagrfghf frkbethef.

7.7. @f curagrfghf gada fgtar y gada hesthtugh÷eGada sb dbeghae÷ be b` Gfpätuà H, `f curagrfghf pubib sbr ue fgtar rb`bvfetb be b`

pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. Gada sböf`f f tbaräf ib` prheghpf`/fkbetb, gufeia

às oueghaefrhas pa`äthgas ib kachbrea ib`bkfe `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib sus ibghshaebs

be às cur÷grftfs, sb beorbetfe gae ue prac`bdf ib fshdbträf ib heoardfgh÷e: às

fkbetbs rbf`hzfræe fgghaebs qub ea shbdprb pairæe sbr acsbrvfifs, y dbeas fúe

gaetra`fifs a bvfùfifs. Bsta pubib rbiueifr be shtufghaebs ebkfthvfs pfrf b` oue-

ghaefdhbeta bstftf`, gada uef ièch` rbeihgh÷e ib gubetfs, `f gfpturf curagræthgf parfgtarbs prhvfias a b` bxgbshva grbghdhbeta ib `f curagrfghf. @f rbspubstf mfchtuf`

ib às `äibrbs ib` kachbrea (`f pa`hthzfgh÷e ib `f curagrfghf dbihfetb `f uchgfgh÷e ib

pbrsaefs ib gaefezf, grbfeia eubvfs gfpfs qub supbrvhsbe f às cur÷grftfs) tfd-

chèe prbsbetf sus praphas prac`bdfs, hegùhif `f dbear gfpfghifi tègehgf y gaeagh-

dhbeta bspbgäga ib `fs pbrsaefs f``ä ibshkefifs. Bstf tbesh÷e yf mfcäf shia fethgh-

pfia par b` prapha Dfx [bcbr: às `äibrbs pa`äthgas quhbrbe gbetrf`hzfr y gaetra`fr

b` oueghaefdhbeta ib` Bstfia, pbra f `f vbz ebgbshtfe bspbghf`hstfs (cur÷grftfs) qub`bs pbrdhtfe ``bvfr fib`fetb su fkbeif ib pa`äthgfs.

Be `f g`æshgf vhsh÷e ib Ehslfebe (68;6), b` cur÷grftf bs be ghbrtf dbihif ue da-






98

`f Gartb Wuprbdf frkbethef be rb`fgh÷e f `f `hdphbzf ib` Shfgmubà) sbfe ue tbrgbr

‐prheghpf`— be ghbrtfs ærbfs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

^besfr b` ra` ib` Bjbguthva be b` ihsböa ib `f bstrugturf curagræthgf bs dæs úth`

pfrf ue prbshibeghf`hsda gada b` frkbethea. @f bvhibeghf bdpärhgf sukhbrb qub he-

gùsa be Bstfias Rehias, iaeib b` Gaekrbsa bs heusuf`dbetb oubrtb, b` prbshibetb pasbb fdp`hf `hcbrtfi pfrf grbfr y daihgfr arkfehsdas, fsä gada pfrf uchgfr f su

prapha pbrsaef` ib gaefezf be ihsthetfs gfpfs ib `f bstrugturf curagræthgf pfrf

gaetra`fr su oueghaefdhbeta (Mawb`` be prbesf< @bwhs be prbesf). @as prbshibetbs

tfdchèe pubibe grbfr curagrfghfs gae shdh`frbs ra`bs f às ib arkfehsdas grbfias

par b` Gaekrbsa, ib daia ib heuhr dæs be su ihsböa y gadpartfdhbeta pastbrhar.

Be b` gfsa frkbethea bstf fggh÷e ueh`ftbrf` ib` Bjbguthva bs fúe dæs dfrgfif, yf qub

b` Gaekrbsa gbib dæs prbrrakfthvfs be bstb rucra f` prbshibetb. Bs hdpashc`b betbe-ibr `f bstrugturf ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf she fef`hzfr, sacrb taia, `fs prbobrbe-

ghfs y bsthàs ib gaeiuggh÷e ib quhbe agupf `f prbshibeghf. Ihgma bsa, tfdchèe ibcb

eatfrsb qub gufeia b` Gaekrbsa sä hetbrvhbeb thbeib f ihsböfr bstrugturfs ihobrbetbs

f `fs qub grbfe às prbshibetbs. F`bssfeira y Kh`ha (3>6>) dubstrfe qub às arkfehs-

das ibsgbetrf`hzfias ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf efghaef`, gufeia sae grbfias par

b` Gaekrbsa, thbebe dfyar futaeadäf rbspbgta f às prbshibetbs qub gufeia bstas

às ihsböfe par ibgrbta. F `f marf ib betbeibr b` gadpartfdhbeta ib uef bstrugturf

curagræthgf, su arhkbe eardfthva bvhibetbdbetb hdpartf. Ea taias as arkfehsdas, par a tfeta, pasbbe shdh`frbs gfrfgtbrästhgfs b hegbethvas

ib oueghaefdhbeta. Gada sböf`f Dab (3>>=: 297), dæs f``æ ib` arhkbe @bkhs`fthva a

Bjbguthva ib ue ærbf, ‐f`kuefs fkbeghfs curagræthgfs surkbe gada rbspubstf ib às

pa`äthgas f `fs ibdfeifs ib às krupas (ib hetbrès), y f`kuefs atrfs, gada bstrugturfs

qub às praphas pa`äthgas gaestruybe pfrf b`às dhsdas—. Ihsthetas arkfehsdas pub-

ibe tbebr betaegbs gadpbtbeghfs supbrpubstfs. A pubibe fcagfrsb f ue dhsda tbdf

pbra ibobeihbeia ihobrbetbs hetbrbsbs hevaùgrfias be bsf tbdæthgf. Bstfs suth`bzfs ib`dueia curagræthga sae fúe dæs hdpartfetbs be ue shstbdf prbshibeghf`hstf, iaeib

`f sbpfrfgh÷e ib paibrbs vub`vb ihgu`tasf `f fpracfgh÷e ib `fs `bybs y iaeib par à

tfeta bs be `fs rbk`fdbetfghaebs fidhehstrfthvfs iaeib sb tadfe ibehghaebs g`fvb ib

pa`äthgf púc hgf< be gfdcha, be ue pfr`fdbetfrhsda [bstdhestbr, iaeib bs dæs oægh`

fpracfr `bybs, `f ihsputf pa`äthgf sacrb bstfs gubsthaebs pubib sbr dbear (Dab, 3>>=).




2>

9. BE SBWRDBE

Bstb gfpätuà prbsbet÷ às fspbgtas prheghpf`bs ib `fs hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs be `f

dbihif be qub heuybe sacrb `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @as shstbdfs ib kachbrea ib-

ebe f ihstrhcugh÷e marhzaetf` y vbrthgf` ib` paibr. Be b` prhdbr sbethia, bstfc`bgbe frb`fgh÷e betrb as paibrbs Bjbguthva y @bkhs`fthva: ib oush÷e be b` gfsa ib` pfr`fdbe-

tfrhsda, y ib sbpfrfgh÷e be b` gfsa ib` prbshibeghf`hsda. B` oueghaefdhbeta bobgthva

ib gfif uea ib bstas shstbdfs, g`fra, ea ibpbeib saà ib `f `btrf gaesthtughaef` shea

ib gaetbxtas pa`äthgas ib gfif pfäs, betrb às guf`bs be bstb gfpätuà ibstfgfdas f

às shstbdfs ib pfrthias. Yfdchèe fef`hzfdas atrfs oardfs ib hetbrdbihfgh÷e ib

hetbrbsbs (pùrf`hstf y garparfthvf) qub fobgtfe b` daia be qub `fs pa`äthgfs sae pra-

iughifs y fpracfifs. Ohef`dbetb, ihsguthdas f `f curagrfghf gada ue praiugta ib

`fs gadpbtbeghfs pa`äthgfs betrb taias bstas fgtarbs, pbra tfdchèe gada ue fgtar besä dhsda, qub hetbrfgtúf bstrftèkhgfdbetb gae às atras jukfiarbs.

Sbobrbeghfs

Fcf` Dbihef, Jufe Dfeub`, ‐B`bdbetas tb÷rhgas pfrf b` feæ`hshs gaetbdparæebaib às pfrt hias pa`äthgas: ue rbaribefdhbeta ib` gfdpa sbdæethga—, be Dfrgb-à Gfvfrazazzh y Jufe Dfeub` Fcf` Dbihef (Gadps.). B` fsbiha f `f pa`äthgf.

@as pfrthias `ftheafdbrhgfeas be `f brf eba`hcbrf`, Sasfrha, Mada Wfphbes,3>>3.

Fcf` Dbihef, Jufe Dfeub`, Dfeuf` ib Ghbeghf â`äthgf, Cubeas Fhrbs, Buibcf,3>6>.

Fcf` Dbihef, Jufe Dfeub`, Dfeuf` ib `f Eubvf Fidhehst rfgh÷e ^úc`hgf Frkbe-thef, Cubeas Fhrbs, Frhb`, 3>63.

F`bssfeira, Dfrtäe y Feirès Kh`ha, ‐Gufeia b` arhkbe hdpartf: ^rbshibetbs yGaekrbsas be `f grbfgh÷e ib arkfehsdas ibsgbetrf`hzfias be Frkbethef, 68=7-3>>;—, Sbvhstf ib` G@FI Sboardf y Ibdagrfghf, 9=:698-6;9, 3>6>.

Fstfrhtf, Dfrtäe, Wfethfka Caehofgha y Eftf`hf Ib` Gak`hfea, ‐Sb`fghaebs He-tbrkucbrefdbetf`bs be `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf frkbethef—, be Jufe Dfeub`Fcf` Dbihef y Marfgha Gfa (gadps.) Dfeuf` ib `f Eubvf Fidhehstrfgh÷e^úc`hgf Frkbethef, Cubeas Fhrbs: Buibcf, 3>63.

Cfudkfrtebr, Orfel S. bt f`., @accyhek fei pa`hgy gmfekb. [ma whes, wma àsbsfei wmy, Gmhgfka, Rehvbrshty ao Gmhgfka ^rbss, 3>>8.

Gf`va, Brebsta y Biufria F`bdæe, ‐Fef`yzhek @bkhs`fthvb Wuggbss he @ftheFdbrhgf: Ymb Gfsb ao Ibdagrfthg Frkbethef—, be Kuh``brda A‘Iaeeb``, Ja-sbpm Yu`gmhe y Fukusta _frfs (Bis.) Ebw _ahgbs he tmb Wtuiy ao Ibdagrfgyhe @fthe Fdbrhgf, [fsmhektae IG: [aairaw [h`sae Gbetbr oar Hetbrefthaef`

Wgma`frs, 3>>;.Gmfsqubtth, Ifehb`, ‐@f supbrvhvbeghf ib `fs gaf`hghaebs prbshibeghf`bs ib ka-

chbrea be Fdèrhgf @fthef—, âstIftf, 66: 63?7-683, 3>>?.




26

Gmbhcuc, Jasè Fetaeha, ^rbshibethf`hsd, ^fr`hfdbetfrhsd fei Ibdagrfgy, Gfd- cr hikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>;.

Ih Yb``f, Yargufta , ‐@f cúsqubif ib `f o÷rdu`f pa`äthgf frkbethef—, Ibsfrra`àBgae÷dhga, 93-99 (66): 6?2-362, 68;6.

Iuvbrkbr, Dfurhgb, @as pfrthias pa`äthgas. Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bga-e÷dhgf, 688? \6826T.

Mubk`he, Ymadfs y F`fe Obeef, Gadpfrfthvb Obibrf`hsd: F Wystbdfthg Hequhr y.Yaraeta, Crafivhbw ^rbss, 3>>?.

@hjpmfrt, Frbei, @fs ibdagrfghfs gaetbdparæebfs. Re bstuiha gadpfrfthva.Cfrgbàef, Frhb`, 6886.

@hez, Jufe, ‐Ibdagrfghf: ^rbshibeghf`hsda a ^fr`fdbetfrhsda. ±Mfgb f`kuefihobrbeghf1—, be A. Kaiay Frgfyf (Bi.). Mfghf uef ibdagrfghf daibref. @fapgh÷e pfr`fdbetfrhf. Wfethfka, Rehvbrshifi Gft÷`hgf ib Gmh`b, 688>.

Dfhewfrhek, Wgatt y Dfttmbw Wmukfrt, ‐J.J. @hez: ^rbshibeghf`hsda y Ibdagrf-ghf. Ref rbvhsh÷e gräthgf—. Ibsfrra`à Bgae÷dhga, 79 (672): 78;-97?, 6889.

Dab, Ybrry, ‐@f tbaräf pashthvf ib `f curagrfghf púc`hgf—. Be Gfràs Fguöf(Gadp.) @bgturfs sacrb b` Bstfia y `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: rbtadfeia b` ib-

cftb ib fybr pfrf oar tf`bgbr b` fgtuf`, Cubeas Fhrbs, Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ibDhehstras, 3>>=.

Duegl, Kbrfria @. y Shgmfri Weyibr, ^fsshae, Grfot fei Dbtmai he Gadpfrfthvbâ`hthgs. Cf`thdarb, James Maplhes Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>9.

Ehslfebe, [h`` hfd F., Curbfugrfgy fei Sbprbsbetfthvb Kavbredbet, EubvfXarl, Fìheb Ftmbrtae, 68;6.

Shlbr, [h``hfd, ‐Obibrf`hsd—, be O. Krbbestbhe y E. â`scy (bis.) Mfeicaal aoâ`hthgf` Wghbegb, Sbfihek, Fiihsae-[bs`by, 68;2.

Wfrtarh, Khavfeeh, ^frthbs fei ^frty Wystbds. F orfdbwarl oar Fef`yshs, EbwXarl, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68;?.

Wfrtarh, Khavfeeh, Hekbehbräf Gaesthtughaef` Gadpfrfif. Wbkueif ^frtb: ^rbsh-ibeghf`hsda y ^fr`fdbetfrhsda, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf,6889.

Wgmfgtsgmebhibr, B.B. ,Ymb sbdhsavbrbhke pbap`b, Ebw Xarl, Ma`t, Shebmfrt fei[hestae, 68?>.

Wgmdhttbr, ^mh`hppb, ‐±Gaetheúf b` shkà ib` garparfthvhsda1—, be S. Agfdpa F`-gæetfrf (Gadp.). Ybaräf ib` Ebagarparfthvhsda. Besfyas ib ^mh`hppb Wgmdht-tbr, Kufif`fjfrf, Rehvbrshifi ib Kufif`fjfrf, 6883.

Ysbcb`hs, Kbarkb, ‐@f tadf ib ibghshaebs be às shstbdfs pa`äthgas. Fgtarbs ibvbta be b` prbshibeghf`hsda, pfr`fdbetfr hsda, du`thgfdbrf`hsda y du`thpfr-thihsda—, be Gfràs Fguöf (Gadp.) @bgturfs sacrb b` Bstfia y `fs pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs: rbtadfeia b` ibcftb ib fybr pfrf oar tf`bgbr b` fgtuf`, Cubeas Fhrbs,Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib Dhehstras, 3>>=.

Zb`fzehl, Jfvhbr, ‐Kachbrea—, be Ju`ha ^heta (Gadp.) Hetraiuggh÷e f `f Ghbeghf

â`äthgf, Cubeas Fhrbs, Buibcf.





GF^ÄYR@A HHH. @fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: b` ibsfrra`à ib ue gfdpa

ihsghp`hefr

6. Hetraiuggh÷e. 3. @fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: be cusgf ib uef ibehgh÷e gae-gbptuf`. 3.6. â`äthgf: ue gaegbpta gae dú`thp`bs shkehgfias. 3.3. ±Vuè bs

uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf1 Be cusgf ib uef ibehgh÷e. 3.7. â`äthgf púc`hgf, paibr

y rèkhdbe pa`äthga. 3.7.6. Ea ibghsh÷e, paibr y pa`äthgf púc`hgf. 3.9. â`äthgf púc`hgf y Bstfia. 7. @f gaestruggh÷e y bvaùgh÷e ib ue gfdpa ihsghp`hefr:`fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. 7.6 Gaeaghdhbeta ib y gaeaghdhbeta be b`

pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf. 9. Feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y tadf ib ibghsh÷e. 9.6. @as pfrfihkdfs ib feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs. 9.3. @as daibàs ib gaeiugtf

ib` fef`hstf ib pa`äthgfs. 2. G÷da bstuihfr y què bstuihfr ib `fs pa`äthgfspúc`hgfs. ?. Be rbsudbe.

6. HEYSAIRGGH×E.

Be b` prhdbr gfpätuà sb mfe prbsbetfia f`kuefs eaghaebs cæshgfs pfrf b` feæ`hshs pa-

`äthga. @as gaegbptas ib paibr , Bstfia, `bkhthdhifi , shstbdf pa`äthga y rèkhdbe pa`ä-thga gaesthtuybe she iuif gftbkaräfs gaegbptuf`bs gbetrf`bs6 qub pbrdhtbe gadprbe-

ibr g÷da bstæ arkfehzfia y ihstrhcuhia b` paibr pa`äthga be uef saghbifi (Dar`hea,

68=2). Ihgmfs gftbkaräfs, she bdcfrka, aorbgbe hdækbebs bstæthgfs, ‐oatakrfoäfs—,

qub sh chbe sae bxtrbdfifdbetb úth`bs pfrf ebs tb÷rhga-fef`äthgas, ibsgrhpthvas y

gadpfrfthvas (par bjbdpà, hibethgfr `fs ihdbeshaebs qub gadprbeib y ibebe

f ue Bstfia, shstbdf pa`äthga a rèkhdbe pa`äthga, ibsgrhchr `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs qub

pasbbe bstas be ibtbrdhefia thbdpa y ùkfr, y rfstrbfr `fs ihobrbeghfs prbsbetbs

betrb ihsthetas gfsas fef`hzfias), ea gaetrhcuybe f bxp`hgfr b` pragbsa f trfvès ib`

6 Bs hdpartfetb fivbrthr qub f garrbgtf fp`hgfgh÷e ib bstfs gftbkaräfs ea ibpbeib bxgùshvfdbetb ib`f gfpfghifi ib ib`hdhtfr y ibehr gae prbghsh÷e às f`gfegbs tb÷rhgas y bdpärhgas ib gfif gaegbpta.

Bxhkb fibdæs ibsgucrhr às väeguàs b hetbribpbeibeghfs qub bxhstbe betrb às ihsthetas gaegbptas prbsbetfias be b` prhdbr gfpätuà. Be f`kueas gfsas bsas väeguàs bstæe bxp`äghtfdbetb p`fetbfias be`fs ibehghaebs gaegbptuf`bs ‗par bjbdpà, `f rb`fgh÷e betrb b` gaegbpta ib shstbdf pa`äthga y b` ib

rèkhdbe pa`äthga (Dar`hea, 68=2), betrb às gaegbptas ib paibr, Bstfia y bkhthdhifi ([bcbr, 6883), abetrb shstbdf pa`äthga y `bkhthdhifi (@hpsbt, 68;;)‗< pbra be atras gfsas sb rbquhbrb ib ghbrtf pbrhghf pfrf paibr bstfc`bgbr `fs gaebxhaebs tb÷rhgfs fibgufifs.




29

guf` bsfs gfrfgtbrästhgfs a ihdbeshaebs qub ibebe f gfif uea ib bsas gaegbptas

fiquhbrbe eubvas vfàrbs.

Be b` sbkueia gfpätuà `f ftbegh÷e sb gbetrf be às rbkädbebs pa`äthgas ibdagræ-

thgas (a rbkädbebs pa`hærquhgas, tf` gada às ibeb Ifm` (688;)3, hetraiughbeia be

b` feæ`hshs f`kueas fspbgtas hesthtughaef`bs dæs bspbgägas (par bjbdpà, b` ibcftb

prbshibeghf`hsda vbrsus pfr`fdbetfrhsda a `f ihsgush÷e sacrb `fs oardfs ib rbprb-

sbetfgh÷e pa`äthgf y rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib hetbrbsbs saghf`bs y bgae÷dhgas) qub pbrdhtbe

gadprbeibr ihsthetfs oardfs ib arkfehzfgh÷e, pfrthghpfgh÷e y ihstrhcugh÷e ib` paibr

pa`äthga be gaetbxtas ibdagræthgas. Bspbgägfdbetb, sb prbtbeib dastrfr g÷da às

ihsthetas betrfdfias hesthtughaef`bs qub pubibe fiaptfr `fs pa`hfrquäfs daìbfe a

bstrugturfe b` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs, bstfc`bghbeia quhèebs ‗y guæetas‗

pubibe pfrthghpfr a heuhr, guæ`bs sae às gfef`bs oardf`bs/heoardf`bs ib fggbsa aheubeghf, què ofgu`tfibs/paibrbs thbeb gfif uea ib b`às, què rbquhshtas (dfyaräfs)

sb ibcbe sfthsofgbr pfrf paibr fiaptfr ibghshaebs, btg. Whe bdcfrka, dæs f``æ ib `f

uth`hifi tb÷rhga-fef`äthgf, ibsgrhpthvf y gadpfrfthvf ib bstfs eubvfs gftbkaräfs, ea

aorbgbe ue hestrudbetf` fibgufia pfrf bxp`hgfr g÷da y par què gfdchf f arkfehzf-

gh÷e y ihstrhcugh÷e ib` paibr pa`äthga be uef saghbifi, eh tfdpaga pfrf ifr gubetf

ib què mfgbe às kachbreas y par què à mfgbe.

Be bstb gfpätuà sb hetbetfræ ‐gadp`btfr pfrghf`dbetb— bsb vfgäa7 hegarparfeia uef

eubvf gftbkaräf oueifdbetf` pfrf b` feæ`hshs pa`äthga: `fs pa äthgfs púc`hgfs. Bstfs rbsu`-tfe g`fvb parqub ife gubetf ib à qub as kachbreas mfgbe a pubibe mfgbr 9, às acjbthvas

3 Be su yf g`æshgf acrf @f â`hfrquäf (688;), Sacbrt Ifm` frkudbetf qub bs hdpartfetb dfetbebr `fihsthegh÷e betrb f ibdagrfghf gada shstbdf hibf` y as frrbkàs hesthtughaef`bs qub sb fgbrgfe hdpbrobg-tfdbetb f b``f. @fs rfzaebs bxpubstfs sae ias: f) f ibdagrfghf gada shstbdf hibf` gadprbeib ue eúdb-ra ib ihdbeshaebs qub trfsghbeib f fqub``fs qub gadúedbetb sb uth`hzfe pfrf ibehr f ue rèkhdbe gada

ibdagræthga< c) `f bvhibeghf bdpärhgf ibdubstrf qub ea bxhstb ehekúe rèkhdbe pa`äthga tatf`dbetb ib-dagrfthzfia. Bs par b`à qub prbbrb uth`hzfr b` gaegbpta ib pa`hfrquäf gada susthtuta ib f ibdagrfghf.

7 Ibghdas pfrghf`dbetb, parqub she iuif b` feæ`hshs ib às pragbsas ib gfdcha (a hegùsa `f bxp`h-gfgh÷e ib `f supbrvhvbeghf ib` stftu qua, bsta bs b` ea gfdcha) rbquhbrb hegarparfr f às fgtarbs, sushetbrbsbs, vfàrbs, hibaàkäfs, pbra tfdchèe sus bstrftbkhfs y rbgursas (bgae÷dhgas, arkfehzfghaef`bsb hesthtughaef`bs).

9 Sbsu`tf fquä hdpartfetb mfgbr uef fivbrtbeghf f` `bgtar. Wh chbe bsta sb ibsfrra``fræ gae dfyar prb-ghsh÷e be b` pr÷xhda gfpätuà f` prbsbetfr b` daibà sbgubeghf` a par btfpfs, bs prbghsa rbgaeagbr qub`fs fiapgh÷e ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf paeb ib dfehbsta ‗be b` dbjar ib as gfsas‗ à qub as kachbreas

prbtbeibe mfgbr (bsta bs, às acjbthvas qub pbrshkube), pbra `f ibghsh÷e ea eas fethghpf guæ`bs sae àsrbsu`tfias qub `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs praiugbe. B`à sb ibcb f qub be b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e

bs pashc`b qub `fs pa`äthgfs (acjbthvas y rbgursas) sb ‐ibsväbe— mfghf atras acjbthvas y/a pac`fghaebs cbebghfrhfs a ihrbgtfdbetb ea sb paekfe be bjbgugh÷e. Re trfcfja phaebra be bstb gfdpa mf shia she

iuif `f acrf ib [hìfvsly y ^rbssdfe (68;7).




22

qub pbrshkube a ibsbfe f`gfezfr y às rbgursas qub davh`hzfe pfrf b`à, quhbebs y par

què `fs rbspfìfe, às hetbrbsbs bgae÷dhgas, saghf`bs y pa`äthgas qub fobgtfe (ofvarfc`b

a ibsofvarfc`bdbetb), às gaehgtas ib hetbrbsbs qub bdbrkbe, fsä gada às bobgtas qub

bstfs prbtbeibe praiughr a praiugbe sacrb b` gaetbxta be b` qub hetbrvhbebe.

Bs par b`à qub be bstb gfpätuà sb prbsbetfe, be prhdbr ùkfr, f`kuefs ibehgha-ebs sacrb què bs uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf, p`fetbfeia uef sbrhb ib ihdbeshaebs ibsgrhp-

thvfs qub pfrbgbe sbr ihsthethvfs ib taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf b hibethgfeia ib oardf

crbvb às puetas ib gaetfgta gae f`kueas ib às gaegbptas trfcfjfias be às gfpätu-

às fetbrharbs. Wbkuhifdbetb, sb rbf`hzfræ ue shetèthga rbpfsa sacrb `f oardf be qub

sb gaesthtuy÷ b` ‐gfdpa— ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, fsä gada `f bvaùgh÷e qub ihgma

gfdpa mf bxpbrhdbetfia mfstf `f fgtuf`hifi. Be tbrgbr ùkfr, `f ftbegh÷e sb gbe-

trfræ be b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs y su vhegu`fgh÷e gae, a gaetrhcugh÷e f, às pragbsasib tadf ib ibghsh÷e. Ohef`dbetb, sb p`fetbfræe ihobrbetbs fcarifjbs dbtaia`÷khgas

pfrf fef`hzfr `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, trftfeia ib p`fetbfr f`kuefs rbspubstfs prb`hdh-

efrbs f `fs prbkuetfs sacrb què y g÷da bstuihfr `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

3. @FW Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW: REF IBOHEHGH×E GAEGB^YRF@

Be bstf sbggh÷e sb pragurf crheifr f`kueas b`bdbetas qub pbrdhtfe uef dbjar gad-

prbesh÷e ib què sae fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @f tfrbf ea bs, par supubsta, sbegh``f. @fsihgu`tfibs sb dfehbstfe be trbs ædchtas. âr ue `fia, bs prbghsa ifr gubetf ib `f

pa`hsbdhf qub gfrfgtbrhzf f` gaegbpta pa`äthgf, trftfeia ib hibethgfr às f`gfegbs

qub thbeb `f uth`hzfgh÷e ib ihgma gaegbpta be `f gaestruggh÷e pa`äthgf púc`hgf. âr

atra, rbsu`tf hdpartfetb rbgaeagbr qub ea bxhstb ue gaesbesa be b` gfdpa ib `fs

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sacrb `fs ihdbeshaebs a gfrfgtbrästhgfs qub pbrdhtbe `f hibethgf-

gh÷e ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Fquä b` dfyar ibsfoäa khrf be tarea f `f ebgbshifi ib

pbesfr `f rb`fgh÷e betrb pa`äthgf púc`hgf, ibghsh÷e púc`hgf y ea-ibghsh÷e. âr ú`thda,

uef vbz prbghsfia b` gaegbpta y sus f`gfegbs, bs ebgbsfrha rbgupbrfr uef dhrfif he-

tbkrf` qub vub`vf f paebr be gaebxh÷e f fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs gae as atras gaegbptas

prbsbetfias be às gfpätuàs prbgbibetbs.

3.6. â`äthgf: ue gaegbpta gae dú`thp`bs shkehgfias

Wh chbe be b` Gfpätuà 6 yf sb mf hetraiughia `f ihsgush÷e sacrb b` gaegbpta pa`äthgf,

rbsu`tf rb`bvfetb rbtadfr fquä fqub` ibcftb pfrf rb`fghaefr às gaegbptas ib pa`ä-

thgf y pa`äthgf púc`hgf. B` tèrdhea pa`äthgf bs uth`hzfia rbgurrbetbdbetb ‗tfeta be






2;

@f ihdbesh÷e dæs fdp`hf a bstrugturf` ib `f pa`äthgf bs `f qub rbbrb f` gae-

gbpta ib pa`hty. Bstf bs `f ihdbesh÷e hesthtughaef` ib `f pa`äthgf, betbeihif gada b`

gaejueta ib hesthtughaebs y rbk`fs qub bstfc`bgbe g÷da b` paibr bstæ arkfehzfia y

ihstrhcuhia y g÷da pubib sbr bjbrghia f` hetbrhar ib ue aribe pa`äthga. Bstf ihdbe-

sh÷e gadprbeib b` feæ`hshs ib` Bstfia, b` shstbdf pa`äthga y b` rèkhdbe pa`äthga yftrfcfjfifs be b` prhdbr gfpätuà, pbra tfdchèe ib `fs ihsthetfs oardfs hesthtughaef`bs

qub pubife fiaptfr às rbkädbebs pa`hærquhgas be tfeta bstfc`bgbe `fs rbk`fs qub rb-

ku`fe `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib` paibr y `fs oardfs be `fs qub sb pubibe fiaptfr ibghshaebs

`bkäthdfs.

@f sbkueif ihdbesh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf bs `f qub rbbrb f` gaegbpta ib pa`hthgs.

Bstb ehvb` bs b` qub mfchtuf`dbetb fsaghfdas (be bspbghf` be b` `bekufjb arihefrha)

f` gaegbpta ib pa`äthgf, pubsta qub bs bstf ihdbesh÷e `f qub rbbrb f `f iheædhgfhembrbetbdbetb gaehgthvf ib `f pa`äthgf. @f pa`hthgs sb vhegu`f bstrbgmfdbetb gae

obe÷dbeas gada `f ùgmf par b` paibr< `f bstrugturf ib` gaehgta pa`äthga y saghf`<

b` gadpartfdhbeta ib às fgtarbs (pa`äthgas, bstftf`bs, bgae÷dhgas y saghf`bs), fsä

gada sus dfpfs gakehthvas (vfàrbs b hibaàkäfs), hetbrbsbs y prbobrbeghfs< `f davh-

`hzfgh÷e ib rbgursas (pa`äthgas, bgae÷dhgas y shdc÷`hgas)< y as pragbsas ib ebkaghf-

gh÷e y gaapbrfgh÷e qub sb paebe be dfrgmf gae b` prap÷shta ib rbpraiughr a f`tbrfr

ibtbrdhefifs shtufghaebs ib paibr.

Ohef`dbetb, f tbrgbrf ihdbesh÷e ib f pa`äthgf bs f qub rbbrb f `f pa`hgy (a pa`h-

ghbs). Bstf bs `f ihdbesh÷e ib f pa`äthgf qub sb vhegu`f gae fs fgghaebs a ibghshaebs

qub ue kachbrea fiaptf (pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs) y qub bstæe arhbetfifs f `f rbsaùgh÷e ib

fqub`às prac`bdfs qub uef saghbifi y ue kachbrea ibebe gada púc`hgas (bsta bs,

qub dbrbgbe ftbegh÷e par pfrtb ib` kachbrea). Be bstb ehvb` b` hetbrès sb ihrhkb f às

acjbthvas qub fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs pbrshkube, pbra tfdchèe f as rbsu`tfias b hdpfg-

tas qub `fs dhsdfs bobgthvfdbetb praiugbe be `f saghbifi, rbpraiughbeia shtufgha-

ebs prbxhstbetbs a f`tbræeia`fs rfihgf`dbetb. Bs par b`à qub gufeia `f ftbegh÷e sbgbetrf be `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb vub`vb hdpartfetb fef`hzfr ea saà `f ihdbesh÷e

sustfethvf ib fs pa`äthgfs, sus gaetbehias, shea tfdchèe f ihdbesh÷e apbrfthvf, bsta

bs su hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

3.3. ±Vuè bs uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf1 Be cusgf ib uef ibehgh÷e

Wae dugmfs `fs ibehghaebs qub pubibe ifrsb ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. Gfif uef ib

b``fs ibstfgf ihsthetas fspbgtas a b`bdbetas qub `f gadpaebe.Ref prhdbrf fpraxhdfgh÷e f` gaegbpta ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf bs fqub``f qub `f ib-

eb gada ‐b` rbsu`tfia ib `f fgthvhifi ib uef futarhifi hevbsthif ib paibr púc`hga y




2=

ib bkhthdhifi kucbrefdbetf`— (Dbey y Ymabehk, 6883: =8). Bstf prhdbrf ibehgh÷e

rbsf`tf b` bspfgha hesthtughaef` (`fs bstrugturfs ib futarhifi) be b` guf` `f pa`äthgf

púc`hgf sb arhkhef, y à qub `b crheif su `bkhthdhifi ib arhkbe. B` kachbrea, a fs fu-

tarhifibs qub trfeshtarhfdbetb agupfe `fs pashghaebs ib futarhifi be uef saghbifi,

y qub fggbibe f b``fs f trfvès ib às dbgfehsdas hesthtughaef`dbetb bstfc`bghias(gaejueta ib rbk`fs), fpfrbgbe fquä gada b` fgtar ibghshva a ‐futar— ib `f pa`äthgf

be gubsth÷e. Wbkuhifdbetb às dhsdas futarbs sböf`fe qub uef pa`äthgf ‐sb prbsbetf

cfja `f oardf ib ue gaejueta ib prægthgfs y eardfs qub bdfefe ib uea a vfrhas

fgtarbs púc`hgas— (6883: =8), rbgaeaghbeia fsä qub `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf pubib grhs-

tf`hzfrsb be eardfs (ib ihstheta ehvb`), pbra qub tfdchèe fcfrgf fqub``fs prægthgfs

(heoardf`bs) qub `fs paebe be oueghaefdhbeta.

Ref ibehgh÷e f`tbrefthvf bs `f qub eas crheif Iyb (6882) be su yf g`æshgf acrfReibrstfeihek ûc`hg â`hgy. Wbkúe b` futar, ‐uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf bs taia às qub

às kachbreas ibghibe mfgbr a ea mfgbr— (6882:3). Gada sasthbeb bxp`äghtfdbetb b`

futar ‐e÷tbsb qub bstfdas oagf`hzfeia b` hetbrès ea saà be `fs fggh÷e ib` kachbrea

shea tfdchèe be `f hefggh÷e kucbrefdbetf`, bsta bs, be à qub b` kachbrea b`hkb ea

mfgbr— (6882: 9). Gaesbgubetbdbetb sb fdp`äf beardbdbetb b` gfdpa ib fp`hgfgh÷e

ib` gaegbpta, pubsta qub bsta rbquhbrb tadfr be gubetf à qub ue kachbrea hetbe-

ghaef`dbetb ea mfgb. Be bstb sbethia, `fs pa`äthgfs pubibe sbr b` praiugta ib gursas

ib fggh÷e fiaptfias she g`frf bxp`hghtfgh÷e ib sus oueifdbetas y arhbetfghaebs. @fihgu`tfi rbshib fquä par ghbrta be pracfr `f hetbeghaef`hifi ibtræs ib `f ea-fggh÷e,

bsta bs be kbebrfr bvhibeghfs qub ibdubstrbe qub `f eafggh÷e bs ue gursa ib fggh÷e

b`bkhia ib oardf gaesghbetb par `fs futarhifibs kucbrefdbetf`bs.

Ref tbrgbrf ibehgh÷e qub gadprbeib y supbrf f `fs fetbrharbs bs fqub``f qub

gaeghcb `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf gada ‐ue gaejueta ib fgghaebs y adhshaebs qub dfeh-

bstfe uef ibtbrdhefif daif`hifi ib hetbrvbegh÷e ib` Bstfia be rb`fgh÷e gae uef

gubsth÷e qub gaeghtf `f ftbegh÷e, hetbrès a davh`hzfgh÷e ib atras fgtarbs be `f saghb-ifi ghvh`— (Asz`fl y A‘Iaeeb``, 68=3: 663). Bstf ibehgh÷e rbgupbrf b` gadpaebetb

gaetravbrshf` ib `f ibehgh÷e ib Iyb (6882), f` hegùhr `f adhsh÷e gada uef fggh÷e,

pbra bs dugma dæs fdp`hf par ias rfzaebs. âr ue `fia, rbgaeagb `f bxhstbeghf ib

ue gadpaebetb rb`fghaef` ibtræs ib taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf f` p`fetbfr qub `f pa`äthgf

bs uef ‐rbspubstf— f uef gubsth÷e qub mf kbebrfia `f ftbegh÷e a hetbrès ib ghbrtas

fgtarbs saghf`bs a bgae÷dhgas. Wb fsudb par tfeta qub `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf supaeb uef

ibdfeif, y qub ibtræs ib bsf ibdfeif bxhstbe fgtarbs b hetbrbsbs patbeghf`dbetb be

gaehgta. âr atra, paeb be b` gbetra ib `f ibehgh÷e f` Bstfia ‗ea saà f` kachbr -




28

ea‗ be tfeta gaejueta ib hesthtughaebs púc`hgfs qub paebe be bjbgugh÷e f trfvès ib

ue gaejueta ib fgghaebs bsfs ibghshaebs, ibsp`fzfeia b` hetbrès ibsib b` dadbeta

ibghshaef` f` dadbeta ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

Ref ú`thdf fpraxhdfgh÷e bs fqub``f qub trftf ib frthgu`fr às fspbgtas prbsbetbs

be `fs ibehghaebs fetbrharbs, ibehbeia f `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf gada: ‐ue gaejueta

(sbgubeghf, shstbdf, ghgà) ib fgghaebs, bstrugturfifs be daia hetbeghaef` y gfu-

sf`, qub sb arhbetfe f rbf`hzfr acjbthvas gaeshibrfias ib vfàr pfrf `f saghbifi a

f rbsa`vbr prac`bdfs guyf saùgh÷e bs gaeshibrfif ib hetbrès a cbebgha púc`hga<

guyf hetbeghaef`hifi y gfusf`hifi mfe shia ibehifs par `f hetbràgugh÷e qub mf

tbehia ukfr betrb b` kachbrea y as sbgtarbs ib f ghuififeäf< qub mfe shia ibghihifs

par futarhifibs púc`hgfs `bkäthdfs< qub sae bjbgutfifs par fgtarbs kucbrefdbetf`bs

y bstftf`bs a par bstas be fsaghfgh÷e gae fgtarbs saghf`bs (bgae÷dhgas, ghvh`bs), yqub ife arhkbe a oardfe ue pftr÷e ib gadpartfdhbeta ib` kachbrea y `f saghbifi—

(Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, 3>>8: 69).

@f ibehgh÷e ib Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf paeb ib dfehbsta qub `f pa`äthgf supaeb

ue pragbsa gadp`bja qub sb hehghf f` hibethgfr uef gubsth÷e saghf` a pa`äthgfdbetb

rb`bvfetb, qub gaetheúf gae uef tadf ib pashgh÷e par pfrtb ib` kachbrea fetb ihgmf

gubsth÷e, y qub rbquhbrb ue gaejueta ib fgghaebs bstftf`bs ihrhkhifs f dfetbebr,

trfesoardfr a daihgfr `f rbf`hifi a b` gaetbxta be b` qub às fgtarbs hetbrvhbebe

a às praphas gadpartfdhbetas ib às fgtarbs fobgtfias par `f pa`äthgf. ^bra à qubbstf ibehgh÷e hegarparf bxp`äghtfdbetb, y pfrbgb bstfr fusbetb be `fs prhdbrfs ias

ibehghaebs, bs `f frdfgh÷e ib qub taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf hdp`hgf uef tbaräf gfusf`

rbspbgta f g÷da rbsa`vbr a dhthkfr b` prac`bdf qub f pa`äthgf vhbeb f ftbeibr. @f hd-

partfeghf ib b`à rbshib be qub paeb be prhdbr p`fea b` väeguà betrb gaeaghdhbeta

y pa`äthgf a dæs bspbgägfdbetb f rb`fgh÷e betrb ghbeghf (a gaeaghdhbeta ghbetäga)

y pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

Whetbthzfeia f`kuefs ib `fs gubsthaebs fetbrhardbetb dbeghaefifs pubib fr -dfrsb, shkuhbeia f Dbey y Ymabehk (6883), qub uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf gaethbeb `fs

shkuhbetbs gfrfgtbrästhgfs:

h) Re gaetbehia: taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf davh`hzf rbgursas ib taia thpa pfrf

kbebrfr ghbrtas rbsu`tfias a praiugtas.

hh) Re prakrfdf: uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf ea sb rbiugb f ue fgta a ibghsh÷e gae-

shibrfia fhs`fifdbetb shea qub ibtræs ib gfif fgta bxhstb ue dfrga ib

rbobrbeghf qub hetbkrf y if gambrbeghf f bsas fgtas a fgthvhifibs.

hhh) Ref arhbetfgh÷e eardfthvf: `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf ea bs `f rbsu`tfetb ib rbspubstfs f`bftarhfs, gfrbetbs ib sbethia a ihrbgghaef`hifi, shea `f bxprbsh÷e




?>

ib `fs ef`hifibs (dfpfs gakehthvas b hibaàkäfs) y prbobrbeghfs qub b`/às

ibghsar/bs ea pubibe ibjfr ib fsudhr.

vh) Re ofgtar ib gabrgh÷e: taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf pragbib ib uef futarhifi

kucbrefdbetf` bkäthdfdbetb hevbsthif, iatfif ib as rbgursas ib gabrgh÷e

ebgbsfrhas pfrf hdpaebr `fs ibghshaebs ib pa`äthgf fiaptfifs.v) Ref gadpbtbeghf saghf`: `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb ihrhkbe mfghf ibtbrdhef-

ias krupas a pac`fghaebs, y cusgfe daihgfr sus gadpartfdhbetas, fobgtfr

sus hetbrbsbs a daihgfr às gaetbxtas be às guf`bs bstas sb ibsbevub`vbe.

Be uef ihrbggh÷e shdh`fr sb dfehbstf Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf (688?) f` rbgaeagbr

qub taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf sb ibeb par `f prbsbeghf ib:

h) Re gadpaebetb ib futarhifi (hesthtughaef`): pubsta qub `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf

gaesthtuyb ue fgta ib futarhifi fiaptfia par uef futarhifi qub ihspaebib `f `bkhthdhifi y qub sb fjustf f taias às pragbihdhbetas bstfc`bghias

`bkf`dbetb.

hh) Re gadpaebetb ibghshaef`: be tfeta taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf hdp`hgf `f prb-

sbeghf ib uef ibghsh÷e (fggh÷e a hefggh÷e).

hhh) Re gadpaebetb gaeiugtuf`: ifia qub taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf ibsbegfibef

ue gaejueta ib fgghaebs, fgthvhifibs y gadpartfdhbetas ib dú`thp`bs fgta-

rbs, ea ebgbsfrhf a bxgùshvfdbetb kucbrefdbetf`bs.

hv) Re gadpaebetb gfusf`: be `f dbihif qub taif pa`äthgf cusgf praiughribtbrdhefias rbsu`tfias a bobgtas sacrb às gadpartfdhbetas ib ghbrtas

fgtarbs a krupas saghf`bs a sacrb às gaetbxtas a shtufghaebs be `f qub ibs-

p`hbkfe sus fgghaebs às ghuififeas.

Ohef`dbetb, be `f dhsdf `äebf sb bxprbsf Dfrtäebz Eakubhrf (6882) f` sböf`fr

qub par pa`äthgf púc`hgf pubib betbeibrsb ue:

h) Gfdpa ib fggh÷e: ue fspbgta ib `f rbf`hifi qub hetbetf sbr hdpfgtfia par

`f fgthvhifi bstftf` (pa`äthgf saghf`, pa`äthgf bxtbrhar, pa`äthgf ib heeavfgh÷e,btg.). F su vbz, f ue ehvb` dæs ibsfkrbkfia, bstb gfdpa ib fggh÷e pubib

gaeshibrfrsb gada ue gaejueta ib prac`bdfs f guyf rbsaùgh÷e sb arhbetf f

fggh÷e ib` bstfia f trfvès ib hestrudbetas y fgghaebs bspbgägfs.

hh) Ibg`frftarhf ib hetbegh÷e: gaejueta ib pradbsfs y gadpradhsas ib fg-

gh÷e. Wb rbbrb f gaeiugtfs ib`hcbrfifs pfrf b` àkra ib acjbthvas, `f ib-

ehgh÷e ib `hebfdhbetas pfrf `f fggh÷e, `f rbku`fgh÷e ib gadpartfdhbetas,

`f fshkefgh÷e ib rbgursas y `f ibtbrdhefgh÷e ib rbspaesfch`hifibs. Bstfs

pradbsfs thbebe su bxprbsh÷e dftbrhf` be `f beueghfgh÷e ib às gaetbehiasib `f pa`äthgf.




?6

hhh) ^ragbsa ib gaevbrsh÷e: uef davh`hzfgh÷e ib rbgursas (ib ihobrbetb thpa:

ib paibr, ib gaeaghdhbeta, hesthtughaef`bs y arkfehzfghaef`bs, ib `bkhth-

dhifi saghf`, shdc÷`hgas) pfrf b` àkra ib acjbthvas pa`äthgas. @fs gfpfgh-

ifibs bxhstbetbs, su efturf`bzf, iatfgh÷e, ftrhcutas, rb`fghaebs rbgäpragfs,

gadpfthch`hifi y gaevbrkbeghf ibtbrdhefræe b` krfia be qub `f pradbsf sbgaevhbrtf be rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas bobgthvas.

hv) Ghgà ib fggh÷e: fgthvhifibs ib oardu`fgh÷e, bjbgugh÷e, sbkuhdhbeta y

bvfùfgh÷e, gfif uef ib `fs guf`bs supaeb `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib fgghaebs ihob-

rbeghfifs pbra f `f vbz frthgu`fifs, qub gadprbeib fibdæs `fs hetbrvbegha-

ebs ib dú`thp`bs fgtarbs gada fkbeghfs gae gadpbtbeghf pa`äthgf a tègehgf

a gada pfrthghpfetbs gae ihstheta krfia ib rbspaesfch`hifi, hevaùgrf-

dhbeta a gaetheuhifi.v) Gaejueta ib praiugtas, rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas: gaesbgubeghf ib` pragbsa

ib gaevbrsh÷e be b` dfrga ib bsb ghgà ib fggh÷e qub pbrdhtbe ftrhcuhr sbe-

thia y gaesbgubeghfs f `f hetbeghaef`hifi ib` Kachbrea y b` Bstfia.

Ib bstb daia, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ea sae saà `f bxprbsh÷e ib uef hetbeghaef`h-

ifi ihrhkhif f rbsa`vbr f`kúe prac`bdf hegarparfia f `f fkbeif ib kachbrea. Wupa-

ebe tfdchèe ibehghaebs ib bstas prac`bdfs, pastu`fgh÷e ib rb`fghaebs gfusf`bs be

tarea f b`às, `hebfdhbetas y grhtbrhas pfrf arhbetfr ibghshaebs y fgghaebs, dfeiftas

y ftrhcughaebs ib gadpbtbeghfs y rbgursas f ihsthetfs arkfehzfghaebs púc`hgfs (b`Bstfia), fsä gada fs gaesbgubeghfs bobgthvfs (rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas) qub praiugbe.

3.7. â`äthgf púc`hgf, paibr y shstbdf pa`äthga

Gae b` prap÷shta ib vhegu`fr f`kueas ib às gaegbptas mfstf fquä trfcfjfias, gaesh-

ibra apartuea rbgupbrfr ib dfebrf bxp`äghtf b` väeguà betrb às gaegbptas ib pa`ä-

thgf púc`hgf, paibr , y shstbdf pa`äthga. Bxhstbe vfrhfs oardfs ib paebr ib dfehbsta

bstb väeguà.@f prhdbrf bs rbgaeagbr qub `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs hdp`hgfe, a sae `f rbsu`tfetb

ib, gaehgtas betrb fgtarbs saghf`bs, bgae÷dhgas y pa`äthgas qub sb dfehbstfe f`

hetbrhar ib` shstbdf pa`äthga. Wbkúe bstf gaegbpgh÷e `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs thbebe uef

dftrhz saghbtf`, pubsta qub bstfs ‐rbspubstfs— qub crheif b` shstbdf pa`äthga f bsfs

ibdfeifs (prbobrbeghfs) gaehgthvfs betrb sä sae b` rbbja ib `fs ùgmfs ib paibr

qub f` hetbrhar ib` shstbdf pa`äthga betfc`fe bstas fgtarbs f pfrthr ib `f fshdètrhgf

pashgh÷e qub bstas pasbbe y `f ibshkuf` ihstrhcugh÷e ib rbgursas qub pubibe davh-`hzfr pfrf vbr rbf`hzfifs a sfthsobgmfs sus praphfs prbobrbeghfs. (Wb rbgadhbeif fquä




?3

rbgupbrfr `fs gaegbpghaebs ib` paibr qub pravhbebe ib às beoaqubs pùrf`hstfs y

dfrxhstfs qub mfe shia trftfifs be b` Gfpätuà 6).

Gada sasthbeb Wlagpa` (68=8) bstfs ‐oardfs ib bxp`hgfr `f pa`äthgf y `fs fgthvh-

ifibs kucbrefdbetf`bs gbetrfifs be `f saghbifi brfe gfrfgtbrästhgfs sacrb taia ib

`fs pbrspbgthvfs pùrf`hstfs y bstrugturf`-oueghaef`hstfs prbiadhefetbs be `f ghbeghf

pa`äthgf y `f saghaàkäf ib Bstfias Rehias be `fs iègfifs ib` 2> y ib` ?>. Be bs-tfs pbrspbgthvfs, b` Bstfia brf gaeshibrfia gada ue gaegbpta fethkua, fsaghfia f

tbihasas bstuihas juräihga-oueghaef`hstfs ib prheghphas gaesthtughaef`bs ib ædchta

efghaef`. \…T B` ‐kachbrea— brf gaeshibrfia prhdarihf`dbetb gada ue tbrrbea be

b` qub às krupas ib hetbrès ib gfrægtbr bgae÷dhga a às davhdhbetas saghf`bs ear-

dfthvas gaetbeiäfe a sb f`hfcfe betrb sä pfrf gaekurfr `f fiapgh÷e ib ibghshaebs

sacrb pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Wb betbeiäf qub bsfs ibghshaebs brfe rbpfrtas ib cbebghas

betrb às krupas qub às rbg`fdfcfe. \…T B` prapha kachbrea ea brf tadfia duy be

sbrha gada fgtar heibpbeihbetb \…T— (68=8: ;?-;;).F pbsfr qub f`kuefs hevbsthkfghaebs rbf`hzfifs be b` dfrga ib às beoaqubs pù-

rf`hstfs pfrbgäfe rbsu`tfr pradbtbiarfs (Ifm`, 68?6< â`scy, 68?7), bstfs ea gaeiu-

jbrae ‗f pbsfr ib `f bvhibeghf bdpärhgf ihspaehc`b‗ f `f rboardu`fgh÷e a fcfeiaea

ib ghbrtas supubstas pùrf`hstfs. Bstas y atras futarbs shtufias be bstb beoaqub sh-

kuhbrae fobrræeiasb f `f hibf ib qub b` Kachbrea a b` Bstfia ea gaesthtuybe fgtarbs

partfiarbs ib prbobrbeghfs praphfs shea qub rbbjfe f trfvès ib sus ibghshaebs y

fgghaebs quhbebs sae as krupas ib hetbrès qub mfe akrfia hdpaebr sus prbobrbeghfs(be pf`fcrfs ib Ifm`, quhbe a quhbebs kachbref/e).




?7

Bstf dftrhz saghbtf` tfdchèe pubib rfstrbfrsb be futarbs ebadfrxhstfs qub gaegh-

cbe `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs gada dbra rbbja ib f ibshkuf` ihstrhcugh÷e ib paibr betrb

`fs g`fsbs saghf`bs (Dh`hcfei, 68;=). F ihobrbeghf ib às pùrf`hstfs, qub thbebe uef vh-

sh÷e dæs iheædhgf y uhif ib` paibr, as beoaqubs dfrxhstfs thbeibe f rbsf`tfr b` gad-

paebetb bstrugturf` ib` gaehgta ib g`fsbs gada b` ofgtar qub bxp`hgf `f ùgmf par b`

paibr, y g÷da bstb ofgtar bstrugturf` sb grhstf`hzf be fs pa`äthgfs púc hgfs fiaptfifs.

Gada sasthbeb Wlagpa` (68=8) ‐F ehvb` tb÷rhga, prægthgfdbetb taias às ebadfrxhstfs

qub mfe bsgrhta sacrb b` Bstfia mfe dfetbehia ueas supubstas, praoueifdbetb frrfh-

kfias, gbetrfias be `f saghbifi, à guf` ea `bs mf pbrdhthia iuifr ib qub, be `f cfsb,

às Bstfias bstæe gaekurfias heträesbgfdbetb par `fs g`fsbs a `fs ùgmfs ib g`fsbs y

shrvbe pfrf dfetbebr y fdp`hfr às daias ib praiuggh÷e— (68=8: ;8)

Ref oardf f`tbrefthvf pfrf gadprbeibr b` väeguà betrb `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs yb` paibr, qub ibsfoäf `f pbrspbgthvf mfstf bsb dadbeta iadhefetb be b` gfdpa ib

`f ghbeghf pa`äthgf, rbsu`tf ib `f hevbrsh÷e ib `f rb`fgh÷e pastu`fif par pùrf`hstfs y

dfrxhstfs. Ibsib bstf pbrspbgthvf, qub mf shia sasthgfifdbetb ibsfrra``fif par

@awh (68?9, 68;3), `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sae gaegbchifs gada ofgtarbs qub bxp`hgfe

(y ea bxp`hgfias par) `f bstrugturfgh÷e ib ihsthetfs frbefs ib paibr.

Be su yf gfe÷ehgf g`fshgfgh÷e @awh (68?9) rbgaeagb trbs g`fsbs ib pa`äthgfs: f)

pa`äthgfs ihstrhcuthvfs, c) pa`äthgfs rbku`ftarhfs, y g) pa`äthgfs rbihstrhcuthvfs. Gfif

uef ib b``fs kbebrf uef frbef ib paibr gae gfrfgtbrästhgfs sheku`frbs. @fs pa`äthgfsihstrhcuthvfs kbebrfe uef frbef rb`fthvfdbetb pfgägf, pubs sb trftf ib f trfvès ib

b``fs ib aorbgbr f f saghbifi rbgursas a chbebs púc`hgas ea rhvf`bs qub sae ihvhshc`bs.

Be gfdcha, fs pa`äthgfs rbku`ftarhfs kbebrfe frbefs ib gaehgta y ebkaghfgh÷e betrb

krupas ib hetbrès qub thbebe hetbrbsbs a prbobrbeghfs ihsthetfs, gaehgthvfs betrb sä,

be tarea f uef dhsdf gubsth÷e y qub sb vbe ac`hkfias f ibsp`bkfr sus rbgursas (pa-

ibr) pfrf àkrfr qub sus prbobrbeghfs sbfe chbe ftbeihifs par `fs pa`äthgfs. Gae tf`

prap÷shta sb vbe ac`hkfias f rbf`hzfr gaegbshaebs y oardfr gaf`hghaebs. âr ú`thda,`fs pa`äthgfs rbihstrhcuthvfs sae fqub``fs qub gaesthtuybe frbefs ib paibr oraetf`-

dbetb gaehgthvfs, fivbrsfrhf`bs, iaeib `f bstrftbkhf ib gaf`hgh÷e y ebkaghfgh÷e ea

bstæ ihspaehc`b pubs às hetbrbsbs sae hrrbgaegh`hfc`bs.

Föas dæs tfrib @awh (68;3) rbvhs÷ su g`fshgfgh÷e, prbstfeia dfyar ftbegh÷e f`

mbgma qub `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs thbebe `f gfrfgtbrästhgf ib sbr ga`bgthvfdbetb ac`h-

kftarhfs b hdp`hgfe f`kúe ehvb` ib gabrgh÷e. Bs cfsæeiasb be `f efturf`bzf ib `f

gabrgh÷e qub uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf hetraiugb qub b` futar gaestruyb su thpaàkäf. Bstf

gabrgh÷e sb ibsp`hbkf be ias ihdbeshaebs: f) uef ihdbesh÷e vbrthgf`, qub ibeatf su




?9

hetbeshifi a oubrzf, sbkúe `f guf` `f gabrgh÷e qub `f pa`äthgf kbebrf pubib sbr ih-

rbgtf (hedbihftf) a heihrbgtf (rbdatf)< c) uef ihdbesh÷e marhzaetf`, qub ihobrbeghf

fqub`às gfsas be às qub `f gabrgh÷e sb bjbrgb sacrb b` gadpartfdhbeta heihvhiuf` a

sacrb b` gaetbxta be b` guf` `f gaeiugtf heihvhiuf` sb ibsp`hbkf.

Ihdbesh÷e _brthgf`

Ihdbesh÷e Marhzaetf`

@f gabrgh÷e sb bjbrgb f ehvb` ib `fgaeiugtf heihvhiuf`

@f gabrgh÷e sb bjbrgb sacrbb` betarea ib `f gaeiugtf

@f gabrgh÷e bs rbdatf â`äthgfs ihstrhcuthvfs â`äthgfs gaesthtughaef`bs

@f gabrgh÷e bs hedbihftf â`äthgfs rbku`ftarhfs â`äthgfs rbihstrhcuthvfs

Oubetb: B`fcarfgh÷e praphf be cfsb f @awh (68;3).

F pfrthr ib fdcfs ihdbeshaebs b` futar rbgaeagb guftra thpas ib pa`äthgfs. @fs

pa`äthgfs ihstrhcuthvfs sae fqub``fs be `fs qub `f pracfch`hifi ib `f gabrgh÷e bs rb-

datf pbra sb bjbrgb f ehvb` heihvhiuf`. Bstfs pa`äthgfs rbbrbe f fqub`às fgtas db-

ihfetb às guf`bs sb gaegbib uef futarhzfgh÷e (cbebghas) f gfsas pfrthgu`frbs. @fs

pa`äthgfs rbku`ftarhfs, be gfdcha, sae fqub``fs be `fs qub `f gabrgh÷e sb bjbrgb sacrb

b` heihvhiua (hkuf` qub `fs ihstrhcuthvfs) pbra iaeib `f pracfch`hifi ib `f gabrgh÷e

bs hedbihftf a ihrbgtf. Bstb thpa ib pa`äthgfs gaeshstbe be ihgtfr eardfs (rbk`fdbe-

tfghaebs) qub fobgtfe ihrbgtfdbetb b` gadpartfdhbeta ib às fobgtfias par `f rb-

ku`fgh÷e. @fs pa`äthgfs rbihstrhcuthvfs, par su pfrtb, sae fqub``fs be `fs qub `f pra-

cfch`hifi ib `f gabrgh÷e bs hedbihftf (f` hkuf` qub `fs rbku`ftarhfs) pbra iaeib `f

gabrgh÷e sb bjbrgb sacrb b` betarea ib` gadpartfdhbeta heihvhiuf`. Ohef`dbetb, `fs

pa`äthgfs gaesthtughaef`bs (tfdchèe ``fdfifs gaesthtuybetbs) sae fqub``fs be iaeib

`f gabrgh÷e sb bjbrgb sacrb b` betarea ib `f gaeiugtf (f` hkuf` qub `fs rbihstrhcuthvfs)

fuequb `f pracfch`hifi ib `f gabrgh÷e bs rbdatf a `bjfef.Gfif uea ib às thpas ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf qub sb rbgaeagb be `f thpaàkäf (pa`äth-

gfs ihstrhcuthvfs, rbku`fthvfs, rbihstrhcuthvfs y gaesthtughaef`bs) ibtbrdhefe b` thpa

b hetbeshifi ib` gaehgta, b` ædchta hesthtughaef` be b` qub sb ibsfrra``f fsä gada

b` eúdbra y thpa ib fgtarbs (jukfiarbs) qub pfrthghpfe be gfif uef ib bsfs frbefs.

Ihgma ib atra daia, y rbtadfia `f ihsthegh÷e rbf`hzfif be b` pueta 3.6., pfrf b`

futar `f pa`hthgs ea ibtbrdhef a bxp`hgf `fs pa`hghbs (supubsta be b` qub ibsgfesfe

beoaqubs gada b` pùrf`hsda a b` ebadfrxhsda) shea qub `fs ‐ pa`hghbs ibtbrdhefe




?2

`f pa`hthgs— (@awh, 68;3: 388)2. B` bsqubdf frkudbetf` qub ibsfrra``f b` futar pfrf

sastbebr bstf rb`fgh÷e ib ibtbrdhefgh÷e bs b` shkuhbetb:

h) `fs rb`fghaebs betrb `fs pbrsaefs y as krupas a fgtarbs bstæe ibtbrdhefifs

par sus bxpbgtfthvfs, bsta bs à qub gfif fgtar bspbrf actbebr ib su rb`fgh÷e

gae às atras<hh) `fs bxpbgtfthvfs bstæe ibtbrdhefifs par às praiugtas kucbrefdbetf`bs

(pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs)<

hhh) gaesbgubetbdbetb, `f rb`fgh÷e pa`äthgf ( pa`hthgs) bstæ ibtbrdhefif par b`

thpa ib pa`äthgf be jubka ‗rbihstrhcuthvf, ihstrhcuthvf, rbku`fthvf, a gaes-

thtughaef`‗, pubsta qub gfif thpa ib pa`äthgf kbebrf ue thpa bspbgäga ib

rb`fgh÷e pa`äthgf.

Ref tbrgbrf oardf ib rbpbesfr b` väeguà bs fqub``f qub rbgaeagb qub `fs pa`äth-gfs bstæe gaeihghaefifs par pbra f` dhsda thbdpa heuybe sacrb `f ihdbesh÷e ib

`f pa`hthgs, pbra qub beofthzf b` ofgtar gabrghthva gada uea ib às rfskas ihsthethvas

ib taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Bstf gaegbpgh÷e pfrtb ib `f mbrbeghf hetb`bgtuf` ib @awh

(68;3), quhbe sastbeäf qub gfif thpa ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf hdp`hgf ihsthetas thpas ib

gabrgh÷e, qub apbrfe f su vbz f trfvès ib ihvbrsas ehvb`bs (heihvhiuf` a fdchbetf`).

Ibsib bstf pbrspbgthvf `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sae be sä dhsda hestrudbetas pfrf b`

bjbrghgha bobgthva ib` paibr, gae heibpbeibeghf ib `f ihrbgghaef`hifi a `f hetbegha-

ef`hifi gae `f qub ihgma paibr sb bjbrgb.

3.7.6. Ea ibghsh÷e, paibr y pa`äthgf púc`hgf

F prheghpha ib `f iègfif ib` ?>, `f prbsthkhasf rbvhstf ghbetägf Ymb Fdbrhgfe â-

`hthgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw puc`hgf ue frtäguà ib Cfgmrfgm y Cfrftz (68?3) qub ibsfoäf

`fs vhshaebs pùrf`hstfs ib` paibr. B` frtäguà thtu`fia Ywa Ofgbs ao âwbr (@fs ias

gfrfs ib` paibr) sasthbeb qub `f gaegbpgh÷e pùrf`hstf ib` paibr bs bxtrbdfifdbetb

rbiugghaehstf pubsta qub rbgaeagb saà uef ib `fs ihdbeshaebs ib` paibr. Wbkúe às

futarbs, b` pùrf`hsda sb fobrrf f `f hibf ib qub b` bjbrghgha ib` paibr sb dfehbstf

gufeia ue fgtar a gaejueta ib fgtarbs àkrfe heuhr be b` gadpartfdhbeta ib atras

fgtarbs pfrf qub bstas mfkfe f`ka qub ib atrf dfebrf ea mfräfe. Wh chbe bsta su-

2 Bstf ‐vhsh÷e ibtbrdhehstf ib f pa`äthgf ( pa`äthgs) gada ouegh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ( pa`hghbs)

mf shia praoueifdbetb grhthgfif par gaeshibrærsb`f ibdfshfia shdp`hstf y saspbgmasf ibsib b` puetaib vhstf dbtaia`÷khga— (^frsaes, 3>>=: 6?7). ^frf ue trftfdhbeta ibtf``fia ib `fs gräthgfs f `f pbrspbgthvf ib @awh sb rbgadhbeif gaesu`tfr às tbxtas ib Mbgà (68;3), Dfy (68=?) y Wfcfthbr (6886).




??

paeb paibr, às futarbs frdfe qub bxhstb uef oardf f`tbrefthvf a gadp`bdbetfrhf

‗qub hegùsa gaeshibrfe dæs bghbetb‗ qub gaeshstb be bjbrgbr b` paibr heuybeia

be b` gadpartfdhbeta ib atras fgtarbs pfrf qub bstas ea mfkfe f`ka.

±âr què bs hdpartfetb bstf eubvf ihdbesh÷e a gfrf ib` paibr1 @a qub as futarbs

ibsbfe paebr ib dfehbsta bs qub b` paibr sb pubib bjbrgbr bvhtfeia ue gadpartf-dhbeta, à qub hdp`hgf par tfeta qub ea bdbrkbræ ue gaehgta acsbrvfc`b. Be bstfs

shtufghaebs b` paibr sb vf f ibsp`bkfr gae b` prap÷shta ib hdpbihr sb kbebrb uef

ibdfeif qub hekrbsb f` shstbdf pa`äthga. @a qub sb cusgf f trfvès ib bstf oardf ib

bjbrghgha ib` paibr bs rbdavbr `f gfpfghifi ib fggh÷e ga`bgthvf ib ghbrtas krupas a

pac`fghaebs. ^bra b` mbgma ib qub ea mfyf uef davh`hzfgh÷e / fggh÷e ga`bgthvf ea

shkehgf qub paifdas heobrhr qub ea mfy prac`bdf(s). @as prac`bdfs bstæe, pbra sae

tf` gada à ibebe às futarbs, prac`bdfs patbeghf`bs. Wae prac`bdfs qub bxhstbe pbra qub ea mfe fiquhrhia b` stftus ib prac`bdfs pa`äthgas.

@a qub bstb eubva beoaqub chihdbeshaef` prapaeb, shkuhbeia `f tbrdheaàkäf ib

@ulbs (68=2), bs tbebr be gubetf às gaehgtas qub puihbrae mfcbr surkhia pbra ea

surkhbrae. Yhbeb par tfeta uef vhsh÷e dæs fdp`hf ib` shstbdf pa`äthga pubs hegùyb f

pashch`hifi ib ebutrf`hzfr gaehgtas fetbs ib qub agurrfe.

Cfgmrfgm y Cfrftz (68?3) hibethgfe be su tbxta ihsthetas dbgfehsdas qub sub`be

sbr uth`hzfias gae `f ef`hifi ib bvhtfr qub ue gadpartfdhbeta gaehgthva ‐farb

f `f supbrghb—, bs ibghr, pfrf àkrfr qub ue fgtar ea sb gadpartb ib uef oardf ea

ibsbfif. Bstas dbgfehsdas sae:

h) @f gabrgh÷e: hdp`hgf tbebr `f gfpfghifi ib fdbefzfr f` atra fgtar gae uef

sfegh÷e. B` atra fgtar thbeb f pashch`hifi ib bvfùfr sh prbbrb acbibgbr a ea.




?;

hh) @f heubeghf: supaeb `f gfpfghifi ib bvhtfr b` gadpartfdhbeta ib ue fgtar

she `f ebgbshifi ib uef fdbefzf shea gaevbeghèeiaà ib ea ``bvfrà f gfca.

hhh) @f futarhifi: hdp`hgf `f prbsbeghf ib `f acbihbeghf par pfrtb ib` fgtar

sacrb b` qub sb bjbrgb b` paibr, quhbe rbgaeagb qub `f aribe qub rbghcb bs

rfzaefc`b.hv) @f oubrzf: thbeib f ibspajfr f` atra fgtar ib `f apgh÷e ib acbihbeghf a ea

acbihbeghf.

Bstb eubva beoaqub supaeb fdp`hfr b` gfdpa ib à qub gaesthtuyb uef pa`äthgf

púc`hgf. Ib bstb daia `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf ea bs saà `f rbspubstf qub bdbrkb ib `fs

bstrugturfs hesthtughaef`bs ib futarhifi fetb ibtbrdhefias prac`bdfs a ibdfeifs

qub hekrbsfe f` shstbdf pa`äthga, shea qub fcfrgfräf `fs ibghshaebs qub sb fiaptfe

gae b` prap÷shta ib ‐ibghihr ea ibghihr—, bsta bs, hdphihbeia qub ghbrtas prac`bdfs yibdfeifs hekrbsbe f` shstbdf.

3.9. â`äthgf púc`hgf y Bstfia

Be b` dfrga ib `fs pashghaebs iadhefetbs be b` gfdpa ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs

mfstf `f iègfif ib às ;>, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sae gaegbchifs gada rbsu`tfetbs ib`

gaehgta saghf`, fuequb `f bstrugturf ib bsb gaehgta vfrhfræ be ouegh÷e f `fs tbaräfs

ib `fs guf`bs sb pfrtb (vbr pueta 3.7.). Bstas beoaqubs saghagèetrhgas hibethgfraefsä gada oubetb bxp`hgfthvf ib `fs pa`äthgfs f fgtarbs bxtrf bstftf`bs gada `fs g`fsbs

saghf`bs, as gfphtf`hstfs y b` gfphtf`, as krupas ib hetbrès y fs gaf`hghaebs saghapa`ä-

thgfs, rb`bkfeia f` Bstfia f uef shtufgh÷e ib dbra bphobe÷dbea ib bstas bvbetas. Ib

bstb daia, b ebkfrae f` Bstfia gfpfghifi bxp`hgfthvf praphf, shbeia bstb gaegbchia

gada ue gaejueta ib arkfehzfghaebs púc`hgfs hevaùgrfifs be `f bjbgugh÷e fgräthgf

ib fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y be f`kúe sbethia gada ue bspfgha a frbef ebutrf be b` guf`

sb bxprbsf a ihrhdb `f gaehgthvhifi saghf`.

Whe bdcfrka, f pfrthr ib `f iègfif ib` ;>, sb ibsfrra``fe f`kuefs hevbsthkfghaebsqub pfrtbe ib atrfs prbdhsfs fef`äthgfs, rbsgftfeia `f hdpartfeghf ib` Bstfia gada

ofgtar bxp`hgfthva. F dbihfias ib `f iègfif ib` =>, Bvfes, Subsgmbdbybr y Wlagpa`

(68=2) puc`hgfe uef acrf, Crhekhek tmb Wtftb Cfgl He, qub gubsthaef tfeta ibsib b`

pueta ib vhstf tb÷rhga gada bdpärhga dugma ib às supubstas qub bstfcfe ibtræs ib

às beoaqubs saghagèetrhgas. Be bsf acrf, pbra tfdchèe be ue frtäguà qub sb puc`h-

gfræ guftra föas ibspuès be bspföa`, Ymbif Wlagpa` (68=268=8) sb prapaeb dastrfr

`f heubeghf bstftf` be atrfs vfrhfc`bs fef`äthgfs. Wbkúe `f futarf, `f heubeghf ib`Bstfia be `f saghbifi sb pubib fef`hzfr f pfrthr ib ias pbrspbgthvfs:




?=

h) b` Bstfia be tfeta fgtar gfpfz ib heuhr be `f iheædhgf ib às pragbsas

saghf`bs f trfvès ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs<

hh) b` Bstfia be tfeta dfrga hesthtughaef`, bs ibghr, be tfeta shstbdf ib rbk`fs

ib arkfehzfgh÷e ib `f vhif pa`äthgf y saghf`.

Gaeshibrfr f` Bstfia gada fgtar bs gaeshibrfrà gada ue ga`bgthva ib oueghaef-rhas. Bstb ga`bgthva pubib (fuequb ea shbdprb) fgtufr ib uef dfebrf fut÷eadf be b`

sbethia ib tbebr `f ofgu`tfi y `f pashch`hifi pfrf ibsfrra``fr pa`äthgfs she rbspaeibr

ebgbsfrhf y ihrbgtfdbetb f às hetbrbsbs ib às fgtarbs saghf`bs hevaùgrfias, sbfe

krupas a g`fsbs saghf`bs (Wlagpa`, 68=8). Wh chbe gaeshibrfrà gada fgtar ea hdp`hgf

ebgbsfrhfdbetb `f gfpfghifi pfrf ibsp`bkfr ue gadpartfdhbeta fut÷eada, bs bstf

pashc`b futaeadäf `f qub `b atarkf f` Bstfia `f guf`hifi ib sbr uef hesthtugh÷e/arkf-

ehzfgh÷e gae gfpfghifi ib heghibeghf saghf`.^bra `f futarf vf dæs f``æ f` sböf`fr qub bstas ga`bgthvas ib oueghaefrhas ea sb

gadpartfe shbdprb eh ebgbsfrhfdbetb ib oardf daea`äthgf, à qub `f ``bvf f sastb-

ebr qub gaesthtuyb ue krfvb brrar fsudhr qub b` Bstfia sb gadpartf gada ue fgtar

uehtfrha. âr b` gaetrfrha, b` Bstfia bs ue fgtar qub sb ibsfkrbkf be uef pùrf`hifi

ib fgtarbs, qub pubibe begaetrfrsb dæs a dbeas gaarihefias betrb sä, gfif uea ib

b`às gae ihsthetfs iatfghaebs ib rbgursas (ib taia thpa) y gae acjbthvas ihobrbetbs a

hegùsa gaetrfihgtarhas, y qub thbebe `f gfpfghifi pfrf ibsp`bkfr bsas be ouegh÷e f

sus praphas hetbrbsbs y prbobrbeghfs.Gaeshibrfr b` Bstfia gada dfrga hesthtughaef`, supaeb sbkúe Wlagpa` (68=2)

bvfùfr b` hdpfgta qub bstb pubib tbebr be tfeta shstbdf ib rbk`fs, pragbihdhbetas

a bstrugturfs. Be bstb sbethia `f futarf rbsf`tf qub `fs ihsthetfs gaekurfghaebs hes-

thtughaef`bs qub fsudbe às Bstfias thbebe uef heubeghf ibghshvf sacrb `f oardf

gada sb ibsfrra``f `f iheædhgf pa`äthgf a `fs daif`hifibs ib fggh÷e ga`bgthvf ib às

fgtarbs saghf`bs. Ib bstb daia, f ihobrbetbs oardfs ib arkfehzfgh÷e ib` Bstfia `b

garrbspaeibe ihobrbetbs oardfs ib mfgbr pa`äthgf, a ihobrbetbs bstrftbkhfs pa`äthgfs aib fggh÷e ga`bgthvf ib às fgtarbs saghf`bs.

Ib à bxpubsta sb fivhbrtb qub bstas eubvas beoaqubs qub ‐paebe f` Bstfia be

prhdbr p`fea—, hdp`hgfe uef eubvf oardf ib gaegbptuf`hzfr `f rb`fgh÷e betrb Bstfia

y pa`äthgf púc`hgf. B` Bstfia bs gaeshibrfia fmarf gada ue pashc`b fgtar gae gfpfgh-

ifi pfrf hdpaebr sus hetbrbsbs f às ihsthetas fgtarbs y krupas saghf`bs.

Be bstb sbethia bstf rbgupbrfgh÷e ib` Bstfia supaeb bsgfpfr, par ue `fia, f `f

hibf ib qub às pragbsas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs sae bstrhgtfdbetb tègeh-

gas y ebutrf`bs ([bcbr, 6883), y beofthzfr b` gadpaebetb pa`äthga qub gfrfgtbrhzf `f




?8

bjbgugh÷e ib guf`quhbr pa`äthgf púc`hgf ([ìfvsly, 68;8). Be bstb pragbsa pa`äthga

betrfe she iuif b` Bstfia, a `fs arkfehzfghaebs bstftf`bs, gada fgtarbs gae hetbrbsbs

praphas. âr atra, supaeb rbgaeagbr qub b` Bstfia, a às ga`bgthvas ib oueghaefrhas

púc`hgas, ea saà hetbrvhbebe be b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e shea qub pfrthghpfe,

be f`kuefs shtufghaebs, be às pragbsas ib tadf ib ibghshaebs?.

7. @F GAEWYSRGGH×E X B_A@RGH×E IB RE GFDÂ IHWGH^@HEFS : @FW GHBEGHFW IB Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW

Be ue trfcfja yf g`æshga puc`hgfia be b` föa 6826, Mfraì @fsswb`` ‗b` pfirb oueif-

iar ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs‗ ibsfrra``f ue prakrfdf ib hevbsthkfgh÷e qub cusgf

frthgu`fr ib oardf shstbdæthgf f ghbeghf (a b` gaeaghdhbeta ghbetäga) gae b` pragbsa

ib tadf ib ibghshaebs. F juhgha ib @fsswb`` (6826) b` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf rbquhbrb

ib dæs y dbjarbs bstuihas qub gaetrhcuyfe f fudbetfr `f rfghaef`hifi ib `fs ibgh-

shaebs púc`hgfs.

B` prakrfdf ibsfrra``fia par @fsswb`` sb gaesthtuy÷ be uef rbspubstf f `f bxgb-

shvf orfkdbetfgh÷e qub gfrfgtbrhzfcf f `fs ghbeghfs saghf`bs eartbfdbrhgfef, par ue

`fia, y f `f ebgbshifi ib iatfr ib dfyar gaeaghdhbeta f às kachbreas pfrf qub pub-

ife fiaptfr dbjarbs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @f pfrfiajf qub gfrfgtbrhzfcf f` bsgbefrha

be b` qub sb hesgrhcb su praybgta ib fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs, rbshiäf be b` prbiadhehaib paibrasfs ‐oubrzfs gbeträoukfs— f` hetbrhar ib `fs ghbeghfs saghf`bs ‗ib `f dfea

ib ue pragbsa vbrthkheasa ib bspbghf`hzfgh÷e ghbetägf qub gaetrhcuäf f hegrbdbetfr

`f heihobrbeghf y pagf vhegu`fgh÷e betrb às ihvbrsas sfcbrbs ghbetägas‗ justa be b`

dhsda dadbeta be b` qub f pa`äthgf (a as kachbreas) rbqubräfe dæs gaeaghdhbeta y

uef dfyar hetbkrfgh÷e ib às sfcbrbs ghbetägas pfrf paibr beorbetfr ib oardf dæs

bgfz y bghbetb prac`bdfs púc`hgas gfif vbz dæs gadp`bjas y du`thihdbeshaef`bs.

Be pf`fcrfs ib @fsswb`` ‐@f uehifi ib `f vhif hetb`bgtuf` y `f frdaehzfgh÷e betrb

`f ghbeghf y `f prægthgf mfe shia dhefifs par bstfs ”oubrzfs gbeträoukfs‘— (6826: 9).

Whe bdcfrka, be às föas pastbrharbs f` e ib `f Wbkueif Kubrrf Dueihf` ga -

dhbezfe f vhsùdcrfrsb f`kueas heihgfiarbs fusphghasas, qub dubstrfe uef grbghbe-

tb tbeibeghf mfghf `f hetbkrfgh÷e. Be b` ærbf ib hevbsthkfgh÷e ib `fs uehvbrshifibs

gadhbezfe f gaeoardfrsb bquhpas du`thihsghp`hefrhas pfrf trfcfjfr sacrb prac`bdfs

? Bstfs gubsthaebs sb rbtadfræe be b` gfpätuà shkuhbetb f` gfrfgtbrhzfr `fs ihsthetfs ofsbs a btfpfsib` ghgà ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.






;6

hh) @f uth`hzfgh÷e ib daibàs: sb sasthbeb qub às ghbetägas saghf`bs shbdprb

mfe ibrhvfia sus mhp÷tbshs dæs úth`bs f pfrthr ib` ibsfrra`à ib daibàs qub

pbrdhtfe trftfr gae shtufghaebs a prac`bdfs bxtrbdfifdbetb gadp`bjas.

hhh) B` bsg`frbghdhbeta ib dbtfs (rb`fgh÷e dbihas-ebs): sb bxhkb qub às pra-

p÷shtas vfàrfthvas sucyfgbetbs f taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf sbfe bxp`hghtfias.Bstfs vfàrfghaebs ibpbeibe ib a qub sb gaeshibrf gada rb`fghaebs mudf-

efs ibsbfc`bs, y ib b``fs ibpbeib f su vbz à qub uef saghbifi ibeb gada

ue prac`bdf cæshga.

hv) Ref arhbetfgh÷e eardfthvf chbe ibehif: sb paeb b` èeofshs be b` ibsf-

rra`à ib ue gaeaghdhbeta qub pbrdhtf `f rbf`hzfgh÷e p`bef ib `f ihkehifi

mudfef. Be bstb sbethia, fs ghbeghfs ib fs pa`äthgfs thbebe uef prbobrbeghf

eardfthvf par `f ibdagrfghf.v) @f gaeghbeghf ib` thbdpa: sb bxhkb qub b` ghbetäga saghf` sb`bgghaeb às

praybgtas ib hevbsthkfgh÷e ib fgubria gae sus dbtfs vfàrfthvfs (fqub`às

praybgtas qub ‐vf`be `f pbef—), pbra qub uef vbz rbf`hzfif bstf b`bggh÷e

pragbif gae `f dfyar acjbthvhifi, uth`hzfeia às dètaias ihspaehc`bs, gae

b` prap÷shta ib gaetrhcuhr f `f ibghsh÷e ib pa`äthgfs.

vh) Re beoaqub kàcf`: sb fsudb qub às prac`bdfs thbebe uef dftrhz kàcf`

y qub f pac`fgh÷e ib` dueia gaesthtuyb uef úehgf gaduehifi be f qub fs

ibghshaebs a ibsthea ib ueas fobgtfe f atras.vhh) Ref fgthtui ib sbeshch`hifi fetb às prac`bdfs: sb `b atarkf ue ùkfr gbe-

trf` f` fgta ib hdfkhefgh÷e grbfthvf pfrf prapaebr saùghaebs (pa`äthgfs)

eubvfs y bxhtasfs f às prac`bdfs.

vhhh) @f rbvfàrhzfgh÷e ib` ra` ib às b`fcarfiarbs ib pa`äthgfs: sb fsudb qub

às ghbetägas saghf`bs ea sae às úehgas qub pubibe gaetrhcuhr f `fs ghbe -

ghfs ib fs pa`äthgfs, shea qub as madcrbs bxpbrhdbetfias be f b`fcarfgh÷e

ib pa`äthgfs pubibe mfgbr gaetrhcughaebs hdpartfetbs f pfrthr ib` gaeagh-dhbeta qub pubib arhkhefrsb y shstbdfthzfrsb ib sus praphfs bxpbrhbeghfs.

7.6. Gaeaghdhbeta ib y gaeaghdhbeta be b` pragbsa ib `fpa`äthgf

Gfsh vbhetb föas ibspuès ib prbsbetfr su prakrfdf ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs, @fs-

swb`` rbtad÷ y pbrobgghae÷ su prapubstf arhkhef`. Wbkúe b` futar, `fs ghbeghfs ib

pa`äthgfs sb agupfe ib` gaeaghdhbeta ib` y be b` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs(@fsswb``, 68;>). Bstas ias dfrgas ib rbobrbeghf sae g`frfdbetb ihsthekuhc`bs, pbra








;9

be tarea f b``fs ibsbegfibefias y par b``fs praiughias. Bsf gadprbesh÷e sb f`gfezf

f trfvès ib `f praiuggh÷e y `f uth`hzfgh÷e ib gaeaghdhbeta rb`bvfetb be tarea f gubs-

thaebs qub sae acjbta ib ftbegh÷e y fggh÷e par pfrtb ib` Bstfia. Bstb gaeaghdhbeta

pubib tbebr ihstheta krfia ib oardf`hzfgh÷e, ibsib b` juhgha heoardfia mfstf `f uth`h-

zfgh÷e ib dbtaiaàkäfs rhkurasfs y shstbdæthgfs y b` frkudbeta rfghaef`.

Wae dú`thp`bs `fs ibehghaebs ififs f` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs. F`kuefs ib b``fs

sae `fs shkuhbetbs:(h) Fsbsarfdhbeta rb`bvfetb pfrf fs ibghshaebs púc`hgfs cfsfia be vfàrbs y

ihrhkhia f ue usufrha bspbgäga ([bhdbr y _hehek, 68=8).

(hh) Ref ihsghp`hef cfsfif be `fs ghbeghfs saghf`bs qub uth`hzf dú`thp`bs

dètaias ib heifkfgh÷e y ib frkudbetfgh÷e pfrf praiughr y trfesoardfrheoardfgh÷e rb`bvfetb rbobrhif f pa`äthgfs qub pubib sbr uth`hzfif beædchtas pa`äthgas pfrf rbsa`vbr prac`bdfs vhegu`fias f pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs(Iuee, 68=6).

(hhh) Re dbiha pfrf shetbthzfr heoardfgh÷e, hegùhif be b``f às rbsu`tfias ibhevbsthkfghaebs, ihrhkhia f sudhehstrfr b`bdbetas pfrf `fs ibghshaebssacrb pa`äthgfs (`f hibethgfgh÷e ib f`tbrefthvfs) y pfrf `f ibtbrdhefgh÷eib ebgbshifibs outurfs ib heoardfgh÷e ([h``hfds, 68=3)

(hv) Re sucgfdpa fp`hgfia guya gaetbehia ea pubib sbr ibtbrdhefia par`ädhtbs ihsghp`hefrhas shea par fqub`à qub fpfrbzgf gada fpraphfia f `fefturf`bzf y f `fs ghrguestfeghfs ib` prac`bdf ([hìfvsly, 68;8).

(v) Guf`quhbr thpa ib feæ`hshs qub kbebrf y prbsbetf heoardfgh÷e ihrhkhif fdbjarfr fs cfsbs pfrf b` bjbrghgha ib su juhgha par pfrtb ib as oardu`fiarbsib pa`äthgf (Vufib, 68;2).

±âr què b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs1 ±Guæ` bs su rb`bvfeghf pfrf qub mfyf rbghchia

uef ftbegh÷e grbghbetb, mfchèeiasb gaesthtuhia f `f vbz be ue gfdpa du`thihsghp`h-

efrha gae hibethifi praphf y be uef prægthgf praobshaef` ihoueihif1 ±âr què sb mf

gaevbrthia gada uef fgthvhifi shstbdæthgf be às hetbetas sbrhas ib rboardf ib` bs-

tfia1 ±âr què bstæ fsaghfia f `f pfrthghpfgh÷e saghf` y f uef ghuififeäf fgthvf1 @fs

rbspubstfs f bstas hetbrrakfetbs pubibe begaetrfrsb be `fs gaetrhcughaebs rbf`hzfifs

par b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs f trbs p`feas ib `f rbf`hifi:

h) f` pragbsa ibdagræthga, crheifeia fpartbs qub hùdhefe `f ib`hcbrfgh÷e




;2

pa`äthgf y ife trfespfrbeghf f às pragbsas be tarea f ibghshaebs púc`hgfs<

hh) f` pragbsa saghf`, pubs kbebrf gaeaghdhbetas sacrb `fs prac`bdæthgfs qub

ibdfeife `f ftbegh÷e púc`hgf, pbrdhthbeia uef dæs g`frf hibethgfgh÷e ib

hetbrbsbs, ebgbshifibs, pbrspbgthvfs y fsphrfghaebs, fsä gada `f bxprbsh÷e

ib vfàrbs<hhh) f às pragbsas arkfehzfghaef`bs, f trfvès ib b`bdbetas pfrf b` dbjarf-

dhbeta ib `f gf`hifi ib `fs ibghshaebs, pfrf `f prakrfdfgh÷e y pfrf b` oar-

tf`bghdhbeta ib `f kbsth÷e.

F su vbz, paebr b` oaga ib` feæ`hshs be `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs bs gaesbgubeghf ib

ifr dfyar gaegrbgh÷e f tbdfs tf`bs gada `f rb`fgh÷e betrb b` bstfia y `f saghbifi, a

`fs gfpfghifibs pa`äthgfs y ib kbsth÷e ib` bstfia. F` gaeshibrfr fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs,

yf sb beueghf `f du`thp`hghifi ib b``fs y `f ihvbrshifi ib às pragbsas qub sb ife begfif gfdpa f` qub `fs pa`äthgfs sb ihrhkbe. @f rb`fgh÷e betrb b` bstfia y `f saghbifi,

fsä gada `fs gfpfghifibs bstftf`bs, ihbrbe sbkúe b` bsgbefrha pa`äthga y saghf` ib

gfif pa`äthgf (às fgtarbs hevaùgrfias, `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib rbgursas betrb b`às, `f gf-

pfghifi ib davh`hzfgh÷e ib bsas rbgursas, às ftrhcutas ib às fpfrftas gadpbtbetbs

be `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, `fs bstrftbkhfs ib gaetra` a gaaptfgh÷e ib bsas fpfrftas, btg.).

Bs uef bstrftbkhf tb÷rhgf pfrf fvfezfr be `f gadprbesh÷e ib às pragbsas pa`äthgas

y ib` Bstfia, pbra gaeshibrfeia p`feas gaegrbtas y ib`hdhtfias ib `f fggh÷e saghf`,

betbeihbeia qub b`às ihbrbe ‗fue gufeia f pfrthr ib uef `÷khgf supbrhar qub pubif

ihsgbrehrsb‗ y qub, par à tfeta, rbquhbrbe fpraxhdfghaebs dæs gbrgfefs y shtufifs.

9.6. @as pfrfihkdfs ib feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs

B` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs prbsbetf uef eatfc`b ihvbrshifi ib pashch`hifibs be gufe-

ta f ef`hifi, rhkurashifi, ibstheftfrhas ib sus rbsu`tfias, ædchtas ib rbf`hzfgh÷e,

btg. @f fdp`htui ib `f ibeatfgh÷e ib` tèrdhea ‐feæ`hshs—, fsä gada bstfs ihobrbetbs

pbrspbgthvfs, mfgbe qub sbf prbghsa fvfezfr be `f ihobrbeghfgh÷e ib ‐pfrfihkdfs—f pfrthr ib às guf`bs sb rbf`hzfe fgthvhifibs ib bstb thpa. [bhdbr y _hehek (68=8)

prbsbetfe ue gufira qub bxpaeb `fs prheghpf`bs shdh`htuibs y ihobrbeghfs ib bstas

pfrfihkdfs be tèrdheas ib às acjbthvas cusgfias, `f arhbetfgh÷e mfghf b` ibstheftf-

rha ib as rbsu`tfias, b` bsthà prbiadhefetb, f ihdbesh÷e tbdparf` y fs ibch`hifibs

cæshgfs.




;?

^frfihkdfs Acjbthvaprheghpf`

G`hbetb Bsthà gadúe Sbstrhgghaebstbdparf`bs

Ibch`hifibs

Hevbsthkfgh÷efgfièdhgf

Gaestruggh÷eib tbaräfs pfrf`f gadprbesh÷eib às pragbsassaghf`bs.

‐_brifi—gada bsibehif par

`f ihsghp`hefs.Ga`bkfs.

Dbtaiaàkäfrhkurasf pfrfgaestruhry vbrhgfr

tbaräfs. Sbtra-spbgthva.

^rbshaebsbxtbrefs pagaorbgubetbs.

Gae orbgubeghf,heoardfgh÷e hrrb`-bvfetb pfrf `f tadfib ibghshaebs.

Hevbsthkfgh÷eib pa`äthgfs

^rbihggh÷eib hdpfgtasib gfdchasbe vfrhfc`bsrb`bvfetbs

praiughias par`f fgthvhifi

púc`hgf.

Fgtarbs be `ffrbef pa`äthgf.Atrfs ihsghp-`hefs.

Fp`hgfghaebsib dbt-

aiaàkäfsoardf`bs fgubsthaebsrb`bvfetbs ib

pa`äthgf. ^rb-ihggh÷e ib `fsgaesbgubeghfs.

Orbgubetbs prbshaebs par p`fzas, fvbgbs dai-brfifs par `frbgurrbeghfib `fs gubs-thaebs.

Ihgu`tfi be trf-iughr às mf``fzkasbe hesudas pfrf `ftadf ib ibghshaebs.

^`febfdhbe-ta g`æshga

Ibehgh÷e y

àkra ib bs-tfias outurasibsbfc`bs pfrfarhbetfr `f fg-gh÷e púc`hgf.

B` ‐hetbrès púc`hga—tf` gada bsibehia par

`f praobsh÷e.

Sbk`fs yeardfs bstf-

c`bghifs par`f praobsh÷e.Bspbghgfgh÷e

ib acjbthvas ydbtfs.

Bsgfsf prb-sh÷e tbdparf`

par `f arhbet-fgh÷e f` `frka

p`fza.

Hrrb`bvfeghf ib às p`febs gufeia easb gaeshibrfe às

pragbsas pa`äthgas.

Fidhe-hstrfgh÷epúc`hgf

trfihghaef`

Bjbgugh÷ebghbetb ib

prakrfdfstf` gada saeibehias pa`äth-gfdbetb.

B` prakrfdf.Kbrbeghf` y`bkf`.

Ibghshaebs ibruthef. Ghgàs

prbsupubs-tfrhas.

Ea gaeshibrfgh÷eib fspbgtas bxtbr-eas f` prakrfdf.

^brhaihsda

Oagf`hzfr`f ftbegh÷e

púc`hgf be

prac`bdfs.

^úc`hgakbebrf`.

Ibsgrhpthva.Ftbegh÷egayueturf` fgubsthaebs.

Gfrbeghf ib pra-oueihifi fef`äthgf.

Feæ`hshs ibpa`äthgfs

Fef`hzfr, prbsbetfr ybvfùfr f`tbr-efthvfs pfrf `frbsaùgh÷e ib

prac`bdfs.

Re ibghsarheihvhiuf` aga`bgthva.

Wäetbshs ibhevbsthkfgh÷ey tbaräf pfrfbsthdfr fsgaesbgubeghfsib pa`äthgfs.

Ybrdhefgh÷eib` feæ`hshsvhegu`fifs fàs thbdpasib` ghgà ib

pa`äthgfs.

Dhapäf praiughif par `f arhbetfgh÷emfghf b` g`hbetby par `f prbsh÷etbdparf`.

Oubetb: [bhdbr y _hehek (68=8: 9)




;;

9.3. @as daibàs ib gaeiugtf ib` fef`hstf ib pa`äthgfs

B` pfpb` praobshaef` ib` fef`hstf ib pa`äthgfs ea bstæ g`frfdbetb oardf`hzfia. Wu ibs-

bdpböa sb rhkb par ihsthetfs gaegbpghaebs, gfif uef ib fs guf`bs supaeb ue daibà

ib gaeiugtf ihobrbeghfia y if ùkfr f ihsthetfs tbeshaebs y gaehgtas ib thpa apbrf-ghaef` y èthga qub ibcbe sbr gaeshibrfias. Bsas daibàs, ib dfebrf bsth`hzfif, sae:

Daibàs ib ra` ib` fef`hstf ib pa`äthgfs

_F@ASBW OREIFDBEYF@BW

Hetbkrhifi fef`äthgf Sbspaesfch`hifi mfghfàs g`hbetbs

Gaeshstbeghf gae rb-spbgta f às vfàrbspbrsaef`bs

Fef`äthga ibsgrhp-thva

B` feæ`hshs bs ‐acjbthva—:mfc`f par sä dhsda. B` oaga

prhdfrha bs `f prbihggh÷e ibgaesbgubeghfs.

@as g`hbetbs sae sas-

pbgmfias. Ibsbetbe-ihdhbeta gae rbspbgta fàs hdpfgtas pa`äthgas.Dfethbeb ihstfeghf gaeàs g`hbetbs. ^rbbrb

apbrfr gae g`hbetbs hesth-tughaef`bs.

Wb hibethgfe às vf-àrbs rb`bvfetbs, pbra subvfùfgh÷e bs ibjfif fàs g`hbetbs.

_fàrfthva gadpra-dbthia

B` feæ`hshs praiugb gaegù-shaebs ibehthvfs saà bx-gbpghaef`dbetb. Fpravbgmf

pfrf pradavbr às hetbrbsbs

ib sus g`hbetbs.

@as g`hbetbs pravbbe`bkhthdhifi. Bxhstb uefgaetrfprbstfgh÷e: bf`tfif gfdcha ib fggbsa f`

pragbsas pa`äthga.

Wb`bgghaef f às g`h-betbs qub gadpfrtbesus vfàrbs. Bstfc`bgbrb`fghaebs ib `frka p`fza

gae b`às.

_fàrfthva gräthga

B` feæ`hshs praiugb gae-gùshaebs ibehthvfs saà

bxgbpghaef`dbetb. Fpravb-gmf `f fdchkðbifi pfrf be-ofthzfr às vfàrbs fusbetbsy pfrf ihùhr sus rbsu`tfiasgufeia b` feæ`hshs ea fpayfsus vfàrbs.

@as g`hbetbs ife `f apar-tuehifi pfrf fvfezfrvfàrbs. Wb rb`fghaef gaeb`às gae apartuehsda.^rbtbeib uth`hzfràs pfrf

pradavbr sus pbrspbg-thvfs.

B` feæ`hshs bs ue hestru-dbeta pfrf `f pradagh÷eib às praphas vfàrbs.

Oubetb: [bhdbr y _hehek (68=8: 6=)

2. G×DA BWYRIHFS X VRÈ BWYRIHFS IB @FW Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW

Vuhbebs sb ibihgfe f bstuihfr fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb vbe f ihfrha ac`hkfias f tadfr

ue gaejueta ib ibghshaebs qub tbeiræe gaesbgubeghfs sacrb `fs gaegùshaebs qub sb

pubibe bxtrfbr f pfrthr ib `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib hevbsthkfghaebs ghbetägfs. Be bstf sbg-

gh÷e sb prbsbetfe ib oardf bsqubdæthgf f` dbeas guftra thpas ib ibghshaebs, pfrf

ibsfrra``fr gae ibtbehdhbeta saà uef ib b``fs.

Be prhdbr ùkfr, bstæe fqub``fs ibghshaebs qub sb shtúfe be b` ehvb` ib as supubs-




;=

tas bphstbda`÷khgas y qub rbbrbe f `f rb`fgh÷e qub sb bstfc`bgb betrb b` ghbetäga y

b` ‐acjbta— (be eubstra gfsa `fs pa`äthgfs). Fquä `fs prbkuetfs qub ibcb rbspaeibr b`

ghbetäga sae: ±Bs pashc`b bstfc`bgbr uef ihstfeghf betrb b` ghbetäga y b` acjbta a as

fgtarbs bstuihfias1 ±A bs `f praphf hetbrfggh÷e betrb b` ghbetäga y b` ‐acjbta—, a be-

trb b` ‐acjbta— (`fs pa`äthgfs) y às cbebghfrhas, `f qub ibcb oardfr pfrtb ib` prapha

pragbsa ib hevbsthkfgh÷e1 @fs rbspubstfs qub sb ibe f bstfs prbkuetfs bedfrgfræe `f

hevbsthkfgh÷e ibetra ib ue pfrfihkdf pashthvhstf (be gfsa ib rbspaeibr frdfthvf-

dbetb `f prhdbrf prbkuetf) a pasbdphrhstf (be gfsa ib rbspaeibr frdfthvfdbetb `f

sbkueif). Vuhbebs hesgrhcfe su hevbsthkfgh÷e be ue pfrfihkdf pashthvhstf tbeibræe

f cusgfr, a paebr f prubcf, rb`fghaebs ib gfusf`hifi (bxp`hgfgh÷e)< dhbetrfs qub às

pasbdphrhstfs rbeueghfræe f às prap÷shtas bxp`hgfthvas y tbeibræe f praoueihzfr b`

bstuiha ib` acjbta, ibstfgfeia su sheku`frhifi, f às ebs ib gadprbeibr b` obe÷db-ea bstuihfia (Wfutú, 3>>2). âr supubsta, `f oardf ib rbspaeibr f bstfs prbkuetfs

thbeb gaesbgubeghfs sacrb `fs ibghshaebs ib` shkuhbetb ehvb`.

Be sbkueia ùkfr, sb begubetrfe fqub``fs ibghshaebs qub sb uchgfe be b` ehvb` ib

às supubstas dbtaia`÷khgas, y qub rbbrbe f `fs oardfs a hestrudbetas fibgufias

pfrf fcarifr b` acjbta ib bstuiha. @fs prbkuetfs qub fquä ibcb rbspaeibr b` ghbe-

täga bstæe fsaghfifs f: ±guæ` sbræ `f bstrftbkhf tb÷rhga-dbtaia`÷khgf ib `f hevbsth-

kfgh÷e1 ±sacrb què bjbs sb gaestruhræ `f bvhibeghf bdpärhgf1 B`à rbquhbrb tbebr be

gubetf `f gaegbpgh÷e ib `f gfusf`hifi, b` pfpb` ib `f tbaräf be b` ihsböa ib` bstuiha,`f ibehgh÷e y ib`hdhtfgh÷e ib` ‐acjbta— y b` gaetbxta, b` ihsböa ib às hestrudbetas

pfrf praiughr `f bvhibeghf, fsä gada às prac`bdfs fsaghfias f `f gfpfghifi ib kb-

ebrf`hzfgh÷e qub aorbgbe `fs bstrftbkhfs dbtaia`÷khgfs uth`hzfifs.

Wh sb bvf`úfe `fs bstrftbkhfs dbtaia`÷khgfs qub mfe prbiadhefia be b` gfdpa

ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs bs pashc`b fivbrthr qub ibsib às aräkbebs ib `fs ghbeghfs ib

pa`äthgfs mfstf `f iègfif ib às föas sbtbetf mfe prbiadhefia às bstuihas ib gfsa.

Whe bdcfrka, bstas bstuihas ib gfsa sb mfe bedfrgfia be ibghshaebs bphstbda`÷kh-gfs ihsthetfs. ar ue fia sb begubetrfe às bstuihas ib gfsa qub thbebe uef hetbegh÷e

gadpfrfthvf y qub mfe shia úth`bs tfeta pfrf b` ibsfrra`à ib mhp÷tbshs ghbetägfs

ib efturf`bzf gfusf` gada pfrf paebr f prubcf fqub``fs mhp÷tbshs ibrhvfifs ib `fs

tbaräfs. âr atra, sb begubetrfe fqub`às bstuihas ib gfsa ib efturf`bzf bxpàrftarhf

``bvfias f gfca cfja às supubstas bphstbda`÷khgas praphas ib` pasbdphrhsda. Be

bstas gfsas, b` feæ`hshs sb shtúf be b` ihsgursa ib f pa`äthgf ( pa`hghbs) a be `fs pbrgbp-

ghaebs qub às praphas cbebghfrhas ibsfrra``fe sacrb `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf, bsta bs, `f

oardf be `f qub às krupas fobgtfias (rb)gaestruybe `f pa`äthgf.






=>

rbspaeibr b` shkuhbetb hetbrrakfetb: ±g÷da oueghaefe `fs arkfehzfghaebs púc`hgfs f

trfvès ib `fs guf`bs sb hdp`bdbetfe `fs pa`äthgfs1 ‐@f gubsth÷e bs sfcbr g÷da (be

ouegh÷e ib guæ`bs bstrftbkhfs) vfe f pashghaefrsb às fgtarbs fidhehstrfthvas (ihrbg-

ghaebs, dhehstbrhas, gubrpas ib oueghaefrhas púc`hgas) hdp`hgfias be `f b`fcarfgh÷e

y pubstf be dfrgmf ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf— (Du``br 3>6>: 62>). Bstb thpa ib bstuihassb fshbetf be tbaräfs ib `f curagrfghf bstftf`, `f saghaàkäf ib `fs arkfehzfghaebs y b`

ibrbgma fidhehstrfthva.

Ref tbrgbrf prbkuetf bs fqub``f heifkf fgbrgf ib às hdpfgtas ib `fs pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs be `f saghbifi, prbkuetæeiasb be què dbihif `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib uef

ibtbrdhefif púc`hgf f daihgfia b` tbjhia saghf` qub cusgfcf fobgtfr. @f prbkuetf

qub fquä sb prbtbeib rbspaeibr bs: ±g÷da dbihr a bvfùfr às rbsu`tfias b hdpfg-

tas ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf1 @fs hevbsthkfghaebs bvfùfthvfs mfe tbehia su gfdpadæs obgueia be `f bgaeadäf y b` trfcfja saghf`, parqub gubetfe gae mbrrfdhbetfs

dbtaia`÷khgfs dæs s÷`hifs pfrf shstbdfthzfr às rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas ib uef hetbr-

vbegh÷e bstftf` sacrb uef ibtbrdhefif pac`fgh÷e, shtufgh÷e a gaetbxta (Cu`gauro y

Gfriaza, 3>>=).

Be b` shkuhbetb ihfkrfdf sb shstbdfthzf `fs pasturfs fetbrhardbetb dbeghaefifs:

Oubetb: B`fcarfgh÷e praphf be cfsb f Asz`fl y A‘Iaeeb`` (68=3).




=6

Be b` ihfkrfdf ib `f hzquhbrif `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf bs gaeshibrfif `f vfrhfc`b ib-

pbeihbetb y às fgtarbs hetbrvhehbetbs be b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e b hdp`bdbetf-

gh÷e, fsä gada ofgtarbs bstrugturf`bs b hesthtughaef`bs, sae gaeshibrfias gada pa-

shc`bs vfrhfc`bs heibpbeihbetbs. âr b` gaetrfrha, be b` ihfkrfdf ib `f ibrbgmf, `f

pa`äthgf púc`hgf bs trftfif gada `f vfrhfc`b heibpbeihbetb, dhbetrfs qub às bobgtas(rbsu`tfias be hdpfgtas) gaesthtuybe `fs vfrhfc`bs ibpbeihbetbs ib bstas bstuihas.

@as bstuihas ib `f ‐gfjf ebkrf— ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs pubibe betraegfrsb tfeta be

uef ihdbesh÷e gada atrf. Wh sb gaeshibrf qub `fs sugbshvfs ‐tadfs ib pashgh÷e— ib`

fpfrfta curagræthga rbsu`tfe be uef daihgfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf tf` gada oub

ihsböfif be b` pragbsa pa`äthga, pairäf pbesfrsb ibetra ib `f prhdbrf `÷khgf. âr b`

gaetrfrha, sh sb fef`hzf gada f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e f trfvès ib fs fkbeghfs curagræthgfs

qub kbsthaefe uef ibtbrdhefif púc`hgf kbebrfe ibtbrdhefias bobgtas, dæs f``æ ibg÷da oub p`fehgfif, ibcbräf pbesfrsb ibetra ib` ihfkrfdf ib `f ibrbgmf.

?. BE SBWRDBE

B` prap÷shta ib bstf prhdbrf g`fsb mf shia fgbrgfreas, be prhdbr ùkfr, f` gaegbp-

ta ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf, gae b` prap÷shta ib gadprbeibr às f`gfegbs ib` dhsda. @f

uth`hifi ib bstf fpraxhdfgh÷e gaegbptuf` ea saà rbdhtb f` p`fea tb÷rhga shea qub

pbrshkub uef ef`hifi bdhebetbdbetb prægthgf: `f ib paibr hibethgfr eubstra acjb-ta ib bstuiha. Wbkuhifdbetb, sb mf rbf`hzfia uef crbvb prbsbetfgh÷e sacrb g÷da sb

mf gaestruhia b` gfdpa ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs. F gaetheufgh÷e sb mf ibstfgfia

`f hdpartfeghf ib` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs, gaàgfeia be b` gbetra ib `f ihsgush÷e às

ihvbrsas pfrfihkdfs fsä gada `f efturf`bzf ib` ra` ibsbdpböfia par b` fef`hstf. âr

ú`thda, sb mfe p`fetbfia f`kuefs gubsthaebs ib äeia`b tb÷rhga-dbtaia`÷khgf sacrb

g÷da bstuihfr `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, paehbeia `f ftbegh÷e bspbghf`dbetb sacrb `fs

prbkuetfs qub pubibe kuhfr `fs hevbsthkfghaebs fgfièdhgfs be `f dftbrhf.

Sbobrbeghfs

Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, @uhs O., ‐Dfrga pfrf b` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs—, beDfrhöbz Efvfrra, O. y _. Kfrzf Gfetú (Gadps.) â`äthgf púc`hgf y ibdagrfghfbe Fdèrhgf @fthef , Dèxhga, Dhkub` Æekb` ârrúf, 3>>8.

Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, @uhs O., ‐Bstuiha hetraiugatrha—, be Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, @.O. (gadp.) B` bstuiha ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, Dèxhga, Dhkub` Æekb` ârruf,

688?.Cfgmrfgm, ^btbr y Dartae W. Cfrftz, ‐Ywa Ofgbs ao âwbr—, Ymb Fdbrhgfe â`h-






=7

â`scy, E., Gadduehty âwbr fei â`hthgf` Ymbary, Ebw Mfvbe: Xf`b Rehvbrshty^rbss, 68?7.

âppbr, Lfr`, @f `÷khgf ib `f hevbsthkfgh÷e ghbetäohgf, Dfirhi, Ybgeas, 68;6.

Vufib, B. W., Fef`yshs oar ûc`hg Ibghshaes, Ebw Xarl, B`sbvhbr, 68;2.

Wfcfthbr, ^fu`, ‐Yawfri Cbttbr Ymbarhbs ao tmb â`hgy ^ragbss—, â`hthgf` Wghbegbfei â`hthgs, 39: 69;-62?, 6886.

Wfutú, Sutm, Yaia bs tbaräf, Cubeas Fhrbs, @udhbrb, 3>>2.

Wgmustbr, Obibrhga y Dfrha ^bgmbey, ‐Acjbthvhifi she ebutrf`hifi vfàrfthvf sb-kúe Jðrkbe Mfcbrdfs—, be Obibrhga Wgmustbr (Gadp.) Ohàsaoäf y Dètaias ib`fs Ghbeghfs Waghf`bs, Cubeas Fhrbs, Dfefethf`, 3>>3.

Wgmustbr, Obibrhga, ‐Ib` efturf`hsda f` bsgbefrha pastbdphrhstf—, be Wgmustbr,Obibrhga (Gadp.) Ohàsaoäf y Dètaias ib `fs Ghbeghfs Waghf`bs. Cubeas Fhrbs,Dfefethf`, 3>>3.

Wlagpa`, Ymbif, ‐B` Bstfia rbkrbsf f` prhdbr p`fea: bstrftbkhfs ib feæ`hshs be `fhevbsthkfgh÷e fgtuf`—, Zaef Fchbrtf, 2>: ;6-633, 68=8.

Wlagpa`, Ymbif, ‐Crhekhek tmb Wtftb Cfgl He: Wtrftbkhbs ao Fef`yshs he GurrbetSbsbfrgm—, be ^btbr Bvfes, I. Subsgmbdbybr y Y. Wlagpa` (Bis.) Crhekhek tmbWtftb Cfgl He, Eubvf Xarl, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68=2.

[bcbr, Dfx, Bgaeadäf y Waghbifi, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf,6883.

[bhdbr, I. @. y F. S. _hehek, â`hgy Fef`yshs: Gaegbpts fei ^rfgthgb. EubvfJbrsby, ^rbethgb Mf``, 68=8.

[hìfvsly, Ffrae, Wpbflhek Yrutm ta âwbr, Castae, @htt`b, Crawe, (68;8).[hìfvsly, Ffrae y Jboorby ^rbssdfe, Hdp`bdbetfthae, Gf`hoarehf, Rehvbrshty aoGf`hoarehf ^rbss, 68;7.

[h``hfds, [., Wtuiyhek Hdp`bdbetfthae: Dbtmaiaàky fei Fidhehstrfthvb Hs-subs, Gmftmfd, E.J., Gmftmfd Mausb, 68=3.





GF^ÄYR@A H_. B` ^ragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

6. Hetraiuggh÷e. 3. B` beoaqub pragbsf` ib f pa`äthgf púc`hgf: sus aräkbebsy bvaùgh÷e. 7. @f ibehgh÷e ib` prac`bdf (a b` arhkbe ib `f pa`äthgf f trf-vès ib `f prac`bdfthzfgh÷e ib `f rbf`hifi). 9. @f oardfgh÷e ib `f fkbeif.2. @f gaestruggh÷e ib f`tbrefthvfs. ?. @f tadf ib f ibghsh÷e. ;. B` pragbsaib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib fs pa`äthgfs. ;.6. @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gada prac`bdf.;.3. @as bstuihas sacrb b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. ;.7. @fs pbrspbgthvfs

pfrf b` feæ`hshs ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. ;.9. B` èxhta ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. =.@f bvfùfgh÷e. =.6. Bvaùgh÷e ib às fcarifjbs be tarea f `f bvfùfgh÷e.

6. HEYSAIRGGH×E

@f gaesthtugh÷e ib` gfdpa ib fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs ‗tf` gada sb sböf`÷ be b` gfpä-

tuà fetbrhar‗ thbeb su arhkbe be às föas ghegubetf f `f ùz ib às phaebras trfcfjas

puc`hgfias par Mfraì @fsswb`` (@fsswb``, 6826, 6827, 682?). Be fqub`às trfcfjas,

b` pfirb oueifiar ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs ‗gada usuf`dbetb sb à gaeagb f @fs-

swb``‗ ibsfrra``f ue prakrfdf ib hevbsthkfgh÷e qub cusgf frthgu`fr ib oardf shstb-

dæthgf `f ghbeghf (a b` gaeaghdhbeta ghbetäga) gae b` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs.

B` fdchghasa praybgta p`fetbfia par @fsswb`` (6826), `f ‐arhbetfgh÷e mfghf `fs

pa`äthgfs—, sb ibsp`bkfcf be ias ihdbeshaebs ib oardf shdu`tæebf. âr ue `fia, sb

hetbrbsfcf par b` bstuiha ib` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf ( pa`hgy pragbss): bsta bs, par b`

ibsfrra`à ib ue gaeaghdhbeta ghbetäga qub pbrdhtf bxp`hgfr `f oardfgh÷e, oardu-

`fgh÷e y bjbgugh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs uth`hzfeia às dètaias y sfcbrbs ib `fs

taifs ghbeghfs saghf`bs y `f pshgaàkäf (prapubstf hetbrihsghp`hefrhf). âr atra, be `fsebgbshifibs ib hetb`hkbeghf ib bsb pragbsa ib f pa`äthgf: bsta bs, be f hegarparfgh÷e

y uth`hzfgh÷e ib bsas sfcbrbs a gaeaghdhbetas pfrf dbjarfr `f gf`hifi y gfethifi ib

`f heoardfgh÷e ihspaehc`b y pravbbr ib dbjarbs daibàs gfusf`bs (tbaräfs ghbetägfs)

f às tadfiarbs ib ibghshaebs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

Wh chbe be `f prapubstf hehghf` ib @fsswb`` bstfs ias ihdbeshaebs (gaeaghdhbeta

ib` y gaeaghdhbeta be b` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf) ibcäfe bstfr pbrobgtfdbetb frthgu-

`fifs, be `f prægthgf ihbrae arhkbe f ias sucgfdpas y thpas ib prægthgfs f` hetbrhar

ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs. Sbgupbrfeia `f hdpartfeghf ib `f prhdbrf ib fqub``fs




=?

ihdbeshaebs, sb vf hr ibsfrra``feia y gaesa`hifeia ue praybgta ‗dæs a dbeas he-

tbrihsghp`hefrha, sbkúe b` gfsa a `fs hesthtughaebs fgfièdhgfs hevaùgrfifs‗ ib he-

vbsthkfgh÷e y oardfgh÷e fgfièdhgf gfsh bxgùshvfdbetb arhbetfia f `f cúsqubif ib

iftas y tbaräfs qub pbrdhtfe bxp`hgfr b` pragbsa ib f pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Be tfeta, ib f

prbdhebeghf ib f sbkueif ihdbesh÷e sb ibsfrra``fræ ue praybgta arhbetfia f pa`hgy

fef`yshs (prapubstf be kbebrf` du`thihsghp`hefrhf) qub prbtbeib va`vbr dæs ghbetäga

b` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs, iatfeia f às ibghsarbs ib heoardfgh÷e fibgufif

pfrf b` ihsböa b hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib dbjarbs pa`äthgfs.

Betarea f `f prhdbrf ib bstfs ihdbeshaebs (vhegu`fif f `f gaesa`hifgh÷e ib ue pra-

ybgta ib hevbsthkfgh÷e fgfièdhga) bs qub surkbe às prhdbras hetbetas ib kbebrfr dfr-

gas fef`äthgas fibgufias qub pubife arhbetfr y bstrugturfr b` bstuiha ib `fs pa`äthgfs

púc hgfs. Be bstb gaetbxta be as föas ghegubetf gadhbezf f ibsfrra``frsb à qub sb mfgaeaghia gada b` beoaqub pragbsf` ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf (tfdchèe ibeadhefia daibà

sbgubeghf` a daibà ib ofsbs a btfpfs ib `fs pa`äthgfs). @f hdpartfeghf qub mf fiquhrhia

bstb beoaqub ‗qub mf shia mbkbd÷ehga mfstf ef`bs ib às föas sbtbetf f` hetbrhar ib `fs

ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs‗ rbshib be su gfpfghifi pfrf ofgh`htfr b` bstuiha ib obe÷dbeas gad-

p bjas gada fs pa`äthgfs, dbihfetb `f shdp`hgfgh÷e f trfvès ib bsqubdfs qub pbrdhtfe

ihsgrhdhefr y g`fshgfr dbjar às obe÷dbeas f fef`hzfr y kuhfr f` hevbsthkfiar be `f

hibethgfgh÷e ib sus prbkuetfs ib hevbsthkfgh÷e y uehifibs ib feæ`hshs (@fsswb``, 6827)6.

B` prap÷shta ib bstb gfpätuà bs prbsbetfr b` beoaqub pragbsf` ib `fs pa`äthgfs, uefgaegbptuf`hzfgh÷e duy bxtbeihif par su gfrægtbr fef`äthga y mburästhga, qub gaeshstb be

fcarifr `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs gada ue pragbsa bstrugturfia be ihsthetfs btfpfs a ofsbs

hetbrrb`fghaefifs, b hibethgfr fs gubsthaebs, prbkuetfs y prac`bdfs qub be gfif uef

ib bsfs btfpfs sb cusgfe rbsa`vbr.

3. B@ BEOAVRB ^SAGBWF@ IB @F Â@ÄYHGF ^ÚC@HGF: WRW ASÄKBEBW X B_A@RGH×E

B` bstuiha ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf gada pragbsa mf gaesthtuhia ue pueta ib hebxh÷e

be `f ihsghp`hef ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs pubsta qub mf pbrdhthia supbrfr fqub``f

gaegbpgh÷e sbkúe `f guf` b` feæ`hshs ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf sb rbstrhekäf f` dadbeta

ibghshaef`, f` bstuiha ib `f ‐krfe ibghsh÷e— ib `f futarhifi.

6 Wacrb bstb pueta sb mfe gbetrfia tfdchèe uef ib `fs gräthgfs qub pastbrhardbetb sb `b mfe mbgma fbstb beoaqub y qub sb praoueihzfræe be b` Gfpätuà _H.




=;

@f prhdbrf vbrsh÷e ib bstb beoaqub pragbsf` ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf mf shia p`fe-

tbfif par b` pfirb oueifiar ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, Mfraì @fsswb``.

@f prapubstf ib @fsswb`` (682?) hibethgfcf arhkhef`dbetb shbtb btfpfs: f) hetb`hkbe-

ghf: rbbrb f `f hdpartfeghf ib `f heoardfgh÷e y b` gaeaghdhbeta pfrf `f kbebrfgh÷e

ib daibàs gfusf`bs qub pbrdhtfe `f p`fehgfgh÷e y `f prbihggh÷e< c) pradagh÷e:

sb vhegu`f f `f kbebrfgh÷e ib f`tbrefthvfs ib pa`äthgfs< g) prbsgrhpgh÷e: sb gbetrf be

b` pragbsa ib pradu`kfgh÷e ib `fs rbk`fs< i) hevagfgh÷e: rbbrb f `f gfrfgtbrhzfgh÷e

pravhshaef` ib gaeiugtfs be ouegh÷e ib `fs prbsgrhpghaebs bstfc`bghifs be `f btfpf

fetbrhar< b) fp`hgfgh÷e: sb fcagf f` feæ`hshs ib` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `fs

rbk`fs a ibghshaebs< o) tbrdhefgh÷e: rbbrb f` ef` ib `f pa`äthgf, uef vbz gaegùhia

b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, y k) bvfùfgh÷e: sb gbetrf be b` bstuiha ib `fs gaesb-

gubeghfs a bobgtas qub f pa`äthgf kbebrf, y qub shrvbe pfrf rbtraf`hdbetfr b` pragbsa.Sbtadfeia `f prapubstf ib @fsswb``, atras futarbs mfe ibsfrra``fia y pbrobggha-

efia b` daibà, fdp`hfeia b` eúdbra ib btfpfs y/a prbghsfeia be gfif uef ib b``fs

`f efturf`bzf ib `fs prbkuetfs f rbspaeibr, bsta bs, `f bspbghghifi ib às pragbsas

pa`äthgas y tègehgas hevaùgrfias, às rbqubrhdhbetas heoardfghaef`bs, às fgtarbs

davh`hzfias, b` thpa ib gaehgthvhifi qub sb kbebrf, fsä gada `fs fpraxhdfghaebs

dbtaia`÷khgfs fibgufifs. Betrb bstas futarbs sb ibstfgfe `fs gaetrhcughaebs rbf`h-

zfifs bspbghf`dbetb be `f iègfif ib` ;> par futarbs gada Jaebs (68;>), Sasb (68;7),

Crbwbr (68;9), Feibrsae (68;2), Jbelhes (68;=) a Dfy y [hìfvsly (68;=). Ea bs `fhetbegh÷e ibsfrra``fr fquä gfif uef ib bstfs fpraxhdfghaebs, fuequb rbsu`tf hdpar-

tfetb ibtbebrsb crbvbdbetb be ias ib bsfs gaetrhcughaebs.

@f prhdbrf ib b``fs bs `f rbf`hzfif par Jaebs (68;>). Wbkúe bstb futar, bs pashc`b

hibethgfr ghega btfpfs be b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs: 6) `f hibethgfgh÷e ib` prac`b-

df qub rbg`fdf `f ftbegh÷e ib` kachbrea a sacrb b` qub b` kachbrea ibsbf/prbtbeib

hetbrvbehr< 3) `f oardu`fgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf, qub fcfrgf `f gaestruggh÷e ib f`tbrefth-

vfs ib pa`äthgfs y `f sb`bggh÷e ib ue gursa ib fggh÷e< 7) `f `bkhthdfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgfa gursa ib fggh÷e b`bkhia, bsta gadprbeib `f frkudbetfgh÷e, bvhibeghfs, sädcaàs

y oueifdbetas qub bstæe ibtræs ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf b`bkhif< 9) `f fp`hgfgh÷e, qub

rbbrb f` pragbsa ib fidhehstrfgh÷e a kbsth÷e ib `f pa`äthgf y qub supaeb `f gaevbr -

sh÷e ib as hesudas pubstas f ihspashgh÷e be praiugtas a rbsu`tfias gaeshstbetbs gae

`fs dbtfs bstfc`bghifs be b` bstftuta ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf< y b) `f bvfùfgh÷e, qub

supaeb `f dbihgh÷e ib às rbsu`tfias a gaesbgubeghfs qub `f pa`äthgf praiugb sacrb

b` gaetbxta, às gadpartfdhbetas ib às fgtarbs, sus pbrgbpghaebs y, be bspbghf`,

sacrb b` prac`bdf ftbeihia. Wbkúe bstb futar, gfif uef ib bstfs btfpfs ib` pragbsa




==

sb vhegu`f gae ihsthetfs fgthvhifibs oueghaef`bs, qub sae gftbkarhzfifs ib oardf

ihobrbetb ibsib b` pueta ib vhstf ib` kachbrea, y qub bstæe fsaghfifs gae ihsthetas

praiugtas (autputs) (Jaebs 68;>: 69).

Atrf gaetrhcugh÷e hdpartfetb bs `f rbf`hzfif par Feibrsae (68;2), quhbe rbga-

eagb bxp`äghtfdbetb qub `f bstrugturfgh÷e ib` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs be btfpfs bsuef gaestruggh÷e tb÷rhgf, y qub par tfeta bs pashc`b begaetrfr be às pragbsas rbf`bs

ghbrtfs supbrpashghaebs a `ädhtbs df` ibehias3. Wbkúe bstb futar tfdchèe bs pashc`b

hibethgfr ghega btfpfs, fuequb `fs ibeadhef ib oardf ihsthetf: 6) `f fkbeif: rbbrb

f às prac`bdfs qub rbghcbe `f ftbegh÷e par pfrtb ib` kachbrea y supaeb bxp`hgfr b`

pragbsa par b` guf` ghbrtas prac`bdfs sae ftbeihias (ea ebgbsfrhfdbetb rbsub`tas) y

atras ea< 3) f oardu`fgh÷e ib f`tbrefthvfs: gadprbeib b` ibsfrra`à ib prapubstfs ib

gursas ib fggh÷e qub sbfe fgbptfc`bs, pbrthebetbs y ofgthc`bs, y bxhkb ifr gubetf ib`f rfghaef`hifi a ea ib bsb pragbsa y ib` ra` qub jubkfe `fs hibfs y b` gaeaghdhbeta

bxpbrta< 7) `f fiapgh÷e ib `f ibghsh÷e: hegùyb `f b`bggh÷e y `bkhthdfgh÷e ib ue gursa

ib fggh÷e y rbquhbrb bxp`hgfr par què sb mf b`bkhia a prharhzfia bsb pa`äthgf be ùkfr

ib `fs atrfs f`tbrefthvfs< 9) `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e: rbbrb f` pragbsa ib fp`hgfgh÷e ib

`f pa`äthgf y supaeb bxp`hgfr às gadpartfdhbetas fidhehstrfthvas qub ibsbegfibef

`f pa`äthgf y `f rb`fgh÷e (gfusf`) betrb bstas y às rbsu`tfias ib `f pa`äthgf< y 2) `f

bvfùfgh÷e: rbbrb f às bsoubrzas qub às kachbreas rbf`hzfe gae b` prap÷shta ib

ibtbrdhefr `f bgfghf, bghbeghf y bobgthvhifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs sb`bgghaefifs.

Be bstb gfpätuà uth`hzfrbdas `f g`fshgfgh÷e prapubstf par Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf

(688?f), quhbe fdp`äf `fs g`fshgfghaebs fetbrhardbetb prapubstfs. Wbkúe b` futar,

b` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf gadprbeib shbtb btfpfs.

3 Bs prbghsa oardu`fr fquä uef hdpartfetb fivbrtbeghf. Be bobgta, pbesfr `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf gada

ue pragbsa qub gadprbeib vfrhfs btfpfs saà gaesthtuyb ue ihspashthva fef`äthga< rfz÷e par `f guf`bstf gaegbptuf`hzfgh÷e ea ibcb gaeiughr f pbesfr `fs btfpfs gada bvbetas sugbshvas, aribefias gra-ea`÷khgfdbetb y rbf`dbetb sbpfrfc`bs pubsta qub be `f prægthgf thbeibe f supbrpaebrsb uefs f atrfs.




=8

B` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

@f prhdbrf bs `f ibehgh÷e ib` prac`bdf. Fquä à hdpartfetb bs ibtbrdhefr guæ`

bs b` prac`bdf, guæ`bs sae sus ihdbeshaebs a gadpaebetbs y guæ`bs sus gfusfs. @f

sbkueif bs `f oardfgh÷e ib `f fkbeif, qub gaeshstb be fef`hzfr què ofgtarbs gaetrh-

cuybe f qub uef shtufgh÷e sb gaevhbrtf be prac`bdf y bsb prac`bdf be acjbta ib uef

fggh÷e kucbrefdbetf`, y quhbebs sae às fgtarbs qub hetbrvhbebe be b` pragbsa. @fshkuhbetb btfpf bs `f gaestruggh÷e ib apghaebs, qub gaeshstb be fef`hzfr guæ`bs sae

`fs f`tbrefthvfs ihspaehc`bs y vhfc`bs pfrf rbsa`vbr b` prac`bdf y què rhbskas, cbeb-

ghas y gastas fgadpföf f gfif uef ib b``fs. @f gufrtf btfpf bs `f tadf ib ibghsh÷e.

Fquä b` prac`bdf bs ibtbrdhefr guæ` ib taifs `fs f`tbrefthvfs ihspaehc`bs gaesthtuyb

`f dbjar apgh÷e. @f pr÷xhdf btfpf bs `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf qub gaeshstb

be fef`hzfr guæ`bs sae `fs fgghaebs gaeiugbetbs pfrf ``bvfr f gfca bxhtasfdbetb `f

ibghsh÷e, pfrf f`gfezfr às acjbthvas y dbtfs qub `f pa`äthgf sb prapaeb. @f sbxtfbs `f bvfùfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf. Be bstf btfpf à hdpartfetb bs ibghihr què y g÷da

bvfùfr y pfrf què ebs. Fsä ``bkfdas f `f ú`thdf btfpf, `f ib tbrdhefgh÷e a gaeth -

eufgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf, qub gaeshstb be ibghihr f `f ùz ib às hesudas qub crheif `f

bvfùfgh÷e sh `f pa`äthgf ibcb gaetheufr, ef`hzfr a rbvhsfrsb.




8>

OFWBW IB@ ^SAGBWA IB @FÂ@ÄYHGF ÚC@HGF

^SBKREYFW VRB ^@FEYBF B@FEÆ@HWHW IB Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW

IBOHEHGH×E IB@ SAC@BDF ±Guæ` bs b` prac`bdf1 ±Guæ`bs sae susihdbeshaebs1 ±Guæ`bs sae `fs gfusfs ib` prac`bdf1 ±F quhèe fobgtf y be què dbihif1

BWYSRGYRSFGH×E IB @F FKBEIF

±Vuè ofgtarbs gaetrhcuybe f qubibtbrdhefifs shtufghaebs sb gaevhbrtfebe prac`bdfs1 ±Guæeia y par què ghbrtas

prac`bdfs dbrbgbe f ftbegh÷e ib`kachbrea1 ±Vuè fgtarbs hetbrvhbebe1

OASDR@FGH×E IB F@YBSEFYH_FW

±Guæ` bs eubstra p`fe pfrf beorbetfr b`

prac`bdf1±Guæ`bs ibcbe sbr eubstras acjbthvas y

prharhifibs1 ±Vuè f`tbrefthvfs bxhstbe pfrf f`gfezfr bsfs dbtfs1 ±Vuè rhbskas, cbebghas y gastas fgadpföfe f gfif

f`tbrefthvf1 ±Vuè f`tbrefthvf praiugb àsdbjarbs rbsu`tfias gae às dbearbs bobgtasebkfthvas1

YADF IB IBGHWHAEBW

±Bs vhfc`b tègehgfdbetb `f f`tbrefthvf

sb`bgghaefif1 ±Bs vhfc`b pa`äthgfdbetb `ff`tbrefthvf sb`bgghaefif1 ±Guæ` bs b` ra` ib`f rfghaef`hifi be bsb pragbsa1

HD^@BDBEYFGH×E

±Vuhèe bs b` rbspaesfc`b ib `fhdp`bdbetfgh÷e1±Vuè dbihas sb usfe pfrf fsbkurfr qub`f pa`äthgf sb ``bvb gfca ib fgubria f`

p`fe prbvhsta1 ±Vuè gaehgtas pubibe

surkhr be `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e1 ±Gae quègaesbgubeghfs1

B_F@RFGH×E

±âibdas fsbkurfr qub mbdas f`gfezfiaàs acjbthvas1 ±Vuè grhtbrhas mfy qub tbebrbe gubetf pfrf juzkfr às rbsu`tfias ib `f

pa`äthgf1 ±Mfy qub gaetheufr a tbrdhefr `f pa`äthgf1 ±âibdas ibghr qub `f pa`äthgf mfshia justf1

Oubetb: B`fcarfgh÷e praphf be cfsb f Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf (688?).




86

7 @F IBOHEHGH×E IB@ ^SAC@BDF (A B@ ASHKBE IB @F Â@ÄYHGF F YSF_ÈW IB @F ^SAC@BDFYHZFGH×E IB @F SBF@HIFI)

Bstf btfpf rbbrb f` pragbsa f trfvès ib` guf` ghbrtas fgtarbs saghf`bs hibethgfe y

ibebe ue prac`bdf y à gaevhbrtbe be saghf`dbetb rb`bvfetb. Bstf ofsb sb begubetrfbstrbgmfdbetb `hkfif (y f vbgbs sb supbrpaeb) f `f btfpf ib oardfgh÷e ib `f fkbeif

pubsta qub ‐gaàgfr uef gubsth÷e be `f fkbeif shkehgf hdp`äghtf a bxp äghtfdbetb hr

ifeia oardf f uef ibehgh÷e ib` prac`bdf fgbptfc`b pfrf b` púc`hga y, sacrb taia,

trftfc`b pfrf b` kachbrea— (Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, 688?c: 26). Whe bdcfrka, `f hibethgf-

gh÷e y ibehgh÷e ib ue prac`bdf par pfrtb ib uea a vfrhas krupas saghf`bs, a hegùsa

par f`kúe ædchta fidhehstrfthva, ea supaeb ebgbsfrhfdbetb su hegùsh÷e be f fkbeif,

pubs pubibe qubifr pastbrkfias par `f bsgfsf prharhifi fshkefif par b` kachbrea a

parqub `f ftbegh÷e púc`hgf bstæ agupfif (a ihstrfäif) gae atrfs prac`bdæthgfsFmarf chbe, pfrf paibr ibehr ue prac`bdf bs prbghsa ihspaebr ib heoardfgh÷e

qub pbrdhtf rbgaeagbr às gadpaebetbs rb`bvfetbs ib` prac`bdf, guæ`bs ib b`às

sae eaghvas a pbrghchias gada eaghvas, guæ`bs ib bsas gadpaebetbs sae trftfc`bs

kucbrefdbetf`dbetb y guæ`bs sae às gastas bgae÷dhgas qub `f ftbegh÷e ib bsb

prac`bdf kbebrf. Fibdæs, bs ebgbsfrha ihspaebr ib tbaräfs a daibàs bxp`hgfthvas

qub pbrdhtfe gadprbeibr fs gfusfs ib` prac`bdf y, f` dhsda thbdpa, ibehr guæ`bs

ib bsfs gfusfs sae trftfc`bs y guæ`bs ea, sbkúe gaeshibrfghaebs bgae÷dhgfs, arkfeh-zfghaef`bs y gaeiugtuf`bs/darf`bs. Fshdhsda bs prbghsa gadprbeibr às bobgtas be

thbdpa y bspfgha qub b` prac`bdf pubib kbebrfr, y bvfùfr pfrf quhèe gaesthtuyb ue

prac`bdf, `fs rfzaebs par `fs qub à mfe hdpu`sfia y guæ`bs sae às gastas pa`äthgas

qub bsb prac`bdf kbebrf.

Fue fsä f tfrbf ib ibehr ue prac`bdf bs iac`bdbetb gadp`hgfif. ar ue fia, b`à

sb ibcb f qub às prac`bdfs púc`hgas sae prac`bdfs ib krfe gadp`bjhifi qub hdphibe

ue ftfqub hetbkrf` f` prac`bdf y, par tfeta, su saùgh÷e ibehthvf. Fetb bstf shtufgh÷e

`f úehgf f`tbrefthvf ihspaehc`b gaeshstb be ibsfkrbkfr às krfeibs y gadp`bjas prac b-dfs púc`hgas be pbquböas prac`bdfs qub pubife sbr fcarifias par b` kachbrea gae

às rbgursas qub ihspaeb. ‐âr gaeshkuhbetb, orbetb f dugmas prac`bdfs púc`hgas ”ea

mfy saùgh÷e shea rbsaùgh÷e‘. Mfy qub ftfgfràs uef y atrf vbz, she ibsdfya, pfrf hr rb-

davhbeia sus fspbgtas dæs eaghvas y dæs bxtbeihias b hràs trfesoardfeia dbihfetb

`f hetbrvbegh÷e shstbdæthgf— (Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, 688?c: 2?).

âr atrf pfrtb, bs prbghsa rbgaeagbr qub às prac`bdfs ea bxhstbe par sä dhsdas

shea qub sae mbgmas a gubsthaebs fs qub pubibe a ea sbr ibehifs gada prac`bdfs.âr tfeta, gufeia sb mfc`f ib prac`bdf ea saà mfy qub tadfr be gaeshibrfgh÷e




83

`f shtufgh÷e ofgtuf` (`f rbf`hifi) shea tfdchèe b` gaejueta ib grbbeghfs, vfàrbs y

bxpbgtfthvfs heihvhiuf`bs, krupf`bs a saghf`bs, pubsta qub sae èstfs ú`thdfs `fs qub

tbrdhefe par trfesoardfr f`kueas mbgmas be prac`bdfs. @as prac`bdfs ib pa`äth-

gfs sae gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs qub rbbjfe gaegbpghaebs bspbgägfs ib `f rbf`hifi

(Gacc y Bìbr, 68;6).Bs par b`à qub f ibehgh÷e qub sb b iè f ue prac`bdf shbdprb vf f sbr orustrfetb

pfrf f`kueas fgtarbs pubsta qub be saghbifibs fchbrtfs y ibdagræthgfs `f pashch`hifi

ib kbebrfr ue gaesbesa be tarea f `fs gfusfs ib` prac`bdf y su saùgh÷e (bs ibghr,

be tarea f su ibehgh÷e) ea saà bs rbdatf shea fibdæs hdpashc`b. @as prac`bdfs

púc`hgas, f` sbr gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs y ea rbf`hifibs acjbthvfs, ibpbeibe ib `fs

vfàrfghaebs, pbrgbpghaebs y pbrspbgthvfs ib às ghuififeas, krupas hevaùgrfias y

fgtarbs, qub rbsu`tfe ib `f gaetrfstfgh÷e ib ghbrtas grhtbrhas ib ibsbfch`hifi (sucjbth-vas) gae `f hetbrprbtfgh÷e (tfdchèe sucjbthvf) qub às fgtarbs rbf`hzfe ib `f rbf`hifi.

F su vbz bsas grhtbrhas ib ibsbfch`hifi fsä gada `f oardf be qub sb gaestruyb `f rbf-

`hifi sae ebgbsfrhfdbetb dú`thp`bs par f du`thtui ib fkbetbs saghf`bs hevaùgrfias,

à qub hdp`hgf f gabxhstbeghf ib vhshaebs ihobrbetbs y be gaehgta, f pastu`fgh÷e ib

rb`fghaebs gfusf`bs ea gaesbesufifs y `f davh`hzfgh÷e ib rbgursas be gadpbtbeghf.

âr tfeta, b` ibsfoäa gaeshstb be gaestruhr uef ibehgh÷e ib` prac`bdf fgbptfc`b qub

supbrb às gaehgtas y pa`èdhgfs (she b`hdhefràs) qub sb pubife kbebrfr be tarea

f è`.@as prac`bdfs prbsbetfe fibdæs uef ihdbesh÷e tbdparf`. Gada chbe sböf`÷

Iawes (68;3) às prac`bdfs ftrfvhbsfe par ue pbräaia ib dfiurfgh÷e, à qub hd-

p`hgf qub pubibe sbr acjbta ib ftbegh÷e y ibcftb par pfrtb ib ghbrtas fgtarbs she par

b`à gaevbrthrsb be pa`äthgfdbetb shkehgfthvas. Gubsthaebs she hdpfgta gathihfea

be `f vhif ib às ghuififeas, a ea vhegu`fias f krupas ib hetbrès gae gambsh÷e a

gfpfghifi ib frthgu`fgh÷e sughbetbs, pubibe pfsfr `frkas pbräaias she trfesoardfr -

sb be prac`bdfs qub dbrbzgfe `f ftbegh÷e par pfrtb ib` kachbrea. ^rbagupfia begubsthaebs `hkfifs f `f prac`bdæthgf fdchbetf` (qub be fqub`às föas hcf fiquhrhbe-

ia rb`bvfeghf pa`äthgf), Iawes (68;3) sukhbrb qub às prac`bdfs shkube ue ghgà tb

ftbegh÷e. F a frka ib bstb ghgà, as dbihas dfshvas ib gaduehgfgh÷e jubkfe ue ra`

oueifdbetf`, fuequb ea ebgbsfrhfdbetb ibghshva.




87

Ghgà ib ftbegh÷e ib às prac`bdfs

Oubetb: Iawes (68;3).

@f prhdbrf btfpf (fetbrhar f` prac`bdf) supaeb qub às bxpbrtas y ghbetägas, a

hegùsa às tadfiarbs ib ibghsh÷e, rbgaeagbe uef shtufgh÷e heibsbfc`b a uef ebgbsh-

ifi hesfthsobgmf pbra qub ea mf gfptfia fúe `f ftbegh÷e púc`hgf a b` hetbrès púc`hga

bs bsgfsa.

@f sbkueif btfpf (ibsgucrhdhbeta f`frdfetb y betushfsda buo÷rhga) hdp`hgf qub

b` tbdf sb rbgaeagb gada prac`bdf f pfrthr ib ue ibsfstrb a bvbeta dæs a dbeas he-bspbrfia qub gaeghtf `f ftbegh÷e púc`hgf y pravagf `f ibdfeif ib uef hetbrvbegh÷e

par pfrtb ib` kachbrea. Ea paibdas hkearfr, she bdcfrka, qub às prac`bdfs pubibe

dfehobstfrsb be b` prbsbetb gae uef krfvbifi rbiughif, fue gufeia `fs tbeibeghfs

outurfs pubife heihgfr su fgrbgbetfdhbeta (à qub vub`vb f paebr be b` gbetra ib `f

ihsgush÷e `f ihdbesh÷e tbdparf` ib às prac`bdfs).

@f tbrgbrf btfpf (`f pbrgbpgh÷e ib` prbgha ib` prakrbsa) hdp`hgf b` gæ`guà ib às

gastas y cbebghas qub hdp`hgf `f ftbegh÷e (a ea) ib` prac`bdf. Bstb gæ`guà ea bs

saà bgae÷dhga shea fibdæs saghf` y pa`äthga, pubsta qub às prac`bdfs hdpfgtfe

dugmfs vbgbs ib oardf ibshkuf` sacrb as krupas saghf`bs (±B` prac`bdf bs ib taias

a ib ue sbkdbeta rb`fthvfdbetb dhearhtfrha1 @as pfibghdhbetas sae b` praiugta (he-

tbeghaefia a ea hetbeghaefia) ib ue gaejueta ib frrbkàs saghf`bs qub praparghaefe

cbebghas shkehgfthvas f uef dfyaräf saghf` a f uef dhearäf paibrasf).

@f gufrtf btfpf (b` ibsgbesa krfiuf` ib` hetbrès púc`hga) supaeb qub às tbdfs

phbribe hetbeshifi gae b` pfsa ib` thbdpa, f dbeas qub mfyf fgtarbs chbe hetbrbsfias

be dfetbebr f `f ùz b` prac`bdf. Bstf pèrihif ib hetbeshifi bs praiugta ib ihvbrsasofgtarbs: f) b` pfsa ib` thbdpa, c) b` ibsæehda qub be f`kueas kbebrf `f dfkehtui




89

ib` bsoubrza f rbf`hzfr, g) b` ‐fcurrhdhbeta—, be bspbghf` gufeia f`kueas juzkfe qub

b` prac`bdf phbrib sus fspbgtas dæs bdaghaefetbs y, shdu`tæebfdbetb, ue eubva

tbdf/bspbgtæguà ``fdf su ftbegh÷e.

@f quhetf y ú`thdf btfpf (pastbrhar f` prac`bdf) bs `f qub garrbspaeib f `f pèr-

ihif ib hdpartfeghf ib` prac`bdf. Fquä `f prbkuetf rbbrb f `fs gaesbgubeghfs ib`

prac`bdf, hegùybeia `f prbsbeghf a ea ib grhstf`hzfghaebs hesthtughaef`bs qub bdbr-

kbe f rfäz ib `f ftbegh÷e kucbrefdbetf` ib bstb.

F rfäz hdpartfeghf ib bstf ofsb rbshib be qub `f dfebrf ib ibehr b` prac`bdf gae-

ihghaef as acjbthvas qub pbrshkub y as hestrudbetas qub uth`hzf f pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Ib

bstb daia, às krupas a fgtarbs qub ihspaebe ib gfpfghifibs sughbetbs pfrf p`fetbfr

uef ibehgh÷e fgbptfc`b ib` prac`bdf sae fqub`às qub tbrdhefe heuybeia ib dfeb-

rf ibtbrdhefetb sacrb `f ibghsh÷e< bs ibghr ‐quhbe ibeb bs quhbe ibghib—.

9. @F OASDFGH×E IB @F FKBEIF

Be bstf btfpf b` prac`bdf gaeshstb be bxp`hgfr `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs qub fsudb ‐b`

pragbsa f trfvès ib` guf` prac`bdfs y gubsthaebs ``bkfe f ``fdfr `f ftbegh÷e sbrhf y

fgthvf ib` kachbrea gada fsuetas pashc`bs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf— (Gacc, Sass y Sass,

68;?: 63?). @f hdpartfeghf ib bstb pragbsa sb ibcb, par ue `fia, f qub ‗gada yf sb

sböf`÷‗ às prac`bdfs ea gaesthtuybe rbf`hifibs acjbthvfs shea dæs chbe gubsthaebs par ibehr y, par atra, f qub `f gfpfghifi ib ftbegh÷e ib prac`bdfs par pfrtb ib`

kachbrea bs shbdprb `hdhtfif.

Ea bstæ ibdæs fivbrthr qub ea taias às mbgmas qub sae ibehias gada prac`b-

dfs sb trfesoardfe ebgbsfrhfdbetb be púc`hgas, pubsta qub dugmas ib b`às sae

ibehias gada prac`bdfs prhvfias. @a hdpartfetb fquä bs ibtbgtfr guæ` bs b` g÷ihka

qub pbrdhtb gf`hgfr f ue prac`bdf gada púc`hga, ihobrbeghfeia ib bsb daia às

prac`bdfs púc`hgas ib às prhvfias. Bstb g÷ihka bstæ gaesthtuhia, be prhdbr ùkfr,

par f gu`turf y às vfàrbs ib uef saghbifi. Be pf`fcrfs ib Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf: ‐@b-

ybs, vfàrbs, hibfs, gadpradhsas mhst÷rhgas, ib`hdhtfe b` uehvbrsa ib as prac`bdfs f

gf`hgfr gada púc`hgas y ib gadpbtbeghf kucbrefdbetf`— (688?c: 93).

Whe bdcfrka, bsas g÷ihkas ea sae sughbetbs pfrf bxp`hgfr par què ghbrtas prac`b-

dfs fiquhbrbe b` gfrægtbr ib púc`hgas dhbetrfs atras ea. Be bobgta, fibdæs bxhstbe

fgtarbs (hetb`bgtuf`bs) qub pradubvbe f gf`hgfgh÷e ib bsas prac`bdfs gada púc`h-

gas, davh`hzfeia pfrf b`à taias às fpayas ebgbsfrhas. Fpfrbgbe fsä gada hdpu`-

sarbs ib eubvas tbdfs, ebkaghfiarbs y grbfiarbs ib apheh÷e pfrf qub b` prac`bdff`gfegb `f ihdbesh÷e ib púc`hga. _a`vbrbdas sacrb bstb pueta dæs fib`fetb.




82

Be bstf tfrbf tfdchèe bs hdpartfetb b` ra` qub ibsbdpböfe às dbihas ib gadu-

ehgfgh÷e, pubsta qub `f hdpartfeghf y b` thbdpa qub `b pubibe atarkfr f ghbrtas pra-

c`bdfs gaesthtuyb uef fyuif sustfeghf` pfrf qub bstas àkrbe sbr gf`hgfias gada

púc`hgas. @fs prhdbrfs hevbsthkfghaebs rbf`hzfifs be às föas sbtbetf (DgGadcs y

Wmfw, 68;3, 68;?) hetbetfrae dastrfr f pfrthr ib bstuihas ib gfsa `f hdpartfetb he-ubeghf qub às dbihas ib gaduehgfgh÷e bjbrgäfe tfeta sacrb `f gaeoardfgh÷e ib `f

fkbeif kucbrefdbetf` gada f fkbeif púc`hgf. Whe bdcfrka, hevbsthkfghaebs pastb-

rharbs p`fetbfrae f`kuefs gräthgfs f` daibà gfusf` qub sb hetbetfcf vf`hifr, f` rbga-

eagbr qub `fs vhegu`fghaebs betrb às dbihas ib gaduehgfgh÷e, às krupas ib hetbrès

y as tadfiarbs ib ibghsh÷e sae dugma dæs gadp`bjfs y qub f rb`fgh÷e betrb dbihas

y fkbeif hesthtughaef` bs ib uef heubeghf rbgäpragf (Sakbrs y Ibfrhek, 68=;)7.

@`bkfias fquä rbsu`tf úth` hetraiughr `f ihsthegh÷e rbf`hzfif par Gacc y Bìbr(68;3) betrb fkbeif shstèdhgf a púc`hgf y fkbeif kucbrefdbetf` a hesthtughaef`. Be

bobgta, dhbetrfs `f fkbeif shstèdhgf sb gadpaeb ib taias fqub`às mbgmas qub mfe

shia ibehias gada prac`bdfs púc`hgas par as dhbdcras ib f gaduehifi pa`äthgf,

`f fkbeif kucbrefdbetf` bstæ hetbkrfif sa`fdbetb par fqub`às prac`bdfs púc`hgas

qub bobgthvfdbetb mfe shia fgbptfias gada tf`bs par às ibghsarbs ib pa`äthgf.

F su vbz, bs prbghsa sböf`fr qub ea taias às prac`bdfs gf`hgfias gada púc`h -

gas par f saghbifi ebgbsfrhfdbetb sb hegarparfe f f fkbeif ib kachbrea y sh akrfe

sbr hegarparfias ea shbdprb sae gaeshibrfias prharhtfrhas. B` hetbrrakfetb qub sb p`fetbf fquä bs sfcbr guæ`bs sae às ofgtarbs qub bxp`hgfe qub saà f`kueas pra-

c`bdfs púc`hgas hekrbsbe f `f fkbeif ib kachbrea. F`kueas futarbs (Gacc y Bìbr,

68;3< y Lhekiae, 68=9) sukhbrbe qub b` bstfc`bghdhbeta ib `f fkbeif ib kachbrea

bs ue pragbsa ibghshaef` df` bstrugturfia y gaethekbetb qub sb fsbdbjf f` daibà

‐catb ib cfsurf— pubsta qub, fetb f sacrbgfrkf ib fsuetas y ibdfeifs pravbehbetbs

ib `f ‐fkbeif shstèdhgf—, `f sb`bggh÷e ib uef gubsth÷e gada acjbta dbrbgbiar ib

ftbegh÷e kucbrefdbetf` bs rbsu`tfia ib `f gaeubeghf ea tatf`dbetb gfsuf` pbratfdpaga prbvhshc`b ib prac`bdfs, saùghaebs, fgtarbs pfrthghpfetbs y apartuehifibs

ib b`bggh÷e.

Whe bdcfrka, vfrhas ofgtarbs ib gaetbxta `b atarkfe ghbrta krfia ib prbvhshch`h-

ifi f` pragbsa ib oardfgh÷e ib `f fkbeif kucbrefdbetf`, `trfeia sb`bgthvfdbetb

às prac`bdfs y ibdfeifs pravbehbetbs ib `f saghbifi. Be prhdbr ùkfr, dathvas

7 Gadp`btfeia `f ihobrbeghfgh÷e qub rbf`hzfe Gacc y Bìbr (68;3) betrb fkbeif shstèdhgf y fkbeifhesthtughaef`, Sakbrs y Ibfrhek (68=;) fkrbkfe ue tbrgbr thpa ib fkbeif: `f fkbeif ib às dbihas.




8?

hiba`÷khgas, pa`äthgas y gaesthtughaef`bs ibtbrdhefe qub `f ftbegh÷e prbstfif par b`

kachbrea sb rbstrhejf saà f ghbrtas prac`bdfs ib `f fkbeif shstèdhgf, f` bstfc`bgbr

ghbrtas `ädhtbs f `f `bkhthdhifi ib su hetbrvbegh÷e y f` kbebrfr uef dfyar sbeshch`h-

ifi ib` kachbrea y `fs ibpbeibeghfs kucbrefdbetf`bs par ghbrtas fsuetas y krupas

dhbetrfs qub dfyar rbshstbeghf y masth`hifi mfghf atras. Wb gaekurf fsä, sbkúe

Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf (688?f), ue pftr÷e ib ftbeihch`hifi y fgbptfch`hifi ib às pra-

c`bdfs púc`hgas. Fshdhsda, bxhstb ue pftr÷e ib p`fushch`hifi pa`äthga fidhehstrfth-

va qub bstæ ibtbrdhefia par `f rbstrhggh÷e ib rbgursas (sgf`bs, mudfeas, `bkf`bs,

tbgea`÷khgas, darf`bs, pa`äthgas y arkfehzfghaef`bs) b hibfs qub pfibgb taia kachbr-

ea. B`à sukhbrb qub sh uef shtufgh÷e pbrghchif saghf`dbetb gada prac`bdæthgf ea sb

gaeihgb gae b` uehvbrsa ib rbspubstfs ihspaehc`bs y vhfc`bs ea tbeiræ apartuehifi

ib `fdfr `f ftbegh÷e ib` kachbrea. Ohef`dbetb, fshsthdas f f bxhstbeghf ib ue pftr÷eib rbgbpthvhifi qub ga`fcarf be `f bstfch`hzfgh÷e y aribe ib às rbg`fdas saghf`bs.

Be bobgta, bs pashc`b qub ghbrtas prac`bdfs púc`hgas ea begubetrbe apartuehifibs

pfrf ``fdfr `f ftbegh÷e ib` kachbrea be `f dbihif qub bstb sb mf``f agupfia be fsue-

tas prbvhas a be fqub`às qub oardfe pfrtb ib `f praphf ruthef kucbrefdbetf`. Whe

bdcfrka, ghbrtfs ghrguestfeghfs a dadbetas bspbgägas (par bjbdpà, b` gfdcha ib

g`hdf be `f apheh÷e púc`hgf, às gfdchas praiughias be b` pfr`fdbeta qub f`tbrfe `f

garrb`fgh÷e ib oubrzfs, gfdchas be `f gaeiuggh÷e prbshibeghf` y, pfrthgu`frdbetb,

bvbetas gräthgas) pubibe gaesthtuhr uef apartuehifi praphghf fuequb ib iurfgh÷e`hdhtfif ‗ ibeadhefif pa`hgy wheiaws ‗ pfrf ibspbrtfr `f ftbegh÷e ib` kachbrea.

Fshdhsda, ghbrtfs pfrthgu`frhifibs qub prbsbetfe às prac`bdfs púc`hgas pubibe

gaetrhcuhr f fudbetfr `fs pracfch`hifibs qub bstas thbebe ib ``fdfr `f ftbegh÷e ib

às kachbreas. âr bjbdpà, fqub`às prac`bdfs qub sae acjbta ib uef fdp`hf ftbe-

gh÷e a gaeaghdhbeta par pfrtb ib` púc`hga y rbquhbrbe f`kúe thpa ib hetbrvbegh÷e

ib f`kuef bethifi kucbrefdbetf`, fqub`às qub bstæe ibehias kbeèrhgfdbetb she

tbgehghsdas y prbsbetfe fspbgtas eubvas y ib shkehgfgh÷e pfrf krfeibs eúdbrasib `f pac`fgh÷e, y fqub`às qub bstæe iatfias ib uef oubrtb gfrkf bdaghaef` a mfe

f`gfezfia praparghaebs ib grhshs, tbeiræe dfyarbs apartuehifibs ib hekrbsfr f `f

fkbeif ib kachbrea.

Dæs f``æ ib bstas b`bdbetas beueghfias, b` ofgtar dæs hdpartfetb be `f oardf-

gh÷e ib `f fkbeif ib kachbrea ‐bs `f oubrzf ib às fgtarbs pa`äthgas qub hetbrvhbebe

be b` pragbsa y, `fs rb`fghaebs pa`äthgfs y fidhehstrfthvfs qub mfe tbjhia betrb b`às y

gae b` kachbrea— (Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, 688?c: 99). Be bobgta, sae às fgtarbs quhbebs

thbebe `f gfpfghifi pfrf jfr `f fkbeif kucbrefdbetf`. Whe bdcfrka, sb mfe b`fca-




8;

rfia ihvbrsfs tbarhzfghaebs y ibsfrra``fia praoueias ibcftbs rbspbgta f quhbebs sae

bstas fgtarbs qub pubibe ibtbrdhefr `f fkbeif ib kachbrea. Ref ib b``fs, `f garrhbe-

tb qub sb ibsprbeib ib` pbesfdhbeta dfrxhstf, sasthbeb qub `f jfgh÷e ib fkbeif bs

gaetra`fif par `fs g`fsbs iadhefetbs, yf sbf pradavhbeia sus praphas prac`bdfs a

hdphihbeia ib ihsthetfs dfebrfs `f hegarparfgh÷e ib ghbrtas prac`bdfs eaghvas fsus hetbrbsbs (@ulbs, 68=2). B` pùrf`hsda ibdagræthga, par su pfrtb, sasthbeb qub

sae às krupas ib hetbrès quhbebs gadphtbe fchbrtfdbetb betrb sä ‗ be shtufgh÷e ib

ibshkufìfi ‗ par jfr `f fkbeif ib kachbrea (@heicàd, 6888). Atrf vhsh÷e bs `f ib`

garparfthvhsda a ebagarparfthvhsda, sbkúe `f guf` sae `fs garparfghaebs `hkfifs f

`f rb`fgh÷e gfphtf`-trfcfja quhbebs thbebe f gfpfghifi pfrf gaetra`fr f oardfgh÷e ib

`f fkbeif (Wgmdhttbr, 68;8). Ref pbrspbgthvf duy ihsthetf f `fs fetbrharbs ‗pubsta

qub sae ib dftrhz sagha-gèetrhgf ‗

bs `f qub, f` rbgaeagbr f` Bstfia ghbrta krfia ibfutaeadäf, rbsf`tf `f gfpfghifi qub `fs è`htbs pa`äthga-curagræthgfs thbebe pfrf jfr

`f fkbeif ib kachbrea (Wlagpa`, 68=8). âr ú`thda, `f garrhbetb fidhehstrfthvhstf ‗

dæs `hkfif f` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf ‗ sasthbeb qub sae `fs rbibs (qub hegùybe f

fgtarbs púc`hga-bstftf`bs, púc`hga-ea bstftf`bs, y prhvfias) `hkfifs f gfif uea ib às

fsuetas be gubsth÷e ‗ -hssub ebtwarls ‗ quhbebs thbebe `f gfpfghifi ib gaetra`fr `f

oardfgh÷e ib `f fkbeif ib kachbrea (Mbgà, 68;=).

@as fspbgtas beueghfias mfstf fquä pbrdhtbe hibethgfr f`kueas ofgtarbs qub

ibtbrdhefe b` fggbsa ib ue prac`bdf pbrghchia gada saghf`dbetb rb`bvfetb f `ffkbeif.

h) B` paibr: @f hegùsh÷e ib uef gubsth÷e be `f fkbeif bs b` rbsu`tfia ib

ue pragbsa ib gadpbtbeghf betrb fsuetas y ebgbshifibs y gaeoraetfgha-

ebs ib pbrspbgthvfs sacrb b` prac`bdf, sus gaetbehias sustfeghf`bs a às

pragbihdhbetas fibgufias su trftfdhbeta y rbsaùgh÷e. Bsfs gadpbtbeghfs

y gaeoraetfghaebs hevaùgrfe f fgtarbs saghf`bs gae ihobrbetbs rbgursas,

gfpfghifibs arkfehzfghaef`bs y ib kbsth÷e, fsä gada frthgu`fghaebs gaeàs ædchtas hesthtughaef`bs bstfc`bghias, pbra tfdchèe f fgtarbs kucbref-

dbetf`bs y bstftf`bs. @f gaesbgubeghf ib b`à bs qub às fgtarbs gae dæs

rbgursas ea saà thbebe `f gfpfghifi pfrf heubeghfr bsas pragbsas, shea

qub tfdchèe `f thbebe pfrf ibtbrdhefr às beueghfias dhsdas ib às pra-

c`bdfs. @f fkbeif púc`hgf ea saà hdpfgtf sacrb què pbesfdas fgbrgf ib

ibtbrdhefias bvbetas, shea qub tfdchèe sacrb què bvbetas pbesfdas.

hh) @as vfàrbs: @f hegarparfgh÷e ib ue prac`bdf f `f fkbeif ea rbsu`tf eb-

gbsfrhfdbetb ib uef daihgfgh÷e ib `f shtufgh÷e beorbetfif, a ib `fs rb`f-




8=

ghaebs ib oubrzf (paibr) betrb às fgtarbs hevaùgrfias, shea qub tfdchèe

pubib sbr b` praiugta ib uef ihobrbetb bvfùfgh÷e ib bsf shtufgh÷e. B` gfd-

cha be às vfàrbs sacrb f`kúe fspbgta ib `f rbf`hifi pubib gaetrhcuhr f

qub ibtbrdhefifs shtufghaebs sb prac`bdfthgbe y sb hegarparbe f `f fkbeif

shstèdhgf.hhh) @fs tbgeaàkäfs: @f ihspaehch`hifi ib eubvfs tbgeaàkäfs ib hetbrvbegh÷e,

pbra tfdchèe ib eubvas gaeaghdhbetas, pubib gaevbrthr f ue ædchta ib `f

rbf`hifi ea prac`bdfthzfia fetbrhardbetb be ue acjbta ib ibcftb púc`hga.

2. GAEWYSRGGH×E IB A^GHAEBW IB Â@ÄYHGF

Wh chbe bstf btfpf, f` hkuf` qub `f shkuhbetb (tadf ib ibghsh÷e), sb fef`hzfræ gae df-

yar ibtf``b be b` gfpätuà shkuhbetb, rbsu`tf úth` sböf`fr f`kueas fspbgtas a gubsthaebs

qub bstæe be jubka be bstf ofsb ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Be tèrdheas kbebrf`bs, bstf

btfpf sb garrbspaeib gae `f hibethgfgh÷e ib ihsthetas gursas ib fggh÷e y gae `f

gaestruggh÷e ib bsgbefrhas praspbgthvas qub heihqube às marhzaetbs ib ofgthch`hifi

y fs gaesbgubeghfs pracfc`bs ib gfif uef ib fs apghaebs hibethgfifs pfrf f rbsa-

ùgh÷e ib às prac`bdfs. Bstf bs `f btfpf ib` fef`hstf ib pa`äthgfs, be tfeta kbebrfiar

ib ue gaeaghdhbeta qub sb paeb f` sbrvhgha ib `f tadf ib ibghsh÷e.

Whe bdcfrka, gmagfe fquä ias gaegbpghaebs chbe beorbetfifs. âr ue `fia bs-tæe quhbebs, ibsib pfrfihkdfs pashthvhstfs, sasthbebe qub `f tfrbf ib` fef`hstf be

bstf btfpf rbdhtb f ue pragbsa ghbetäga kuhfia par grhtbrhas tègehga-hestrudbetf`bs

(bsta bs, ue feæ`hshs bstrhgtfdbetb rfghaef`). ar atra, fqub`às qub ibsib pfrfihkdfs

paspashthvhstfs sasthbebe qub b` fef`hstf bs ue ‐frtbsfea— y b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs ue

‐frtb—. Be pf`fcrfs ib Dfjaeb (688;: =7) ‐gufeia gadpfrfdas f` fef`hstf gae b` fr-

tbsfea ea bstfdas usfeia shdp`bdbetb uef dbtæoarf: mfy uef sbdbjfezf rbf` be su

trfcfja. Be b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs (…) b` èxhta ibpbeib dugma ib ue gaeaghdhbeta

praoueia ib às dftbrhf`bs ib trfcfja y mbrrfdhbetfs, ib uef rb`fgh÷e duy pbrsaef`

betrb b` madcrb y su tfrbf. (…) B` bsthà pubib ibsbdpböfr, be `f ibtbrdhefgh÷e ib`

vfàr y `f fgbptfch`hifi ib` praiugta fef`äthga, ue pfpb` tfe hdpartfetb gada be b`

trfcfja frtbsfef`—.

Ibsib uef ÷pthgf fcsaùtfdbetb rfghaef`, `f tfrbf be bstf ofsb gaeshstb be hibeth-

gfr taifs fqub``fs f`tbrefthvfs ‗`fs ihobrbetbs pa`äthgfs y dbihas ihspaehc`bs‗ qub

pbrdhtbe rbsa`vbr bobgthvf y ibehthvfdbetb b` prac`bdf, gaeshibrfeia às rhbskas

y/a cbebghas qub fgadpföfe f gfif uef ib b``fs. Whe bdcfrka, bstb daibà ib




88

rfghaef`hifi purf a bstrhgtf mf ibdastrfia tbebr hdpartfetbs `hdhtfghaebs9, `fs qub

gaeiujbrae f futarbs gada @heicàd (6828) f prapaebr ‗be gaetrfpashgh÷e f bsb

daibà- b` daibà hegrbdbetf`. Wbkúe bstb ú`thda, b` daibà ib rfghaef`hifi bstrhg-

tf ea pubib bxp`hgfr eh ibsgrhchr b` pragbsa ib gaestruggh÷e ib apghaebs ib pa`äthgf

y ib tadf ib ibghshaebs tf` gada sb ibsfrra``f be f rbf`hifi. Be bobgta, fs apghaebsqub tadf be gubetf b` ibghsar ea sae taifs y eh shquhbrf `fs dbjarbs apghaebs shea

saà fqub``fs f`tbrefthvfs qub ihbrbe duy paga ib `fs pa`äthgfs ``bvfifs f gfca gae

fetbrharhifi. B`à sb ibcb f qub gufeta dæs sb f`bjb uef f`tbrefthvf ib `fs pa`äthgfs

gaeaghifs, `f fethghpfgh÷e ib sus gaesbgubeghfs b hdpfgtas (gastas y cbebghas)

rbsu`tf dæs ihgu`tasf. Ib bstb daia, b` uehvbrsa ib f`tbrefthvfs f gaeshibrfr par b`

ibghsar bs rbiughia, ihspaehbeia fibdæs ib ue dfyar krfia ib gbrthiudcrb rbspbg-

ta f às gastas y/a cbebghas qub gfif uef ib bstfs apghaebs beghbrrf.Dæs f``æ ib bstfs gaeshibrfghaebs tb÷rhgfs, à qub sb ibcb rbsf`tfr bs qub às fef-

`hstfs y b` ibghsar ea apbrfe be ue bsgbefrha she rbstrhgghaebs f `f marf ib b`fcarfr

`fs apghaebs ib pa`äthgf. Be bobgta, ibcbe tadfr be gaeshibrfgh÷e be b` pragbsa ib

gaestruggh÷e ib apghaebs às shkuhbetbs grhtbrhas: `f `bkf`hifi, `f rfghaef`hifi bga-

e÷dhgf, `f ofgthch`hifi arkfehzfghaef` y, par ú`thda, `f vhfch`hifi pa`äthgf. B` prhdbr

grhtbrha supaeb tbebr be gubetf tfeta `fs fdchkðbifibs y `fkuefs bxhstbetbs be b`

gubrpa eardfthva gada `f gambrbeghf ib` dhsda. B` sbkueia supaeb gaeshibrfr `f

vhfch`hifi bgae÷dhgf f` dadbeta ib b`fcarfr `fs f`tbrefthvfs pfrf à guf` sb rbquhb-rb `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib ue feæ`hshs gasta-cbebgha y gasta-bobgthvhifi. B` tbrgbr grhtbrha

hdp`hgf rbgaeagbr `fs gfpfghifibs arkfehzfthvfs y ib kbsth÷e ib `fs ibpbeibeghfs

kucbrefdbetf`bs f trfvès ib ue feæ`hshs arkfehzfghaef`. B` ú`thda grhtbrha supaeb

rbf`hzfr ue feæ`hshs pa`äthga qub pbrdhtf f` ibghsar tbebr be gubetf `f vhfch`hifi pa-

`äthgf (fgbptfgh÷e a gaehgthvhifi) f `f marf ib b`fcarfr `fs f`tbrefthvfs ib pa`äthgf.

Fshdhsda, be bstf btfpf b` ibghsar ibcb tbebr g`frhifi sacrb g÷da sb vfe f jbrfr-

quhzfr gfif uea ib às grhtbrhas beueghfias f` dadbeta ib gaestruhr `fs apghaebsib pa`äthgf< jbrfrquhzfgh÷e qub rbsu`tfræ, f su vbz, hdprbsgheihc`b pfrf às ebs ib

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y bvfùfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf ef`dbetb fiaptfif.

9 F`kuefs yf mfcäfe shia bxpubstfs par Whdae (682;) f` rbgaeagbr `f bxhstbeghf ib ghbrtas `ädhtbs

f `f fp`hgfgh÷e ib `f rfghaef`hifi bgae÷dhgf g`æshgf: às vfàrbs, às gastas, y `hdhtfghaebs arkfehzf-ghaef`bs, pshga`÷khgfs y shtufghaef`bs. âr bstf rfz÷e, b` futar sukhbrb qub b` pragbsa ib fiapgh÷e ibibghshaebs sb rhkb par b` daibà ib rfghaef`hifi `hdhtfif.




6>>

?. @F YADF IB @F IBGHWH×E

Wh chbe ibihgfrbdas b` pr÷xhda gfpätuà f` feæ`hshs ib bstf btfpf, rbsu`tf apartuea

fquä mfgbr f`kuefs pagfs prbghshaebs qub prbsbetbe `fs gubsthaebs y ibcftbs hehghf-

`bs qub sb mfe kbebrfia be tarea f` feæ`hshs ib bstf ofsb ib` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

F` hkuf` qub be `f ofsb fetbrhar, fquä sb mf p`fetbfia ue praoueia ibcftb betrb

ias pashghaebs: b` rfghaef`hsda y b` hegrbdbetf`hsda. Wbkúe `f vhsh÷e rfghaef`hstf

(daibà ib rfghaef`hifi bstrhgtf) b` ibghsar apbrf (y ibcb apbrfr shbdprb) ib dfeb-

rf fcsaùtfdbetb rfghaef` b`hkhbeia `f dbjar ib `fs apghaebs betrb `fs f`tbrefthvfs

ihspaehc`bs, bs ibghr fqub``f qub pbrdhtb rbsa`vbr ‗ ÷pthdf y bghbetbdbetb ‗ b` pra-

c`bdf. Ibsib bstb daibà sb supaeb, par ue `fia, qub b` ibghsar ihspaeb ib prbob-

rbeghfs g`frfs y aribefifs, acjbthvas prbghsas, heoardfgh÷e fgtuf`hzfif y acjbthvf(gaefc`b) y uef tbaräf a daibà gfusf` væ`hia y, par atra, qub `f b`bggh÷e cusgf

dfxhdhzfr às cbebghas y dhehdhzfr às gastas y qub b` fprbeihzfjb sb praiugb

dbihfetb às gastas ib` brrar.

Whe bdcfrka, sh chbe à hibf ‗ f prharh ‗ sbräf paibr pragbibr ib fgubria f uef b`bg-

gh÷e bstrhgtfdbetb rfghaef`, bstb daibà kbebrf`dbetb ea bs pashc`b ib sbkuhr parqub

ea sb gudp`be `fs gaeihghaebs ‗b` gaetbxta ib fggh÷e ‗ qub b` daibà bxhkb pfrf b`à.

‐Bs `hcrbsga supaebr a bxhkhr qub ue kachbrea begfrb b` gaejueta ib `fs ibghshaebs púc`hgfs gadp`bjfs y tarefihzfs gae ue aribefdhbeta gambrbetb ib vfàrbs gaegbptuf-

`hzfias garrbgtfdbetb, qub gubetb apartuefdbetb gae taif `f heoardfgh÷e rbqubrhif,

qub gaestruyf taifs `fs apghaebs pa`äthgfs rb`bvfetbs be taifs `fs ghrguestfeghfs, qub

mfkf ue gæ`guà pueth`àsa ib `fs gaesbgubeghfs ib sus fgtas y uef paeibrfgh÷e bx-

mfusthvf betrb `fs apghaebs y gubetb gae ue rbpbrtarha ib tbaräfs gfusf`bs gfpfgbs ib

kuhfr guf`quhbr tadf ib ibghsh÷e— (Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, 688?f: 9=).

Fshdhsda, @heicàd (6828) sasthbeb qub fue sh sb ihbrfe bsfs gaeihghaebs ‗f`ka

qub sbkúe b` futar rbsu`tf hdpashc`b be `f dfyaräf ib às prac`bdfs púc`hgas par sugadp`bjhifi ‗ b` daibà ib rfghaef`hifi bstrhgtf (a dètaia ib hr f `f rfäz, gada è` à

ibeadhef) ea àkrf bxp`hgfr b` gadpartfdhbeta rbf` ib às ibghsarbs púc`hgas. Bs par

b`à qub, f pfrthr ib f acsbrvfgh÷e ib` gadpartfdhbeta gathihfea ib as pa hgy dflbrs,

prapaeb ue daibà f`tbrefthva, b` hegrbdbetf`hsda (a dètaia ib `fs gadpfrfghaebs

sugbshvfs `hdhtfifs). Wbkúe bstb daibà, b` feæ`hshs qub mfgb b` ibghsar f `f marf ib

tadfr `f ibghsh÷e ea sb rbf`hzf be fcstrfgta shea qub sb cfsf be `f pfsfif pa`äthgf fetb-

gbibetb ib daia qub `fs ibghshaebs ea sae dæs qub fjustbs dfrkhef`bs sacrb pa`äthgfsyf be dfrgmf. B`à hdp`hgf qub f pa`äthgf bs ue bs`fc÷e ib uef gfibef ib pa`äthgfs qub




6>6

saà daihgf f`kueas fspbgtas ib f pa`äthgf pfsfif, be bspbghf` fqub`às fspbgtas qub

sb ibsprbeibe gada eaghvas. Ib daia qub, ifia qub ea bs pashc`b gaetfr gae uef tba-

räf gfusf` væ`hif pfrf gfif prac`bdf, saà sb fiaptfe pa`äthgfs qub f`tbrfe pbquböas

fspbgtas ib `f pa`äthgf fetbrhar. B` hegrbdbetf`hsda pbrdhtb fsä rbiughr às rhbskas y

par tfeta, fue sh sb fiaptf f ibghsh÷e hegarrbgtf, bs dbjar y dæs úth` qub b` dètaia ibrfghaef`hifi bstrhgtf. Be bobgta, ‐B` daibà hegrbdbetf` frkudbetf qub fs ibghshaebs

sae, fetb taia, prfkdæthgfs, ea sb cfsfe be rb`fghaebs gfusf`bs chbe bstuihfifs, eh be

gæ`guàs bxmfusthvas ib gastbs y cbebghas, shea be b` dètaia ib `fs fpraxhdfghaebs

sugbshvfs y `hdhtfifs— (Yfdfya Wæbz, 688;: 38;).

F pfrthr ib bstb daibà b`fcarfia par @heicàd (6828) pfrf ibsgrhchr y bxp`hgfr

b` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs, surkhbrae ias garrhbetbs qub fdp`hfrae, ibpurfrae

y berhqubghbrae f`kuefs ib sus hibfs. @f prhdbrf, rbprbsbetfif par Dfjaeb (688;),uth`hzf ‗gada sb sböf`÷ gae fetbrharhifi‗ `f hdfkbe ib` frtbsfea pfrf rbprbsbetfr `f

tfrbf ib às b`fcarfiarbs ib pa`äthgfs, pubsta qub bstas vhvbe ghrguestfeghfs qub `b

jfe `ädhtbs y be bstb gaetbxta uth`hzfræe sus gfpfghifibs, bxpbrthsb, pfrf praiughr

pa`äthgfs qub ùbka sbræe bvfùfifs par `f saghbifi. F rfäz ib bstf bvfùfgh÷e qub `f

saghbifi rbf`hzf, b` kachbrea ibcb aorbgbr fibdæs rfzaebs, frkudbetas y bvhibeghfs

pfrf kbebrfr gaesbesa sacrb f pa`äthgf púc`hgf. B` prap÷shta bs atarkfr`b bkhthdhifi

f `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf sb`bgghaefif. ‐Bstfrbdas be krfe ibsvbetfjf sh, a`vhifeia b`

ibcftb y `f frkudbetfgh÷e, trftfdas ib betbeibr `f b`fcarfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs saà betèrdheas ib` paibr, f heubeghf y b` rbkftba. @f frkudbetfgh÷e bs b` pragbsa oueif-

dbetf` qub shkube às ghuififeas y às kacbrefetbs pfrf ``bkfr f juhghas darf`bs y f

`f b`bggh÷e ib pa`äthgfs— (Dfjaeb, 688;: 7?). @f sbkueif garrhbetb ([hìfvsly, 68;8)

p`fetbf qub `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf ea bs rbsu`tfia ib uef hdpashgh÷e shea ue praiugta

qub rbsu`tf ib `f ebkaghfgh÷e, ib ue pragbsa ib hetbrfggh÷e saghf` y pa`äthgf, betrb

às krupas ib hetbrès dæs rb`bvfetbs, às fgtarbs bstf`bs y b` kachbrea2. âr tfeta,

`f tfrbf dæs hdpartfetb gaeshstb be gaduehgfr `f pa`äthgf y gaevbegbr f às krupasrhvf`bs. Gada pubib fivbrthrsb, b` pueta qub ueb f fdcfs garrhbetbs bs `f ibghihif

hdpartfeghf qub `b atarkfe f` dadbeta gaduehgfghaef` pbra sb ihobrbeghfe be qub

`f prhdbrf rbsf`tf b` gadpaebetb frtbsfef` be `f b`fcarfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf, dhbetrfs

`f sbkueif rbsf`tf b` gadpaebetb pa`äthga.

2 Be bstb bsqubdf, b` kachbrea bs ue fgtar dæs qub pubib fiaptfr ihvbrsas ra`bs: ue ra` gaegh`hfiarsh sb begubetrf be uef shtufgh÷e ib supbrharhifi y ue ra` paga rb`bvfetb sh sb begubetrf be gaeihghaebsib ibch`hifi.




6>3

;. @F HD^@BDBEYFGH×E IB @F Â@ÄYHGF

Bstf mf shia uef ib `fs btfpfs tf` vbz dbeas bstuihfifs pubsta qub ibsib sus ga-

dhbezas y mfstf hehghas ib às föas ;> `f hevbsthkfgh÷e be b` gfdpa ib `fs ghbeghfs

ib pa`äthgfs bstuva gbetrfif be `f ibghsh÷e y `fs btfpfs qub `f prbpfrfe (fetbgbibe).@f garrhbetb iadhefetb be fqub`às föas sastbeäf qub pfrf àkrfr ue cube rbsu`tfia

saà brf ebgbsfrha dbjarfr `f gf`hifi fef`äthgf b heoardfthvf ib `f ibghsh÷e (bsta bs,

às daibàs gfusf`bs hdp`äghtas be b``fs). Bstb èeofshs be à ibghshaef` sb cfsfcf be

`f g`æshgf ihgatadäf betrb pa`äthgf y fidhehstrfgh÷e, iaeib `f pa`äthgf brf b` bspfgha

ib `f ibghsh÷e dhbetrfs qub `f fidhehstrfgh÷e brf b` bspfgha ib `f fp`hgfgh÷e. Ib-

træs ib bstf ihgatadäf bxhstäfe ias hdpartfetbs supubstas. B` prhdbra supaeäf uef

fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf praobshaef` y sucarihefif f` paibr pa`äthga ([bcbr, 6883),

y b` sbkueia `f bxhstbeghf ib uef saghbifi pfshvf she gfpfghifi pfrf acstfgu`hzfr ahdpbihr `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

Whe bdcfrka, f pfrthr ib hehghas ib às föas ;> gadhbezf f fpfrbgbr ue dfyar

hetbrès be à pasibghshaef . B`à sb ibch÷ f qub gadbez÷ f pbrghchrsb qub as orfgfsas

ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs rbshiäfe be dugmfs agfshaebs be `f btfpf ib fp`hgfgh÷e a

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y ea be `f ibghsh÷e.

;.6. @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gada prac`bdf@f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e rbbrb f` gaejueta ib fgghaebs y gadpartfdhbetas qub pbrdhtbe

trfesoardfr `fs hetbeghaebs u acjbthvas ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf be praiugtas, rbsu`-

tfias b hdpfgtas acsbrvfc`bs. Bs par b`à qub ea pubib sbr gaegbchif saà gada ue

dadbeta, shea qub ibcb sbr betbeihif gada ue pragbsa gadp`bja f trfvès ib` guf`

às ihvbrsas fgtarbs hevaùgrfias paebe be dfrgmf ‗hetbeghaef`dbetb ‗ `f gaebxh÷e

gfusf` grhstf`hzfif be b` ihsböa ib `f pa`äthgf. Wh iurfetb b` pragbsa sb prbsbetfe

ibobgtas y f pa`äthgf suorb hegudp`hdhbetas ihgma väeguà sb ‐ibstruyb—, gaeiughbe-ia f` orfgfsa ib `f pa`äthgf. Iurfetb b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e sb dfehbstfe

ghbrtfs rbstrhgghaebs (qub pravhbebe ib às dfeiftas, rbk`fs, rbgursas ihspaehc`bs y

gaethekbeghfs ‗bs ibghr, bvbetas hebspbrfias ‗ ) y ihvbrsfs pbrgbpghaebs ib `f rbf`h-

ifi (kbebrf`dbetb be gaehgta), às pfrthghpfetbs rbhetbrprbtfe `fs hetbeghaebs ib

`fs pa`äthgfs y ibsp`hbkfe vfrhfifs bstrftbkhfs ib heubeghf/heghibeghf, bdbrkhbeia

hegbrthiudcrbs ib taia thpa.

@f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e supaeb uef gfibef ib sugbsas qub sb hehghf gufeia sb

praiugb `f sfegh÷e ib `f ibghsh÷e y qub gaegùyb gufeia `f beueghfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf (su bxprbsh÷e be prakrfdfs, rbku`fghaebs y fgthvhifibs) bs fcfeiaefif,




6>7

ef`hzfif a trfesoardfif. Bs par bsf rfz÷e qub `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e sub`b tbebr

ue gadhbeza prbghsa, pbra thbeb shbdprb ue ef` ihousa, pubs bstb rbdhtb tfeta

f` hdpfgta sacrb `f saghbifi gada f su hedbrsh÷e be b` pragbsa gaestfetb ib

rboardu`fgh÷e y rbvhsh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs.

Whe bdcfrka, fqub``f sbgubeghf ib sugbsas ea bs `hebf`. Bstæ gadpubstf par ib-ghshaebs y fgghaebs hetbrrb`fghaefifs, gae heubeghf rbgäpragf. F``ä sb praiugb `f

gaeoraetfgh÷e ib hebvhtfc`bs tbeshaebs, fdchkðbifibs y gaehgtas qub mfgbe qub

b` ibsfrra`à bobgthva ib `fs fgghaebs shkf sbeibras dugmfs vbgbs f`bjfias ib `fs

prbvhshaebs gaetbehifs be b` ihsböa ib `fs pa`äthgfs. Be bobgta, iurfetb b` pragbsa

sb ibcbe rbsa`vbr gaehgtas betrb à prbvhsta y à gaethekbetb, betrb à oardf`hzfia

y ruthehzfia y às rbquhshtas qub hdpaeb gfif shtufgh÷e bspbgägf, betrb às juhghas

ib vfàr y `fs gaeshibrfghaebs tègehgfs, betrb `fs pashch`hifibs y `fs rbstrhgghaebs,betrb às dfeiftas ib `f jbrfrquäf pa`äthgf y `fs ibdfeifs qub pravhbebe ib às cb-

ebghfrhas ib `fs prbstfghaebs y sbrvhghas qub `f pa`äthgf aorbgb. Be sudf, `f hdp`b-

dbetfgh÷e supaeb hetraiughrsb be b` dueia dæs heghbrta y rbshstbetb ib rbf`hifibs

saghf`bs grhstf`hzfifs, bsgfsbz ib rbgursas, rb`fghaebs ib paibr, gaehgtas ib vfàrbs

y grbbeghfs, rbshstbeghfs, rbtrfhdhbeta y pfshvhifi.

@as sbeibras ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e rbsu`tfe ib rbspubstfs f ibsfoäas y prbshaebs,

ib gaethekbeghfs y ib gfdchas ib arhbetfghaebs y ib `fs hetbrfgghaebs betrb fgtarbs

bstrftèkhgas. Fquä jubkfe ue pfpb` gbetrf` às fidhehstrfiarbs púc`hgas y `fs arkf-ehzfghaebs púc`hgfs, pubsta qub gaestfetbdbetb mfgbe fprbghfghaebs sacrb `fs shtuf-

ghaebs/rbf`hifibs beorbetfifs, rbibehbeia pfrghf`dbetb (be b` dbjar ib às gfsas)

`fs prharhifibs ib `fs pa`äthgfs. ^bra sus gadpartfdhbetas ea saà f tbrfe às gursas

ib fggh÷e, shea qub tfdchèe daihgfe b` gaetbxta ib apbrfgh÷e, betfc`feia f`hfe-

zfs, oartf`bghbeia f f`kueas fgtarbs saghf`bs, kbebrfeia bxpbgtfthvfs y ibdfeifs y

grbfeia `f hdfkbe púc`hgf ib `f pa`äthgf.

Wh `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e bs uef gfibef ib fgghaebs y ibghshaebs qub pravagfe bobg-tas qub f `f vbz hdpfgtfe sacrb fgghaebs y ibghshaebs, pubib frdfrsb betaegbs

qub bs ue pragbsa ‐rbbxhva—. B`à supaeb qub às qub hetbrvhbebe be ihgma pragbsa

ibcbe hegarparfr heoardfgh÷e, hetraiughr`f be sus dfpfs gakehthvas y dfrgas gae-

gbptuf`bs fsä gada pragbsfr`f y bvfùfr`f, trfesoardfeia `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e be: f)

ue pragbsa ib fprbeihzfjb, yf qub ibcb rbvhsfrsb pbrdfebetbdbetb `f vf`hibz ib

ihgmas dfrgas gaegbptuf`bs, c) ue pragbsa bvaùthva, ifia qub pubib supaebr fgu-

du`fgh÷e, dfiurfgh÷e y trfesoardfghaebs, y g) ue pragbsa ib grbfgh÷e ib rbgursas

y ibsp`hbkub ib gaf`hghaebs, yf qub iurfetb b` pragbsa sb pragurf sudfr eubvfsvaùetfibs y fimbshaebs.






6>2

be su shkehgfgh÷e pa`äthgf y saghf`, dæs qub be fgthvhifibs vhegu`fifs f uef pa`äthgf

a f ue prakrfdf. Gfif uef ib bstfs arkfehzfghaebs bstæ f gfrka ib dæs ib ue fspbg-

ta ib ihvbrsfs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, às qub hetbrfgtúfe y sb gaeihghaefe dutufdbetb.

Wus fgghaebs bstæe sujbtfs f rbstrhgghaebs hesthtughaef`bs y su `÷khgf hetbref ``bvf f

qub pragurbe gaegh`hfr às rbqubrhdhbetas ib `fs pa`äthgfs gae sus gfpfghifibs ar-kfehzfghaef`bs. Ib bstf oardf ea sb gaeghcb f `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gada b` rbsu`tfia

ib uef beueghfgh÷e ib prap÷shtas, shea gada `f gaevbrkbeghf ib ue gaejueta ib

ibghshaebs y ib ÷khgfs arkfehzfghaef`bs qub vfe gaegrbtfeia rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas.

Wu bjb ea bs par à tfeta `f bghbeghf, shea `fs gaesbgubeghfs. Whe bdcfrka, b` ibsf-

rra`à ib bstb gfdpa ihsghp`hefrha mf pubsta ib dfehbsta `f bxhstbeghf ib beoaqubs

y pbrspbgthvfs ib feæ`hshs ihsthetfs.

Ibetra ib `f prhdbrf kbebrfgh÷e ib tb÷rhgas ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, [hìfvslyy ^rbssdfe (68;7) sasthbebe qub às prac`bdfs ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e? sb kbebrfe f

rfäz ib `f bxgbshvf gadp`bjhifi ib `f fggh÷e gaejuetf (gaapbrfgh÷e) qub bs ebgbsfrhf

pfrf `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e bxhtasf ib uef pa`äthgf. Be bobgta, ‐@f gadp`bjhifi ib `f

ga-apbrfgh÷e bs b` ibtbrdhefetb ib qub ea sugbife a sugbife oubrf ib tèrdhea y

she hdpfgta `fs fgghaebs qub brf prbvhshc`b y bspbrfc`b sugbihbrfe, ifia qub brfe

gaekrubetbs gae `fs gaeihghaebs hehghf`bs, par taias fgbptfifs she rbpfra— (Fkuh`fr

_h``feubvf, 688?g: 98). B`à sugbib pubsta qub be bstf btfpf hetbrvhbebe dú`thp`bs

fgtarbs y parqub, fibdæs, taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf supaeb f bxhstbeghf ib ihsthetas pue-tas ib ibghsh÷e ibetra ib f ofsb ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. ar tfeta, ifia qub be gfif uea

ib bsas puetas ib ibghsh÷e hetbrvhbebe dú`thp`bs fgtarbs, pfrf qub `f pa`äthgf tbekf

èxhta bs ebgbsfrha kbebrfr ue gaesbesa be gfif pueta ib ibghsh÷e qub pbrdhtf paibr

pfsfr f` shkuhbetb. B` prac`bdf bstæ betaegbs be b` bxgbsa ib puetas ib ibghsh÷e y

be `f gfethifi ib fgtarbs qub hetbrvhbebe be gfif uea ib b`às. Be bstb bsgbefrha, `f

g`fvb pfrf `f saùgh÷e ib` prac`bdf bstæ be b` ihsböa ib` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e,

cusgfeia rbiughr ea saà b` eúdbra ib puetas ib ibghsh÷e shea fibdæs b` eúdbra ibfgtarbs hetbrvhehbetbs be b` pragbsa.

Atra futar, pbrtbebghbetb f bstf prhdbrf kbebrfgh÷e ib tb÷rhgas, qub sb ibthbeb

f fef`hzfr às prac`bdfs ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e bs Cfrifgm (68=>). Wbkúe bstb futar, b`

pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e bs ue pragbsa ib besfdc`fjb iaeib dú thp`bs fgtarbs he-

? Wbkúe bstas futarbs, saà paibdas mfc`fr ib prac`bdfs ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gufeia, f pbsfr ib qubsb mfe àkrfia `fs gaeihghaebs hehghf`bs y `f tbaräf gfusf` bs garrbgtf, `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e sb rbtrfsf aorfgfsf be sus acjbthvas.




6>?

ibpbeihbetbs betrb sä pasbbe rbgursas cæshgas pfrf b` praiugta ef`. Bstas fgtarbs

jubkfe ihsthetas jubkas ib ebkaghfgh÷e/trfesfggh÷e qub ef`dbetb sb vfe f trfesoar -

dfr be jubkas ib gaefezf. B` prac`bdf sb prbsbetf parqub bstas jubkas ihstarshaefe

às acjbthvas qub prbtbeib f`gfezfr `f pa`äthgf, gaeiugbe f` ibsphòfrra ib rbgursas,

daihgfe pragbsas b hestrudbetas, be säetbshs ibsvhrtúfe `f pa`äthgf. ^frf sf`vfr bstas

prac`bdfs bs ebgbsfrha betaegbs rbf`hzfr uef cubef ibsgrhpgh÷e ib` bsgbefrha ib `f

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ‗ gaeagbr quhbebs sae às fgtarbs qub hetbrvhbebe, què hetbrbsbs thb-

ebe y què rbgursas pasbbe ‗ gae b` prap÷shta ib fethghpfr bsas jubkas y bvhtfr fsä qub

`f pa`äthgf púc`hgf sb ibsväb. Whe bdcfrka, b`à ea bs sughbetb pfrf kfrfethzfr b` èxhta

ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y, par tfeta, sb ibcb rbgurrhr f ue xbr (rbpfrfiar), bs ibghr ue

`hibrfzka gadpradbthia gae b` èxhta ib uef ibtbrdhefif pa`äthgf, qub frchtrb bstas

jubkas. Be bobgta, ‐B` dbihfiar-rbpfrfiar-fjustfiar pasbb ue krfe gfphtf` ib rbgursas pa`äthgas \...T y bs gfpfz ib gaevagfr f `fs pfrtbs darasfs a gaehghthvfs, sbetfr`fs f

ebkaghfr, ihsufihr apashtarbs, ibrratfr fivbrsfrhas, sudfr gaesbesas, ftrfbr gaetrhcu-

ghaebs, ibrrhcfr acstæguàs— (Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, 688?g: ;?).

@f sbkueif kbebrfgh÷e ib tb÷rhgas ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e (Cbrdfe, 68;=, 68=><

B`darb, 68;=, 68=>< @hpsly, 68=>< [h``hfds, 68=>, 68=3< betrb às dæs hdpartfetbs)

sastuva, par su pfrtb, qub às prac`bdfs ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf

bstæe be b` pueta ú`thda ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, be `f prbstfgh÷e ib` sbrvhgha, bs ibghr

be b` pbrsaef` ib vbetfeh``f a be b` pbrsaef` ib gaetfgta. ^frf sf`vfr bstb prac`bdfmfy qub ihsböfr b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib fcfja mfghf frrhcf. âr tfeta, mfy

qub pbesfr be guf`bs sae `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs a ftrhcughaebs qub ibcb tbebr bsb pbr-

saef` ib gaetfgta pfrf prbstfr ue sbrvhgha ib gf`hifi, pfrf sfthsofgbr f` usufrha. F

pfrthr ib fquä bs qub mfy qub pbesfr `fs fgghaebs prbvhfs ebgbsfrhfs pfrf actbebr uef

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e bxhtasf.

B` fpartb ib bstas tb÷rhgas rbshib be qub radpbe gae `f hibf curagræthgf y jbrær-

quhgf ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf, pubsta qub ibsgucrbe qub bs ebgbsfrha atarkfrfutaeadäf f `f curagrfghf pfrf kbebrfr `fs gaeihghaebs ebgbsfrhfs pfrf crheifr ue

sbrvhgha ib gf`hifi (Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, 688?f). B` bsqubdf dfeia-gaetra` gbib

fquä su ùkfr f ue bsqubdf ib rbspaesfch`hzfgh÷e. Bstas futarbs vfe f bstfc`bgbr fsä

uef ihsthegh÷e betrb dfgra hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y dhgra hdp`bdbetfgh÷e f pfrthr ib `f

guf` vfe f ihobrbeghfr betrb hdp`bdbetfgh÷e prakrfdfif b hdp`bdbetfgh÷e fifp-

tfthvf. @a qub bstas futarbs prbtbeibe sucrfyfr bs qub `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e prakrf-

dfif saà bs pashc`b cfja gaeihghaebs ib rbquhshtas uehvbrsf`bs a gaeihghaebs qub

sb rbphtbe ib hkuf` dfebrf. Whe bdcfrka, gufeia bstfs gaeihghaebs ea sb prbsbetfe




6>;

mfy qub rbgurrhr f uef hdp`bdbetfgh÷e fifptfthvf. Bstb thpa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e (`f

fifptfthvf) rbquhbrb ib ue eubva thpa ib oueghaefrha qub ea sb pfrbgb be efif f

fqub` cur÷grftf trfihghaef` qub sb rhkb par rbk`fs. B`à ea shkehgf qub f hdp`bdbe-

tfgh÷e fifptfthvf supaekf uef fusbeghf ib prakrfdfgh÷e shea qub, par b` gaetrfrha,

supaeb ue prakrfdf qub atarkf ghbrtf futaeadäf f` oueghaefrha pfrf fifptfrà f àsihvbrsas gfsas y gaetbxtas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

Ohef`dbetb f pfrthr ib às föas => surkbe às prhdbras hetbetas ib rbgaegh`hfr

às supubstas y vfàrbs qub bstæe ibtræs ib bstfs ias oardfs (tap-iawe y cattad

up) ib gaegbchr b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e (B`darb, 68=2< Kakkhe, 68=?< Wf-

cfthbr, 68=?< Kakkhe, Cawdfe, @bstbr y A‘Yaa`b, 688>). Ref pashch`hifi ib rb-

gaegh`hfgh÷e rbshib be `f gaestruggh÷e ib dfrgas gaegbptuf`bs shetèthgas f pfrthr

ib b`bdbetas sb`bgghaefias ib gfif uea ib às beoaqubs, frthgu`feia ‐às dbja-rbs rfskas a gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib gfif beoaqub— (Wfcfthbr, 68=?: 7;). Ib bstb daia

sb rbgaeagb ea saà qub `fs gaegbpghaebs ea sae ebgbsfrhfdbetb bxgùybetbs

shea qub bs ebgbsfrha ibsfrra``fr ue dfrga gaegbptuf` qub pbrdhtf hetbkrfr `fs

iäfifs jbrfrquäf-gaetra` (praphfs ib` daibà tap iawe) y fifptfgh÷e-futaeadäf

(ihsthethvfs ib` daibà cattad up). Wbkúe B`darb (68=2) às tadfiarbs ib ibgh-

sh÷e ebgbshtfe gaeshibrfr tfeta às hestrudbetas ib pa`äthgf y às atras rbgursas

f su ihspashgh÷e ( oarwfri dfpphek) gada `f bstrugturf ib hegbethvas ib `fs pa-

c`fghaebs acjbthva (cfglwfri dfpphek), parqub b` èxhta ib `f pa`äthgf ibpbeibib fdcas b`bdbetas.

;. 7. @fs pbrspbgthvfs pfrf b` feæ`hshs ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e

Wb mfe ibsfrra``fia trbs pbrspbgthvfs cæshgfs gae rbspbgta f f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. Ref

ib b``fs bs ib efturf`bzf prbsgrhpthvf, fs atrfs ias pragurfe gadprbeibr fs gadp`b-

jhifibs qub gfrfgtbrhzfe f` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

B` beoaqub prbsgrhpthva

Bstb beoaqub pragurf hibethgfr `fs gaeihghaebs ebgbsfrhfs pfrf uef fibgufif

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. B``fs sb sub`be rbsudhr be: f) bspbghgfgh÷e ib acjbthvas y dbtfs,

c) fshkefgh÷e prbghsf ib ftrhcughaebs y rbspaesfch`hifibs, g) prakrfdfgh÷e y bstæe-

ifrbs ib apbrfgh÷e sughbetbs, i) rbgursas fibgufias, b) fpaya y gaeiuggh÷e pa`ä-

thgf. Wbkúe Kuee (68;=) `fs prbgaeihghaebs pfrf uef hdp`bdbetfgh÷e bxhtasf sae:

h) Vub `fs ghrguestfeghfs bxtbrefs f `f fkbeghf ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ea hdpaekfe

acstæguàs (oäshgas a pa`äthgas) f `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.




6>=

hh) Vub b` prakrfdf gubetb gae às rbgursas sughbetbs y b` thbdpa fibgufia

pfrf rbf`hzfr sus acjbthvas.

hhh) Vub be gfif uef ib `fs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e `f gadch-

efgh÷e ib rbgursas (ea saà bgae÷dhgas) rbqubrhif pfrf b` èxhta ib `f pa`äthgf bstè

ihspaehc`b be b` dadbeta fibgufia.

hv) Vub bxhstf uef tbaräf gfusf` væ`hif sacrb `f qub sb fpayf `f pa`äthgf.

v) Vub `f rb`fgh÷e betrb gfusf y bobgta sbf à dæs ihrbgtf pashc`b, bs ibghr, gae b`

dbear eúdbra ib rb`fghaebs pashc`b.

vh) Vub `f fkbeghf hdp`bdbetfiarf ea ebgbshtb ibpbeibr ib atrfs fkbeghfs pfrf

kfrfethzfr b` èxhta ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, a qub sh hetbrvhbebe dugmfs arkfehzfgha-

ebs bsf ibpbeibeghf sbf däehdf tfeta be eúdbra gada be hdpartfeghf.

vhh) Vub bxhstf uef gadp`btf gadprbesh÷e y fgubria be tarea f às acjbthvas ib `f

pa`äthgf y qub bstfs gaeihghaebs pbrshstfe f à `frka ib` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

vhhh) Vub sb ibtf``be `fs tfrbfs qub ibcbe rbf`hzfr gfif uea ib às pfrthghpfetbs

pfrf f`gfezfr às acjbthvas ib `f pa`äthgf.

hx) Vub bxhstf uef pbrobgtf gaduehgfgh÷e betrb, y gaarihefgh÷e ib, às ihsthetas

fgtarbs a fkbeghfs hevaùgrfias be b` prakrfdf.x) Vub fqub`às qub pasbbe `f futarhifi pubife ibdfeifr (gfpfghifi) y actbebr

(bobgthvhifi) acbihbeghf ib sus sucarihefias.

Bstb beoaqub rbdhtb f f prac`bdæthgf ib` p`febfdhbeta, su bspbghgfgh÷e be pra-

krfdfs apbrfthvas, `f prbsupubstfgh÷e y f `f garrbspaeibeghf betrb às rbqubrhdhbe-

tas ib `fs tfrbfs y b` krfia ib ihsgrbghaef`hifi fgarifia pfrf su bjbgugh÷e. Gae-

oardb f bstb beoaqub, às oueghaefrhas y apbrfiarbs ea ibcbräfe oardu`fr juhghas

hetbrprbtfthvas ib `fs pa`äthgfs: `f fidhehstrfgh÷e bs ue hestrudbeta ebutra gae rbs-

pbgta f fs arhbetfghaebs pa`äthgfs. Fqub``fs gaeihghaebs ebgbsfrhfs ibcbräfe crheifr

taifs `fs arhbetfghaebs rbqubrhifs pfrf `f rbsaùgh÷e ib taifs `fs bvbetuf`hifibs qub

sb beorbetbe. Bs `f bxprbsh÷e ib` daibà rfghaef`-ibiugthva ib tadf ib ibghshaebs

y ib` thpa hibf` curagræthga ib arkfehzfgh÷e gada pftraebs eardfthvas. Ibsib bstf

pbrspbgthvf, b` pbrobgghaefdhbeta ib às pragbsas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e sb àkrf f trf-

vès ib `f daihgfgh÷e ib às dfrgas ib `f fggh÷e: uef dæs prbghsf ibehgh÷e ib `f

‐rbk`f ib `f `by—, pbrobgghaefdhbeta ib shstbdfs ib p`febfdhbeta y prakrfdfgh÷e,

gfdcha ib pragbihdhbetas, dbgfehsdas ib gaetra` ib pragbsas y gadpartfdhbetas,betrb às dæs hdpartfetbs.




6>8

B` beoaqub ib` pragbsa saghf`

^frf bstb beoaqub `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gaesthtuyb `f bsbeghf ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

Bs `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e `f qub bobgthvfdbetb ibtbrdhef `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf, yf qub ib

b``f ibpbeib su hdpfgta sacrb `f saghbifi. @f pa`äthgf sbräf, ib bstb daia, `f sudf-

tarhf ib taias às gadpartfdhbetas púc`hgas be tarea f uef prac`bdæthgf bspbgägf.

@f ibehgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf fsaghfif f` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghsh÷e saà gaesthtuhräf

uef ibg`frfgh÷e ib hetbeghaebs. âr tfeta, b` prac`bdf ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ea rb-

shib be fsbkurfr qub quhbebs hdp`bdbetfe sb ‐fjustbe— f` p`fe ib fggh÷e bstfc`bghia

(b` bstftuta ib `f pa`äthgf) shea be qub b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e sb pubif f`gfe-

zfr ue däehda gaesbesa be tarea f `fs dbtfs, ibsfrra``fr ghbrtfs `bf`tfibs hesthtu-

ghaef`bs y pradavbr ue krfia ib gadpradhsa ib quhbebs pfrthghpfe be f hdp`bdbe-

tfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf gae b` p`fe ib fggh÷e ib oardf ib arhbetfr `f uth`hzfgh÷e ib àsdærkbebs ib futaeadäf heihvhiuf`.

Be bstb beoaqub b` èeofshs bstæ pubsta be b` paibr, be `fs vhshaebs y pbrspbgth-

vfs, be às hdpfgtas y be `f pfrthghpfgh÷e saghf`. Be bstb pragbsa às oueghaefrhas

rbhetbrprbtfe `fs ihrbgthvfs, fifptfe `fs rbspubstfs, kbebrfe eubvas pragbihdhbe-

tas y ‐gadp`btfe `fs `fkuefs— ib `f pa`äthgf. Gada gaesbgubeghf ib b`à às oue-

ghaefrhas pubibe ihspaebr ib dærkbebs ib futaeadäf, gufeia ea ib ihsgrbghaef`h-

ifi, sacrb gubsthaebs gada `f sb`bggh÷e ib às ibstheftfrhas a sacrb `f bxhch`hifi

ib `f eardf. Yfe hdpartfetb pubib sbr bstb pfpb` qub @hpsly (68=>) sasthbeb qub`f pa`äthgf sb gaestruyb ‐f` ehvb` ib `f gf``b—, à qub ac`hkf f gaeshibrfr a bvfùfr

`f heubeghf qub ghbrtas fspbgtas ‐gu`turf`bs— ib `f arkfehzfgh÷e thbebe sacrb sus

gadpartfdhbetas y, par beib, sacrb `fs gaesbgubeghfs (rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas) qub

`f pa`äthgf praiugb.

@f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e bvaùthvf

Wbkúe bstb tbrgbr beoaqub às p`febs ib fggh÷e ea sae eh dbrfs pf`fcrfs qub sae

daihgfifs iurfetb b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e eh p`febs ibtf``fias y rhkurasasqub pbrdhtbe fsbkurfr uef hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gaetra`fif. @as p`febs ib fggh÷e bxhstbe

saà gada pashch`hifibs, guyf rbf`hzfgh÷e ibpbeib ib guf`hifibs heträesbgfs gada

ib b`bdbetas bx÷kbeas. Bs par b`à qub às futarbs qub fquä sb hesgrhcbe (Dfjaeb

y [hìfvsly, 68;=) p`fetbfe `f ebgbshifi ib rbgaeagbr b` dutua gaeihghaefdhbeta

betrb `fs pa`äthgfs (su bstftuta) y `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. Ib bstf oardf:

h) @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gaekurf `fs pa`äthgfs: @fs pa`äthgfs sae trfesoardf-

ifs (rb-ihsböfifs) iurfetb b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. Bstf trfesoardf-

gh÷e bs ebgbsfrhf pfrf fifptfr `f pa`äthgf f` gaetbxta ib rbstrhgghaebs hesth-




66>

tughaef`bs, gaetbxtuf`bs, qub surkbe iurfetb bstb pragbsa y qub ea oubrae

(eh paiäfe sbr) prbvhstfs be `f ofsb ib ihsböa a p`fehgfgh÷e.

hh) @fs pa`äthgfs gaekurfe `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e: @fs oardfs be qub `fs pa`ä-

thgfs gaeihghaefe `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e sae cfstfetb ihvbrsfs: f) f trfvès ib`

daibà gfusf` qub `f pa`äthgf prbsupaeb, praparghaefeia `f heoardfgh÷esacrb `fs sbgubeghfs ib fgghaebs qub ibcbe kuhfr `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y c)

f trfvès ib` gaetbehia, ib`hdhtfeia b` ædchta iaeib thbeb ùkfr b` pragbsa

ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, ibtbrdhefeia quhbebs sae às qub pfrthghpfe be è`, fsä

gada f rb`fgh÷e (gaehgthvf a ea) betrb fquè`às, ibehbeia as hestrudbe-

tas ihspaehc`bs pfrf `f fggh÷e, y sudhehstrfeia às rbgursas pfrf ``bvfr f

gfca f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

^frf bstf pbrspbgthvf, f` hkuf` qub pfrf `f fetbrhar, `f futaeadäf, b hegùsa f vbgbs`f ihsgrbghaef`hifi, ib quhbebs hdp`bdbetfe ea saà bs hebvhtfc`b (par `f hdpashch`h-

ifi ib prbvbr bxmfusthvfdbetb taifs `fs shtufghaebs y gaetbxtas be às qub sb bjbgutf

uef pa`äthgf) shea qub bs sacrb taia ibsbfc`b. B`à sb ibcb f qub b` bsgbefrha ib hd-

p`bdbetfgh÷e bs ue bsgbefrha iheædhga, heghbrta, sujbta f `fs gaethekbeghfs y iaeib f

heoardfgh÷e ihspaehc`b bs `hdhtfif y b` thbdpa pfrf fiaptfr uef pa`äthgf ue rbgursa

bsgfsa. Be bstfs ghrguestfeghfs, qub quhbebs hdp`bdbetfe ihspaekfe ib ue dfrkbe

futaeadäf/ihsgrbghaef`hifi pubib sbr ibghshva pfrf kfrfethzfr b` ‐èxhta— ib f pa`äthgf

púc`hgf. B` èxhta ib `fs pa`äthgfs (y par tfeta ib su hdp`bdbetfgh÷e) ibpbeib ea sa aib` sfcbr què mfgbr (rbk`fs g`frfs y prbghsfs) shea dæs prbghsfdbetb ib` sfcbr g÷da

mfgbrà (`f gfpfghifi ib sb`bgghaefr às gadpartfdhbetas fibgufias).

;.9. B` èxhta ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e

@fs heeudbrfc`bs hevbsthkfghaebs qub sb mfe rbf`hzfia be b` gfdpa ib às bstuihas

ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e iurfetb às ú`thdas trbhetf föas ``bkfrae f f`kuefs gaegùshaebs

hdpartfetbs rbspbgta f guæ`bs sae às ofgtarbs (a gaeihghaebs) dæs rb`bvfetbs qub pubibe fudbetfr `fs pracfch`hifibs ib èxhta be `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf

púc`hgf. Betrb bstfs gfcb dbeghaefr `fs shkuhbetbs:

Sfzaefch hifi ib `f pa`äthgf. Wb rbbrb f `f pbrthebeghf ib` daibà gfusf` qub bstæ

hdp`äghta be f pa`äthgf: bsta bs, f garrbspaeibeghf a fibgufgh÷e betrb `fs gfusf`hifibs

pastu`fifs par `f pa`äthgf y fqub``fs qub bobgthvfdbetb apbrfe be `f rbf`hifi. Wh `fs

mhp÷tbshs gfusf`bs qub `fs pa`äthgfs supaebe bstæe cfsfifs be gaeaghdhbetas prbgfrhas

a paga pracfias, a sh ea sae rb`bvfetbs pfrf b` thpa ib prac`bdfs qub `f pa`äthgf sb prapaeb beorbetfr, f hdp bdbetfgh÷e ea pairæ rbsa`vbr b` prac`bdf púc`hga f trftfr.




666

@bkhthdhifi ib `f pa`äthgf. Gae b`à sb mfgb rbobrbeghf f` gaesbesa a fpaya qub

mf gaeghtfia `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf be gubsth÷e. Bsf ebgbshifi ib `bkhthdhifi pubib mf-

gbr rbgadbeifc`b bstfc`bgbr dbgfehsdas pfrf `f pfrthghpfgh÷e ib às ibstheftfrhas

ea saà be `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e shea hegùsa be `f ofsb ib ihsböa ib `f pa`äthgf.

Gf`hifi ib` ihsböa (bstftuta) ib `f pa`äthgf. @fs pa`äthgfs ibcbe gaetfr gae acjbthvas prbghsas qub arhbetbe (ea ibtbrdhebe) `fs fgghaebs ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. B`à

supaeb bxfdhefr `f gambrbeghf ib às acjbthvas fsä gada `fs fdchkðbifibs a vfgäas

qub pubibe bxhsthr be b` ihsböa. Be bstb pueta ibcb tbebrsb be gubetf qub fqub``fs

pa`äthgfs qub pbrshkube ihvbrshifi ib acjbthvas y uth`hzfe dú`thp`bs hestrudbetas ib

hetbrvbegh÷e sae dæs ihoägh`bs ib bjbgutfr.

Ihspaehch`hifi ib rbgursas. Yaif pa`äthgf supaeb `f davh`hzfgh÷e ib paibr, rb-

gursas y gfpfghifibs qub pbrdhtfe kfrfethzfr `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e. @f ea ihspaehch-`hifi ib bstas b`bdbetas pubib paebr ib dfehbsta ibghbeghfs ib` pragbsa ib oar -

du`fgh÷e, f` ea p`fetbfrsb gae rhkurashifi guæ`bs sae `fs gaeihghaebs bgae÷dhgfs y

arkfehzfghaef`bs ebgbsfrhfs pfrf b` èxhta ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

@hibrfzka ib` pragbsa. @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e supaeb `f ebgbshifi ib gaarihefr y

frthgu`fr b` gadpartfdhbeta ib as dú`thp`bs fgtarbs y arkfehzfghaebs hetbrvhehbetbs.

B` gfrægtbr gadp`bja y du`thihdbeshaef` ib às prac`bdfs qub `fs pa`äthgfs fcarife

mfgb qub bsf bjbgugh÷e rbquhbrf b` fpartb ib gaeaghdhbetas y gfpfghifibs bspbgä-

gfs ib ue eúdbra duy fdp`ha y ihvbrsa ib fgtarbs. @f bxhstbeghf ib bsas `hibrfzkas pubib gaetrhcuhr f pradavbr bsf gaarihefgh÷e y/a garrbkhr prac`bdfs qub pubife

bdbrkbr iurfetb b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

Frthgu`fgh÷e betrb b` hibrfzka ib` pragbsa, b` ehvb` ib futarhifi y às bjbgutarbs

ib `fs fgghaebs. Gufeia bsf frthgu`fgh÷e ea sb praiugb par rfzaebs ib ihstfeghf sa-

ghf`, bspfghf` a jbrærquhgf, `fs pracfch`hifibs ib ihstarshaebs be `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e

sae b`bvfifs. Bsf frthgu`fgh÷e pubib àkrfrsb f trfvès ib rb`fghaebs oardf`bs, pbra

bsta saà sbræ bgfz be gaetbxtas ib tfrbfs paga gadp`bjas, qub uth`hzfe tbgeaàkäfsbstfeifrhzfifs y qub ibdfeifs bsgfsf futaeadäf par pfrtb ib` apbrfiar.

Gfpfghifibs bstrftèkhgfs: @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ea bs ue pragbsa bxgùshvfdbetb

tègehga shea fibdæs pa`äthga. Bxhkb, par tfeta, ihspaebr ib `f gfpfghifi pfrf feth-

ghpfr gadpartfdhbetas y gaesbgubeghfs, y ihsböfr y pradavbr gursas ib fggh÷e be

gaetbxtas ib hegbrthiudcrb, fdchkðbifi, tbeshaebs y gaehgtas.

Gfpfghifibs arkfehzfghaef`bs: Sbbrb f às ftrhcutas ib `fs arkfehzfghaebs be-

gfrkfifs ib f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib f pa`äthgf. Betrb bstfs gfpfghifibs sb ibstfgfe: f)

`f gadprbesh÷e ib` dfeifta ib `f pa`äthgf, c) b` f`hebfdhbeta y gadpradhsa gae `fs




663

arhbetfghaebs bstrftèkhgfs ib f pa`äthgf, g) f ihspaehch`hifi ib rbgursas kbrbeghf`bs,

tègehgas y apbrfthvas pfrf davh`hzfr, i) `f dathvfgh÷e ib sus hetbkrfetbs, y b) `f

bxhstbeghf ib ue shstbdf ib hegbethvas y sfeghaebs.

=. @F B_F@RFGH×E

@f bvfùfgh÷e bs uef fgthvhifi qub pragurf fcrhr juhghas gae rbspbgta f às pra-

iugtas, rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @f cúsqubif ib tègehgfs y

dbtaiaàkäfs ihrhkhifs f hetraiughr dbjar oueifdbetfgh÷e f `fs frkudbetfghaebs be

tarea f `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y f `f vfàrfgh÷e ib sus rbsu`tfias y bobgtas sb mf gae-

vbrthia be `fs ú`thdfs iègfifs be uef ib `fs prbagupfghaebs gbetrf`bs ib` feæ`hshs ib

pa`äthgfs. Wus gaetrhcughaebs sb rbbrbe f ihvbrsas p`feas:

h) Oueifdbetfgh÷e shstbdæthgf ib juhghas sacrb `f pa`äthgf y su kbsth÷e: bs-

thdf ib dfebrf rhkurasf y f trfvès ib bvhibeghfs b` àkra ib `fs dbtfs, rb-

quhbrb `f hibethgfgh÷e y dbihgh÷e ib praiugtas y rbsu`tfias y pashch`htf `f

dbihgh÷e ib `f bghbeghf, `f bgfghf y `f bobgthvhifi. Hibethgf prac`bdfs

ib ihsböa ib `fs pa`äthgfs y ib às pragbsas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

hh) Yrfespfrbeghf y gaetra` saghf`: f trfvès ib bstfs gaetrhcughaebs, rbfr -

df à ‐púc`hga— gada `f bsobrf ib hetbrès gadúe, fcrb `f pashch`hifi ib`

ibcfthr hdp`hgfeghfs y gaesbgubeghfs ib hibfs f`tbrefthvf y bs bxprbsh÷eib `f sucarihefgh÷e ib `f fggh÷e ib` bstfia f `f saghbifi be su gfrægtbr ib

dfeiftfrha y ib kbstar ib` chbe gadúe.

hhh) ^brobgghaefdhbeta gaestfetb: gada bsoubrza shstbdæthga crheif b`bdbe-

tas pfrf `f rbvhsh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs y pfrf begfrfr fgghaebs ib oartf`bgh-

dhbeta y ibsfrra`à ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf.

hv) Fprbeihzfjb y kbebrfgh÷e ib gaeaghdhbeta: `f bvfùfgh÷e pbrdhtb hegar-

parfr `fs `bgghaebs ib `f bxpbrhbeghf, paeb f prubcf `fs mhp÷tbshs qub sas-

thbebe `fs pa`äthgfs, fyuif f gadprbeibr dbjar às prac`bdfs y gaetrhcuyb

f f`gfezfr uef dfyar fprbghfgh÷e ib` patbeghf` ib dbihas b hestrudbetas y

ib `f vhfch`hifi ib bstrftbkhfs y gursas ib fggh÷e.

^frf fib`fetfreas f` trftfdhbeta qub sb `b ifræ f` tbdf be b` ú`thda gfpätuà,

ibehdas f `f bvfùfgh÷e gada uef prægthgf hetbkrf` ib gaestruggh÷e, feæ`hshs y ga-

duehgfgh÷e ib heoardfgh÷e úth` pfrf dbjarfr fspbgtas ib `f ibehgh÷e b hdp`bdbe-

tfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, ue pragbsa ib fprbeihzfjb qub hegùyb `f rbbxh÷e

gräthgf sacrb às fghbrtas y brrarbs gadbthias y `f gaesbgubetb daihgfgh÷e ib àsgursas ib fggh÷e.






669

`fs fdchkðbifibs ib `f shtufgh÷e ib pfrthif (`äebfs ib cfsb) y f` gfrægtbr dú`thp`b

ib às rbsu`tfias b hdpfgtas. Be `fs ú`thdfs iègfifs sb mfe vbehia ibsp`bkfeia

bsoubrzas pfrf hegarparfr `f bvfùfgh÷e gada prægthgf shstbdæthgf pfrf b` ihsböa, b`

sbkuhdhbeta y `f kbsth÷e ib pa`äthgfs y prakrfdfs. Be `f fgtuf`hifi, às pfäsbs gae

dfyarbs gfpfghifibs pa`äthgfs y tègehgfs gubetfe gae ædchtas hesthtughaef`hzfias pfrf bsf bvfùfgh÷e.

@f prægthgf ib f bvfùfgh÷e ib prakrfdfs y pa`äthgfs kucbrefdbetf`bs gadhbezf

f gaesa`hifrsb be às föas ?>, be às qub b` apthdhsda pashthvhstf sacrb b` f`gfegb

rbf` ib fs ghbeghfs saghf`bs y ue gaetbxta ofvarfc`b `bvfrae f f hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e

ib `f bvfùfgh÷e gada uef hestfeghf dæs be `f prægthgf kucbrefdbetf`, prheghpf`-

dbetb be às Bstfias Rehias y Burapf (Cauzfs @arbeza 3>>2< Sbpbtta 3>6>).

F dbihfias ib às föas ;>, gadhbezf uef sbkueif btfpf be `f bvaùgh÷e ib àsbstuihas ib bvfùfgh÷e, ib `f dfea ib ue gfdcha hiba`÷khga fgbrgf ib` ra` ib` Bs-

tfia y su gfpfghifi ib hetbrvbegh÷e be `f bgaeadäf y `f saghbifi. B` gaeshkuhbetb

rbgartb f às oaeias ihspaehc`bs pfrf `f bvfùfgh÷e y `f rbiuggh÷e ib às p`fetb`bs

praobshaef`bs ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf ``bvfrae f uef ihsdheugh÷e be b` hetbrès

par `f ihsghp`hef y b` rbp`hbkub tb÷rhga be `f praiuggh÷e ib bstuihas ib bvfùfgh÷e.

Bstf èpagf ib rbtrfhdhbeta iha pfsa, f dbihfias ib às föas 8>, f ue eubva hd-

pu`sa bvfùfiar, be bstb gfsa ib `f dfea ib` ibsfrra`à ib daibàs ib ihsböa bxpbrh-

dbetf`, gae fshkefgh÷e f`bftarhf f krupas ib gaetra` y trftfdhbeta, y f pra`hobrfgh÷eib tègehgfs bstfiästhgfs pfrf `f dbihgh÷e ib` hdpfgta ib às prakrfdfs y pa`äthgfs.

B` ibsfrra`à ib bstfs tègehgfs thbeb gada acjbthva prheghpf` b` gaetra` ib` bobgta ib

`fs gaeihghaebs fdchbetf`bs b heubeghf ib ofgtarbs bxtbreas pfrf actbebr (hibf`-

dbetb) uef dbihif ibpurfif ib` ‐vbrifibra— hdpfgta ib` prakrfdf be gubsth÷e, she

heubeghf ib ofgtarbs fjbeas f` prakrfdf dhsda (Kuzdæe 3>>;).

Eurhf Gueh`` y Waehf Asphef (3>>7) mfe prbsbetfia `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib às shstb-

dfs ib bvfùfgh÷e be Fdèrhgf @fthef, be ihobrbetbs frtäguàs. Gada hibfs prheghpf`bs paibdas bxtrfbr qub f bvfùfgh÷e f ehvb` pfäs be Fdèrhgf @fthef gacrf ghbrtas ehvb`bs

ib pratfkaehsda be f iègfif ib` 8>. Be f fgtuf`hifi as Whstbdfs Efghaef`bs ib Bvf-

ùfgh÷e ib â`äthgfs sb begubetrfe be rboardu`fgh÷e, prubcf ib b`à sae:

h) B` rbihsböa ib fs bxpbrhbeghfs f ehvb` efghaef` be ihobrbetbs pfäsbs ib Fdè-

rhgf @fthef, gada sae às gfsas ib Gaàdchf, Gmh`b, Crfsh` y Gastf Shgf.

hh) B` fukb ib `fs apartuehifibs ib oardfgh÷e, hetbrgfdcha y gaeoardfgh÷e

ib rbibs ib bvfùfiarbs b hesthtughaebs ibihgfifs f `f bvfùfgh÷e.




662

hhh) B` surkhdhbeta ib fgghaebs gaegrbtfs ib bvfùfgh÷e hetbkrf` ib krfeibs

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, gada sae be Frkbethef f Fshkefgh÷e Rehvbrsf` par Mhja

y b` ^rakrfdf Gaebgtfr Hkufìfi.

hv) âr atrf pfrtb, be às ú thdas föas mf gacrfia oubrzf `f hibf ib rbarhbetfr

às shstbdfs ib kbsth÷e ib `fs fidhehstrfghaebs púc`hgfs mfghf b` gudp`h-dhbeta ib às acjbthvas pa`äthgas ib kachbrea. Bjbdpàs ib bstas daibàs

pubibe sbr às Whstbdfs ib Wbkuhdhbeta ib Dbtfs ^rbshibeghf`bs ib Crfsh`

(f gfrka ib `f Gfsf Ghvh` ibpbeihbetb ib `f prbshibeghf) y Dèxhga (tfdchèe

f gfrka ihrbgtfdbetb ib `f prbshibeghf, be frthgu`fgh÷e gae b` ærbf ib Kbs-

th÷e ^úc`hgf).

@as ú`thdas ibcftbs y feæ`hshs sacrb `f bvfùfgh÷e p`fetbfe `f ebgbshifi ib gaes-

truhr b hdp`bdbetfr ue daibà ib bvfùfgh÷e pa`äthgf, hetbkrf` y pfrthghpfthvf. ^frfbstas beoaqubs, `f bvfùfgh÷e ibcb sbr betbeihif gada grhtbrha be `f kbsth÷e ib às

prakrfdfs púc`hgas y ea shdp`bdbetb gada ue dadbeta ib f p`fehgfgh÷e ftrfvhb-

sf taia b` ghgà ib vhif ib uef pa`äthgf, oartf`bghbeia às gaebgtarbs betrb `f betrfif

ib` prac`bdf be `f fkbeif púc`hgf, `fs väfs ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y `f gaestruggh÷e ib

às rbsu`tfias ef`bs (^hgmfria Duöhz, 688;).

SbobrbeghfsFkuh`fr _h``feubvf, @uhs O., @f mbgmurf ib `fs pa`äthgfs (Ga`bggh÷e Fetaàkäfs ib

â`äthgf ^úc`hgf, _a`. HH), Dèxhga, IO: ârrúf, 688?f.

Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, @uhs O., ^rac`bdfs púc`hgas y fkbeif ib kachbrea (Ga`bggh÷eFetaàkäfs ib â`äthgf ^úc`hgf, _a`. HHH), Dèxhga, IO: ârrúf, 688?c.

Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf, @uhs O., @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib fs pa`äthgfs (Ga`bggh÷e Feta-àkäfs ib â`äthgf ^úc`hgf, _a`. H_), Dèxhga, IO: ârrúf, 688?g.

Feibrsae, Jfdbs, ûc`hg â`hgy Dflhek, Ebw Xarl, Ebw Ma`t, Shebmfrt y [hes-tae, 68;2.

Cfrifgm, Bukbeb. Ymb Hdp`bdbetfthae Kfdb, Gfdcrhikb, Dfss.: Ymb DHY rbss,68=>.

Cbrdfe, ^fu`, ‐Ymhelhek fcaut ^rakrfddbi fei Fifpthvb Hdp`bdbetfthae:Dftgmhek Wtrftbkhbs ta Whtufthaes—, be M. Hekrfd y I. Dfee (Bis.) [my â`h-ghbs Wuggbss ar Ofh`bi1 Cbvbr`y Mh``s, Gf`.: Wfkb, 68=>.

Cbrdfe, ^fu`, ‐Ymb Wtuiy ao Dfgra-Dhgra Hdp`bdbetfthae—, ûc`hg â`hgy, 3?(3): 62;-6=9, 68;=.

Cauzfs @arbeza, Sfd÷e, ‐@as gfdheas ib `f bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs:uef rbvhsh÷e ib` beoaqub—, Sbvhstf ib Hevbsthkfghaebs â`äthgfs y Wagha`÷kh-

gfs, 9 (3): ?8-=?, 3>>2.




66?

Crbwbr, Kfrry, ‐Ymb â`hgy Wghbegbs Bdbrkb: Ya Eurturb fei Wtrugturb f Ihsgh- p`heb—, â`hgy Wghbegbs, 2 (7): 678-399, 68;9.

Gacc, Sakbr [., Sass, Jbfeehb. L. y Sass, Dfrg. M., ‐Fkbeif-Cuhìhek fs fGadpfrfthvb â`hthgf` ^ragbss—, Fdbrhgfe â`hthgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw, ;> (6):63?-67=, 68;?.

Gacc, Sakbr [. y Gmfr`bs. I. Bìbr, ^frthghpfthae he Fdbrhgfe â`hthgs: YmbIyefdhgs ao Fkbeif-Cuhìhek, Cf`thdarb: James Maplhes Rehvbrshty ^rbss,68;3.

Gacc, Sakbr [. y Gmfr`bs I. Bìbr, ‐Ymb â`hthgs ao Fkbeif-Cuhìhek: Fe F`tbr-efthvb ^brspbgthvb oar Daibre Ibdagrfthg Ymbary—, Ymb Jauref` ao â`hthgs,77 (9): =83-862, 68;6.

Gueh` ` Krfu Eurhf y Waehf Asphef. 3>>7. ‐Ref fkbeif ib hevbsthkfgh÷e sacrb `fbvfùfgh÷e ib às rbsu`tfias ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf—, Eurhf Gueh` Krfu y WaehfAsphef (Bis.) Bvfùfgh÷e ib rbsu`tfias pfrf uef kbsth÷e púc`hgf daibref y

ibdagræthgf. Bxpbrhbeghfs `ftheafdbrhgfefs, Gfrfgfs: G@FI / FBGH / DF^/ OHHF^^, 68;6.

Iawes, Fetmaey, ‐Rp fei Iawe whtm Bgaàky: Ymb Hssub Fttbethae Gyg`b—, û- c`hg Hetbrbst, 3= (6): 7=-2>, 68;3.

Bfstae, Ifvhi, Ymb â`hthgf` Wystbd. Fe Hequhry heta tmb Wtftb ao â`hthgf` Wghbe-gb, Eubvf Xarl: Fòrbi Leapo, 6827.

B`darb, Sacbrt, ‐Oarwfri fei Cfglwfri Dfpphek: Sbvbrshc`b @akhg he tmbFef`yshs ao ûc`hg â`hgy—, be L. Mfeo y Y. Yaaebe (Bis.) â`hgy Hdp`bdbe-tfthae he Obibrf` fei Rehtfry Wystbds, Castae: Dfrtheus Ehjmaoo ûc`hsmbrs,

68=2.B`darb, Sacbrt, ‐Cfglwfri Dfpphek: Hdp`bdbetfthae Sbsbfrgm fei â`hgy Ib-ghshae—, â`hthgf` Wghbegb Vufr tbr`y, 89 (9): ?>6-?>8, 68=>.

B`darb, Sacbrt, ‐Arkfehzfthaef` Daib`s ao Waghf` ^rakrfd Hdp`bdbetfthae—,ûc`hg â`hgy, 3? (3): 6=;-33=, 68;=.

Kakkhe, D.@., Fee A‘D Cawdfe, Jfdbs ^. @bstbr fei @.J. A‘Yaa`b Jr., Hd- p`bdbetfthae Ymbary fei ^rfgthgb: Yawfri f Ymhri Kbebrfthae, Eubvf Xarl:Mfrpbr Ga``hes, 688>.

Kakkhe, Df`gad, ‐Ymb ”Yaa Obw Gfsbs / Yaa Dfey _frhfc`bs‘ ^rac`bd he Hd-

p`bdbetfthae Sbsbfrgm—, [bstbre â`hthgf` Vufr tbr`y, 78 (3): 73=-79;, 68=?.Kuee, @bwhs F., ‐[my Hs Hdp`bdbetfthae Wa Ihoo hgu`t1—, Dfefkbdbet Wbrvhgbshe Kavbredbet, 77: 6?8-6;?, 68;=.

Kuzdæe, Dfrgb`f, ‐Bvfùfgh÷e ib prakrfdfs. Eatfs tègehgfs.— Wbrhb Kbsth÷e^úc`hgf ?9, Wfethfka ib Gmh`b, Hesthtuta @ftheafdbrhgfea y ib` Gfrhcb ib ^`f-ehohgfgh÷e Bgae÷dhgf y Waghf` (H@^BW), 3>>;.

Mbgà, Mukm, ‐Hssub Ebtwarls fei tmb Bxbguthvb Bstfc`hsmdbet—, be F. Lhek(Bi.) Ymb Ebw Fdbrhgfe â`hthgf` Wystbd, [fsmhektae, Fdbrhgfe BetbrprhsbHesthtutb, 68;=.

Jbelhes, [h``hfd, â`hgy Fef`yshs: F â`hthgf` fei Arkfehzfthaef` ^brspbgthvb,@aeirbs, Dfrt he Sacbrtsae, 68;=.




66;

Jaebs, Gmfr`bs A., Fe Hetraiugthae ao tmb Wtuiy ao ûc`hg â`hgy, Cb`daet, Gf`h-oarehf, [fiswartm Ga., 68;>.

Lhekiae, Jame, Fkbeifs, F`tbrefthvbs fei ûc`hg â`hghbs, Castae, @htt`b Crawe,68=9.

@fsswb``, Mfraì, Ymb Ibghshae ^ragbss: Wbvbe Gftbkarhbs ao Ouegthaef` Fef`y-shs, Ga``bkb ^frl: Rehvbrshifi ib Dfry`fei ^rbss, 682?.

@fsswb``, Mfraì, ‐Ymb Ibghshae ^ragbss—, be E. â`scy, S. Ibet`br, y ^. Wdhtm(Bis.) â`hthgs fei Waghf` @hob: Fe Hetraiugthae ta â`hthgf` Cbmfvhar, EbwMfvbe: Maukmtae Dhoo`he Gadpfey, 6827.

@fsswb``, Mfraì, ‐Ymb â`hgy Arhbetft hae—, be I. @brebr y M. @fsswb`` (Gadps.)Ymb â`hgy Wghbegbs, Wtfeoari, Wtfeoari Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6826.

@heicàd, Gmfr`bs, Ibdagrfghf y Whstbdf ib Dbrgfia, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ibGu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 6888.

@heicàd, Gmfr`bs, ‐Ymb Wghbegb ao Duii`hek Ymraukm—, ûc`hg FidhehstrfthaeSbvhbw, 68 (3): ;=-==, 6828.

@hpsly, Dhgmfb`, Wtrbbt @bvb` Curbfugrfts, Eubvf Xarl, Sussb`` Wfkb Oaueif-thae, 68=>.

@ulbs, W., B` paibr. Re beoaqub rfihgf`, Cubeas Fhrbs, Whkà ]]H, 68=2.

Dfy, Juihtm y Ffrae [hìfvsly, Ymb â`hgy Gyg`b, Cbvbr`y Mh``s, Gf`.: Wfkb,68;=.

DgGadcs Dfx B. y Iaefì @. Wmfw, ‐Wtrugturhek tmb ”uesbbe bevhraedbet—,Jauref` ao Gadduehgfthae, 3? (3): 6=-33, 68;?.

DgGadcs Dfx B. y Iaefì @. Wmfw, ‐Ymb Fkbeif Wbtthek Ouegthae ao tmb DfssDbihf—, ûc`hg Aphehae Vufr tbr`y, 7?: 6;?-6=;, 68;3.

Dfjaeb, Khfeiadbehga, Bvhibeghf, frkudbetfgh÷e y pbrsufsh÷e be `f oardu`f-gh÷e ib pa`äthgfs, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 688;.

Dfjaeb, Khfeiadbehga y Ffrae [hìfvsly, ‐Hdp`bdbetfthae fs Bvaùthae—, â-`hgy Wtuihbs Sbvhbw Feeuf`, 3: ?? -?=, 68;=.

^hgmfria Duöhz, Fr`bttb, Bvfùfgh÷e ib` hdpfgta saghf`, b` vfàr ib às mudfeafetb `f grhshs y b` fjustb, Cubeas Fhrbs, @udbe Mudfehtfs, 688;.

Sbpbtta, Ofchæe, ‐Gaarihefgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs saghf`bs: fcarifjb gaegbptuf` y rb-vhsh÷e ib `fs bxpbrhbeghfs `ftheafdbrhgfefs—, be Ibsfo äas ib `f gaarihefgh÷ey `f hetbkrhifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs y kbsth÷e púc`hgf be Fdèrhgf @fthef, CubeasFhrbs, Jbofturf ib Kfchebtbs ib Dhehstras, 3>6>.

Sakbrs, Bvbrbtt D. y Jfdbs [. Ibfrhek, ‐Fkbeif Wbtthek Sbsbfrgm: [mbrb MfsHt Cbbe, [mbrb Hs Ht Kahek1—, Gadduehgft haes Xbfrcaal, 66: 222-289, 68=;.

Sasb, Shgmfri, ‐Gadpfrhek ûc`hg â`hgy: Fe Avbrvhbw—, Burapbfe Jauref` aoâ`hthgf` Sbsbfrgm, 6 (6): ?;-89, 68;7.

Wfcfthbr, ^fu`, ‐Yap-Iawe fei Cattad-Rp Fpprafgmbs ta Hdp`bdbetfthae Sb-sbfrgm: f Grhthgf` Fef`yshs—, Jauref` ao ûc`hg â`hgy, ? (6): 36-9=, 68=?.

Wgmdhttbr, ^mh`hppb G., ‐Wth`` tmb Gbetury ao Garparfthsd1—, be . Wgmdhttbr, y K.@bmdcrugm (Bis.) Yrbeis tawfri Garparfthst Hetbrdbihfthae, @aeirbs, Wfkb,68;8.




66=

Whdae, Mbrcbrt, Fidhehstrfthvb Cbmfvhaur, @aeirbs, DgDh``fe, 6892.

Whdae, Mbrcbrt, Daib`s ao Dfe: Waghf` fei Sfthaef`, Eubvf Xarl, Jame [h`by,682;.

Wlagpa`, Ymbif, ‐B` Bstfia rbkrbsf f` prhdbr p`fea: bstrftbkhfs ib feæ`hshs be `fhevbsthkfgh÷e fgtuf`—, Zaef Fchbrtf, 2>: ;6-633, 68=8.

Yfdfya Wæbz, D., ‐B` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs—, be S. Cföae y B. Gfrrh-`à, (Gadps.) @f eubvf fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf, Dfirhi, F`hfezf, 688;.

[bcbr, Dfx, Bgaeadäf y Waghbifi, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf,6883.

[hìfvsly, Ffrae, Wpbflhek Yrutm ta âwbr. Ymb Frt fei Grfot ao â`hgy Fef`y-shs, @aeirbs, Dfgdh``fe, 68;8.

[hìfvsly, Ffrae y Jboorby ^rbssdfe, Hdp`bdbetfthae, Cbrlb`by, Gf`.: Rehvbrsh-ty ao Gf`hoarehf ^rbss, 68;7.

[h``hfds, [f`tbr, Ymb Hdp`bdbetfthae ^brspbgthvb, Cbrlb`by, Gf`.: Rehvbrshty aoGf`hoarehf ^rbss, 68=>.

[h``hfds, [f`tbr, Wtuiyhek Hdp`bdbetfthae: Dbtmaiaàky fei FidhehstrfthvbHssubs, Gmftmfd, E.J.: Gmftmfd Mausb, 68=3.



GF^ÄYR@A _. Sfghaef`hifi y tadf ib ibghshaebs

6. Hetraiuggh÷e. 3. Sfghaef`hifi y pragbsas ib tadf ib ibghshaebs be b`feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. 3.6. @f tbaräf ib `f b`bggh÷e rfghaef`. 3.3. He-grbdbetf`hsda. 3.7. ragbsas b hesthtughaebs. 7. Ibghsh÷e y paibr. 7.6. @f hibfib gfdpa ib jubka. 9. Fgtarbs y gaapbrfgh÷e. 9.6. Daibàs bspfghf`bs. 9.3.Ybaräf ib Jubkas. 9.7. ^rheghpf`/fkbetb. 9.9. B` tfdföa ib às krupas. _az yWf`hif. 9.2. @f ibpbeibeghf ib `f trfybgtarhf (^ftm Ibpbeibegb). 9.?. Hesthtu-ghaebs pa`äthgfs y ibghsh÷e. 2. Be rbsudbe.

6. HEYSAIRGGH×E

Be b` gfpätuà fetbrhar vhdas g÷da brf pashc`b fef`hzfr `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf gada ue

pragbsa betbeihia be btfpfs y ib què dfebrf ihsthetfs ‐bsgub`fs— a tbaräfs ib rfeka

dbiha, qub bstuihfe pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, fcarifrae bstb obe÷dbea. Be bstb gfpätuà

eas ibihgfrbdas f` feæ`hshs ib `f oardf be qub sb tadfe `fs ibghshaebs y sb oardu-

`fe `fs pa`äthgfs y `f dfebrf be qub sb usf b` feæ`hshs ibetra ib` pragbsa ib tadf ib

ibghshaebs.

^frf gadbezfr, paibdas ibehr `f tadf ib ibghshaebs gada:

‐Re pragbsa be b` qub sb b`hkb a sb`bgghaef uef ibtbrdhefif apgh÷e, par à guf` `f eagh÷e

ib ibghsh÷e hdp`hgf ue pueta a uef sbrhb ib puetas be b` thbdpa y b` bspfgha qub dfrgf

b` dadbeta be qub às ihsböfiarbs ib `fs pa`äthgfs fshkefe vfàrbs. Be bstb sbethia, `f

tadf ib ibghshaebs fcfrgf `f tatf`hifi ib` ghgà ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, par bjbdpà,

`fs ibghshaebs fgbrgf ib què gaesthtuyb ue ”prac`bdf‘, què heoardfgh÷e b`bkhr, sb`bggh÷eib bstrftbkhfs pfrf heuhr `f fkbeif ib `fs pa`äthgfs, sb`bggh÷e ib apghaebs pa`äthgfs f

gaeshibrfr, sb`bggh÷e ib què apgh÷e, sb`bggh÷e ib ebs y dbihas, sb`bggh÷e ib` dètaia pfrf

hdp`bdbetfr `f pa`äthgf be gubsth÷e, sb`bggh÷e ib` dètaia pfrf bvfùfr `fs pa`äthgfs. Be

gfif uea ib bstas puetas mfy tadf ib ibghshaebs.— (^frsaes 3>>;: 3;7)

Yf` gada Mfraì @fswb`` frdfrf b` feæ`hshs ib tadf ib ibghshaebs sb agupf ib

‐quhèe acthbeb què, guæeia y i÷eib— (@fswb``, 682>). Be bstb sbethia, às feæ`hshs ib

tadf ib ibghshaebs pubibe fcfrgfr tfeta ue dfrga ibsgrhpthva ib g÷da sb tada uef




63>

ibghsh÷e ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf, gada uef hibf eardfthvf ib g÷da ibcbräf a ibcb sbr

b` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs. B` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs gada ‐frtb— y ‐agha—

([hìfvsly 68=>) thbeb par acjbthva g`frhgfr b` feæ`hshs ib as pragbsas y ib f tadf

ib ibghsh÷e gada oardfs ib gaeaghdhbeta fp`hgfia. Ib bstf oardf, b` feæ`hshs ib `fs

ibghshaebs pubib betbeibrsb gada ue pragbsa chihdbeshaef` (‐feæ`hshs ib y feæ`hshsbe—) guyas gadpaebetbs bstæe heträesbgfdbetb betrbgruzfias. Fuequb sb prbtbeif

sbpfrfràs y ihobrbeghfràs gae ebs bxp`hgfthvas bs hdpartfetb ea a`vhifr `f oardf

be qub bstfs daif`hifibs ib feæ`hshs sb supbrpaebe y betrbtbjbe.

Iurfetb b` trfesgursa ib bstf uehifi fcarifrbdas às shkuhbetbs tbdfs: (h) be

prhdbr ùkfr, fef`hzfrbdas `f rb`fgh÷e betrb rfghaef`hifi y tadf ib ibghsh÷e be gfif

uea ib às prheghpf`bs bsgub`fs ib` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs< (hh) pastbrhar-

dbetb bxfdhefrbdas atrfs ib `fs rb`fghaebs prac`bdæthgfs ibetra ib` feæ`hshs ib pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghsh÷e be pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: fs rb`fghaebs betrb ibghsh÷e y pa-

ibr, mfghbeia pfrthgu`fr èeofshs be `f hibf ib gfdpa ib jubka< (hhh) âr ú`thda, fef`h-

zfrbdas às prac`bdfs ib `f ibghshaebs mudfefs be shtufghaebs bstrftèkhgfs f pfrthr

ib fef`hzfr `fs rb`fghaebs betrb ibghshaebs heihvhiuf`bs y `f gaapbrfgh÷e ga`bgthvf.

3. S FGHAEF@HIFI X ^SAGBWAW IB YADF IB IBGHWH×E BE B@ FEÆ@HWHW

IB @FW Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFWB` feæ`hshs ib `fs ibghshaebs gadprbeib uef fdp`hf kfdf ib ihsghp`hefs y ib dfrgas

fgfièdhgas qub vfe ibsib `f ghbeghf pa`äthgf f `f fidhehstrfgh÷e, pfsfeia par `f

tbaräf arkfehzfghaef`, `f bgaeadäf, `f saghaàkäf y `f pshgaàkäf, betrb atrfs. F`ka

tfe gadp`bja gada f tadf ib ibghshaebs par pfrtb ib pbrsaefs y krupas bsgfpf f fs

gfpfghifibs bxp`hgfthvfs ib uef ihsghp`hef heihvhiuf`.

Bstb fpfrtfia bstæ ibihgfia f` feæ`hshs ib às daibàs ib tadf ib ibghsh÷e. âr

bsta, y be ue hetbeta ib sbr shetèthgas (qub ea dugmfs vbgbs bs fgaesbjfc`b), hetbetf-

rbdas fef`hzfr bstas fcarifjbs be trbs krfeibs trfihghaebs (qub gaheghibe, be krfe-

ibs rfskas, gae `fs krfeibs bsgub`fs ib `f ghbeghf pa`äthgf). Sbgurrhr f bstf g`fshgf-

gh÷e ea shkehgf gaàgfr `fs hibfs be gfjfs a gfsh``fs pbrobgtfdbetb ib`hdhtfifs. @as

ihsthetas fpartbs f` feæ`hshs ib `fs ibghshaebs shbdprb hetbrfgtúfe y sb supbrpaebe.

Fibdæs, ue beoaqub shrvb ib gräthgf f` atra y ea bs rfra begaetrfr ibeadhefiarbs

gaduebs betrb às beoaqubs y sus dfrgas.




636

Beoaqubs ib â`äthgfs ^úc`hgfs

BeoaqubFgtar rfghaef`

68?>: Cugmfefe y Yu`àgl<Iawes< Ehslfebe.

Sfghaef`hifi hdhtfif68;>: Whdae< @heicàd<

B`darb< [hìfvsly.

Daibà ib pragbsa68=>: F``hsae< @heicàd<

Dfrgm y A`sbe< Eartm< B`stbr.

FgtarbsFgtar gbetrf` tadfiar

ib ibghsh÷e.

Fgtar gbetrf` tadfiarib ibghsh÷e be ue betarea

ib hegbrthiudcrb.

_frhbifi ib fgtarbs (rbibsib fgtarbs, trhæekuàs ib mhbrra,

fgtarbs ib vbta, gaf`hghaebs).

^ragbsas

Ofsbs (oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äth-gf, ibghsh÷e,

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e) kuhfifs paruef oardu`fgh÷e prbvhf ib

dbtfs.

Hegrbdbetf`. Beorbetfiaf hegbrthiudcrb.

B` frtb ib ‐sf`hr ib` pfsa—.

Gaehgta ib hetbrbsbs

y ib ibehghaebs

ib` prac`bdf.F`tfdbetb iheædhgas b hdprb-

ibghc`bs.

Ibghshaebs

Bsgakbeghf ib `f dbjar f`tbr-efthvf (dhehdhzfeia gastas,

dfxhdhzfeia cbebghas).

Bsgakbeghf ib f`tbrefthvfsqub sbfe ofgthc`bs y qub

pfrbzgfe ihsdheuhr às prac`bdfs.

Bsgakb betrb f`tbrefthvfs qubkbebrbe fpaya y qub pubife sbr

vhegu`fifsf às prac`bdfs.

âibr Gbetrf`hzfia (fgtar gbetrf`).Gbetrf`hzfia pbra `hdhtfia

par `f hegbrthiudcrb.Ihvhihia (dugmas fgtarbs).

Heoardfgh÷e /_fàrbs

Heoardfgh÷e gadp`btf, vf-àrbs ifias (dbtfs ib ue fgtar

gbetrf`).

Heoardfgh÷e hegadp`btf yfdchkuf. @as vfàrbs

ea shbdprb bstæe.

Heoardfgh÷e ihspbrsfy fdchkuf. @as vfàrbs bstæe be

gaehgta y ea sae g`fras.

Oubetb: b`fcarfgh÷e praphf.

3.6. @f tbaräf ib `f b`bggh÷e rfghaef`

B` prhdbra ib bstas fcarifjbs bs b` ib `f tbaräf ib f b`bggh÷e rfghaef`, `f guf` surkb

f pfrthr ib ue gaejueta ib prapashghaebs bxp`hgfthvfs (y gaetrfstfc`bs bdpärhgfdbe-

tb) dbihfetb b` ibsfrra`à ib ue ihsgursa fxhadæthga y ibiugthva qub pubib ``bkfr

f rbghchr ue trftfdhbeta oardf` y dftbdæthga cfstfetb sasthgfia. @as prheghphas

sacrb às qub sb gaestruyb bstb eubva gaejueta fef`äthga pubibe shetbthzfrsb be `fs

hibfs ib heihvhiuf`hsda dbtaia`÷khga wbcbrhfea y b` supubsta ib rfghaef`hifi he-ihvhiuf`.

B` heihvhiuf`hsda dbtaia`÷khga prbtbeib bxp`hgfr, f pfrthr ib `fs fgghaebs he-

ihvhiuf`bs, às obe÷dbeas ib gfrægtbr ga`bgthva: f ihobrbeghf ib` beoaqub sagha`÷-

khga, ibstfgf `f hdpartfeghf ib `fs fgghaebs a b`bgghaebs heihvhiuf`bs, muybeia ib

guf`quhbr ibtbrdhehsda ib thpa bstrugturf`. Be kbebrf`, supaeb qub bstfs fgghaebs

heihvhiuf`bs rbspaeibe f` grhtbrha bgae÷dhga ib dfxhdhzfgh÷e ib uth`hifibs: às

heihvhiuas ihspaebe ib ue gaejueta ehta ib f`tbrefthvfs betrb `fs qub b`bkhr y, ibdfebrf gambrbetb gae sus ebs, bsgakbe fqub``f qub bspbrfe `bs praparghaeb b` df-




633

yar krfia ib sfthsofggh÷e6. Be bstb sbethia, às heihvhiuas sae rfghaef`bs: gfif uea

thbeb `f gfpfghifi pfrf aribefr ib dfebrf gadp`btf y trfeshthvf (shbdprb be ouegh÷e

ib` krfia ib heoardfgh÷e ihspaehc`b) `fs f`tbrefthvfs qub sb `b prbsbetfe pfrf su

b`bggh÷e (Iawes 68;2< Cugmfefe y Yu`àgl, 68=7< Shlbr 6886).

Be bstb gaetbxta, y rbspbgta ib` ghgà ib pa`äthgf, futarbs gada Ifvhi Bfstae(68?8) y Mfraì @fsswb`` (68;6) betbeiäfe qub rfghaef`dbetb brf pashc`b ‐pfrfrsb—

f` hehgha ib` ghgà y kacbrefrà be gfif uef ib sus btfpfs. Whe bdcfrka, `f prheghpf`

gräthgf f bstb pfrfihkdf pravhea ib sus praphfs `fs. F`kueas tb÷rhgas bethbeibe

qub b` daibà prbiadhefetb p`fetbf prbsupubstas paga p`fushc`bs rbspbgta ib `f

rfghaef`hifi ib às heihvhiuas.

3.3. Hegrbdbetf`hsdaIurfetb fs iègfifs ib` ?> y ;> fs prheghpf`bs gaegùshaebs f fs qub frrhcfe as bstu-

ihas ib fggh÷e ga`bgthvf ‗betrb `fs qub sb ibstfgfe às trfcfjas ib Iuegfe C`fgl (682=)

y Lbeebtm Frraw (6886, 6889) ‗ fpuetfe f ibdastrfr qub bs hdpashc`b kfrfethzfr `f

bxhstbeghf ib ‐bquh`hcrhas— f pfrthr ib `fs sa`fs prbobrbeghfs heihvhiuf`bs: be saghbif-

ibs ‐gadp`bjfs— dugmas heihvhiuas aribefe sus prbobrbeghfs betrb vfrhfs f`tbrefthvfs

pashc`bs ib dfebrf ihobrbetb3. @äebfs ib hevbsthkfgh÷e pastbrharbs mfe gaeshibrfia

gada rbsu`tfias ib bquh`hcrha as actbehias f pfrthr ib fp`hgfgh÷e ib rbk`fs ibtbrdhef-ifs (gada par bjbdpà fs rbk`fs ib dfyaräf) be bspfghas du`thihdbeshaef`bs cfsfias

be prbobrbeghfs qub gudp`be ibtbrdhefias rbquhshtas bdpärhgas7. ^bra, fúe be bstfs

gaeihghaebs, fs prbobrbeghfs rfrfdbetb pubibe kfrfethzfr qub sb f`gfegb uef ibghsh÷e

qub sbf heacjbtfc`b par b` dhsda ga`bgthva qub `f mf fiaptfia.

Bstb bs b` pueta ib pfrthif pfrf `f sbkueif trfihgh÷e ib às beoaqubs ib pa`äth-

gfs púc`hgfs. Mbrcbrt Whdae be su acrf g`æshgf Daib`s ao Dfe (682;) ibsfrra`à `f

pbrspbgthvf tb÷rhgf qub bethbeib qub `f rfghaef`hifi mudfef bstæ `hdhtfif (caueibi

6 Vubsfif (688?: 628) bethbeib qub b` thpa ib rfghaef`hifi rbstrhekhia qub hdpbrf be àsdaibàs ib `f bgaeadäf g`æshgf bstæ cfsfia be sbhs gaeihghaebs, `÷khgfdbetb hetbribpbe-ihbetbs betrb sä: 6) rfghaef`hifi bkaästf, rbobrhif shbdprb f `f uth`hifi ib` prapha heihvhiua<3) arhbetfif f hetbrbsbs bstrhgtfdbetb dftbrhf`bs, 7) dfxhdhzfiarf ib uth`hifi, 9) frquhdb-ihfef, bs ibghr, sb fsudb qub às ihsthetas ofgtarbs hetbrvhehbetbs be `f gadpashgh÷e ib `fouegh÷e ib uth`hifi sae hetbrgfdchfc`bs, par à qub sb pubib bstfc`bgbr ue pftr÷e daebtfrha

pfrf bxprbsfr `f uth`hifi, 2) acjbthvf, gae heoardfgh÷e pbrobgtf ib fdchbetb, ?) pfrfdètrhgf,gae gfrfgtbrästhgfs ififs ib` fdchbetb, bs ibghr, bstfias ib pracfch`hifi jf.3 Yu`àgl (68?;)< Iawihek (688;)< Dh``br (68=7).

7 Ehbdh y Shlbr (6886)< Dbrh`` (68=9)< Eurdh (68=7).




637

rfghaef`hty) par: (h) `f efturf`bzf hegadp`btf y orfkdbetfif ib` gaeaghdhbeta, (hh)

gaesbgubeghfs ibsgaeaghifs qub ``bvfe f` tadfiar ib ibghshaebs f ibpbeibr ib bs-

tfc`bgbr vfàrfghaebs, (hhh) as ädhtbs ib ftbegh÷e: bs hdpbrhasa beorbetfr as prac`b-

dfs ib dfebrf sbrhf, bs ibghr, uea f `f vbz, yf qub às tadfiarbs ib ibghshaebs ea

pubibe pbesfr be dugmas tbdfs f` dhsda thbdpa, (hv) às sbrbs mudfeas fprbeibedbihfetb `f daihgfgh÷e ib su gadpartfdhbeta be ouegh÷e ib dbtfs hetbeghaef`bs<

`f gfpfghifi ib acsbrvfgh÷e y gaduehgfgh÷e `hdhtf bstb pragbsa ib fprbeihzfjb<

(v) `ädhtbs f `f gfpfghifi ib f`dfgbefdhbeta (dbdarhf) ib `f dbetb mudfef< (vh)

às sbrbs mudfeas sae grhfturfs ib mæchtas y ruthefs< (vhh) às sbrbs mudfeas thbebe

gfpfghifi ib gaegbetrfgh÷e hdhtfif< (vhhh) f tadf ib ibghsh÷e tfdchèe bstæ fgatfif

par ue betarea arkfehzfghaef` qub bedfrgf às pragbsas ihspaehc`bs (Whdae, 682;:

=6-6>8). Be rbf`hifi, frkudbetfe, gae orbgubeghf `f heoardfgh÷e bs hebxhstbetb abs paga fc`b, às grhtbrhas ib b`bggh÷e sae ièch`bs y pagfs vbgbs sae praiugta ib`

gaesbesa pa`äthga a saghf`. B` ibghsar ea thbeb `f gfpfghifi ebgbsfrhf pfrf kbebrfr

uef gfethifi fcsaùtf ib f`tbrefthvfs pfrf mfgbr orbetb f `fs tbeshaebs kbebrfifs par

b` pragbsa ibghshaef`. Fsä, be vbz ib uef ibghsh÷e rfghaef` fcsaùtf, b` ibghsar sb

gaetbetf gae uef ibghsh÷e sfthsofgtarhf.

Be à rbobrhia f à qub eas gaevagf, bsta bs às pragbsas ib tadf ib ibghsh÷e

ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf, `fs gräthgfs f` beoaqub ib `f b`bggh÷e rfghaef` trfjbrae gada

gaesbgubeghf qub, sh b` fgtar brf vhsta par às fef`hstfs gada ue tadfiar gbetrf` ibibghshaebs pbra be fdchbetbs ib hegbrthiudcrb, betaegbs ea sbräf pashc`b ‐aribefr—

taias às dadbetas a ofsbs ib` ghgà. âr à tfeta, fef`äthgfdbetb sb betbeih÷ qub

às fgtarbs paiäfe dfxhdhzfr sus fgghaebs ibetra ib gfif ofsb ib pa`äthgf. Ibetra

ib bstf pbrspbgthvf, `f tadf ib ibghshaebs pfrtb ib `f gadpfrfgh÷e betrb pa`äthgfs

qub sae dfrkhef`dbetb ihsthetfs betrb sä. Ea bxhstb uef dbtf ib pa`äthgf a uef pbrs-

pbgthvf f f`gfezfr shea qub `fs pa`äthgfs sb fjustfe hegrbdbetf`dbetb f pfrthr ib às

dbihas y às rbgursas ihspaehc`bs be gfif btfpf ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf. B` daibàbstæ, be cubef dbihif, cfsfia be b` besfya y brrar. B` hegrbdbetf`hsda prbsbetf uef

vhsh÷e rbhtbrfthvf ib `f ibghsh÷e cfsfif be uef fpraxhdfgh÷e ‐pfsa f pfsa— y prfk-

dæthgf f trfvès ib `f guf` b` ibghsar àkrf hetbrvbehr prakrbshvf y dfrkhef`dbetb be

`f rbf`hifi (@heicàd, 6828: =>).

Ibetra ib` hegrbdbetf`hsda bxhstbe ihsthetas daibàs ib feæ`hshs qub vfe ibs-

ib b` feæ`hshs hegrbdbetf` shdp`b a b` hegrbdbetf`hsda ibsfrthgu`fia9. Fmarf chbe,

9 Wacrb b` pfrthgu`fr pubib gaesu`tfrsb ^frsaes (3>>;: 7>> f 733).




639

bstas fcarifjbs gadpfrtbe betrb sä (y gae `f Ybaräf ib `f B`bggh÷e Sfghaef`) `f

hibf ib qub b` fgtar tadfiar ib ibghshaebs bs ue fgtar gbetrf`. X `fs gräthgfs f bstb

daibà vfe f vbehr ib bstb gastfia.

3.7. ^ragbsas b hesthtughaebsMfghf ef`bs ib `f iègfif ib` ;>, Gmfr`bs @heicàd, uea ib às pfirbs oueifiarbs

ib` hegrbdbetf`hsda, gadhbezf f rbvhsfr sus hibfs f `f ùz ib `fs gräthgfs qub, ibsib

às feæ`hshs pùrf`hstfs (`f hibf ib qub b` feæ`hshs ib fgtarbs ibcäf hegùhr uef vfrhbifi

ib krupas b hetbrbsbs) qub rbgaeagäfe qub `f pfrthgu`frhifi ib às pragbsas ib tadf

ib ibghsh÷e brf qub ea taias as hetbrbsbs y pfrthghpfetbs ib uef pa`äthgf hegrbdbetf`

brfe hkuf`bs: f`kueas tbeäfe dæs paibr qub atras. Be su `hcra ib 68;8, â`hthgs fei

Dfrlbts prapaeb `f ebgbshifi ib fjustfr `f vhsh÷e hegrbdbetf`hstf f trfvès ib uef‐oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs bstrftèkhgfs— gada ue dètaia shdp`hgfia y rbbxhva ib

às prac`bdfs f sbr fcarifias par `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs2.

Bstf eubvf f`tbrefthvf f` ibcftb sacrb rfghaef`hifi y tadf ib ibghshaebs gaeshs-

tb be fef`hzfr `f ibghsh÷e púc`hgf gae b` prhsdf ib `fs rb`fghaebs bxhstbetbs be ue

dadbeta ifia betrb Bstfia, sbgtar prhvfia y saghbifi ghvh`. @f ibghsh÷e púc`hgf,

frkudbetfe, bs b` praiugta ib uef gadpbtbeghf betrb às hetbrbsbs, `fs bstrftbkhfs y

`fs rbprbsbetfghaebs ib dú`thp`bs krupas arkfehzfias ‗beoaqub ``fdfia pùrf`hstf ‗

a uef mbrrfdhbetf davh`hzfif par ue pbquböa krupa ib fgtarbs ibtbetfiarbs ib`

paibr pfrf sf`vfkufrifr sus vfàrbs b hetbrbsbs ‗beoaqubs b`hthstfs a garparfthstfs ‗ .

Bstf tbrgbrf trfihgh÷e be às beoaqub ib` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs rbtadf `f

gräthgf f` daibà ib b`bggh÷e rfghaef` f pfrthr ib rbgaeagbr qub dugmas ib sus tb÷-

rhgas y às ib` hegrbdbetf`hsda, f` sbr pfrthifrhas ib` heihvhiuf`hsda dbtaia`÷khga,

gaeshibrfe qub `fs bstrugturfs saghf`bs ea aorbgbe f `fs ghbeghfs saghf`bs b`bdbetas

bxp`hgfthvas sbegh`às y qub, par beib, mfy qub ibehr`fs uth`hzfeia `f Ybaräf ib `f

B`bggh÷e Sfghaef` (B`stbr, 688;). ^bra ±fgfsa ea bxhstbe ofgtarbs bstrugturf`bs qubgaeoardfe `fs ibghshaebs1 B` prac`bdf ib bstfs tbaräfs bs qub mfchtuf`dbetb gaesh-

ibrfrae f às fgtarbs ga`bgthvas (bstfias, pfrthias pa`äthgas, krupas ib prbsh÷e, btgè-

tbrf) gada sh tadfrfe ibghshaebs heihvhiuf`bs, fgtufeia ib`hcbrfifdbetb sbkúe ue

úehga gaejueta ib grbbeghfs y prbobrbeghfs. âr bsta, fqub``fs bethifibs ga`bgthvfs

qub pagfs vbgbs pubibe sbr vhstfs gada gbetras ib ibghsh÷e, sub`be sbr fpfrtfifs

2 @heicàd (68;;).




632

ib às daibàs ib b`bggh÷e rfghaef`. Be säetbshs, brf duy ihoägh` justhgfr fef`äthgf -

dbetb qub bstas daibàs b`hdhebe ib sus beoaqubs fqub`às ofgtarbs bstrugturf`bs,

gaeshibræeiaàs shdp`bdbetb gada ‐f`ka ifia—.

Bs be bstb sbethia qub bstb thpa ib fcarifjb fehd÷ f atrfs garrhbetbs f rbibsgucrhr

sus praphfs rfägbs be b` bstuiha ib às prap÷shtas ib às fgtarbs. Be bstf eubvf btfpf(qub `fdfrbdas ib rfghaef`hifi ib pragbsas), as fcarifjbs tb÷rhgas trftfrae ib ifr

gubetf ib par què, fue be shtufghaebs iaeib ea mfcäf bquh`hcrha ib `fs prbobrbeghfs,

dugmas shstbdfs fpfrbgäfe bdpärhgfdbetb gada bstfc`bs. ^frf ifr rbspubstf f bstas

hetbrrakfetbs sb ihrhkh÷ `f dhrfif f `fs hesthtughaebs gada bsgbefrhas ib `f tadf

ib ibghshaebs. Be bstb gaetbxta, b` feæ`hshs ib` ghgà ib pa`äthgf bstuva dfrgfia par

vfrhas bdbrkbetbs:

h) Daibàs qub fpuetfe mfghf fdchbetbs gadp`bjas ibetra ib às guf`bs apb-rfe arkfehzfghaebs. @as beoaqubs ib `fs arkfehzfghaebs fpuetfe f qub `f

tadf ib ibghshaebs betrföf uef hetbrfggh÷e ib às fgtarbs ibetra y oubrf ib

`fs arkfehzfghaebs y sus betareas a fdchbetbs ([h``hfdsad 68=8).

hh) @as daibàs qub fef`hzfe `fs rbibs ib fgtarbs (gaduehifibs ib pa`äthgfs,

trhæekuàs ib mhbrra, sucshstbdfs ib hetbrès, gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs a pa`h-

gy ebtwarls) y qub dubstrfe qub `f tadf ib ibghshaebs be `fs arkfehzfgha-

ebs sae ue pragbsa guyf ibsgrhpgh÷e ÷pthdf pubib betbeibrsb gada b` rb-

su`tfia ib dú`thp`bs hetbrfgghaebs betrb uef pùrf`hifi ib fgtarbs (^btbrs,688=< Jarifef 3>>;).

hhh) Daibàs qub gadhbezfe f vbr às pragbsas ib tadf ib ibghsh÷e dæs gada

ue gfas qub gada uef sbgubeghf aribefif. @f ftbegh÷e sb gbetrf be às

prac`bdfs qub fpfrbgbe gada f`ka brræthga a be fdchbetbs ib oubrtb he-

gbrthiudcrb (uef grhshs pa`äthgf, par bjbdpà). @as pragbsas ib tadf ib

ibghsh÷e sae ue pragbsa hebstfc`b hdpu`sfia par as bvbetas, fs pbrsaefs y

b` rbgaeaghdhbeta ib atras prac`bdfs (Cfudkfrtdbr y Jaebs 6887).hv) @f tadf ib ibghshaebs vhstf gada ue pragbsa qub hdp`hgf hdpfgtas dæs

shdc÷`hgas qub sustfethvas (Bib`dfe, 68==).

Ibetra ib bstb gaetbxta, b` feæ`hshs ib às ghgàs ib pa`äthgf bstuvhbrae heube-

ghfias par às daibàs du`thvfrhias ib Krfmfd F``hsae (6883 \68?8T). Bstb futar,

fef`hzfeia `f grhshs ib às dhsh`bs gucfeas (b` gaehgta Lbeebiy-Gfstra), gaestruy÷

ue daibà ib tadf ibghsh÷e qub supaeb qub `fs ibghshaebs ef`bs ib às kachbreas

sae shbdprb rfghaef`bs yf qub, pfrf ``bkfr f bsf ibghsh÷e, às kachbreas thbebe be

gubetf prheghphas, f`tbrefthvfs y prap÷shtas be gaegarifeghfs gae `fs dbtfs pa`äthgfs




63?

qub b` kachbrea prapusa. Be bstb sbethia, b` kachbrea gada fgtar rfghaef` uehgfia

tadfræ ue ibghsh÷e f pfrthr ib` feæ`hshs ib ue ærca` ib f`tbrefthvfs, sb`bgghaefeia

`f f`tbrefthvf qub tbekf dfyar uth`hifi ef` a sbf ‐fqub``f qub begfcbzf taias às

jubkas pashc`bs be aribe ib prbobrbeghf—. @f ibghsh÷e hdp`hgfræ ue feæ`hshs ib às

gastas y cbebghas ib `f b`bggh÷e, y gaetbdp`fræ às ebs y bstrftbkhfs ib pa`äthgf.

âstbrhardbetb, b` dhsda F``hsae (68== \68;6T) vf f dbjarfr su daibà bxp`hgfthva,

hegarparæeia`b uef ihdbesh÷e arkfehzfghaef` (ib fmä qub sb à ibeadheb daibà

ib pragbsa arkfehzfghaef`) be iaeib bethbeib qub b` fgtar rfghaef` uehgfia (b` ka-

chbrea) bs be rbf`hifi ue gúduà ib ib arkfehzfghaebs uehgfifs oueghaef`dbetb y

gae ue krfia oubrtb ib futaeadäf pfrf pragbsfr `f heoardfgh÷e y tadfr ibghshaebs.

Iurfetb `fs ias ú`thdfs iègfifs, bstas fcarifjbs gaegùybrae be b` gbetrfr às

feæ`hshs be b` bstuiha ib fs hesthtughaebs gada b` bsgbefrha be iaeib gaeuäfe fgta-rbs y pragbsas gadp`bjas. bra bstf vub`tf f `fs hesthtughaebs ea hdp`hgf b` rbtarea f

às vhbjas beoaqubs qub bxp`hgfcfe b` oueghaefdhbeta ib `fs hesthtughaebs f pfrthr ib

su dfrga juräihga, shea f pfrthr ib eubvas fcarifjbs qub iurfetb às ú`thdas vbhetb

föas sb mfe vbehia praiughbeia be ihsthetfs ihsghp`hefs. Be bstb sbethia, `fs rfägbs

ib bstb rbibsgucrhdhbeta pubibe rfstrbfrsb be vfrhas gfdpas ihsghp`hefrhas: `f tba-

räf bgae÷dhgf ib `fs bdprbsfs gfphtf`hstfs ([h``hfdsad, 68=8), `f mhstarhf (Ear-

tm, 6889< Eartm y Ymadfs, 68=;< Bvfes, Subsgmbdbybr y Wlagpa`, 68=2< Wlagpa`,

6883), `f saghaàkäf (Khiibes, 6882< Gambe y Frfta, 6883< ûtefd, 6887) a be `fghbeghf pa`äthgf (vbr heorf).

B` ebahesthtughaef`hsda bs ue obe÷dbea du`thofgèthga. Ea mfy uea, shea dugmas

ebahesthtughaef`hsdas, uehias par `f hibf ib qub `fs hesthtughaebs hdpartfe (Wgmb-

i`br, 688=). @fs hesthtughaebs pubibe sbr vhstf gada ‐b` pragbsa par b` guf` fiquhbrb

vfàr y bstfch`hifi `fs arkfehzfghaebs y pragbihdhbetas— (Muethektae, 6886), ‐rbk`fs

ib jubka a `hdhtfghaebs hibfifs par b` madcrb qub ife oardf f `f hetbrfggh÷e mudf-

ef— (Eartm, 6882), ‐rbk`fs ib gadpartfdhbeta, bspbghf`dbetb rbspbgta f` pragbsa ibtadf ib ibghsh÷e— (Shlbr, 6886)< ue ‐gaejueta ib rbk`fs qub bstrugturfe `f hetbrfg-

gh÷e saghf` be oardfs pfrthgu`frbs y qub thbebe qub sbr gadpfrthifs y gaeaghifs par

taias às dhbdcras ib uef gaduehifi rb`bvfetb a saghbifi— (Lehkmt, 6883).

Bstb rbtarea f `fs hesthtughaebs hdp`hgf `f ebgbshifi ib rbgaestruhr ue bsqubdf

dæs gadp`bja ib` pragbsa pa`äthga be b` guf` sb gaejukfe uef pùrf`hifi ib b`bdbe-

tas ib feæ`hshs: 6) `fs pashch`hifibs oäshgfs a rbgursas ihspaehc`bs (`fs ‐prbgaeihgha-

ebs saghf`bs—) qub `hdhtfe `fs pashc`bs apghaebs< 3) `fs prbobrbeghfs gaegrbtfs ib às

fkbetbs qub hetbrvhbebe be `fs ibghshaebs< 7) `fs hesthtughaebs a rbk`fs ib ibghsh÷e




63;

praphfdbetb ihgmfs< 9) `fs tbeibeghfs ib gadpartfdhbeta acsbrvfc`bs be gfif dfr-

ga hesthtughaef` (Gaàdbr, 6886).

^frf bstf pbrspbgthvf, às fkbetbs heihvhiuf`bs pbrshkube sus praphas praybgtas

ibetra ib ue gaetbxta qub bs ga`bgthvfdbetb gaestrböhia. Bstas gaestrböhdhbetas

tadfe `f oardf ib hesthtughaebs, `fs guf`bs thbebe rfägbs mhst÷rhgfs (be b` sbethia ibfrthgu`fghaebs rbshiuf`bs ib fgghaebs y b`bgghaebs pfsfifs) (Kaaihe, 688?). @fs hes-

thtughaebs, be tfeta bstrugturf, fpfrbgbe gada b` dfrga iaeib sb ibebe b` fcfehga

ib bstrftbkhfs y apartuehifibs ib `fs qub ihspaebe às fgtarbs: ‐âr bstrugturf pa-

`äthgf betbeibdas ue gaejueta ib hesthtughaebs, rbk`fs ib gadpartfdhbeta, eardfs,

ra`bs, hestf`fghaebs oäshgfs, bihghas y frgmhvas qub sae rb`fthvfdbetb hevfrhfc`bs

orbetb f `f sugbsh÷e ib às heihvhiuas y rb`fthvfdbetb hdpbrdbfc`bs f `fs prbobrbe-

ghfs hihashegræshgfs y `fs bxpbgtfthvfs heihvhiuf`bs— (Dfrgm y A`sbe, 6887: 68).Ibsib bstf pbrspbgthvf, as eubvas fcarifjbs pashch`htfrae eubvfs gaetrhcughaebs

be b` gfdpa ib `f tbaräf ib `f b`bggh÷e rfghaef`. Wh, gada fef`hzfdas suprf, vfrhas

tb÷rhgas pbrghchbrae `f pashch`hifi ib ibsbquh`hcrhas ga`bgthvas gada rbsu`tfia ib

`fs prbobrbeghfs y às gadpartfdhbetas heihvhiuf`bs iurfetb `f prhdbrf ofsb ib bstb

pragbsa tb÷rhga, `f sbkueif sb fcrh÷ gae `f prbkuetf fgbrgf ib `f bstfch`hifi ib bs-

tas gaetbxtas hesthtughaef`bs ±âr què, sh bs tfe paga pracfc`b b` bquh`hcrha be `fs

prbobrbeghfs, mfy tfeta bquh`hcrha be `fs ibghshaebs pa`äthgfs1 B` gaegbpta qub sb

bstfc`bgh÷ pfrf bxp`hgfr fef`äthgfdbetb b` obe÷dbea ib shtufghaebs iaeib ea mfcäfbquh`hcrha ib `fs prbobrbeghfs pbra às shstbdfs fpfrbgäfe bdpärhgfdbetb gada bstf-

c`bs oub b` ib bquh`hcrha heiughia bstrugturf`dbetb (Wmbps`b, 68=8).

Bstb rbgarrhia ib` feæ`hshs ib às pragbsas ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf f trfvès ib `f dbtæ-

oarf ib` ghgà ib pa`äthgf ea bstæ bxbeta ib gräthgfs. Be ue trfcfja yf g`æshga Wfcfthbr

y Jbelhes-Wdhtm (6887) bxpushbrae sus acjbghaebs f f hibf ib` feæ`hshs ib btfpfs. Be

bstb sbethia, rbdfrgfrae qub: (h) bstb thpa ib feæ`hshs ea fpartf ehekuef bxp`hgfgh÷e

gfusf` fgbrgf ib` pfsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ib uef btfpf f `f shkuhbetb< (hh) ea pubib sadbtbrsb f prubcfs bdpärhgfs< (hhh) gfrfgtbrhzf f `f oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs

gada ue pragbsa cæshgfdbetb ‐ib frrhcf mfghf fcfja— y ea tadf be gubetf f atras

fgtarbs, gada às rbspaesfc`bs ib ifr ftbegh÷e f` púc`hga< (hv) `f eagh÷e ib` ghgà ib

pa`äthgas ibsgaeagb b` dueia rbf` ib f oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs, qub hdp`hgf ehvb`bs

ib kachbrea y ghgàs ib hetbrfggh÷e< (v) ea if pfsa f uef vhsh÷e hetbkrf` ib` feæ`hshs

ib` pragbsa ib fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs eh f` feæ`hshs ib (gaeaghdhbeta, heoardfgh÷e, he-

vbsthkfgh÷e) qub sb usf be b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, b` guf` ea saà agurrb

be `f btfpf ib ‐bvfùfgh÷e—.




63=

7. Sfghaef`hifi y paibr: F daia ib hetraiuggh÷e

Fgbptbdas par ue dadbeta qub fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sae b` rbsu`tfia ib trfesfggha-

ebs (hetbrtbdparf`bs) betrb às fgtarbs pa`äthgas. Bsfs trfesfgghaebs sb ``bvfe f gfca

be b` dfrga ib ue gaejueta ib rbk`fs (hesthtughaebs) ib` jubka pa`äthga qub dbihferb`fghaebs ib paibr. Ohef`dbetb, `fs hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs ibpbeibe ib `fs gfrfgtb-

rästhgfs hesthtughaef`bs ib efturf`bzf gaesthtughaef` a mhst÷rhgf.

@f bxprbsh÷e hesthtughaebs ea sb rbbrb sa`fdbetb f ue gaejueta ib `bybs, shea

qub fcfrgf tfdchèe fgthtuibs, `bekufjbs, pfutfs ib gadpartfdhbeta, grbbeghfs, vf-

àrbs, btg. Wae `fs eardfs hdpbrfetbs be `f saghbifi be su sbethia dæs fdp`ha. Yhb-

ebe fibdæs uef gfrfgtbrästhgf pfrthgu`fr: ibcbe sbr gaeaghifs par taias às qub

pfrthghpfe ib bsf saghbifi y pbrdhtbe arkfehzfr às hetbrgfdchas betrb fgtarbs gae

ihsthetas rbgursas y paibrbs.Bsta eas ``bvf f` tbdf qub qubrbdas trftfr be bstb fpfrtfia: `f hibf ib paibr

saghf . Yaifs `fs tbaräfs gaeghcbe f` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs gada f`ka da-

ib`fia y ibtbrdhefia par bstrugturfs ib paibr: g`fsb, rhqubzf, frrbkàs curagræthgas

a pa`äthgas, krupas ib hetbrès a gaeaghdhbetas tègehgas y/a praobshaef`bs pubibe

sbr f`kuefs ib `fs ihdbeshaebs qub às futarbs b`hjfe pfrf bxp`hgfr `f hibf ib paibr

saghf`.

Whkuhbeia f frsaes (3>>;: 3;?) paibdas gaeshibrfr sbhs beoaqubs y sus vfrhfetbs:h) Daibàs b`hthstfs y ebab`hthstfs: às daibàs b`hthstfs ib` pragbsa ib `fs

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sasthbebe qub b` paibr sb gaegbetrfe be `fs dfeas ib

ueas gufetas krupas b heihvhiuas. Ib bstf dfebrf, `f tadf ib ibghshaebs

shbdprb supaeb ue pragbsa qub oueghaef vbetfjasfdbetb pfrf `fs è`htbs. F

prheghpha ib` shkà pfsfia Kfbtfea Dasgf y [hòrbia ^frbta betbeihbrae

qub `f ibdagrfghf pubib vbrsb gada uef oardf ib pa`äthgf be qub `fs è`h-

tbs gadphtbe par actbebr b` vata papu`fr y fsä kfrfethzfr `f `bkhthdhifi ib

su prbiadheha. Sacbrt Dhgmb`s fcari÷ b` bstuiha ib às pfrthias pa`äthgasibsib `f pasturf ib `f bxhstbeghf ib uef ‐`by ib mhbrra ib `f a`hkfrquäf—: `fs

è`htbs kbebrfe sus praphas hetbrbsbs y acjbthvas, ihsthetas ib às hetbrbsbs

ib `f dfyaräf ib às ghuififeas. Dfx [bcbr bethbeib qub às pragbsas ib

rfghaef`hifi curagræthgas ib` paibr ``bvf f qub bstf oardf ib arkfehzfgh÷e

rbbdp`fgb atrfs dæs ibdagræthgfs. Jasbpm Wgmudpbtbr betbeih÷ qub ibetra

ib `f ibdagrfghf `fs è`htbs sb `bkhthdfe be b` dbrgfia pa`äthga gadpubsta

ib pfrthias y è`htbs rhvf`bs. âstbrhardbetb @fswb`` (682>) betbeih÷ qubb` bstuiha ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs brf b` bstuiha ib `f heubeghf y ib às






67>

frdf qub be ue shstbdf gfphtf`hstf b` pragbsa ib tadf ib ibghshaebs fgtuf`

`trfeia y bxgùybeia `fs ibdfeifs fethgfphtf`hstfs a `fs qub fdbefzfe

às hetbrbsbs ib` gfphtf`. Ib bstf dfebrf, pfrf prbsbrvfr b` aribe saghf`

y fsbkurfrsb su `bkhthdhifi ibdagræthgf, b` bstfia hdp`bdbetf pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs dbihfetb `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib rbgursas saghf`bs be oardf ib ‐kfstasaghf`— (A‘Gaeear, 68=6).

hv) Garparfthsda= : bstb krupa ib tb÷rhgas bethbeib qub às pragbsas ib ibgh-

sh÷e bstæe dbihfias par ue shstbdf ib rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib hetbrbsbs, às guf-

`bs bstæe arkfehzfias be ue ‐eúdbra `hdhtfia ib gftbkaräfs— f `fs qub b`

bstfia b mf atarkfia b` daeapa`ha ib f rbprbsbetfgh÷e f gfdcha ib ghbrtas

gaetra`bs be `f sb`bggh÷e ib sus `äibrbs y `f frthgu`fgh÷e ib sus ibdfeifs y

fpayas (Wgmdhttbr, 68;9). Ibetra ib bstas fcarifjbs sb ibstfgfe às bstu-ihas qub hetbetfe vbr as pragbsas ib ibghsh÷e gada ue pftr÷e ib rb`fghaebs

qub cusgf ofgh`htfr `f gaapbrfgh÷e y rbiughr b` gaehgta betrb gfphtf`, dfea

ib acrf b hetbrbsbs arkfehzfias. Be bstb sbethia, b` garparfthsda bs vhsta

gada ue frrbkà pa`äthga qub apbrf be ouegh÷e ib às hetbrbsbs ib` gfphtf`

(Jbssap, 688>) a gada ue `ädhtb ib `f ibdagrfghf `hcbrf` (A`sae, 68=?).

v) ^raobshaef`hsda: uef prbagupfgh÷e ib às fef`hstfs gaetbdparæebas mf

shia ibehr mfstf què pueta `fs è`htbs praobshaef`bs mfe fiquhrhia paibr f`

dadbeta ib tadf ib ibghshaebs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be `fs ibdagrfghfs`hcbrf`bs. Bstb krupa ib futarbs, qub ibrhvfe ib às feæ`hshs ebab`hthstfs,

bethbeibe qub b` paibr praobshaef` be ibtbrdhefifs ærbfs ib kachbrea ea

bstæ orfkdbetfia y ihspbrsa, shea qub `f tadf ib ibghshaebs pubib qubifr

be dfeas ib krupas ib praobshaef`bs qub gaetra`be às pragbsas ib hdp`b-

dbetfgh÷e, ofvarbghbeia às hetbrbsbs ib` prapha krupa (Iue`bfvy, 68=6<

H`hgm, 68;;).

7.6. @f hibf ib gfdpa ib jubka

Eubvfdbetb va`vfdas f `fs hesthtughaebs. Wh betbeibdas qub `fs hesthtughaebs sae

rbk`fs ib` jubka, bsta bs, bethifibs fcstrfgtfs guya úehga prap÷shta gaeshstb be pbr-

dhthr `f hetbrfggh÷e saghf` y qub, ib mbgma, daib`fe y ibtbrdhefe b` sbethia qub

tadf `f hetbrfggh÷e mudfef, bs ebgbsfrha fef`hzfr g÷da bstfs hesthtughaebs hegbe-

= B` beoaqub garparfthstf a garparfthvhstf oub prbvhfdbetb trftfia be as gfpätuàs HH y HHH.




676

thvfe y ibshegbethvfe ibtbrdhefifs gaeiugtfs, gaeihghaefeia `fs ibghshaebs ib às

fgtarbs a às jukfiarbs.

Ibetra ib bstb gaetbxta fpfrbgb `f hibf ib gfdpa a dftrhz ib jubka gada b`

bspfgha a `f frbef pa`äthgf iaeib fef`hzfr às pragbsas ib tadf ib ibghshaebs ib `fs

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.^frf Dhgmfb` Dfee (688;: 37-3;) `f pa`äthgf sb gaesthtuyb be ue bspfgha be b`

guf` sb betrbgruzfe gaetrfihgtarhfdbetb ihobrbetbs betrfdfias ib rb`fghaebs saghf-

`bs. Be bstb bspfgha gaevbrkbe, ib oardf ibsaribefif y gfdchfetb, `fs ihsthetfs

‐oubetbs sustfethvfs ib` paibr saghf`—, qub sb arkfehzfe y ihoueibe ib dfebrfs bs-

pfghf` b mhst÷rhgfdbetb bspbgägfs. @f fggh÷e pa`äthgf (`fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs) sb shtúf

ibetra ib bstb betrfdfia y ea be ue vfgäa rb`fghaef`. ^frthbeia ib bstas supubstas,

Dfee puib sastbebr `f bxhstbeghf fef`äthgf ib ihvbrsfs ‐dftrhgbs ib paibr saghf`—qub bxp`hgfe `f oardf pfrthgu`fr be qub agurrbe às sugbsas mhst÷rhgas. Ib bstf df-

ebrf, bethbeib, sb pubib bsgfpfr ib às feæ`hshs shdp`hstfs qub prbtbeibe bxp`hgfr

obe÷dbeas gadp`bjas gada b` Bstfia a b` gfphtf`hsda ibsib pbrspbgthvfs rbiuggha-

ehstfs ib` paibr saghf`8.

^bra, g÷da paibdas ibehr uef dftrhz ib pa`äthgfs1 Ref dftrhz bs ue ùkfr a

dbiha iaeib sb praiugb a ibsfrra``f f`ka, uef bstrugturf a fdchbetb iaeib uef

fgthvhifi a pragbsa pfrthgu`fr agurrb a sb ibsfrra``f. Ref dftrhz pa`äthgf bs ue shstb-

df ib vfrhfc`bs a gaestrböhdhbetas qub jfe `ädhtbs y pracfch`hifibs ihobrbeghf`bs

pfrf `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib hetbrbsbs saghf`bs y pfrf b` f`gfegb ib acjbthvas pa`äthgas. @f

dftrhz pa`äthgf ib uef saghbifi jf `ädhtbs y fshkef pracfch`hifibs ihobrbetbs pfrf

b` ibsfrra`à y `f praiuggh÷e ib ihsthetas pragbsas púc`hgas. Be bstb sbethia, paib-

das pbesfr f `f dftrhz pa`äthgf gada ue shstbdf ib vfrhfc`bs bstrugturf`bs, ib thpa

8 Ibsib `f pbrspbgthvf ftheafdbrhgfef, vfrhas futarbs heshsthbrae gae b feæ`hshs dftrhghf`. DfrgbàGfvfrazzh (68=;) betbeih÷ qub `fs saghbifibs @ftheafdbrhgfefs ibsib b` pbräaia ib betrbkubrrfs sbfrthgu`frae ibetra ib a è` `fd÷ ‐dftrhz bstfia gèetrhgf—. Be Fdèrhgf @fthef ibsib as föas 7> mfstfàs ;> sb grhstf`hz÷ be su oardf dæs g`æshgf f dftrhz bstfia gèetrhgf. Be b``f b` Bstfia fsudb uef gbe-trf`hifi dfyar hegùsa qub `f qub agup÷ be sus vbrshaebs burapbfs. Be atrfs pf`fcrfs, sh b` b`bdbetaqub thphgf f bsf dftrhz bs b` ra` qub f pa`äthgf agupf be su gbetra, f pfrthgu`frhifi ib fs saghbifibs

`ftheafdbrhgfefs bstæ be b` ùkfr mbkbd÷ehga qub b` Bstfia, gada fpfrfta hegùshvb, gaeshkub be `fsaghbifi. Ib `f dhsdf dfebrf, Dfeub` Fetaeha Kfrrbt÷e (3>>3) mfc`f ib uef iac`b dftrhz ib fgta-rbs y fggh÷e ga`bgthvf, qub è` ibeadhef ‐dftrhz efghaef` papu`fr—. ^frf Kfrrbt÷e b` tèrdhea dftrhzshkehgf bethifi prheghpf`, kbebrfiarf ib atrfs. Ib bstf dfebrf, bxhstb uef dftrhz qub b` futar

ibeadhef gaekurfthvf, cfsfif be fgtarbs dæs `hkfias f às praybgtas mhst÷rhga-bstrugturf`bs y f `f pa`äthgf, jueta gae atrf be qub às fgtarbs bstæe dæs vhegu`fias f arkfehzfghaebs b hestrudbetas dæssaghf`bs y gu`turf`bs. _a`vbrbdas sacrb bstb pfrthgu`fr be b` Gfpätuà _HHH.




673

pa`äthga-hesthtughaef` b hiba`÷khga qub, (h) jfe às `ädhtbs ib ofgthch`hifi pfrf `f

rbf`hzfgh÷e ib às hetbrbsbs y b` f`gfegb ib às acjbthvas pa`äthgas< (hh) ibebe pracf-

ch`hifibs ihobrbeghf`bs pfrf `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib hetbrbsbs y b` f`gfegb ib acjbthvas pa`ä-

thgas ofgthc`bs< (hhh) crheife f as ihsthetas fgtarbs ue gaeaghdhbeta a dfpba ib g÷da

oueghaefe `fs rbf`hzfghaebs sagha-pa`äthgfs y, par às tfeta, heuybe `f pbrgbpgh÷e

sacrb às `ädhtbs ib ofgthch`hifi y dæs bghbetbs gursas ib fggh÷e pfrf b` f`gfegb ib

acjbthvas y rbf`hzfgh÷e ib hetbrbsbs (Fguöf, 6882: 6?).

@f dftrhz bs ue shstbdf pfrf fcarifr fef`äthgfdbetb às gaehgtas ib hetbrbsbs

be b` guf` às rbsu`tfias ibpbeibe ib `f fgtufgh÷e ib às pfrthghpfetbs pbra ehekuef

oubrzf gaegrbtf gaetra`f b` ibsfrra`à ib as mbgmas. Ehekuef ib as ihsthetas fgtarbs

pfrthghpfetbs gaeagb ib fetbdfea b` ibsbe`fgb ib `fs bstrftbkhfs pfrthgu`frbs, pubs

`fs gaesbgubeghfs ib sus fgghaebs ibpbeibe ib `fs fgghaebs ib às ibdæs yb ea pub-ibe prbvbrsb ueävagfdbetb.

Be gaesbgubeghf, ibsib b` pueta ib vhstf ib gfif pfrthghpfetb, às rbsu`tfias sae

heghbrtas: uef dftrhz ib jubka fpfrbgb gada ue shstbdf be b` guf` taia b` dueia

mfgb à qub bspbrf qub `b sbf dæs ofvarfc`b< ùbka sb `fezfe às ifias y sb bspbrf

gadpracfr guæ` bs b` rbsu`tfia. Be bstb sbethia, uef dftrhz kbebrf uef fpfrhbeghf ib

hegbrthiudcrb parqub sb trftf ib ue shstbdf ib fggh÷e bstrftèkhgf gbetrf`hzfif, be b`

guæ` `f heoardfgh÷e bs hebùihc`bdbetb àgf`.

Fmarf chbe, b` mbgma ib qub `f hegbrthiudcrb sbf hembrbetb f uef dftrhz ib pa`äthgfsea shkehgf qub taia sbf pashc`b a qub efif pubif prbvbrsb: hegbrthiudcrb pubib shkeh-

gfr qub às fgtarbs ea sfcbe qub pubib agurrhr, qub sfcbe à qub bs pashc`b pbra ea à

qub bs pracfc`b, a qub sfcbe a qub bs pashc`b y pracfc b pbra ea què agurrhræ. @f ibda-

grfghf saà bs heghbrtf be bstb ú`thda sbethia: às fgtarbs sfcbe à qub bs pashc`b, pubsta

qub às ibsbe`fgbs pashc`bs vhbebe ibtbrdhefias par b` dfrga hesthtughaef`< sfcbe à

qub bs pracfc`b qub sugbif pubs f pracfch`hifi ib ue ibsbe`fgb gaegrbta ibpbeib ib f

gadchefgh÷e ib` dfrga hesthtughaef` y ib às rbgursas gae qub hetbrvbekfe `fs ihsthetfsoubrzfs pa`äthgfs be `f gadpbtbeghf. @a qub ea sfcbe bs b` rbsu`tfia gaegrbta.

@f hegbrthiudcrb hembrbetb pbrdhtb bdprbeibr fgghaebs hestrudbetf`bs. @f pa-

shch`hifi ib fshkefr pracfch`hifibs f `fs gaesbgubeghfs ib sus fgtufghaebs pbrdhtb

f às fgtarbs mfgbrsb uef hibf ib sus bxpbgtfthvfs y gf`gu`fr b` gursa ib fggh÷e

dæs gaevbehbetb pfrf b`às. Wh às rbsu`tfias bstuvhbsbe prbibtbrdhefias a oubsbe

gadp`btfdbetb heibtbrdhefias, às krupas ea tbeiräfe ehekuef dathvfgh÷e pfrf

arkfehzfrsb gada pfrthghpfetbs. Be ue pragbsa pa`äthga ibdagræthga taifs `fs oubr-

zfs ibcbe ùgmfr rbpbthifdbetb pfrf mfgbr rbf`hifi sus hetbrbsbs. Wus rbspbgthvfs






679

Fmarf chbe, sfcbdas qub be bstas gfdpas dftrhghf`bs ib jubka pfrthghpfe fgtarbs

qub trftfe ib dfxhdhzfr sus bstrftbkhfs be `f prasbgugh÷e ib sus ebs. Bstf pa`hth-

zfgh÷e ib ue tbdf a prac`bdf saghf` kbebrf`dbetb sb rbprbsbetf gada uef eubvf

prapubstf ib pa`äthgf a f tbrefthvf f f pa`äthgf púc`hgf bxhstbetb a stftus qua. Bs par

bsa qub be b` pr÷xhda fpfrtfia fef`hzfrbdas f`kuefs ib `fs bstrftbkhfs fef`äthgfs pfrf vbr g÷da pfrthghpfe às fgtarbs ib às pragbsas ib ibghsh÷e.

9. FGYASBW X GAA^BSFGH×E

Gada vhdas fetbrhardbetb, `f futaeadäf ib às ibghsarbs bstæ be krfe dbihif `h-

dhtfif par b` pbsa ib `fs hesthtughaebs: taif ibghsh÷e púc`hgf sb b`fcarf sacrb rbs-

trhgghaebs.

Fmarf chbe, taias bstas feæ`hshs pfrtbe ib gaeshibrfr às gadpartfdhbetas heih-

vhiuf`bs. Bstb bs b` gfsa ib as fcarifjbs praphas ib f Ybaräf ib `f B`bggh÷e Sfghaef`

y ib krfe pfrtb ib` Hegrbdbetf`hsda. Ibetra ib bstb gaetbxta, paibdas betbeibdas

par fgtar f f`kuhbe qub pubib rbgaeagbr sus hetbrbsbs y prbobrbeghfs y qub fibdæs

thbeb `f gfpfghifi ib pbrsbkuhràs.

^frf fef`hzfr g÷da paibdas fcarifr b` bstuiha ib `fs ibghshaebs heihvhiuf`bs

be shtufghaebs púc`hgfs, ebgbshtfdas gaeagbr f`kueas ib às dfrgas fef`äthgas qub

bstuihfe b` tbdf ib `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf be dftbrhf ib gaapbrfgh÷e y gaehgta. B`às

sae, be aribe ib bxpashgh÷e, às daibàs bspfghf`bs, `f tbaräf ib jubkas, b` feæ`hshs

prheghpf`/fkbetb, b` feæ`hshs ib` tfdföa ib às krupas y `f eagh÷e ib ibpbeibeghf ib

`f trfybgtarhf.

9.6. Daibàs bspfghf`bs

Atrf oardf ib fef`hzfr guæ`bs sae às pragbsas ib ibghsh÷e be `fs pa`äthgfs púc`h-

gfs bs fef`hzfr g÷da b`hkbe às ghuififeas. Be `fs b`bgghaebs pa`äthgfs às pfrthias pa`äthgas aorbgbe f`tbrefthvfs pa`äthgfs y às vatfetbs bsgakbe dbihfetb su vata be-

trb b``fs. Bsta hdp`hgf pa`hthzfr ue tbdf, a sbf, uef prapubstf ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf

sacrb ue tbdf f daib ib f`tbrefthvf f `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf bxhstbetb a stftus qua.

@fs prapubstfs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs gadpartfe daibs ihobrbetbs ib pravbbr chbebs

púc`hgas, fsä gada ibghshaebs rbihstrhcuthvfs, qub pubibe ifr ihobrbetbs krfias ib

sfthsofggh÷e f pbrsaefs gae hetbrbsbs ihvbrsas. Ghbrtas tbdfs pa`hthzfias sb cfsfe

be fethkufs ihvhshaebs saghf`bs (g`hvfjbs) pbra às pfrthias pa`äthgas pubibe paebr ib

rb`hbvb atras tbdfs qub ea rbbjbe uef ibdfeif saghf` prbbxhstbetb.




672

Fetmaey Iawes (68;2) prapusa ue daibà pfrf rbprbsbetfr às bspfghas pa`äthgas

f pfrthr ib rbprbsbetfr ihobrbetbs prapubstfs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y ihsthetfs prbobrbe-

ghfs ib às vatfetbs gada pashghaebs pashc`bs f à `frka ib ue gaetheua. Hdfkhebdas,

par bjbdpà, qub b` tbdf bs Dftrhdaeha Hkuf`htfrha y qub `fs ihobrbetbs pashghaebs

rbprbsbetfe pashghaebs f ofvar a be gaetrf ib `f fpacfgh÷e ib uef `by ib hkufìfikbeèrhgf pfrf b` dftrhdaeha ghvh`. @f ihstfeghf ‐bspfghf`— betrb pashghaebs rbprbsbetf

`fs ihobrbeghfs betrb `fs prapubstfs ib pa`äthgfs a betrb `fs prbobrbeghfs ib as vatfetbs.

Iawes fef`hzf `f bghbeghf ib `fs ihobrbetbs prapubstfs pa`äthgfs f pfrthr ib `f

hibethgfgh÷e ib `fs prbobrbeghfs ib` ‐vatfetb dbihfea—. Wh à rbgubrife ib sus g`f-

sbs ib dftbdæthgf, `f dbihfef bs b` pueta qub thbeb dbeas ib `f dhtfi ib às puetas

ib ue `fia y dbeas ib `f dhtfi f` atra `fia. @f prbobrbeghf ib` vatfetb dbihfea

dhehdhzf `f sudf ib `fs ihstfeghfs ib `fs prbobrbehgfs ib taias às vatfetbs y, par àtfeta, sb pubib gaeshibrfr qub dfxhdhzf `f uth`hifi saghf`.

Wupaekfe `f gadpbtbeghf betrb ias pfrthias. B` pfrthia qub bstæ dæs gbrgf ib `f

pashgh÷e ib` vatfetb dbihfea kfef `f gadpbtbeghf. Be b` `frka p`fza sh `fs pa`äthgfs

sae bxhtasfs às ias pfrthias tbeiræe hegbethvas pfrf gaevbrkbr be tarea f `f pash-

gh÷e ib` vatfetb dbihfea. Wh par b` gaetrfrha, bxhstb ue fdp`ha eúdbra ib pfrthias

pa`äthgas, `f fkbeifs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs pashc`bs sb fdp`äf.

Be iègfifs pastbrharbs às daibàs bspfghf`bs gaetheufrae su ibsfrra`à. B` pra-

c`bdf sb prbsbetfcf be qub, be saghbifibs dæs a dbeas madakèebfs, às tbdfs pa-`äthgas pubibe rbprbsbetfrsb be uef sa`f ihdbesh÷e bspfghf`, shbdprb `fs pashghaebs

ib às pfrthias y às tbdfs bstèe garrb`fghaefifs. ^bra sh dú`thp`bs pfrthias fiap-

tfe pasghaebs ea garrb`fghaefifs be ihobrbetbs tbdfs surkbe dú`thp`bs ihdbeshaebs

(Mhehgm y Duekbr, 3>>7). Fsä, ue pfrthia pubib bstfr ib fgubria gae b` Dftrhdaeha

Hkuf`htfrha pbra ea gae `f Fshkefgh÷e Rehvbrsf` par Mhja (FRM). Yf` bs fsä qub

dugmas futarbs sukhbrbe qub, gufeia dfyar bs b` eúdbra ib tbdfs, dfyar bs b` eú-

dbra ib pfrthias qub pubib mfcbr gae pashghaebs ihspfrbs be às tbdfs (Yffkbpbrfy Kraodfe, 68=2).

9.3. Ybaräf ib Jubkas

@f Ybaräf ib Jubkas eas shrvb pfrf fef`hzfr `fs hetbrfgghaebs mudfefs be shtufghaebs

bstrftèkhgfs be `fs qub `fs ibghshaebs heihvhiuf`bs ibpbeibe ib à qub gfif pfrthgh-

pfetb bspbrf qub mfkfe às ibdæs.

@f bstrugturf dæs cæshgf pfrf rbprbsbetfr às prac`bdfs ib `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf pfrf `f pravhsh÷e ib chbebs púc`hgas bs b` Ih`bdf ib` prhshaebra.




67?

@f mhstarhf bs `f shkuhbetb. Ias prhshaebras, saspbgmasas ib ue grhdbe, sae frrbs-

tfias y begfrgb`fias be ias gbìfs sbpfrfifs. B` sgf` vhshtf f uea ib às prhshaebras

y `b ihgb: ‐Ybeka uef cubef eathghf y uef df`f eathghf pfrf ustbi. @f cubef eathghf bs

qub sh ehekuea ib ustbibs gaebsf su grhdbe, saà pairbdas gaeibefràs f ias föas

ib prhsh÷e y sh ustbi gaebsf, ya gaevbegbrè f` jurfia ib qub ustbi bs ue madcrb frrb- pbethia y ib qub b` pbrvbrsa bs su gadpföbra, ib daia qub ustbi qubifräf `hcrb be

ue föa y è` pbrdfebgbräf be prhsh÷e ihbz föas. @f df`f eathghf bs qub vay f mfgbr`b `f

dhsdf aobrtf f su gadpföbra—. ‐±X què agurrhräf sh fdcas gaeobsæsbdas1—, prbkuetf

b` prhshaebra. ‐Betaegbs ea tbeirè rfz÷e pfrf cbebghfr f ehekuea ib ustbibs, ibjfrè

qub `f justhghf tadb su gursa y, par b` thpa ib grhdbe, bsthda qub às gaeibefræe f`

dbeas f agmas föas—. Fsä, às prhshaebras sb begubetrfe fetb b` shkuhbetb ih`bdf:

Wh ya gaebsa y b` atra tfdchèe: rbghchrbdas = föas gfif uea.Wh ya gaebsa y b` atra ea: 6 föa pfrf dä y 6> föas pfrf è`.

Wh ya ea gaebsa y b` atra sä: 6> föas pfrf dä y 6 föa pfrf è`.

Wh ya ea gaebsa y è` tfdpaga: 3 föas gfif uea.

Be gaesbgubeghf, gfif prhshaebra phbesf qub saà pubibe pfsfr ias gasfs: qub b`

atra gaebsb a qub ea gaebsb. ‐Wh gaebsf, bs dbjar qub ya tfdchèe à mfkf, par -

qub ib à gaetrfrha db qubifrè 6> föas be `f gærgb`. Wh ea gaebsf y ya sä, betaegbs

pairè cbebghfrdb ib `f aobrtf ib` sgf` y qubifrè `hcrb be ue föa—. @f gaegùsh÷e

bs qub mfkf a qub mfkf b` atra, a dbjar bs gaeobsfr. Fdcas rfzaefe ib hkuf` daia,gae à guf` fdcas gaebsfe y sb qubife be `f gærgb` dugma dæs thbdpa ib` qub `bs

mfcräf tagfia sh ehekuea muchbrf gaeobsfia (Fcf` Dbihef y Jfhdb, 3>>?).

B` ibsbe`fgb bs qub às heihvhiuas rfghaef`bs qub fgtúfe heibpbeihbetbdbetb ib

à qub mfkf b` atra ea pubibe f`gfezfr b` rbsu`tfia bvhibetbdbetb ibsbfc`b ib `f ga-

apbrfgh÷e dutuf. Be b` `bekufjb ib `f Ybaräf ib Jubka ibghdas qub gfif fgtar thbeb

bstrftbkhf iadhefetb ib ea gaapbrfr. Be b` rbsu`tfia ib bquh`hcrha hebghbetb ib`

jubka, taias as pfrthghpfetbs bstfræe pbar qub sh muchbrfe gaapbrfia. Bstb rbsu`tfiabs uef rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib` prac`bdf ib` ‐karr÷e— a ‐pa`hz÷e6>— be `f fggh÷e ga`bg-

thvf: gfif fgtar heihvhiuf` pbrshkub b` hetbrès qub gaeshibrf dbjarf pfrf sä gufeia

prbtbeib uth`hzfr às chbebs púc`hgas she gaetrhcuhr f su pravhsh÷e, pbra f` ef` efihb

gaapbrf eh pubib sfthsofgbr su hetbrès gadúe (Gaàdbr, 3>>8: 27).

B` feæ`hshs ib jubkas gada b` Ih`bdf ib` prhshaebra sb cfsf be gaeshibrfr jubkas

ib uef sa`f pfrthif. B` jubka sb fkatf be f dhsdf ibghsh÷e. bra què pfsf sh f kbetb

6> ‐â`hz÷e—: usufrha ib ue chbe púc`hga qub ea gaetrhcuyb f su praiuggh÷e.




67;

jubkf pfrthifs rbpbthifs. Vuhzæs betaegbs tbekf sbethia gaapbrfr f e ib rbghchr `f

gaapbrfgh÷e ib atras be b` outura. @f pashch`hifi ib gaapbrfr be pfrthifs rbpbthifs

be shtufghaebs ib` thpa ib` Ih`bdf ib` prhshaebra sb ibrhvf ib ue grhtbrha ib ibghsh÷e

ibeadhefia ‐ib tadf y ifgf—. ^frf Sacbrt Fxb`rai (3>>7) `f bstrftbkhf iadhefetb

be às jubkas ib ‐Yadf y ifgf— sb cfsf be rbspaeibr gae `f dhsdf daebif f` gadpartfdhbeta ib as ibdæs. Gaeshstb be gadbezfr gaapbrfeia sh às ibdæs gaapbrfe

y ibsbrtfr sh às ibdæs ibsbrtfe. Bstf gaapbrfgh÷e pubib praiughr uef gaapbrfgh÷e

sastbehif gufeia b` eúdbra ib hetbrfgghaebs bs heibehia.66 @f rbghpraghifi rbpb-

thif pubib oarjfr uef cubef rbputfgh÷e y gaefezf betrb às dhbdcras ib` krupa,

fsä gada `f gaestruggh÷e ib hesthtughaebs qub ofvarbzgfe dæs fúe `f gaapbrfgh÷e.

Atra jubka hetbrbsfetb bs b` ``fdfia ‐Jubka ib `f kf``hef— papu`frhzfia par `f

pb`ägu`f Sbcbìb she gfusf ib Jfdbs Ibfe: ias fia`bsgbetbs gaeiugbe shdu`tæebf-dbetb sus futas mfstf b` carib ib ue cfrrfega y orbefe a sf`tfe ib` gagmb be b` ú`th-

da dadbeta pashc`b. B` qub sf`tf a orbef b` gagmb dæs gbrgf ib` prbghphgha kfef y b`

atra bs ue gacfrib a uef ‐kf``hef—. Bstb jubka pubib `bvfr f ias rbsu`tfias pashc`bs,

gfif uea ib às guf`bs gadpartf ghbrta krfia ib gaapbrfgh÷e betrb às pfrthghpfetbs:

orbefr (gaapbrfr) a sbkuhr (ibsbrtfr). B` rbsu`tfia bs uef rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib `fs vbe-

tfjfs ib `f gaapbrfgh÷e ueh`ftbrf` be `f pravhsh÷e y rbpraiuggh÷e ib ghbrtas chbebs

bsgfsas, gada par bjbdpà, fqub`às chbebs dbihafdchbetf`bs qub pubibe tbebr ue

udcrf` ib gftæstraob (`f gfzf ib cf``befs, `f gaetfdhefgh÷e ib `f gubegf DftfezfShfgmubà, pfrf ifr f`kueas bjbdpàs).

Atra ib as jubkas dæs uth`hzfias bs b` ‐Jubka ib` ghbrva—. B` rb`fta arhkhef` ib` jub-

ka rbdhtb f` hetbeta ib arkfehzfr `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf pfrf `f gfzf ib f`kueas fehdf`bs

gadbsthc`bs. B` supubsta cæshga bs qub ehekúe heihvhiua pubib gfzfr ue ghbrva par sä

dhsda, a sbf, efihb pubib praparghaefr taia ue chbe ga`bgthva f gadpfrthr. ^bra db-

ihfetb `f ibsbrgh÷e ib` bquhpa, guf`quhbr dhbdcra pubib gfzfr ue fehdf` (uef `hbcrb,

par bjbdpà) y gaesbkuhr ue chbe prhvfia pfrf `bvfrsb f f cagf. Ihgma ib atrf dfeb-rf, f ibsbrgh÷e dutuf (gfzfr hbcrbs) bs ue rbsu`tfia ib bquh`hcrha, pbra f gaapbrfgh÷e

dutuf (gfzfr ue ghbrva y gadpfrthrà) tfdchèe bs ue rbsu`tfia ib bquh`hcrha qub ea

ibcbräf sbr ihoägh` ib f`gfezfr pfrf às pfrthghpfetbs be su rbgäpraga cbebgha.

66 Wh às fgtarbs sfcbe qub sb trftf ib `f ú`thdf raeif ib ue jubka pubibe betbeibr qub ibjfræe ib sbrdhbdcras ib uef gaduehifi qub gadpfrtb ue hetbrès gadúe y bsa trfesoardf `f ú`thdf raeif be ue

jubka ib` Ih`bdf ib` prhshaebra. @f gaapbrfgh÷e dutuf bs dæs pracfc`b gufeia dfyar sbf `f hegbrth-iudcrb fgbrgf ib `f iurfgh÷e ib `f rb`fgh÷e ga`bgthvf y gufeia dfyar sbf b` eúdbra ib hetbrfgghaebs(Fxb`rai, 3>>7: 96).




67=

9.7. ^rheghpf`/fkbetb

B` bsqubdf ib feæ`hshs ‐prheghpf`/fkbetb— thbeb gada acjbthva ibtbrdhefr as rfskas

oueifdbetf`bs ib uef ib `fs rb`fghaebs dæs orbgubetbs ib às prac`bdfs ib `fs ib-

dagrfghfs rbprbsbetfthvfs y fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: f ib`bkfgh÷e a rb`fgh÷e jbrærquhgfib hetbrgfdcha betrb uef pbrsaef a krupas ib pbrsaefs rbvbsthias ib futarhifi, b`

prheghpf`, y ib atrfs y atrfs f `fs guf`bs sb `bs ib`bkf bstf futarhifi, b` fkbetb. @f

ib`bkfgh÷e gfrfgtbrhzf rb`fghaebs duy vfrhfifs: betrb às ghuififeas y às b`bkhias<

betrb às dh`htfetbs y às ihrhkbetbs ib ue pfrthia< betrb b` kachbrea y `f dfyaräf

pfr`fdbetfrhf< betrb às dhehstras y sus curagrfghfs< betrb uef fidhehstrfgh÷e gbe-

trf` y uef fidhehstrfgh÷e àgf`< btgètbrf. Be `f `htbrfturf bspbgägf, às beoaqubs ib

prheghpf`/fkbetb mfe shia uth`hzfias pfrf fef`hzfr `fs rb`fghaebs betrb b` âibr Bjb-

guthva y b` âibr @bkhs`fthva (Mucbr y Wmhpfe 3>>>)< betrb b` âibr Bjbguthva y su curagrfghf (DgGucches, Ea`` y [bhekfst, 68;=)< a f` hetbrhar ib `fs arkfehzfghaebs

bgae÷dhgfs (Dab, 68=9).

@f ib`bkfgh÷e pbrdhtb uef bgfghf be `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib `fs tfrbfs f pfrthr ib

cusgfr ue krfia ib bspbghf`hzfgh÷e ib às fkbetbs. Be bstb sbethia, às fkbetbs fgu-

du`fe heoardfgh÷e y gadpbtbeghf qub oartf`bgbe `f fggh÷e púc`hgf. Whe bdcfrka, `f

ib`bkfgh÷e grbf b` rhbska ib qub b` fkbetb ea ibbeif ef`dbetb às hetbrbsbs ib`

prheghpf`. Bsta pubib agurrhr gufeia às hegbethvas b hetbrbsbs ib` fkbetb ea sae pbrobgtfdbetb gadpfthc`bs gae às ib` prheghpf`. @f ib`bkfgh÷e kbebrf ‐prac`bdfs

ib fkbeghf— qub mfy qub hibethgfr prbghsfdbetb pfrf aorbgbr`bs saùgh÷e.

B` prhdbr prac`bdf bs b` ib `f fshdbträf ib `f heoardfgh÷e qub hdp`hgf qub ghbrtfs

heoardfghaebs sb bsgaeife f` prheghpf` (heoardfgh÷e fshdètrhgf), à qub gfusfräf b` orf-

gfsa ib `f ib`bkfgh÷e. Wh b` prheghpf` hkearf `fs prbobrbeghfs ib sus fkbetbs a f`kuefs

bxhkbeghfs ib bstas, bs pashc`b qub prfgthqub uef sb`bggh÷e gaetrfpraiugbetb be `f guf`

bsgakb fkbetbs masth`bs a ‐heb`bs— qub ea thbebe fs gadpbtbeghfs qub sb rbquhbrbe pfrf

gudp`hr gae às acjbthvas ib` prheghpf`. Bstb prac`bdf bs gaeaghia gae b` eadcrb ibsb`bggh÷e fivbrsf y rbbrb f` thpa ib praiugta a sbrvhgha crheifia par b` fkbetb.

Atra prac`bdf ib `f rb`fgh÷e prheghpf`/fkbetb bs qub b` prheghpf` euegf bstæ ihs-

pubsta f rbvhsfr shstbdæthgfdbetb b` gaejueta ib `fs fgghaebs ib` fkbetb. @f bxhstbe-

ghf ib fgghaebs bsgaeihifs, bs ibghr, ib fgghaebs qub bsgfpfe f `f fprbmbesh÷e ib`

prheghpf`, grbf b` rhbska ib gadpartfdhbetas apartuehstfs, gaetrfrhas f` hetbrès ib`

prheghpf`, à qub kbebrf gaehgta ib hetbrbsbs. F bstb prac`bdf sb à gaeagb gada

rhbska darf` (Frraw, 68;>) y sb ibiugb ib shtufghaebs be qub b` gadpartfdhbeta ib`fkbetb ea bs acsbrvfc`b par b` prheghpf` a, sh à bs, ea bs vbrhgfc`b.




678

Wae vfrhfs `fs bstrftbkhfs ib `fs guf`bs ihspaeb b` prheghpf` pfrf beorbetfr às

rhbskas ib uef ib`bkfgh÷e. @f `htbrfturf hibethgf guftra thpas ib dbihifs pfrf pra-

tbkbr `f gaekrubeghf ib `fs prbobrbeghfs betrb b` ib`bkftfrha y b` ib`bkfia: 6) bspbgh-

gfghaebs be b` gaetrfta ib ib`bkfgh÷e< 3) às dbgfehsdas ib sb`bggh÷e ib` ib`bkfia<

`fs ac`hkfghaebs ib heoardb y gaetra`< 9) às bquh`hcrhas hesthtughaef`bs (Craufri,3>>8< Gaàdbr y Ebkrbtta, 3>>3).

9.9. B` tfdföa ib às krupas. _az y Wf`hif

Dfegur A`sae (6883) fef`hzf `f pfrthghpfgh÷e a gaetrhcugh÷e ib às dhbdcras he-

ihvhiuf`bs be ue krupa ib hetbrès be `f pravhsh÷e ib chbebs púc`hgas. ^frf A`sae

b` pragbsas ib oardfgh÷e ib às krupas bstæ ftrfvbzfia par `f ibehgh÷e ib às

acjbthvas gaduebs ib `fs fsaghfghaebs vaùetfrhfs, y bsta bxp`hgf `f fusbeghf a prbsbeghf ib hetbrbsbs arkfehzfias par dbiha ib às gæ`guàs rfghaef`bs qub às

heihvhiuas rbf`hzfe fgbrgf ib fsaghfrsb ueas gae atras pfrf sfthsofgbr às acjbthvas

praphas. Bstas gæ`guàs sae às hegbethvas ib `f fggh÷e. @as dhsdas pubibe sbr

sb`bgthvas a ga`bgthvas. @as hegbethvas sb`bgthvas sae fqub`às be às qub sb pubib

gaetra`fr guæeta sb b if f gfif uea y, be tfeta gfsthkas a rbgadpbesfs, pubibe sbr

dftbrhf`bs, maearägas a gfrkas. âr atrf pfrtb, às hegbethvas ga`bgthvas sae às

qub sb atarkfe f taias par hkuf` y bstæe dæs vhegu`fias f cbebghas hibethtfrhas,hiba`÷khgas a sa`hifrhas.

@as ias thpas ib hegbethvas pubibe sbr tfeta cubeas gada dfàs, pashthvas a

ebkfthvas. Wh chbe às hegbethvas ga`bgthvas sae dbeas gastasas qub às sb`bgthvas,

bstas ú`thdas sae oueifdbetf`bs pfrf qub uef arkfehzfgh÷e pbrshstf be b` thbdpa.

±âr què1 ârqub taif arkfehzfgh÷e rbquhbrb ib ue krupa ib pbrsaefs qub trfcfjb

ib dfebrf pbrdfebetb, y ea qub pfrthghpb sa`fdbetb ib bvbetas pfrthgu`frbs. ^frf

àkrfr bsta, bs ebgbsfrha paibr fshkefr hegbethvas sb`bgthvas f às heihvhiuas, gada

par bjbdpà, pfkfr ue subìa.Yaifs fs arkfehzfghaebs ebgbshtfe pfrf sucshsthr tfeta hegbethvas sb`bgthvas gada

ga`bgthvas. Whe bdcfrka, ea taifs `fs arkfehzfghaebs rbquhbrbe `f dhsdf gfethifi

ib gfif uea ib bstas. âr bjbdpà, `fs bdprbsfs prhvfifs rbquhbrbe dæs hegbethvas

sb`bgthvas qub ga`bgthvas. Re hegbethva ga`bgthva pfrf uef bdprbsf pairäf sbr pratb-

kbr b` dbiha fdchbetb be su oardf ib praiuggh÷e. Be gfdcha, às pfrthias pa`äthgas

prbghsfe dugma dæs hegbethvas ga`bgthvas pfrf rbpfrthr betrb sus shdpfthzfetbs, yf

qub ibpbeibe be krfe dbihif ib` trfcfja vaùetfrha< ea acstfetb, sus äibrbs bspbrferbghchr gfrkas, a sbf, hegbethvas sb`bgthvas.




69>

Fmarf chbe, `f bxhstbeghf ib ue krupa gae ue hetbrès gadúe ea kfrfethzf `f ar-

kfehzfgh÷e ib` krupa pfrf pbrsbkuhr bsb hetbrès. @f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf ibpbeib ib `fs

ibghshaebs ib as heihvhiuas ib pfrthghpfr a fcstbebrsb. Ifia qub as chbebs púc`hgas

sb aorbgbe par hkuf` f taias às dhbdcras ib` krupa, gfif heihvhiua pubib trftfr ib

gadpartfrsb gada à mfräf ue ‐pa`hz÷e— (vbr suprf), bs ibghr, gfif uea ib b`às pub-ib bspbrfr qub tbeiræ fggbsa f` chbe púc`hga she gaapbrfr gae às ibdæs dhbdcras

ib` krupa eh gaetrhcuhr gae `f pravhsh÷e ib` chbe.

A`sae gaegùyb uef sbrhb ib gara`frhas ib sus hibfs: 6) f kbetb thbeib f pfrthghpfr

dæs be fgghaebs ga`bgthvfs ib cfja gastb qub be fgghaebs qub gadpfrtfe gastbs y

rhbskas b`bvfias (y f mfgbrà dæs be gaeihghaebs ib hcbrtfi qub be ihgtfiurfs)< 3) f

pfrthghpfgh÷e ga`bgthvf pubib sbr f`betfif dbihfetb `f pravhsh÷e gaeihghaef` ib he-

gbethvas sb`bgthvas f as pfrthghpfetbs< 7) b` tfdföa ib` krupa hdpartf: as dhbdcrasib gaduehifibs a krupas ib hetbrès pbquböa, gaegbetrfias y madakèebas thbebe

dæs hegbethvas pfrf gaapbrfr y pfrthghpfr be `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf qub às dhbdcras

ib krupas krfeibs, ihspbrsas y mbtbrakèebas. Be b` ædchta púc`hga, às krupas pb-

quböas thbeibe f tbebr ue dfyar fggbsa f às rbgursas púc`hgas f bxpbesfs ib às

krupas krfeibs.

âr ú`thda, `f ibghsh÷e ib pfrthghpfr be `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf pubib ibpbeibr tfd-

chèe ib `fs f tbrefthvfs ihspaehc`bs. Wh ue heihvhiua thbeb hetbrès be ue chbe púc`hga

pbra b` gasta ib uehrsb f` krupa sae b`bvfias pubib aptfr par cusgfr ue pravbbiarf`tbrefthva a ibsp`fzfrsb f ue bsgbefrha f`tbrefthva. Bstf fggh÷e oub ibeadhefif

‐vaz— par F`cbrt Mhrsgmdfe (68;;) pfrf sukbrhr `f bxhstbeghf ib ghbrtf ibdfeif he-

sfthsobgmf. Bstf pubib sbr susthtuhif par uef ‐sf`hif— tfeta sh bsta hdp`hgf dfrgmfrsb

f ue krupa ihobrbetb, gfdchfr ib f`hfgh÷e, vatfr f atra pfrthia, duifrsb a bdhkrfr.

9.2. Ibpbeibeghf ib `f trfybgtarhf (^ftm Ibpbeibegb)

@f eagh÷e ib ibpbeibeghf ib f trfybgtarhf sb ibsfrra`à be `f iègfif ib às 8> pfrfsucrfyfr b` pbsa ib `fs b`bgghaebs bobgtufifs be b` pfsfia (y ib sus hesthtughaebs) be

`fs ibghshaebs prbsbetbs. Bs uef eagh÷e gbetrf` ib às fcarifjbs ebahesthtughaef`bs

mhst÷rhgas qub cusgfe ifr gubetf ib f gaetheuhifi ib fs trfybgtarhfs ib fs pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs.

Iauk`fss Eartm (6889) dastr÷ `f hdpartfeghf ib bstas feæ`hshs pfrf gadprbeibr

às pragbsas ib surkhdhbeta y ib gfdcha ib `fs hesthtughaebs. ^frf bstb futar, b` ob-

e÷dbea ib `f ibpbeibeghf ib `f trfybgtarhf sb fpayf be b` gadpartfdhbeta ib àsheihvhiuas f` hetbrhar ib `fs hesthtughaebs, bxp`hgfeia par què `fs hesthtughaebs sae




696

bstfc`bs y rbshstbetbs f` gfdcha. Ib hkuf` dfebrf, atras futarbs gada Sacbrt Kaaihe

(688?) dastrfrae qub `fs ibghshaebs hehghf`bs be dftbrhf ib ihsböa hesthtughaef` thb-

ebe hdp`hgfeghfs ib `frka p`fza be dftbrhf ib ibsbdpböa bgae÷dhga y pa`äthga.

9.?. Hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs y ibghsh÷e^frf às futarbs qub paebe èeofshs be b` feæ`hshs ib `fs hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs, às

pragbsas ib oardu`fgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ibpbeibe ib `f gfpfghifi ib às

fgtarbs pfrf f`gfezfr y mfgbr gudp`hr fgubrias, a sbf, ib gaapbrfr. ±Cfja què gaeih-

ghaebs bs pashc`b gaapbrfr1 Bxhstbe dugmas ofgtarbs qub pubibe ofgh`htfr às pragb-

sas ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs, f`kueas ib gfrægtbr mhst÷rhga, gu`turf`, saghf` a bga-

e÷dhga. Betrb `fs prheghpf`bs ihdbeshaebs ib feæ`hshs qub bstas bstuihas prharhzfe,

paibdas hibethgfr: (h) `f bstrugturf ib cbebghas bxhstbetb ibetra ib ue pbräaia

ibtbrdhefia: sh bxhstbe krfeibs cbebghas hedbihftas fsaghfias gae ibsvhfrsb ib

às fgubrias gaapbrfthvas, `f gaapbrfgh÷e sbræ ihoägh` ib sastbebr. âr bjbdpà, be

b` gaetbxta ib` shstbdf sgf` obibrf` frkbethea, b` cbebgha heihvhiuf` qub uef pra-

vheghf pubib actbebr f` ibsvhfrsb ib ue fgubria gaapbrfthva bs f`ta (pubib actbebr,

shkuhbeia b` bjbdpà, rbsgftbs efeghbras fihghaef`bs ib` Kachbrea Efghaef` qub

sae pfkfias gae rbgursas gaduebs ib taif `f efgh÷e)< (hh) b` eúdbra ib jukfiarbs:

gufeta dæs krfeib sbf b` eúdbra ib jukfiarbs, dæs ihoägh` sbræ gaapbrfr (Ysbcb``hs,3>>3< Gax y DgGucches, 3>>6)< (hhh) às väeguàs tbdparf`bs betrb fgtarbs pa`äthgas

g`fvbs: b` pftr÷e hetbrtbdparf` ib hetbrfggh÷e betrb fgtarbs bspbgägas be pashghaebs

pa`äthgfs oardf`bs (`bkhs`fiarbs, kacbrefiarbs, btg.) bs hdpartfetb pfrf b` àkra ib

rbsu`tfias gaapbrfthvas. Ea bs à dhsda tbebr, par bjbdpà, uef `bkhs`fturf be `f

guf` às dhsdas heihvhiuas hetbrfgtúfe rbpbthifdbetb f à `frka ib pbrhaias bxtbe-

ihias, qub tbebr uef `bkhs`fturf be qub às `bkhs`fiarbs heihvhiuf`bs sae rbbdp`f-

zfias gae orbgubeghf< (hv) `f hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e ib às bsgbefrhas pfrf `f oardu-

`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: às bsgbefrhas hesthtughaef`hzfias pubibe ofvarbgbr `fgaapbrfgh÷e f pfrthr ib ofgh`htfr às hetbrgfdchas rbqubrhias pfrf hdp`bdbetfr uef

pa`äthgf púc`hgf< (v) `f ihspaehch`hifi ib dbgfehsdas ib beoargbdbet : f gaapbrfgh÷e

bs dæs oægh` ib àkrf sh bxhstb ue cube beoargbdbet bjbrghia par tbrgbras fgtarbs. @f

prbsbeghf ib ue jubz hdpfrghf`, supaebe, pbrdhtb kbebrfr dbjarbs dbgfehsdas ib

gaapbrfgh÷e betrb às fgtarbs.

Wacrb bstb pfrthgu`fr va`vbrbdas be b` Gfpätuà _HH, f` mfc`fr ib às pragbsas

pa`äthgas ib fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs frkbethefs.




693

2. BE SBWRDBE

F à `frka ib bstb gfpätuà vhdas `f rb`fgh÷e bxhstbetb betrb rfghaef`hifi y tadf ib

ibghsh÷e be `fs prheghpf`bs bsgub`fs ib feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: `f tbaräf ib

`f b`bggh÷e rfghaef`, b` hegrbdbetf`hsda y b` feæ`hshs hesthtughaef`. âstbrhardbetbeas fcagfdas f f ihf`ègthgf betrb ibghsh÷e y paibr, beoagæeiaeas be f hibf ib gfd-

pa a dftrhz ib jubka gada `f dbtæoarf fef`äthgf qub eas pbrdhtb rbobrbeghfs fgtarbs,

rbk`fs y pragbsas. âr ú`thda, eas beoagfdas be b` feæ`hshs ib às prheghpf`bs dbgf-

ehsdas pfrf betbeibr às pragbsas ib gaapbrfgh÷e betrb fgtarbs f pfrthr ib rbvhsfr

às daibàs bspfghf`bs, `f Ybaräf ib jubkas, b` beoaqub prheghpf`/fkbetb, b` feæ`hshs

ib às krupas, `f ibpbeibeghf ib `f trfybgtarhf y b` feæ`hshs hesthtughaef`.

Sbobrbeghfs

Fcf` Dbihef, Jufe Dfeub` y Obrefeia Jfhdb, âibr, fgtarbs b hesthtughaebs. Refhetraiuggh÷e f `f Ghbeghf â`äthgf, Wbrhb Iagudbetas ib Gfpfghtfgh÷e E¾ 6(Hesthtuta Efghaef` ib Fidhehstrfgh÷e ^úc`hgf, HEF^), Cubeas Fhrbs, Wucsb-grbtfräf ib Kbst h÷e ^úc`hgf/JKD, 3>>?.

Fguöf, Gfràs, ‐@f eubvf dftr hz pa`äthgf frkbethef— Be Gfràs Fguöf (Gadp.) @feubvf dftrhz pa`äthgf frkbethef, Cubeas Fhrbs, Eubvf _hsh÷e, 6882.

F``hsae, Krfmfd, @f bsbeghf ib `f ibghsh÷e: feæ`hshs bxp`hgfthva ib `f grhshs ib àsdhsh`bs gucfeas, Cubeas Fhrbs, Krupa Bihtar @ftheafdbrhgfea, 68==.

F``hsae, Krfmfd, ‐Daibàs gaegbptuf`bs y `f grhshs ib às dhsh`bs gucfeas—, @uhsO. Fkuh`fr _h``feubvf (Bis.) @f Mbgmurf ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, Dèxhga IO:Dhkub` Æekb` ârrúf Bihtarbs, 688?.

Frraw, Lbeebtm, Bssfys he tmb Ymbary ao Shsl-Cbfrhek, Fdstbrifd, Eartm-Ma-``fei ûc`hgfthae Gadpfey, 68;>.

Frraw, Lbeebtm J., ‐_fàrbs heihvhiuf`bs y vfàrbs saghf`bs—, be Jasbp Gaàdbr(Gadp.) @bgturfs ib tbaräf pashthvf, Dfirhi Hesthtuta ib Bstuihas Ohsgf`bs/DBM, 6886.

Frraw, Lbeebtm J., B`bggh÷e saghf` y vfàrbs heihvhiuf`bs, Dfirhi, ^`febtf, 6889.Fxb`rai, Sacbrt, @f gadp`bjhifi ib `f gaapbrfgh÷e. Daibàs ib gaapbrfgh÷e y

ga`fcarfgh÷e cfsfias be fkbetbs, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf,3>>7.

C`fgl, Iuegfe, Ymbarhbs ao Gaddhttbbs fei B`bgthaes, Gfdcrhikb, GfdcrhikbRehvbrshty ^rbss, 689=.

Cfudkfrtdbr, Orfel y Cryfe Jaebs, Fkbeifs fei Hestfch`hty he Fdbrhgfe â`h-thgs, Gmhgfka, Gmhgfka Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6887.

Craufri, Wy`vfhe, ‐^r heghpf`/fkbetb— Ihgghaefrha ib â`äthgfs ^úc`hgfs, Cakatæ,

Rehvbrshifi Bxtbrefia ib Gaàdchf, 3>>8.




697

Cugmfefe, J. D. X Kariae Yu`àgl, B` gæ`guà ib` gaesbesa: oueifdbetas `÷khgasib `f ibdagrfghf gaest htughaef`, Dfirhi, ^`febtf-Fkastheh, 68=7.

Gfvfrazzh, Dfrgbà, Futarhtfrhsda y ibdagrfghf (6822-68=7), Cubeas Fhrbs,Gbetra Bihtar ib Fdèrhgf @fthef, 68=;.

Gambe, Jbfe y Feirbw Frfta, Ghvh` saghbty fei pa`hthgf` tmbary, Gfdcrhikb, DHY^rbss, 6883.

Gaàdbr, Jasbp, ‐Sbtarea f `fs hesthtughaebs— G`fvbs, 62: 26-2?, 6886.

Gaàdbr, Jasbp, Ghbeghf ib `f â`äthgf, Dfirhi, Frhb` Bihtarbs, 3>>8.

Gaàdbr, Jasbp y Kfcrhb` Ebkrbtta, ‐Kacbrefezf gae paibrbs ihvhihias be Fdè-rhgf @fthef—. â`äthgf y kachbrea, 6> (6): 67-?6, 3>>7.

Gax, Kfry y Dfttmbw DgGucches, ‐Hesthtuthaef` Ibtbrdhefts ao Bgaeadhg â-`hgy—, be Wtbpmbe Mfkkfri y Dfttmbw DgGucches (Bis.) ^rbshibets, ^fr`hf-dbets fei â`hgy: â`hthgf` Bgaeady ao Hesthtuthaes fei Ibghshaes, Gfdcrhi-kb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>6.

Ifm`, Sacbrt, [ma kavbres1 Ibdagrfgy fei âwbr he fe Fdbrhgfe Ghty, EbwMbfvbe: Xf`b Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68??.

Ifm`, Sacbrt y Gmfr`bs @heicàd, â`hthgs, Bgaeadhgs fei [bòfrb. ^`feehekfei â`hthga-bgaeadhg Wystbd heta Cfshg Waghf` ^ragbssbs, Ebw Xarl, MfrpbrYargmbcaals, 68;?.

Iawihek, Lbhtm, ‐Bquhty fei vathek: wmy ibdagrfgy ebbis ihgtftars—. @‘Feebèbsaghaàkhqub, 9; (3): 78-27. 688;.

Iawes, Fetmaey, Ybaräf Bgae÷dhgf ib `f Ibdagrfghf, Dfirhi, Fkuh`fr, 68;2.

Iue`bfvy, ^ftrhgl, ‐^raobsshaes fei pa`hgy gmfekb: eatbs tawfris f daib` aohibaàkhgf` garparfthsd—. ûc`hg Fidhehstrfthae Cu``bthe, 7?: 7-6?, 68=6.

Bfstae, Ifvhi, Bsqubdfs pfrf b` feæ`hshs pa`äthga, Cubeas Fhrbs, Fdarrartu,68?8.

Bib`dfe, Durrfy, Ymb Wydca`hg Rsb ao â`hthgs, Rrcfef, Rehvbrshty ao H``heahs^rbss, 68=2.

B`stbr, Jae, B` gbdbeta ib `f saghbifi. ^frfiajfs ib` aribe saghf`, CfrgbàefKbihsf Bihtarhf`, 688;.

Bvfes, ^btbr, Ihbtbr Subsgmbdbybr y Ymbif Wlaapa`, Crhekhek tmb Wtftb Cfgl He.Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68=2.

Kfrrbtae, Dfeub` Fet÷eha, ‐@f trfesoardfgh÷e ib `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf be Fdèrh-gf @fthef—, Sbvhstf ib `f GB^F@, ;?: ;-39, 3>>3.

Khiibes, Fetmaey, @f gaesthtugh÷e ib `f saghbifi. Cfsbs pfrf `f tbaräf ib `f bs-trugturfgh÷e, Cubeas Fhrbs, Fdarrar tu, 6882.

Kaaihe, Sacbrt B., ‐Hesthtuthae fei tmbhr ibshke—, be Sacbrt B. Kaaihe (Bis.)Ymb tmbary ao Hesthtuthaef` Ibshke, Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss,688?.

Mhehgm, Db`vhe y Dhgmfb` Duekbr, Ybaräf fef`äthgf ib `f pa`äthgf, Kbihsf , Bspf-öf, 3>>7.

Mhrsgmdfe, F`cbrt, Wf`hif, vaz y `bf`tfi. Sbspubstfs f` ibtbrhara ib bdprbsfs,arkfehzfghaebs y bstfias, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 68;;.




699

Mucbr, Jame y Gmfr`bs Wmhpfe, ‐Ymb Gast ao Gaetra`: @bkhs`ftar, Fkbeghbs feiYrfesfgthae Gast—, @bkhs`fthvb Wtuihbs Vufrtbr`y. 32 (6): 32-23, 3>>>.

Muethektae, Wfdub`, B` aribe pa`äthga be `fs saghbifibs be gfdcha, Cubeas Fh-rbs, ^fhi÷s, 6886.

H``hgm, Hvfe.,Dbihgf` Ebdbshs: tmb Bxpraphfthae ao Mbf`tm, Ebw Xarl, CftfdCaals, 68;;.

Jbssap, Cac, Wtftb Ymbary. ûtthek Gfphtf`hst Wtftbs he tmbhr ^`fgb, @aeiae, â`hty^rbss, 688>.

Jarifef, Jfghet ‐B` feæ`hshs ib às pa`hgy ebtwarls: ±uef eubvf pbrspbgthvf sacrb`f rb`fgh÷e betrb pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y Bstfia—, be Gfràs M. Fguöf (Gadp.)@bgturfs sacrb b` Bstfia y `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: Sbtadfeia b` ibcftb ib fybr

pfrf oar tf`bgbr b` fgtuf`` Cubeas Fhrbs` ^raybgta ib Daibrehzfgh÷e ib` Bstf-ia/Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib dhehstras ib `f Efgh÷e, 3>>;.

Lehkmt, Jfgl, Hesthtuthaes fei saghf` gaeo `hgt, Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty

^rbss, 6883.@fswb``, Mfraì, â`hthgs: [ma Kbts [mft, [mbe fei Maw, Ebw Xarl, DgKrfw

Mh`` , 682>.

@fswb``, Mfraì, F ^rbvhbw ao â`hgy Wghbegbs, Ebw Xarl, B`sbvhbr, 68;6.

@heicàd, Gmfr`bs, ‐Ymb Wghbegb ao Duii`hek Ymraukm—, ûc`hg FidhehstrfthaeSbvhbw, 78 (3): ;8-==, 6828.

Dfrgm, Jfdbs K., A`sbe, Jamfe, ‐B` eubva hest htughaef`hsda: ofgtarbs arkfehzfth-vas ib `f vhif pa`äthgf—, Sbvhstf Zaef Fchbrtf, ?7/?9: 6-99, 6887.

DgGucches, Dfttmbw, Sakbr Ea`` y Cfrry [bhekfst, ‐Fidhehst rfthvb ragbiurbsfs Hest rudbets ao â`hthgf` Gaetra`—, Jauref` ao @fw, Bgaeadhgs fei Arkfeh-zfthae, 7 (3): 397-3;;, 68=;.

Dab, Ybrry, ‐Ebw Bgaeadhgs ai Arkfehzfthae—, Fdbrhgfe Jauref` ao â`hthgf`Wghbegb, 3=: ;78-;;;, 68=9.

@heicàd, Gmfr`bs, â`hthgs fei Dfrlbts, Ebw Xarl, Cfshg caals, 68;;.

Dfee, Dhgmfb`, @fs oubetbs ib` paibr saghf`. _aùdbe HH, Dfirhi, F`hfezf Bih-tarhf`, 688;.

Dbrrh``, Wfdub` HHH, ‐F gadpfrhsae ao boo hghbegy ao du`thgfeihiftb b`bgtarf` sys-tbds—, Fdbrhgfe Jauref` ao â`hthgf` Wghbegb, 3= (6): 37-9=, 68=9.

Dh``br, Ehgma`fs S., ‐^ùrf`hsd fei saghf` gmahgb—, Ymb Fdbrhgfe â`hthgf` Sb-vhbw, ;; (7): ;79-;9;, 68=7.

Dh``hcfei, Sf`pm, B` Bstfia be `f saghbifi gfphtf`hstf, Dèxhga IO: Whkà ]]HBihtarbs, 68;=.

Ehbdh, Shgmfri K. y [h``hfd M. Shlbr, ‐@f b`bggh÷e be às shstbdfs ib vatfgh÷e—be Jasbp Gaàdbr (Gadp.) @bgturfs ib tbaräf pashthvf, Dfirhi, Hesthtuta ibBstuihas Ohsgf`bs/DBM, 6886.

Eartm, Iauk`fs G., Bstrugturf y gfdcha be `f mhstarhf bgae÷dhgf, Dfirhi, F`hfe-zf Bihtarhf`, 6889.

Eartm, Iauk`fss G., Hesthtughaebs, gfdcha hesthtughaef` y ibsbdpböa bgae÷dhga,Dèxhga, Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 6882.




692

Eartm, Iauk`fss G. y Sacbr t ^fu` Ymadfs, B` efghdhbeta ib` dueia agghibetf`.Ref eubvf mhstarhf bgae÷dhgf (8>>-6;>>), Dfirhi, Whkà ]]H, 68=;.

Eurdh, Mfeeu, ‐_athek ^ragbiurbs: f suddfry fef`yshs—. Cr hthsm Jauref` ao â-`hthgf` Wghbegb, 67 (3): 6=6-3>=, 68=7.

A‘Gaeear, Jfdbs, @f gr hshs o hsgf` ib` Bstfia, Dfirhi, Bihghaebs ^beäesu`f, 68=6.

A`sae, Dfegur, @f `÷khgf ib `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf. Chbebs púc`hgas y tbaräf ib kr u- pas, Dèxhga, @hdusf / Earhbkf Bihtarbs, 6883.

Aoob, G`fus, Gaetrfihgghaebs ib` Bstfia ib Chbebstfr, Dfirhi, F`hfezf Bihtarhf`,688>.

A`sae, Dfegur, Fukb y ibgfibeghf ib `fs efghaebs: grbghdhbeta bgae÷dhga, bs-tfko `fgh÷e y rhkhibz saghf`, Dfirhi, Fr hb` Bihghaebs, 68=?.

A`sae, Dfegur, @f `÷khgf ib `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf. Chbebs púc`hgas y `f Ybaräf ibKrupas, Dèxhga, @hdusf / Earhbkf bihtarbs, 6883.

^frsaes, [fyeb, â`äthgfs ^úc`hgfs. Ref hetraiuggh÷e f `f tbar äf y f `f prægthgfib` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, Cubeas Fhrbs, Dhöa y Iævh`f, 3>>;.

^btbrs, Kuy C., ‐â`hgy Ebtwarls: Dytm, Dbtfpmar fei Sbf`hty—, be Ifvhi Dfrgm(Bis.) Gadpfrhek â`hgy Ebtwarls. Dfhibembfi, RL, Apbe Rehvbrshty ^rbss,688=.

âu`fetzfs, Ehg`fs, âibr pa`äthga y g`fsbs saghf`bs be b` bstfia gfphtf`hstf , Dè-xhga IO: Whkà ]]H, 68;?.

ûtefd, Sacbrt, Dflhek Ibdagrfgy [arl: Ghvhg trfihthaes he Daibre Htf`y,^rhegbtae, ^rhegbtae Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6887.

Vubsfif, Dhkub`, ‐Ibcbräfe hetbrbsfrsb às sagh÷àkas par b` dfrxhsda fef`äth-ga—. ^fpbrs, 2> (Rehvbrshifi Fut÷eadf ib Cfrgbàef): 622-6?7, 688?.

Shlbr, [h``hfe M., ‐Hdp`hgfghaebs ib` ibsbquh`hcrha ib `f rbk`f ib `f dfyaräf pfrfb` bstuiha ib `fs hesthtughaebs—, be Jasbp Gaàdbr (Gadp.) @bgtu rfs ib tbaräf

pashthvf, Dfirhi, Hest htuta ib Bstuihas Ohsgf`bs/DBM, 6886.

Wfcfthbr, ^fu` y Mfel G. Jhelhes-Wdhtm, ‐Ymb fivagfgy Gaf`hthaes Orfdbwarls:Fe Fssbssdbet—, be ^fu` Wfcfthbr (Bi.) Ymbarhbs ao â`hgy ^ragbss, Cauìbr,Ga`: [bstvhbw ^rbss, 6888.

Wgmbi`br, Feirbfs, Eba-hesthtughaef`hsda, Dèxhga IO, (Dhdba), 688=.

Wmbps`b, Lbeebtm, ‐Wtuiyhek hesthtuthaes. Wadb `bssaes orad tmb rfthaef` gmahgbfpprafgm—, Jauref` ao Ymbarbthgf` â`hthgs, H (3): 676-69;, 68=8.

Wgmdhttbr, ^mh``hpb, ‐Wth`` tmb gbetury ao garparfthsd1— Sbvhbw ao â`hthgs, 7?:=2-676, 68;9.

Whdae, Mbrcbrt, Daib` ao Dfe: Waghf` fei Sfthaef`, Ebw Xarl, Jame [h`by,682;.

Wlaapa`, Ymbif, ^ratbgthek Waìhbrs fei Datmbrs: Ymb â`hthgf` Arhkhes ao Waghf`â`hgy he tmb Rehtbi Wtftbs, Gfdcrhkib, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6883.

Yffkbpbrf, Sbhe y Cbrefri Kraodfe, ‐Sbtmhelhek Iuvbrkbr‘s `fw: ^rbihgthek tmbboobgthvb eudcbr ao pfrthbs he pùrf`hty fei ^S systbds—. Burapbfe Jauref` aoâ`hthgf` Sbsbfrgm, 67 (9): 796-723, 68=2.




69?

Ysbcb`hs, Kbarkb, _bta ^`fybrs. Mfw â`hthgf` Hesthtuthaes [arls, Gfdcrhikb:Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>3.

Yu`àgl, Kariae, ‐Ymb kbebrf` h rrb`bvfegb ao tmb hdpasshch`hty tmbarbd—. Vufr-tbr`y Jauref` ao Bgaeadhgs, =6 (3): 32?-3;>, 68?;.

[hìfvsly, Ffrae, Ymb Frt fei Grfot ao â`hgy Fef`yshs, @aeiae, Dfgdh``fe,68=>.

[h``hfdsae, A`hvbr @fs hesthtughaebs bgae÷dhgfs ib` gfphtf`hsda, Dèxhga, Oaeiaib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 68=2.






69=

prhdbrf dhtfi ib as =>. Be bsas föas fpfrbghbrae eudbrasas trfcfjas qub, fsudhbeia

`f prapubstf p`fetbfif par @fsswb``, rboardu`fcfe `f gfethifi a `f oardf ib eadhefr

f gfif uef ib `fs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf3. Fshdhsda, bstas trfcfjas bsthdu-

`frae `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib uef kbebrfgh÷e ib hdpartfetbs hevbsthkfghaebs qub gbetrfcfe

su ftbegh÷e be f`kuef ib `fs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf7 (ib@bae, 688;).F dbihfias ib as => Eflfdurf (68=;) a ibeäf gada ‐`f dæs heuybetb ib fs

gaegbpghaebs sacrb b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs—. Bstf heubeghf ea saà sb grhstf`h-

zfcf be `f oardf qub sb arkfehzfcfe y ibeäfe `fs fkbeifs ib hevbsthkfgh÷e ib às

fgfièdhgas (y qub ihbrae ùz f trfcfjas duy sasthgfias iurfetb `fs iègfifs ib às

;> y ?>) shea qub sb p`fsdfcf tfdchèe be `f iagbeghf (y be às prakrfdfs ib besb-

öfezf sacrb puc`hg pa`hgy be `fs dfbsträfs y iagtarfias bspbghf`hzfias be b` ærbf).

^bra à qub bs fúe dæs hdpartfetb, bstf vhsh÷e tfdchèe mf shia heuybetb sacrb àsfgtarbs ib `fs pa`äthgfs ( pa`hgy fgtars), quhbebs tbeihbrae f gaegbchr b` pragbsa ib `f

pa`äthgf cfja bstf hibf ib sbgubeghf`hifi qub kbebrfcf b` daibà9.

Whe bdcfrka, ibsib dbihfias ib às => y iurfetb `f iègfif ib` 8> b` daibà

sbgubeghf` mf shia acjbta ib eudbrasfs gräthgfs. Gada sasthbebe Bstbvbz y Bspbr

(3>>8: ;7): ‐Fef`hstfs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ib` tfdföa ib ^fu` Wfcfthbr, ^btbr Jame

y Sacbrt Eflfdurf à grhthgfrae iurfdbetb y mfstf sb rbrhbrae è` gada b` ”daibà

ib dfeuf`‘ (Eflfdurf 68=;)—. Be krfe dbihif bstfs bstuvhbrae f`hdbetfifs par `f

ebgbshifi hdpbrhasf y b` ibsba ib ihspaebr ib tbaräfs ib f`gfegb dbiha (Dbrtae,682=) qub pbrdhtfe ea saà ibrhvfr f`kuefs mhp÷tbshs gfusf`bs qub pubife sbr sadb-

thifs f vbrhgfgh÷e bdpärhgf shea fibdæs rbf`hzfr f`kuefs prbihgghaebs.

3. @FW GSÄYHGFW F@ DAIB@A WBGRBEGHF@ IB @FW Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW

Mfe shia dugmfs y vfrhfifs `fs acsbrvfghaebs y gräthgfs qub sb `b mfe oardu`fia f`

daibà ib `fs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf hehghf`dbetb prapubsta par

3 Betrb bstas trfcfjas sb ibstfgfe às fpartbs ib Jaebs (68;>), Sasb (68;7), Crbwbr (68;9), Feibrsae(68;2), Dfy y [hìfvsly (68;=), Jbelhes (68;=), Crbwbr y ib@bae (68=7), Makwaai y Kuee (68=9),betrb atras.

7 ^frf ue feæ`hshs dæs ibtf``fia ib` daibà sbgubeghf` y ib às fpartbs qub sb rbf`hzfrae be b` dfrgaib gfif uef ib `fs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf sb sukhbrb gaesu`tfr b` Gfpätuà H_ ib` prbsbetb `hcra.

9 F`kuefs ib `fs rfzaebs qub bxp`hgfe `f prbbdhebeghf ib bstb daibà sae chbe ibehifs y bxp`hgh-tfifs par Eflfdurf (68=;).




698

Mfraì @fsswb``. Ref prhdbrf acsbrvfgh÷e `f oardu`f ib@bae (68==), quhbe oubrf

uea ib às ibobesarbs ib` daibà, f` gadpfrfr `fs oartf`bzfs y ibch`hifibs ib sbk-

dbetfr be btfpfs b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs. Wbkúe b` futar, dugmas ib às trfcfjas

rbf`hzfias berhqubghbrae f `f ihsghp`hef ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs, parqub db pbr-

dhthbrae f pfrthr ib bxmfusthvas bstuihas ib gfsa rbgaeagbr `f gadp`bjhifi qub bxhs-tb ibtræs ib taif pa`äthgf púc`hgf, f`bjfeia `fs hevbsthkfghaebs ib` bstuiha bxgùshva

ib fs hesthtughaebs (à qub par ghbrta ea supaeb hkearfr`fs) y pradavhbeia ‗shkuhbe-

ia b` gaesbja ib @fsswb``‗ fpraxhdfghaebs du`thihsghp`hefrhfs. Whe bdcfrka, bs-

tas feæ`hshs fia`bgäfe ib uef hdpartfetb ibch`hifi, pubs mfgäfe qub às fef`hstfs sb

gbetrfrfe be uef úehgf btfpf, ebkfeia ‗a pbrihbeia ib vhstf‗ b` pragbsa gadp`bta.

Gada gaesbgubeghf ib b`à sb gaegbcäf f` pragbsa gada ‐bphs÷ihga y ibsfrthgu`fia

be ùkfr ib uea dæs gaetheua y prakrbshva— (ib@bae, 688;: =).Whe bdcfrka, `fs gräthgfs dæs heghshvfs pravhehbrae ib guftra futarbs: Sacbrt

Eflfdurf (68=;), ^fu` Wfcfthbr (68==, 6886) ‗quhbe be f`kueas trfcfjas mf bsgrhta

be ga`fcarfgh÷e gae Jbelhes-Wdhtm (Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm, 6887), Ibcarfm Wtaeb

(68=8) y btbr Jame (688=). Bstas futarbs sasthbebe qub b` daibà sbgubeghf` mf kbeb-

rfia uef vhsh÷e frthghf` sacrb b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs, qub ea pbrdhtb ifr gubetf

ib `f gadp`bjhifi qub gfrfgtbrhzf f` ‐pragbsa rbf`—. Be bobgta, `f sbkdbetfgh÷e ib`

pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs be btfpfs ‐bxfkbrf `f efturf`bzf rfghaef` ib `f oardu`fgh÷e

ib pa`äthgfs y prbsbetf uef hdfkbe of`sf ib ue pragbsa qub ea bs uef bspbghb ib cfe-if trfespartfiarf be `f guf` `f fkbeif sb ibeb be ue bxtrbda y `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e

y `f bvfùfgh÷e thbebe ùkfr be b` bxtrbda apubsta— (^frsaes, 3>>=: 667).

Wfcfthbr (6886) p`fetbf f`kuefs gräthgfs ibvfstfiarfs f` daibà ib `f mburästhgf

ib `fs btfpfs:

h) Be prhdbr ùkfr, frdf qub ea bs rbf`dbetb ue daibà gfusf` ifia qub

ea hibethgf ue gaejueta ib ofgtarbs gfusf`bs qub kachbreb b` pragbsa ib

`fs pa`äthgfs tfeta ibetra gada betrb `fs btfpfs. Hegùsa, à qub bs fúe dæskrfvb, às trfcfjas dæs hdpartfetbs ibsfrra``fias sacrb f`kuef ib `fs btf-

pfs sb rbf`hzfcfe she mfgbr rbobrbeghf f`kuef f fs hevbsthkfghaebs sacrb `fs

atrfs btfpfs, à qub gaeiugäf f qub ea bxhsthbrf ue gaejueta gambrbetb ib

mhp÷tbshs sacrb b` pragbsa ‐gadp`bta— ib `f pa`äthgf. Fue dæs, ‐b` daibà

par btfpfs ea praparghaef uef cfsb g`frf pfrf pracfr `fs mhp÷tbshs bdpärh-

gfs— (Wfcfthbr, 6887: 62).

hh) Be sbkueia, ùkfr, `f sbgubeghf ib `fs btfpfs qub prapaeb b` daibà pf-

ibgb ib uef hdprbghsh÷e ibsgrhpthvf. B`à sb praiugb f` qubrbr fgbetufr às




62>

`ädhtbs a oraetbrfs betrb `fs btfpfs (y, shkuhbeia f @fsswb``, hibethgfr `fs

oueghaebs y fgtarbs qub garrbspaeibe f gfif btfpf), pbrihbeia ib vhstf às

sa`fpfdhbetas b hetbribpbeibeghf qub bxhstb betrb `fs dhsdfs.

hhh) Be tbrgbr ùkfr, `f mburästhgf ib `fs btfpfs sb gfrfgtbrhzf par fsudhr ue

beoaqub bstrhgtfdbetb `bkf`hstf, tap-iawe, qub gbetrf `f ftbegh÷e be `ffpracfgh÷e b hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib ‐krfeibs ibghshaebs— (chk ibghshaes).

hv) Be gufrta ùkfr, b` daibà ib `fs btfpfs sucrfyf hefibgufifdbetb b` ghgà

ib f pa`äthgf gada f uehifi tbdparf` ib feæ`hshs, pubsta qub f` shdp`hgfr

b` pragbsa sb ehbkf a hkearf `f bxhstbeghf ib ghgàs qub apbrfe shdu`tæebf-

dbetb be ihobrbetbs ehvb`bs ib kachbrea.

v) âr ú`thda, `f mburästhgf ib `fs btfpfs ea f`gfezf f praparghaefr ue vbmä-

guà fibgufia pfrf hetbkrfr b` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs gae b` fprbeihzfjbarhbetfia par `fs pa`äthgfs f trfvès ib` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs.

@fs gräthgfs p`fetbfifs par Wfcfthbr (6886) ihbrae ukfr f ue praoueia ibcftb sacrb

às ihsthetas prac`bdfs a of`beghfs qub prbsbetf b` daibà ib fs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib

`fs pa`äthgfs. Ea bs b` prap÷shta fquä ibsfrra``fr taias bstas ibcftbs, pbra sä f` dbeas

hùdhefr fqub`às fspbgtas dæs gaetravbrshf`bs. Bstas pubibe shetbthzfrsb be tarea

f às shkuhbetbs hetbrrakfetbs: 6) ±bs b` daibà sbgubeghf` ue dfrga gaegbptuf`, uef

tbaräf, a sb trftf ib ue daibà1< 3) ±què prac`bdfs supaeb fgbptfr às supubstas ib

`hebf`hifi y sbgubeghf`hifi qub bstæe ibtræs ib `f mburästhgf ib `fs btfpfs1< y 7) ±guæ`bs b` ùkfr qub `f mburästhgf ib `fs btfpfs `b atarkf f `fs hibfs y b` gaeaghdhbeta1

3.6. ±Dfrga gaegbptuf`, tbaräf a daibà1

Re bjb hdpartfetb qub mf bstrugturfia b` ibcftb be tarea f` daibà sbgubeghf` sb

mf gbetrfia be `f prbkuetf ib sh sb trftf ib ue dfrga gaegbptuf`, tbaräf a daibà.

Whkuhbeia f Astrad (6888) ue dfrga gaegbptuf` hibethgf ue gaejueta ib vfrhfc`bs

y rb`fghaebs qub ibcbe sbr bxfdhefifs. ^bra bstas dfrgas gaegbptuf`bs ea bspbgh-gfe `f ihrbggh÷e ib bsf rb`fgh÷e betrb vfrhfc`bs, ea pbrdhtfe hibethgfr `fs mhp÷tbshs

dæs oueifdbetf`bs. Be gfdcha, uef tbaräf bstfc`bgb ue gaejueta ib rb`fghaebs ga-

mbrbetbs, dæs ibesfs y `÷khgfs, be iaeib sb bspbghgfe g÷da bstæe rb`fghaefifs `fs

vfrhfc`bs y ib `f guf` sb pubibe ibrhvfr ue gaejueta ib mhp÷tbshs qub sb uth`hzfe pfrf

bxp`hgfr às obe÷dbeas bstuihfias. âr ú`thda, b` daibà bs uef rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib

uef shtufgh÷e bspbgägf qub ibcb hegùhr supubstas bspbgägas sacrb às vfàrbs ib

`fs vfrhfc`bs gräthgfs, pbra qub pasbb ue f`gfegb dbear qub às dfrgas gaegbptuf`bsy `fs tbaräfs.




626

Be tarea f bstb ibcftb pfrbgb mfcbr ue fgubria rbspbgta f qub b` daibà sbgube-

ghf` ea gaesthtuyb eh ue dfrga gaegbptuf` eh uef tbaräf. Eflfdurf (68=;) y Wfcfthbr

(6886) sasthbebe qub b` beoaqub pragbsf` ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf ea gaesthtuyb ue dfr-

ga gaegbptuf`. B`à sb ibcb f qub ea sb hibethgfe `fs vfrhfc`bs gräthgfs (bstfs, fsä

gada às supubstas, pfrbgbe gfdchfr ib uef btfpf f `f atrf) qub pbrdhthräfe bxp`h-gfr b` pragbsa ‐gadp`bta— ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf. âr su pfrtb, Wfcfthbr (6886, 6888)

frdf qub `f mburästhgf ib `fs btfpfs tfdpaga gaesthtuyb uef tbaräf, pubsta qub ea

gudp`b gae às grhtbrhas qub usuf`dbetb sae uth`hzfias pfrf juzkfr f uef tbaräf2.

Betrb bstas grhtbrhas hegudp`hias b` futar ibstfgf `f ea hibethgfgh÷e ib ofgtarbs

gfusf`bs qub pbrdhtfe bxp`hgfr b` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf.

F juhgha ib às futarbs ghtfias, b` beoaqub pragbsf` ib `fs pa`äthgfs bs ‗be b` dbjar

ib às gfsas‗ ue daibà, be `f dbihif qub gae è` sb hetbetf rbprbsbetfr a ibsgrhchr(pbra ea bxp`hgfr) uef shtufgh÷e bspbgägf. F bstf dhsdf gaegùsh÷e ``bkf Feirbsae

(68;2), uea ib às futarbs qub dæs sb mf agupfia ib ibsfrra``fr `f prapubstf ib @fs-

swb``, fuequb su justhgfgh÷e rbshib be qub ‐ififs `f gadp bjhifi y `f ihvbrshifi ib`

pragbsa ib ”ofcrhgfgh÷e‘ ib fs pa äthgfs púc`hgfs, b ibsfrra`à ib f`kuef g`fsb ib tba-

räf kbebrf` iatfif ib ue fdp`ha paibr bxp`hgfthva, bs uef fsphrfgh÷e hrrbf`— (68;2: 7?).

3.3. Whdp`hgfgh÷e vbrsus gadp`bjhifi

Ref ib `fs gräthgfs dæs ibsphfififs qub sb `b mfe oardu`fia f` daibà sbgubeghf` bs

qub gaesthtuyb uef mbrrfdhbetf mburästhgf qub shdp`hgf bxgbshvfdbetb `f rbf`hifi.

@a qub sb `b mf gubsthaefia sae às supubsta ib `hebf`hifi y sbgubeghf`hifi sacrb às

guf`bs sb fshbetf b` daibà. Dugmas ib às gräthgas mfe sucrfyfia qub dugmfs pa`äth-

gfs ea shkube hebf`dbetb `f sbgubeghf ib btfpfs prbbstfc`bghif (Wfcfthbr, 6886< btbrs,

6883< Jame, 688=). Be dugmas gfsas `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ea gadhbezfe par `f btfpf ib

`f fkbeif, eh tfdpaga gaegùybe gae `f bvfùfgh÷e, shea qub sub`b mfcbr sa`fpfdhbe-

tas betrb `fs btfpfs a hegùsa ‗be f`kuefs shtufghaebs bspbgägfs‗ rbtragbsas.

2 Wbkúe Wfcfthbr, uef tbaräf ibcb gudp`hr gae as shkuhbetbs grhtbrhas: ‐6. Ibcb sbr ÷khgfdbetb ga-mbrbetb. @as tèrdheas prheghpf`bs ibcbe bstfr g`frfdbetb ibehias y fs rb`fghaebs prheghpf`bs ibcbe

sbr ÷khgfdbetb gaeshstbetbs. (…)< 3. Ibcb tbebr ofgtarbs gfusf`bs g`fras y ue sbethia ib` pragbsa gfu-sf`. @fs tbaräfs ghbetägfs sae tbaräfs gfusf`bs qub cusgfe bxp`hgfr g÷da agurrhbrae ghbrtas thpas ib

obe÷dbeas (….)< 7. F`khefs ib `fs prapashghaebs dæs hdpartfetbs ibcbe sbr bdpärhgfdbetb of`sfc`bs.

(…)< 9. B` f`gfegb ib `f tbaräf ibcb sbr g`fra y rb`fthvfdbetb fdp`ha (…)< y 2. @f tbaräf ibcb sbr ”oèrth`‘,bs ibghr, (6) ibcb ifr arhkbe f gaegùshaebs qub ea sbfe acvhfs (…), y (3) ibcb praiughr uef gfethifirb`fthvfdbetb hdpartfetb ib prbihgghaebs hetbrbsfetbs par gfif supubsta— (6888: 733).




623

@`fdf `f ftbegh÷e hegùsa qub f` hetbrhar ib` beoaqub pragbsf` ib `fs pa`äthgfs sb

fsudf gada rbobrbeghf hesas`fyfc`b pfrf às bstuihas rb`fthvas f `f btfpf ib fkbeif

y ibehgh÷e ib às prac`bdfs púc`hgas, f ue futar qub mf gubsthaefia às supubstas

ib `hebf`hifi y rfghaef`hifi sacrb às qub sb fshbetf b` daibà sbgubeghf` (Lhekiae,

68=9)?. F`ka shdh`fr agurrb be b` gfdpa ib às bstuihas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, be bspbghf` gae fqub`às trfcfjas qub ibsib ue beoaqub cattad-up (B`darb, 68=>, 68=2<

@hpsly, 68=>) mfe ibsffia às prhdbras bstuihas ([hìfvsly y ^rbssdfe, 68;7<

Kuee, 68;=< Cfrifgm, 68=>) qub sb mhghbrae be bstb gfdpa cfja ib `f mburästhgf ib

`fs btfpfs.

3.7. B` ra` ib `fs hibfs y b` fprbeihzfjb

Atrf ib `fs gräthgfs qub sb `b mf oardu`fia f` daibà sbgubeghf` rbshib be qub ea crheif ue bspfgha pfrf hegarparfr b` ra` ib` gaeaghdhbeta y `fs hibfs y ib` fprbeih-

zfjb gada ofgtarbs bxp`hgfthvas ib` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. âr supubsta,

bstf tbeibeghf f hkearfr `f hdpartfeghf bxp`hgfthvf-gfusf` ib `fs hibfs trfsghbeib b`

gfdpa ib `fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs. Gada sasthbeb Gfdau: ‐Ea bs uef gurhashifi

dbear b` mbgma ib qub cubef pfrtb ib às gubethstfs saghf`bs ‗quhbebs sb supaeb

hevhbrtbe uef pargh÷e hdpartfetb ib su thbdpa be praiughr y ihsguthr hibfs‗ `b atar-

kube f `fs dhsdfs ue bsgfsa pfpb` bxp`hgfthva be `f iheædhgf ib às mbgmas saghf`bsy pa`äthgas. Dæs prag`hvbs f grbbr be `f heubeghf ib `fs bstrugturfs bgae÷dhgfs y/a

ib `fs b`bgghaebs bstrftèkhgfs cfsfifs be b` gæ`guà ib futahetbrès, b` ra` ib `fs hibfs

be `f bxp`hgfgh÷e ib` gfdcha saghf` mf agupfia ue ùkfr dfrkhef`, gufeia ea saspb-

gmfia ib hesfefc`b hekbeuhifi— (688;: 2;).

Whe bdcfrka, ibsib ef`bs ib às föas => y prheghphas ib às 8> pfrbgb rbkhstrfsb

ue ‐davhdhbeta— ihrhkhia f ‐paebr f `fs hibfs be prhdbr p`fea— (Mf``, 68=8). Bsta

mf gaeiughia f qub futarbs gada Wfcfthbr (6886) y Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm (6887)

gadhbegbe f ibsfrra``fr ue eubva dfrga gaegbptuf` a tbaräf (b` dfrga ib `fs gaf`h-ghaebs pradatarfs) qub thbeb `f prbtbesh÷e ib atarkfr f `fs hibfs y sfcbrbs tègehgas

ue ra` prbpaeibrfetb (fuequb ea par b`à ibtbrdhefetb) pfrf bxp`hgfr b` pragbsa y

às gfdchas ib `fs pa`äthgfs. Ib` dhsda daia, fuequb ibsib ue dfrga gaegbptuf`

? Ib mbgma b` tbxta ib Lhekiae (68=9) mf shia gaegbchia gada `f rbobrbeghf oueifghaef` ib` beoa-

qub ib `fs garrhbetbs dú`thp`bs. @fdbetfc`bdbetb ea fef`hzfrbdas fquä bstf dfrga gaegbptuf`. ^frfquhbebs ibsbbe fggbibr f uef gfrfgtbrhzfgh÷e prb`hdhefr ib bstb beoaqub sb rbgadhbeif `bbr b` tbxtaib Zfmfrhfihs (3>>;).




627

f`tbrefthva (`f tbaräf ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf`), futarbs gada Ohsgmbr y Oarbstbr

(6887) a Wgmebhibr b Hekrfd (688;) `b atarkfe f às vfàrbs a shstbdfs ib grbbeghfs

ue ùkfr prhvh`bkhfia pfrf betbeibr b` pragbsa ib b`bggh÷e ib hestrudbetas ib pa`ä-

thgf púc`hgf y `f gaetheuhifi a gfdcha ib ghbrtfs pa`äthgfs.

Fshdhsda, b` beoaqub pragbsf` ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf ea `b atarkf ue ùkfr ibs-tfgfia pfrf `f bxp`hgfgh÷e ib às gfdchas a gaetheuhifibs ib `fs pa`äthgfs f às pra-

gbsas ib fprbeihzfjb qub pubibe arhkhefrsb be `f bxpbrhbeghf, tfeta ib às pa`hgy-

dflbrs y fef`hstfs a bxpbrtas qub hetbrvhbebe be às pragbsas ib oardu`fgh÷e ib `fs

pa`äthgfs, gada ib às ‐hdp`bdbetfiarbs— ib `fs pa`äthgfs be gubsth÷e. Bstf gräthgf

mf shia chbe p`fetbfif par Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm (6887), y mf gaetrhcuhia f da`-

ibfr `f tbaräf gfusf` qub às futarbs ibsfrra``fe cfja b` beoaqub ib `fs gaf`hghaebs

pradatarfs.

7. BE CRWGF IB YBASÄFW ^FSF B@ FEÆ@HWHW IB Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW

Ibchia f `f krfe gadp`bjhifi qub gfrfgtbrhzf f` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs, b` fef`hstf

ibcb cusgfr f`kuef oardf ib rbiughr bsf gadp`bjhifi (she hkearfr`f) f e ib gad-

prbeibr y bxp`hgfr às obe÷dbeas a pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs bstuihfifs. Whe iuif, sae às

supubstas às qub gudp`be `fs oueghaebs ib hetbrdbihfgh÷e dæs hdpartfetbs. âr

ue `fia, parqub sae às qub bstrugturfe eubstrf oardf ib gaegbchr `f rbf`hifi y f`dhsda thbdpa `b heihgfe f` fef`hstf què fspbgtas ib `f rbf`hifi ibcbe sbr acsbrvf-

ias. ar atra, parqub sae as qub ‐ibebe fs gftbkaräfs be fs guf`bs as obe÷dbeas

ibcbe fkrupfrsb— (Wfcfthbr, 6888: 9).

Whe bdcfrka, pfrf qub bstas supubstas pbrdhtfe b` bstfc`bghdhbeta ib ibtbrdh-

efifs rb`fghaebs ib gfusf`hifi (gae b` e ib gadprbeibr y bxp`hgfr obe÷dbeas y

pragbsas ib `f rbf`hifi) rbsu`tf ebgbsfrha hegarparfràs be b` dfrga ib tbaräfs ghbetä-

gfs gambrbetbs y chbe frthgu`fifs. Waà f pfrthr ib b``fs bs pashc`b ibrhvfr ib dfeb-

rf ibiugthvf ue gaejueta ib mhp÷tbshs qub pubife sbr sadbthifs f uef gaetrfstfgh÷e

bdpärhgf. Bs par bstf rfz÷e qub ‗gada ihjbrf Wfcfthbr mfgb vbhetb föas ftræs‗ sb

vub`vb hdprbsgheihc`b ibsfrra``fr dæs y dbjarbs tbaräfs.

Iurfetb às ú`thdas vbhethghega föas sb mfe praiughia heeavfghaebs tb÷rhgfs shk-

ehgfthvfs be b` gfdpa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. F` gfàr ib `fs gräthgfs f `fs qub sb

sadbth÷ f` daibà sbgubeghf` (qub be pfrforfsbfeia f Wfcfthbr mf iurfia dæs qub su

praphf uth`hifi) gadbezfrae f ibsfrra``frsb f`kueas eubvas dfrgas tb÷rhgas pradbtb-

iarbs qub hetbetfe bxp`hgfr b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs. Be `f fgtuf`hifi b` bsgbefrha bsdugma dæs pradhsarha qub fybr, fuequb b`à shkehqub f bdbrkbeghf ib uef du`thp`h-




629

ghifi ib tbaräfs y beoaqubs ea shbdprb gaeshstbetbs betrb sä. Gada sböf`f Wgm`fkbr, b`

gfdpa ib fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb gfrfgtbrhzf may par ‐hs`fs ib daetföfs ib bstrugturf

tb÷rhgf, betrbdbzg`fifs y agfshaef`dbetb uehifs betrb sä par ga`hefs ib dètaias y

gaegbptas gadpfrthias y trfcfja bdpärhga, taia raibfia par agèfeas ib trfcfja ibs-

grhpthva, she rb`fgh÷e gae ehekuef daetföf ib tbaräf— (688;: 69).F gaetheufgh÷e sb prbsbetfræe y ibsgrhchræe f`kueas ib às beoaqubs a dfrgas

tb÷rhgas dæs hdpartfetbs b heuybetbs ib às ú`thdas vbhetb föas. @f ftbegh÷e `f

gbetrfrbdas be: 6) b` beoaqub a pbrspbgthvf hesthtughaef`hstf, 3) b` beoaqub ib rbibs

ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf, 7) `f tbaräf ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf` y 9) b` dfrga ib `fs gaf`h-

ghaebs pradatarfs.

7.6. B` beoaqub hesthtughaef`Gae cfsb be fpartfghaebs tb÷rhgfs pravbehbetbs ib ihsthetfs ihsghp`hefs, b` beoaqub hes-

thtughaef`hstf ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs tuva su arhkbe f ef`bs ib `f iègfif ib` ;>. Whe

bdcfrka, às fpartbs dæs shstbdæthgas sb praiugbe be `f prhdbrf dhtfi ib `f iègfif

ib às => gae `f puc`hgfgh÷e ib ias trfcfjas g`æshgas: ‐Ymb Ymrbb [arìs ao Fgthae: F

Dbtftmbarbthgf` Wyetbshs ao Hesthtuthaef` Fpprafgmbs— (Lhsbr y Astrad, 68=3) y ‐Ymb

Ebw Hesthtuthaef hsd: Arkfehzfthaef` Ofgtars he a hthgf` @hob— (Dfrgm y A`sbe, 68=9).

F pbsfr ib qub bstas trfcfjas ifræe ùkfr f ias thpas ib garrhbetbs ibetra ib`beoaqub hesthtughaef`hstf, fdcas rbgaeagbe `f ebgbshifi ib rbgupbrfr `f gfpfghifi

bxp`hgfthvf qub `fs hesthtughaebs thbebe sacrb b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

(^btbrs, 6883). Bstb ra` mfcäf shia dbeasprbghfia ‗gufeia ea hkearfia‗ iurfetb `f

iègfif ib às ?> y ;> be fqub`às bstuihas qub sb mfcäfe gbetrfia be fef`hzfr `fs

ihsthetfs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs ibsib beoaqubs pùrf`hstfs a f pfrthr ib

beoaqubs bstrugturf`hstfs trfihghaef`bs (Hddbrkut, 3>>?).

Be às trfcfjas ib Lhsbr y Astrad (68=3) y Astrad (6886, 6888) sb ibsfrra``÷ ue

bsqubdf kbebrf` pfrf b` bstuiha ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @f prapubstf gaeshstäf befef`hzfr ib què dfebrf `fs hesthtughaebs fobgtfe às hegbethvas qub beorbetfe às

heihvhiuas, sus gadpartfdhbetas y sus oardfs ib hetbrfggh÷e, heuybeia fsä sacrb

b` rbsu`tfia ib` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs. Cfja bstb beoaqub às heihvhiuas sae gaesh-

ibrfias fgtarbs rfghaef`bs qub apbrfe cfja ihsthetas y vfrhfias betareas hesthtugha-

ef`bs (rbk`fs ib jubka), shbeia bstas betareas as qub heuybe sacrb sus bxpbgtfthvfs

y gadpartfdhbeta bstrftèkhga.

^frf bstb beoaqub `f frbef ib fggh÷e gaesthtuyb `f uehifi gaegbptuf`. @f frbefib fggh÷e ‐mfgb rbobrbeghf f` bspfgha saghf` be b` qub às heihvhiuas hetbrfgtúfe




622

hetbrgfdchfe chbebs y sbrvhghas, saùghaefe prac`bdfs, sb iadhefe betrb sä, a sb

pb`bfe (…) (Astrad, 6888: 3=). Yaif frbef ib fggh÷e gadprbeib: (6) uef shtufgh÷e

ib fggh÷e< y (3) às fgtarbs. @f shtufgh÷e ib fggh÷e pubib gfrfgtbrhzfrsb f pfrthr ib

shbtb vfrhfc`bs: f) às pfrthghpfetbs, c) `fs pashghaebs bspbgägfs f sbr agupfifs par

às pfrthghpfetbs, g) b` gaejueta ib fgghaebs pbrdhthifs y su gaebxh÷e gae às rbsu`-tfias, i) às rbsu`tfias patbeghf`bs qub bstæe gaebgtfias f sbgubeghfs ib fgghaebs

heihvhiuf`bs, b) b` gaetra` qub gfif uea ib às pfrthghpfetbs thbeb sacrb `f b`bggh÷e,

o) `f heoardfgh÷e ihspaehc`b pfrf às pfrthghpfetbs sacrb `f bstrugturf ib `f shtufgh÷e

ib fggh÷e, y k) às gastas y cbebghas fshkefias f `fs fgghaebs y às rbsu`tfias. Be

tfeta, `f eagh÷e ib fgtar hegùyb supubstas sacrb guftra thpas ib vfrhfc`bs: f) às

rbgursas qub gfif fgtar trfb f uef shtufgh÷e ib fggh÷e, c) `f vfàrfgh÷e qub às fg-

tarbs fshkefe f às bstfias ib` dueia y `fs fgghaebs, g) `f oardf be qub às fgtarbsfiquhbrbe, pragbsfe y uth`hzfe b` gaeaghdhbeta y `f heoardfgh÷e ihspaehc`b, i) às

pragbsas qub usfe às fgtarbs pfrf sb`bgghaefr às gursas ib fggh÷e. @as supubstas

sacrb às qub arhkhef`dbetb sb fsbet÷ b` feæ`hshs hesthtughaef` sb cfsfe be ue daibà

ib fgtar rfghaef`-dfxhdhzfiar, gae prbobrbeghfs g`frfs y aribefifs, b heoardfgh÷e

gadp`btf. F`kueas daibàs dæs sasthgfias mfe hegùhia b` thbdpa y às rbgursas

qub sb ibsthefe f dfetbebr `fs rb`fghaebs betrb fgtarbs fsä gada `f rbputfgh÷e. X

f`kueas dæs rbf`hstfs mfe p`fetbfia `f ebgbshifi ib hegarparfr `f of`hch`hifi y b`

fprbeihzfjb f trfvès ib` brrar y rbgaeagbr `f gfpfghifi `hdhtfif ib às fgtarbs pfrfrbuehr y pragbsfr heoardfgh÷e.

Oubetb: Fifptfia ib Astrad, Kfriebr y [f`lbr (6889: 7;).




62?

B` feæ`hshs hesthtughaef` vf dæs f``æ ib `f gfrfgtbrhzfgh÷e ib `fs frbefs ib fggh÷e

y ea fsudb par ififs `fs vfrhfc`bs qub heuybe sacrb `f shtufgh÷e ib fggh÷e y `f bs-

trugturf dathvfghaef` ib às fgtarbs. Be bobgta, pfrf às hesthtughaef`hstfs `fs frbefs

ib fggh÷e bstæe fobgtfifs/heuhifs par atra gaejueta ib vfrhfc`bs: (6) às fgubrias

hesthtughaef`bs ‗rbk`fs be usa‗ qub ibebe què fgghaebs bstæe pbrdhthifs, bxhkhifs

a pramhchifs< (3) às ftrhcutas ib` dueia oäshga be b` guf` sb fgtúf< y (7) `fs gfrfgtb-

rästhgfs ib `f gaduehifi be `f guf` `f fggh÷e bs ``bvfif f gfca.

Whe bdcfrka, às hesthtughaef`hstfs ea sb gaeoardfe gae fef`hzfr g÷da heuybe

bstas ofgtarbs sacrb `fs frbefs ib fggh÷e heihvhiuf`bs. âr b` gaetrfrha, ifia qub `f

dfyar pfrtb ib `f rbf`hifi saghf` sb gadpaeb ib vfrhfs frbefs gaebgtfifs be oardf

sbgubeghf` a shdu`tæebf, `f ef`hifi ib` feæ`hshs hesthtughaef` bstuihfr ib què df-ebrf bstæe vhegu`fifs `fs ihsthetfs frbefs ib fggh÷e. Ifia qub be dugmas gfsas às

fgtarbs ea pubibe gfdchfr ib oardf shkehgfthvf `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib `f gadueh-

ifi a às ftrhcutas rb`bvfetbs ib` dueia, gufeia às heihvhiuas ibsbfe gfdchfr `f

bstrugturf ib hegbethvas y b`bdbetas ihsufshvas qub beorbetfe às pfrthghpfetbs be

rbf`hifibs gaestruhifs saghf`dbetb, pfrf kuhfr (a gaetra`fr) f às pfrthghpfetbs mfghf

ue pftr÷e ihobrbetb ib rbsu`tfias, à mfgbe hetbetfeia gfdchfr `fs rbk`fs, bs ibghr,

dbihfetb b` gfdcha ib às fgubrias hesthtughaef`bs. ^bra taifs `fs rbk`fs bstæe feh-

ififs be atra gaejueta ib rbk`fs qub ibeb g÷da b` prhdbr gaejueta ib rbk`fs pubib

gfdchfrsb. Bs par b`à qub gufeia sb fcarif `f gubsth÷e ib` gfdcha hesthtughaef` ‐bs

ebgbsfrha rbgaeagbr:

h) @as gfdchas be `fs rbk`fs uth`hzfifs pfrf aribefr `f fggh÷e be ue ehvb`

agurrbe ibetra ib ue gaejueta ib rbk`fs fgtuf`dbetb ‐jfia— be ue ehvb`

dæs praoueia.

hh) @as gfdchas be fs rbk`fs ib ehvb`bs dæs praoueias kbebrf`dbetb sae dæs

ihoägh`bs y dæs gastasas< par a tfeta, bxhstb uef bstfch`hifi grbghbetb be fsbxpbgtfthvfs gaduebs ib às heihvhiuas qub hetbrfgtúfe ib fgubria gae ue

gaejueta ib rbk`fs— (Astrad, 6888: 9=).

Be bstb pueta rbsu`tf betaegbs úth` ihobrbeghfr ihsthetas ehvb`bs ib fggh÷e: (6) b`

ehvb` apbrfghaef`, qub thbeb qub vbr gae `fs fgghaebs ihrbgtfs ib às heihvhiuas be

rb`fgh÷e gae atras heihvhiuas y gae b` dueia oäshga (rbk`fs apbrfghaef`bs a S6)< (3)

b` ehvb` ib b`bggh÷e ga`bgthvf, be b` guf` às heihvhiuas bstfc`bgbe `fs rbk`fs qub ka-

chbrefe sus fgghaebs f ehvb` apbrfghaef` (rbk`fs ib b`bggh÷e ga`bgthvf a S3)< y (7) b`

ehvb` gaesthtughaef`, be b` guf` as heihvhiuas bstfc`bgbe fs rbk`fs y pragbihdhbetas




62;

pfrf tadfr ibghshaebs ga`bgthvfs (rbk`fs gaesthtughaef`bs a S7).

B` dhsda fgtar a krupa ib fgtarbs pubib davbrsb be ihsthetas ehvb`bs ib fggh÷e.

Be f`kuefs ghrguestfeghfs às fgtarbs cusgfe dbjarfr sus rbsu`tfias dbihfetb ue

dfrga ib rbk`fs ifia< pbra be atrfs cusgfe gfdchfr `fs rbk`fs pfrf fudbetfr `fs

pracfch`hifibs ib actbebr às rbsu`tfias prbobrhias y ib hdpbihr qub sb ``bkub f (aihsdheuhr `f pracfch`hifi ib) rbsu`tfias ea ibsbfias. Ib bstb daia, ibsib bstf pbrs-

pbgthvf b` gfdcha ib pa`äthgfs sb gaeghcb gada fgghaebs tadfifs be às ehvb`bs ib

b`bggh÷e ga`bgthvf y gaesthtughaef`, arhbetfifs f gfdchfr as fgubrias hesthtughaef`bs

Oubetb: Astrad (3>>;: 92).




62=

B` trfcfja ib Dfrgm y A`sbe (68=9) supusa uef ‐rutf— f`tbrefthvf ib feæ`hshs

hesthtughaef`. Wu gaegbpgh÷e ib` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs pfrtb ib` supubsta ib qub

bstæ kacbrefia par `f ‐`÷khgf ib à fpraphfia— dæs qub par ue pragbsa ib b`bggh÷e

rfghaef` gaestrböhia par b` bobgta qub `fs rbk`fs b hesthtughaebs thbebe sacrb `fs fg-ghaebs y ibghshaebs ib às fgtarbs. Fdcas futarbs thbeibe f rbgmfzfr `f hibf ib qub

b` gæ`guà rfghaef` b hestrudbetf` kuäf `f fggh÷e, y sb hetbrbsfe par fef`hzfr b` ra`

qub ibsbdpböfe as vfàrbs (dæs qub fs rbk`fs) gada arhbetfiarfs ib fs b`bgghaebs

ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

B`à ea supaeb, she bdcfrka, fpfrtfrsb ib` feæ`hshs hesthtughaef`. Cfja bstf

fpraxhdfgh÷e `fs hesthtughaebs ea sae gaegbchifs gada bstrugturfs ib hegbethvas

‐vfàrfthvfdbetb ebutrf`bs— shea gada partfiarfs y prapfkfiarfs ib ghbrtas vfàrbssaghf`bs. Bstas vfàrbs pubibe sbr pfrf as fgtarbs dæs a dbeas ibsbfc`bs, rfz÷e par

`f guf` `fs pa`äthgfs ibcbe sbr pbrghchifs gada uef ihsputf betrb ihsthetas gaejuetas

ib vfàrbs hesthtughaef`bs.

Re trfcfja ga`bgthva f`tbrefthva qub rbgupbrf ibsib `f Frkbethef (a Fdèrhgf @f-

thef) `f hdpartfeghf ib` feæ`hshs hesthtughaef` pfrf `f bxp`hgfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs sae `fs gaetrhcughaebs rbf`hzfifs par Wtbhe, Yaddfsh bt f`. (3>>?)< Wtbhe y

Yaddfsh (3>>=)< y Wgfrtfsgheh, Wph``br, Wtbhe y Yaddfsh (3>66). Bstas futarbs sas-

thbebe, be `äebf gae à frdfia par Astrad, qub ‐`fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ea sae shd- p`bdbetb acjbtas ib b`bggh÷e pfrf ue p`fehgfiar saghf` qub hetbetf dfxhdhzfr b`

chbebstfr ib `f pa c`fgh÷e. Dæs chbe, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs bdbrkbe ib ue pragbsa ib

tadf ib ibghshaebs qub hevaùgrf uef du`thp`hghifi ib fgtarbs pa`äthgas qub hetbrfg-

túfe be uef vfrhbifi ib bsgbefrhas— Wgfrtfsgheh, Wph``br, Wtbhe y Yaddfsh (3>66: 3).

Bstb beoaqub fsudb qub bs b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs (Ô^) b` qub if

oardf f fs pa`äthgfs, fs hdpu`sf ibsib f hibf mfstf f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y fs sasthbeb

(a ea) f à `frka ib` thbdpa. Be bstb sbethia, às rbsu`tfias actbehias par `fs pa`ä-thgfs púc`hgfs ibpbeibe, be krfe dbihif, ib `f gf`hifi ib` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e

ib pa`äthgfs f trfvès ib` guf` bstfs sb ibcftbe, sb fprubcfe y sb hdp`bdbetfe. Ib `fs

gfrfgtbrästhgfs fibgufifs a ea qub fsudf b` Ô^ ibpbeibræ `f efturf`bzf y gf`hifi

ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.






6?>

`f gaapbrfgh÷e. Bstfs hegùybe b` eúdbra ib fgtarbs pa`äthgas g`fvb, sus marhzaetbs

tbdparf`bs, `f orbgubeghf ib su hetbrfggh÷e, `f efturf`bzf ib às bsgbefrhas be às

guf`bs hetbrfgtúfe y `f ihspaehch`hifi ib dbgfehsdas ib beoargbdbet qub às ac`h-

kube f gudp`hr gae sus gadpradhsas.

Ohef`dbetb, b` oueghaefdhbeta ib` O , f f vbz, bstæ ibtbrdhefia par fs hesthtu-ghaebs pa`äthgfs praphfs ib gfif pfäs, gada `f efturf`bzf prbshibeghf`/pfr`fdbetfrhf

ib` kachbrea, fs rbk`fs b`bgtarf`bs bxhstbetbs, `f bstrugturf obibrf` ib` pfäs y `f bxhs-

tbeghf ib ue paibr juihghf` heibpbeihbetb;.

7.3. B` beoaqub ib rbibs ib pa`äthgfs

B` beoaqub ib rbibs ib pa`äthgfs mf bdbrkhia gada ue dfrga pradbtbiar f dbihf-

ias ib às föas => pbra mf bxpbrhdbetfia ue hetbesa ibsfrra`à ibsib às 8> mfstf`f fgtuf`hifi. Ihgma beoaqub pfrtb ib` rbgaeaghdhbeta ib qub `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

bdbrkbe ib `f hetbrfggh÷e betrb fgtarbs kucbrefdbetf`bs, bstftf`bs, fgtarbs saghf`bs,

pa`äthgas y bgae÷dhgas. Ib bstb daia, `f fidhehstrfgh÷e (b` Kachbrea y/a b` Bstfia)

ibjf ib sbr gaegbchia gada b` fgtar jbrærquhga y iadhefetb be `f b`fcarfgh÷e b hd-

p`bdbetfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

@as futarbs qub sb bedfrgfe be bstb beoaqub uth`hzfe b` gaegbpta ib rbibs ib

pa`äthgfs be f` dbeas ias sbethias. âr ue `fia bstæe fqub`às qub uth`hzfe b` gae-gbpta pfrf fp`hgfrà ib oardf kbeèrhgf f guf`quhbr thpa a pftr÷e ib hetbrfggh÷e qub

sb bstfc`bgb betrb fgtarbs púc`hgas y prhvfias be b` dfrga ib sucshstbdfs ib pa`äth-

gf púc`hgf bspbgägas. Wbkúe bstf fgbpgh÷e, `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgf ea rbbrbe f uef

eubvf oardf ib kachbrea, shea qub bxhstb ue fdp`ha fcfehga ib pashc`bs pftraebs ib

hetbrfggh÷e qub sb pubibe ibsfrra``fr be b` ædchta ib `f oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs.

âr atra `fia, bstæe quhbebs uth`hzfe b` gaegbpta pfrf mfgbr rbobrbeghf f uef eub-

vf oardf (a bstrugturf) ib kachbrea, ihsthetf tfeta f `fs jbrfrquäfs arkfehzfifs vbrth-

gf`dbetb gada f `fs bstrugturfs ib dbrgfia arkfehzfifs be oardf marhzaetf`. Bstasfutarbs paebe b` èeofshs be `f gaarihefgh÷e marhzaetf` y futaarkfehzfif betrb fgta-

rbs púc`hgas y prhvfias hdp`hgfias be `f rbsaùgh÷e ib prac`bdfs ib hetbrès gadúe.

; Ibsib `f sbkueif dhtfi ib f iègfif ib 8> mfstf `f obgmf, b` beoaqub hesthtughaef`hstf mf fiquhrhiaue eubva y dæs sasthgfia ibsfrra`à. Ib `f dfea ib às trfcfjas phaebras ib Ysbcb`hs (6882), Wtbpfe

(3>>9), y F`bdfe y Ysbcb`hs (3>>;) sb mf ibsfrra``fia `f tbaräf ib às fgtarbs gae paibr ib vbta. Bstbeubva beoaqub shetbthzf b hetbkrf ‗gae ebs gadpfrfthvas‗ taif uef fcueifetb `htbrfturf qub sb mf

ibsfrra``fia be tarea f `f heubeghf qub thbebe `fs hesthtughaebs. @f tbaräf ib às fgtarbs ib vbta sb

hetbrbsf duy bspbghf`dbetb be `f bxp`hgfgh÷e ib` gfdcha (a ea) ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.




6?6

@fs rbibs ib pa`äthgf sb gaesthtuybe fsä be uef eubvf oardf ib kacbrefezf gfrfgtbrh-

zfif par b` prbiadheha ib rb`fghaebs marhzaetf`bs, ibsgbetrf`hzfifs b heoardf`bs, à

qub paeb ib dfehbsta qub b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e b hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs

ea sb begubetrf gadp`btfdbetb bstrugturfia par frrbkàs hesthtughaef`bs oardf`bs

(Lbehs y Wgmebhibr, 6886).@a dæs hetbrbsfetb ib bstf fpraxhdfgh÷e bs qub `fs rbibs sae gaegbchifs gada

futakacbrefifs y gae gfpfghifi pfrf rbshsthr `fs ihrbgthvfs ib` Kachbrea (Smaibs,

688;). @as fgtarbs oardf`dbetb rbspaesfc`bs ib `fs ibghshaebs (ib b`fcarfgh÷e y

bjbgugh÷e) ea sae às úehgas ‗y f vbgbs eh shquhbrf às dæs heuybetbs‗ f` dadbeta

ib tadfr ibghshaebs, à qub ea hdp`hgf qub ea hetbetbe kbsthaefr `fs rbibs ib pa`ä-

thgfs pfrf pradavbr `f saùgh÷e gaejuetf ib prac`bdfs púc`hgas. @f kbsth÷e ib `fs

rbibs rbquhbrb gaarihefr `fs bstrftbkhfs betrb fgtarbs qub pasbbe prbobrbeghfs y db-tfs ihsthetfs be tarea f ue ibtbrdhefia prac`bdf qub rbquhbrb saùgh÷e. Whkuhbeia

f Lhglbrt y Lappbejfe (688;) b` èxhta be `f kbsth÷e ib `fs rbibs ibpbeib ib ghbrtfs

gaeihghaebs: f) b` eúdbra ib fgtarbs qub pfrthghpf be `f rbi, c) `f gadp`bjhifi ib `f

rbi, betbeihif gada `f ihvbrshifi ib fgtarbs qub pfrthghpfe, g) b` krfia be qub `fs

rbibs sae futa-rbobrbeghf`bs, pubsta qub `fs pashch`hifibs ib hetbrvbegh÷e bxtbref

sbræe `hdhtfifs gufeia bstfs sbfe sudfdbetb futarbobrbeghf`bs, y i) b` krfia ib

gaehgthvhifi f` hetbrhar ib `f rbi.

Be b` beoaqub ib rbibs ib pa`äthgfs, b` acjbta ib bstuiha ea à gaesthtuyb saà b`feæ`hshs ib f gaduehgfgh÷e rbku`fr b hetbrgfdcha ib heoardfgh÷e betrb as fgtarbs f`

hetbrhar ib `f rbi, shea fibdæs b` feæ`hshs ib às b`bdbetas qub ibtbrdhefe `f gaes-

truggh÷e, dfetbehdhbeta y bvaùgh÷e ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs (bsta bs, `fs

rbibs gada vfrhfc`b ibpbeihbetb) y f heubeghf ib as ihsthetas thpas ib rbibs sacrb

`f pashch`hifi ib gfdcha be `fs pa`äthgfs (bs ibghr, `f bstrugturf ib `fs rbibs gada

vfrhfc`b heibpbeihbetb).

Wh chbe be às ú`thdas föas vfrhas hevbsthkfiarbs mfe fivbrthia `f prbsbeghf ibihvbrsas ofgtarbs qub pairäfe heuhr be b` surkhdhbeta y `f oardf (bstrugturf) ib `fs

rbibs ib pa`äthgfs, fúe shkub shbeia ue ibsfoäa ‐hibethgfr gae prbghsh÷e as ibtbrdh-

efetbs ib fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs y gaebgtfr bstas ibtbrdhefetbs gae fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs

bspbgägfs ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs— (Fifd y Lrhbsh, 3>>;).

Whkuhbeia f Fifd y Lrhbsh (3>>;) pubibe rbgaeagbrsb trbs thpas ib ibtbrdhefetbs:

h) às gaetbxtas trfesefghaef`bs: `f gaesthtugh÷e ib fdchbetbs ib pa`äthgfs

hetbrefghaef`hzfias (par bjbdpà, be b` dfrga ib f hetbkrfgh÷e be f Reh÷e

Burapbf) pubibe heuhr sacrb `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs f ehvb` efghaef`, f` rb-




6?3

ihstrhcuhr rbgursas betrb às fgtarbs ib `f rbi, pbra tfdchèe f` fcrhr eubvas

puetas ib fggbsa y grbfr eubvas bspfghas ib fgtufgh÷e pfrf `f hegarparf-

gh÷e ib eubvas tbdfs ib pa`äthgfs.

hh) B` gaetbxta efghaef`: fquä sb rbgaeagbe trbs thpas ib vfrhfc`bs qub heu-

ybe sacrb b` surkhdhbeta y bstrugturf ib `f rbi. âr ue `fia, `f bstrugtu-rf hesthtughaef` efghaef` oardf` heuyb be fdcas fspbgtas g`fvbs ib `fs

rbibs ib pa`äthgfs. @f thpaàkäf ib @hjpmfrt (6888) sacrb `fs ibdagrfghfs

eas pbrdhtb ihsthekuhr betrb bstrugturfs hesthtughaef`bs ib ue pfäs bspbgä-

ga ib fgubria gae b` krfia ib gaegbetrfgh÷e ib paibr. Be bstb sbethia sb

bspbrf qub `fs ibdagrfghfs gaesbesuf`bs gaetrhcuyfe f `f orfkdbetfgh÷e

ib` paibr ibetra ib `fs rbibs, dhbetrfs qub `fs ibdagrfghfs dfyarhtfrhfs

hegbethvbe `f gaesthtugh÷e ib rbibs iaeib b` paibr sb gaegbetrb be dfeasib ueas pagas fgtarbs. Fshdhsda, sb bspbrf qub as pftraebs ib hetbrfggh÷e

sbfe dæs gaapbrfthvas be `fs ibdagrfghfs ib gaesbesa y dæs gadpbththvas

be `fs ibdagrfghfs dfyarhtfrhfs. âr atra `fia, `fs frbefs fidhehstrfthvfs

tfdchèe heuybe sacrb `f bstrugturf ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs. Bstfs frbefs

fidhehstrfthvfs ibpbeibe (6) ib `f futaeadäf y gbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib` Bstfia

y (3) ib` shstbdf ib fsaghfghaebs ib hetbrès=. âr ú`thda, `f bxhstbeghf ib

bstrugturfs heoardf`bs (prægthgfs y pragbihdhbetas ea hesthtughaef`hzfias)

tfdchèe pubib sbr ibghshvf f `f marf ib bxp`hgfr `f gadpashgh÷e y bstrugtu-rf ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs.

hhh) @as gaetbxtas bspbgägas ib às sucshstbdfs ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf: ihsthe-

tas trfcfjas mfe hibethgfia vfrhfc`bs kbebrf`bs ib pa`äthgfs bspbgägfs y

vfrhfc`bs shtufghaef`bs ib pa`äthgfs bspbgägfs shtufghaef`bs qub fobgtfe `f

= Gufeta dæs gbetrf`hzfia y fut÷eada bs b` Bstfia, dfyar sbræ su gfpfghifi ib hetbrvbegh÷e, bsibghr, dæs oubrtb sbræ. Ib` dhsda daia, guæeta dæs gbetrf`hzfifs y fut÷eadfs (ib sus dhbdcras)sae `fs prheghpf`bs fsaghfghaebs ib hetbrbsbs, bs ibghr, guæeta dæs oubrtb sae, dfyar bs su gfpfghifiib ebkaghfr y ib pfgtfr fgubrias vhegu`fetbs betrb sä y gae sus hetbràgutarbs bstftf`bs. Whe bdcfrka,`f gadchefgh÷e ib às ias b`bdbetas a ihdbeshaebs bs à oueifdbetf` pfrf `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib paibry pfrf b` thpa ib hetbrfggh÷e qub sb praiugb f` hetbrhar ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs: sh fdcfs pfrtbs saehkuf`dbetb oubrtbs, bs ibghr, sh b` paibr sb gaegbetrf be fdcfs, às pftraebs ib hetbrfggh÷e bstæe dæsgbetrf`hzfias y arhbetfias f` gaesbesa. Bstf bs `f mhp÷tbshs oueifdbetf` ib `f `htbrfturf ebagarparf-thvhstf (Wgmdhttbr 68;8). Wh fdcfs pfrtbs sae hkuf`dbetb ièch`bs, b` paibr bstfræ dæs orfkdbetfia ysb bspbrf qub às pftraebs ib hetbrfggh÷e sbfe dæs shdètrhgas y gadpbththvas. Be b` gfsa ib qub `fs

fsaghfghaebs ib hetbrès sbfe dugma dæs oubrtbs, às bsqubdfs futarbku`ftarhas sae b` rbsu`tfia dæsofgthc`b, dhbetrfs qub gufeia b` Bstfia bs dugma dæs oubrtb qub às fgtarbs saghf`bs `fs hetbrvbegha-ebs ueh`ftbrf`bs ib às fgtarbs bstftf`bs sb gaevhbrtbe be uef pashch`hifi pfrthgu`fr.




6?7

bstrugturf y b` gfdcha ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs. Ga`bdfe bt f`. (688;: 3;?)

frkudbetfe qub `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs bspbgägfs ib uef pa`äthgf thbeb heube-

ghf sacrb `f oardf ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs. @fs pa`äthgfs ihbrbe sbkúe às

hegbethvas y rbgursas qub pravbbe pfrf `f oardfgh÷e ib krupas, `fs bxpbg-

tfthvfs qub kbebrfe betrb às krupas a `fs dfsfs, su eatarhbifi/rb`bvfeghf pfrf às púc`hgas ib dfsfs y `f trfzfch`hifi ib sus bobgtas. @fs vfrhfc`bs

shtufghaef`bs sb gbetrfe be `fs rfzaebs ib` gfdcha ibetra ib `fs rbibs ib

pa`äthgfs. Ib fgubria gae Cfudkfrtebr y Jaebs (6887) bstas ofgtarbs ibsbs-

tfch`hzfiarbs pubibe pravbehr ib smagls bx÷kbeas (praiughias par gfdchas

tbgea`÷khgas, a bdbrkbeghf ib eubvas vfàrbs, hibfs a gaeaghdhbetas) y/a `f

davh`hzfgh÷e ib gaf`hghaebs be gadpbtbeghf.

B` beoaqub ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs tfdchèe pastu`f qub `f bstrugturf ib `fs rbibs(vfrhfc`b heibpbeihbetb) ibtbrdhef ea saà b` rbsu`tfia ib `f pa`äthgf shea fibdæs b`

thpa ib gfdcha pashc`b. Whkuhbeia f Dfrsm y Wdhtm (3>>>) bs pashc`b frdfr qub b`

krfia y vbàghifi ib` gfdcha ib pa`äthgfs bstæ gaeihghaefia par `f gfpfghifi ib rbi

pfrf dbihfr a dhehdhzfr às bobgtas ib tf`bs gfdchas.

Fifd y Lrhbsh (3>>;) prapaebe uef thpaàkäf ib rbibs be cfsb f ias ihdbesha-

ebs. @f ihstrhcugh÷e ib paibr gaesthtuyb `f prhdbrf ihdbesh÷e, y sb hetbrbsf sacrbtaia be sh b` paibr bstæ gaegbetrfia be dfeas ib ue fgtar a gaf`hgh÷e ib fgtarbs




6?9

iadhefetb, a sh bs gadpfrthia betrb fgtarbs a gaf`hghaebs ib fgtarbs. Be gfdcha,

`f sbkueif ihdbesh÷e rbbrb f `f daif`hifi ib hetbrfggh÷e f` hetbrhar ib `fs rbibs

ib pa`äthgfs. @as futarbs prapaebe uef ihsthegh÷e betrb trbs oardfs a pftraebs ib

hetbrfggh÷e: (prbiadheha ib`) gaehgta/`f gadpbtbeghf, (prbiadheha ib`) trubqub/`f

ebkaghfgh÷e, y (prbiadheha ib) `f gaapbrfgh÷e. ‐@f ebkaghfgh÷e gaesthtuyb ue thpahetbrdbiha a fdchvf`betb gfrfgtbrhzfia tfeta par b` gaehgta/gadpbtbeghf gada par

`f gaapbrfgh÷e— (Fifd y Lrhbsh, 3>>;: 679). Ib `f gadchefgh÷e ib bstfs ias ihdbe-

shaebs sb pubibe ibrhvfr sbhs g`fsbs ib rbibs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

Whe bdcfrka, ue feæ`hshs shstbdæthga ib` hdpfgta ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs rbquhb-

rb vhegu`fr bstas sbhs thpas ib rbibs gae às thpas ib gfdchas qub kbebrfe ihobrbetbs

rbsu`tfias. @as futarbs ghtfias sb prapaebe gaebgtfr gfif gftbkaräf ib `f thpaàkäf

gae ue ibtbrdhefia patbeghf` pfrf, y thpa ib, gfdcha ib pa`äthgfs.âr ue `fia, às pftraebs ib hetbrfggh÷e sb vhegu`fe gae b` thpa ib gfdcha. Be

shtufghaebs ib gaehgta sb bspbrf qub mfyf gfdchas ræphias (sbrhf`bs) ib pa`äthgfs,

dhbetrfs qub às gfdchas krfiuf`bs sb ife dæs orbgubetbdbetb be shtufghaebs ib

ebkaghfgh÷e. @fs bstrugturfs ib pa`äthgfs ib gaapbrfgh÷e thbeibe, be gfdcha, f dfe-

tbebr b` stftu qua. âr b` atra, sb rb`fghaef b` krfia ib gaegbetrfgh÷e ib paibr gae b`

patbeghf` pfrf b` gfdcha. Be bstb sbethia sb bspbrf qub b` patbeghf` pfrf gfif b` gfd-

cha bs dfyar sh b` paibr sb orfkdbetf. Wh b` paibr sb orfkdbetf, `fs cf`fezfs sb heg`h-

efe dæs oægh`dbetb f ofvar ib `f gaf`hgh÷e ib fgtarbs ibsffetbs. âr b` gaetrfrha, sh

b` paibr bstæ gaegbetrfia, b` patbeghf pfrf b` gfdcha bs cfja pubsta qub às fgtarbs

ibsffetbs ihspaebe ib pagas rbgursas pfrf qubcrfr b` ‐daeapa`ha ib pa`äthgfs—.

Yhpaàkäfs ib rbibs y patbeghf` y thpa ib gfdcha ib pa`äthgfs

Ihstrhcugh÷e ib` paibr Yhpa ib hetbrfggh÷e

Gaehgta Ebkaghfgh÷e Gaapbrfgh÷e

Gaegbetrfgh÷eâtbeghf` daibrfia pfrf

gfdcha ræphia (sbrhf`).

âtbeghf` cfja f daibrf-

ia pfrf gfdcha krfiuf`.

Cfja patbeghf` pfrf b`

gfdcha, dfetbehdhbeta ib`

stftu qua.

Orfkdbetfgh÷eF`ta patbeghf` pfrf gfdcha

ræphia (sbrhf`).

âtbeghf` f`ta f daibrf-

ia pfrf gfdcha krfiuf`.

Cfja patbeghf` pfrf b`

gfdcha, dfetbehdhbeta ib`

stftu qua.

Oubetb: Fifd y Lrhbsh (3>>;: 692).






6??

`fia, sb hegùybe às gadpaebetbs rfghaef`bs b hestrudbetf`bs qub usuf`dbetb sb

uth`hzfe pfrf gfrfgtbrhzfr `f oardu`fgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf, pbra sb hegarparfe

fibdæs ghbrtas gadpaebetbs vfàrfthvas gada `fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs, `fs hdæ-

kbebs, y as oueifdbetas y bkhthdfghaebs qub bstæe ibtræs ib taif pa`äthgf. ar atra,

sb rbgaeagb bxp`äghtfdbetb ‗rbgakhbeia f gaetrhcugh÷e rbf`hzfif par @awh ‗ qub asihsböas ib fs pa`äthgfs ( pa`hgy ibshke) thbebe gaesbgubeghfs y pa`äthgfs hdpartfetbs.

@fs hibfs a supubstas sacrb às guf`bs ibsgfesf bstb dfrga fef`äthga pubibe she-

tbthzfrsb ib `f shkuhbetb dfebrf:

h) @f rbf`hifi bs uef gaestruggh÷e saghf . ^frthbeia ib uef gräthgf f às su-

pubstas ib` pfrfihkdf pashthvhstf, mbkbd÷ehga be b` gfdpa ib `f ghbeghf

saghf` mfstf ef`bs ib às ?> y prheghphas ib às ;>, `f tbaräf ib `f gaestrug-

gh÷e saghf` pfrtb ib f frdfgh÷e ib qub fs Ghbeghfs Waghf`bs sae bsbeghf`-dbetb hetbrprbtfthvfs. @f rbf`hifi ea bxhstb, tfdpaga às prac`bdfs. Yfeta

fqub``f gada bstas sae praiugta ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf`, b hevaùgrfe

be su hetbrprbtfgh÷e vfàrbs. Be pf`fcrfs ib Hekrfd, Wgmebhibr y ib@bae

(3>>;: 89): ‐@as gaestrugghaehstfs saghf`bs p`fetbfrae qub às prac`bdfs

saghf`bs ea brfe obe÷dbeas ebutrf`bs u acjbthvas sujbtas f bxfdbe y rbsa-

ùgh÷e hedbihftas. Be gfdcha, às ”prac`bdfs‘ sb gaeshibrfe hetbrprbtfghaebs

ib gaeihghaebs qub mfe shia sucjbthvfdbetb ibehifs gada prac`bdæthgfs y

qub, gada tf`bs, ibdfeife f`kúe thpa ib fggh÷e pf`hfthvf—.hh) ) @as oardu`fiarbs ib pa`äthgfs orbgubetbdbetb gaestruybe saghf`dbetb

f `fs pac`fghaebs acjbthva ib `fs pa`äthgfs. Bstf gaestruggh÷e ib `fs pac`f-

ghaebs acjbthva pubib sbr be tèrdheas pashthvas a ebkfthvas, ihstrhcuybeia

cbebghas y gfrkfs (a sfeghaebs) gae `f ef`hifi ib pbrpbtufr a gfdchfr

ghbrtfs gaestrugghaebs y ib rbsa`vbr a beorbetfr às prac`bdfs.

hhh) @fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs bxhstbetbs ib fs pac`fghaebs acjbthva thbebe

f su vbz uef hdpartfetb heubeghf sacrb as oardu`fiarbs ib pa`äthgfs. @astadfiarbs ib ibghsh÷e beorbetfe paibrasfs prbshaebs qub às gaeiugbe f

atarkfr cbebghas f `fs pac`fghaebs guyf gaestruggh÷e saghf` bs pashthvf,

y ihstrhcuhr gfsthkas betrb fqub``fs pac`fghaebs sacrb `fs guf`bs pbsf uef

gaestruggh÷e saghf` ebkfthvf. Bstfs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs bstæe berfhzf-

ifs be `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, y gaesthtuybe dbesfjbs ihrhkhias f `fs pa-

c`fghaebs gae b` prap÷shta ib heuhr sacrb sus arhbetfghaebs y pftraebs ib

pfrthghpfgh÷e.

hv) @f rbputfgh÷e, `f hdfkbe y f pashgh÷e saghf` sae ihsthetfs ib fs eaghaebs




6?;

ib paibr pa`äthga rb`fthvfs f às rbgursas bgae÷dhgas, saghf`bs y pa`äthgas.

@f rbputfgh÷e sb rbbrb f `f vf`beghf a f `f gaestruggh÷e saghf` pashthvf a

ebkfthvf ib` krupa gada ihkea y dbrbgbiar, be dfyar a dbear dbihif,

y gada gaetrhcuybetb, be dfyar a dbear dbihif, f` chbebstfr kbebrf`. F

ihobrbeghf ib f rbputfgh÷e, b` paibr pa`äthga bs uef ihdbesh÷e qub heihgf b`f`gfegb ib às rbgursas qub `f pac`fgh÷e a krupa acjbthva pubib davh`hzfr,

tf`bs gada sh bs eudbrasa, uehia, oægh` ib davh`hzfr, fihebrfia, mæch`, chbe

pashghaefia, gbetrfia be tbdfs ib su hetbrès y fgastudcrfia f` vata, f

rb`fghaefrsb gae oueghaefrhas púc`hgas, btgètbrf. F pfrthr ib bstfs ihdbe-

shaebs `f tbaräf ib `f gaestruggh÷e mf oardu`fia `f shkuhbetb thpaàkäf:

Oubetb: Hekrfd, Wgmebhibr y ib@bae (3>>;: 6>3).




6?=

v) Yaifs `fs pa`äthgfs púchgfs pasbbe ueas b`bdbetas gaesthtuthvas. Wae às

b`bdbetas oueifdbetf`bs qub ibebe b` ihsböa ib `fs pa`äthgfs b heuybe

sacrb `f pa`äthgf ( pa`hthgs). Eas rbobrhdas bspbgägfdbetb f: 6) `f ibeh-

gh÷e ib` prac`bdf y às ebs pbrsbkuhias, c) às cbebghas y gfrkfs f sbr

ihstrhcuhias, g) `f/s pac`fgh÷e/bs acjbthva, i) `fs rbk`fs ib hegùsh÷e/bxgù-sh÷e, qub ibtbrdhefe quhèe mfgb què, g÷da y gae què rbgursas, b) às hes-

trudbetas ib pa`äthgfs ihrhkhias f pac`fghaebs y fkbeghfs pfrf qub fgtúbe

ib fgubria f às `hebfdhbetas ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf, o) `f bstrugturf ib

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e, k) fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs, m) fs justhgfghaebs a oue-

ifdbetas qub `bkhthdfe `fs pa`äthgfs, h) às daibàs gfusf`bs sucyfgbetbs.

B` daibà gfusf` be b` guf` sb fpayf `f tbaräf ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf`, shkuhbeia

f Hekrfd, Wgmebhibr y ib@bae (3>>;: 8?) bs b` shkuhbetb: ‐@as ihsböas mhst÷rhgas ygaetbdparæebas ib pa`äthgfs thbebe ue bobgta ib frka p`fza be b` sbethia ib qub ( jueta

gae atras ofgtarbs ib` gaetbxta saghf`) hibethgfe pac`fghaebs acjbthva y bs fijuihgfe

rbgadpbesfs y sfeghaebs. @as acjbthvas tfdchèe bstæe fobgtfias par dugmas atras

fspbgtas ib` ihsböa ib pa`äthgfs, gada rbk`fs, mbrrfdhbetfs, oueifdbetas y `f `÷khgf

gfusf` qub bxp`hgf g÷da às acjbthvas sb rb`fghaefe gae `f ibehgh÷e ib prac`bdfs a

às ebs supubstas ib `fs pa`äthgfs. @as ihsböas ib `fs pa`äthgfs ife oardf f `f bxpb-

rhbeghf ib às krupas acjbthva, beväfe dbesfjbs hdp`äghtas sacrb guæe hdpartfetbs sae

sus prac`bdfs pfrf b` Kachbrea y sh su pfrthghpfgh÷e pubib sbr bobgthvf—.

Oubetb: Hekrfd, Wgmebhibr y ib@bae (3>>;: 8?).




6?8

F pfrthr ib às supubstas y b` daibà gfusf` bxp`hghtfias fetbrhardbetb, `f tbaräf

ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf` mf kbebrfia f` dbeas ghega hdpartfetbs prapashghaebs

bdpärhgfs qub ibcbräfe sbr gaetrfstfifs f pfrthr ib `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib bstuihas gad-

pfrfias a bstuihas ib gfsa.

^rapashgh÷e 6: às ihsböas ib `fs pa`äthgfs bstrugturfe `fs apartuehifibs y beväfe dbesfjbs

f ihsthetfs pac`fghaebs acjbthva gaestruhifs, fgbrgf ib g÷da sb gadpartf b` Kachbrea y

g÷da f b`às bs kustfräf sbr trftfias par b` Kachbrea. Yfeta fs bstrugturfs ib apartuehifi

gada às dbesfjbs thbebe ue hdpfgta sacrb `fs arhbetfghaebs pa`äthgfs y às daibàs ib

pfrthghpfgh÷e ib `fs pac`fghaebs acjbthva.

Wh chbe sb supaeb qub taias às ghuififeas sae hkuf`bs fetb `f `by, be bspbghf`

be ibdagrfghf, bxhstb uef vfstf `htbrfturf qub paeb ib dfehbsta qub bstas rbghcbe

ihstheta trfta par pfrtb ib` Kachbrea f trfvès ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. ‐@as ihsböas

ib pa`äthgfs heuybe be `f pfrthghpfgh÷e dbihfetb eardfs ib pfrthghpfgh÷e, dbesfjbs

trfesdhthias f às heihvhiuas, rbgursas gada ihebra y thbdpa, y vbrifibrfs bxpbrhbe-

ghfs gae `fs pa`äthgfs sbkúe sae ``bvfifs f gfca par às fshstbetbs saghf`bs, `f oubrzf

pa`hghf` a as arkfehsdas kucbrefdbetf`bs. @as dbesfjbs trfesdhtbe quhèe pbrtbebgb,às hetbrbsbs ib quhèebs sae hdpartfetbs, què thpa ib ‐jubka— bs `f pa`äthgf y sh uea

thbeb ukfr be f dbsf ib ebkaghfgh÷e— (Hekrfd, Wgmebhibr y ib@bae (3>>;: 6>>).

^rapashgh÷e 3: f fijuihgfgh÷e ib cbebghas y gfrkfs ibpbeib ib` ehvb` ib paibr pa`äthga y

ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf` pashthvf a ebkfthvf.

@as krupas prhvh`bkhfias thbebe f`tas ehvb`bs ib rbgursas ib paibr pa`äthga y

kazfe ib gaestruggh÷e saghf` pashthvf. Gada gaesbgubeghf ib b`às bs f`tfdbetb

pracfc`b qub às krupas prhvh`bkhfias rbghcfe cbebghas ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, y

qub `fs gfrkfs ‗gufeia bxhstbe‗ sbfe dfs chbe vaùetfrhfs qub ac`hkftarhfs. B` atar-

kfdhbeta ib cbebghas f bstas krupas prhvh`bkhfias kbebrf ue hdpartfetb gfphtf`

pa`äthga pfrf às oardu`fiarbs ib pa`äthgfs, yf qub quhbebs ea sb cbebghfe tbeiræe

f gaesbethr be cfsb f às frkudbetas qub sb uth`hzfe pfrf justhgfr `f fiapgh÷e ib ih-




6;>

gmfs pa`äthgfs. @as krupas gaetbeihbetbs, par su pfrtb, thbebe rbgursas pa`äthgas gae-

shibrfc`bs pbra sae gaegbchias ebkfthvfdbetb. Gaeshkuhbetbdbetb, bs sudfdbetb

pracfc`b qub as krupas gaetbeihbetbs rbghcfe cbebghas par su paibr pa`äthga, pbra

qub bstas cbebghas sbfe gaeibeghf`bs a ihoägh`bs ib hibethgfr. Gufeia rbghcbe

gfrkfs, bstfs sub`be sbr dæs chbe rbt÷rhgfs a ib ihoägh` hdp`bdbetfgh÷e (ibchia f su paibr pa`äthga pubibe ibsffr`fs oægh`dbetb iurfetb `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e a trfvès ib

uef fggh÷e juihghf`). @as ibpbeihbetbs, be gfdcha, kazfe ib uef gaestruggh÷e saghf`

pashthvf pbra `f of`tf ib paibr pa`äthga rbiugb fcruptfdbetb su gfpfghifi pfrf rbghchr

cbebghas. @as krupas ibpbeihbetbs sub`be sbr vhstas gada pbrsaefs ‐cubefs—, pbra

gfrbgbe ib` paibr pa`äthga ebgbsfrha pfrf bxhkhr dæs ib dfebrf bobgthvf. Ohef`dbe-

tb, às ibsvhfias gfrbgbe tfeta ib paibr pa`äthga gada ib gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs

pashthvfs y thbeibe f rbghchr ue pargbetfjb ibspraparghaefia ib gfrkfs y sfeghaebs.

^rapashgh÷e 7: às b`bdbetas ib` ihsböa ib `fs pa`äthgfs ihbrbe ib fgubria gae `f

gaestruggh÷e saghf` y b` paibr ib `f pac`fgh÷e acjbthva.

Wbkúe bstf prapashgh÷e, b` daia be qub b` Kachbrea trftf f `fs pac`fghaebs acjbthva iurfetb `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs ihbrb gaeshibrfc`bdbetb sbkúe b`

paibr y f gaestruggh÷e saghf` ib às krupas acjbthva. Fshdhsda, `fs hevbsthkfghaebs

rbf`hzfifs be b` dfrga ib `f tbaräf ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf` thbeibe f rbspfìfr `f

hibf ib qub às rfzaefdhbetas berfhzfias be às dbesfjbs qub bstæe be b` ihsböa

ib pa`äthgfs rb`fghaefe `f b`bggh÷e ib mbrrfdhbetfs gae `f gaestruggh÷e saghf` ib `f

pac`fgh÷e acjbthva. ^frf f`kueas futarbs, `f bstrbgmf rb`fgh÷e ib `fs mbrrfdhbetfs ib

`fs pa`äthgfs gae as oueifdbetas qub sb gbetrfe be gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs pashthvfs

y ebkfthvfs thbeb hdp`hgfeghfs sacrb `f bobgthvhifi ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

^rapashgh÷e 9: às b`fcarfiarbs ib `fs pa`äthgfs fyuife f grbfr gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs ib

pac`fghaebs acjbthva gae fetb`fgh÷e f su ibehgh÷e a fpracfgh÷e púc`hgf.




6;6

Bstf prapashgh÷e sukhbrb qub às ihsböas ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb hesthtu-

ghaef`hzfe gae b` thbdpa< y be `f dbihif be qub `fs gaesbgubeghfs ib `fs pa`ä-

thgfs ‐rbtraf`hdbetfe— pfrf ibsf`betfr `f pfrthghpfgh÷e pa`äthgf ib krupas gae

gaestrugghaebs ebkfthvfs y f`betfr `f pfrthghpfgh÷e ib krupas gae gaestruggha-

ebs pashthvfs, às ihsböas rboubrzfe `fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs, `fs rb`fghaebs ib paibr prbvf`bghbetbs y `fs gu`turfs hesthtughaef`bs. @as `äibrbs b`bgtas rbspaeibe

f `fs pa`äthgfs ib` dhsda daia qub atras fgtarbs pa`äthgas, rboarzfeia tfdchèe

`fs hdækbebs yf bxhstbetbs.

^rapashgh÷e 2: `fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs pubibe gfdchfr y às ihsböas ib `fs pa`äthgfs

sae uef hdpartfetb (fuequb ea úehgf) oubrzf ib` gfdcha. Ib mbgma, `f sbdh``f ib` gfdcha

pubib begaetrfrsb be f`kuefs ghrguestfeghfs ea prbvhstfs a ea fethghpfifs ib ihsböas pa`äthgas prbvhas.

Wgmebhibr b Hekrfd (688;) frkudbetfe qub `f ghbeghf thbeb dfyar heubeghf

gufeia `fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs ib às krupas ea sb gubsthaefe y `f pa`äthgf pú-

c`hgf ea thbeb ue púc`hga acjbthva acvha. Be tf`bs gfsas às ghbetägas pubibe mfcbr

ibehia `f gubsth÷e be tèrdheas tègehgas qub saà hegùybe uef gaestruggh÷e duyebutrf` ib as krupas acjbthva. Fshdhsda, f futarhifi ghbetägf pubib sbr grughf` be

às gfsas be às qub sb rbf`hzfe hetbetas pfrf gfdchfr `f gaestruggh÷e ib ue krupa a

gufeia sb bstæe beorbetfeia gaestrugghaebs apubstfs.

Wh chbe mfy dugmfs heubeghfs qub pravhbebe ib oubrf ib `fs pa`äthgfs qub da-

thvfe gfdchas be `fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs, bstas gfdchas pubibe praiughrsb be

f`kuefs ghrguestfeghfs gada gaesbgubeghf ib às ihsböas ib pa`äthgfs. Be bobgta, `fs

pa`äthgfs pubibe pravbbr b` beoaqub, às rbgursas, `fs frbefs y `f davh`hzfgh÷e ib

fgtarbs pa`äthgas qub sae bsbeghf`bs pfrf b` gfdcha ib `fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs.

F pbsfr ib à qub sukhbrb bstf prapashgh÷e rbspbgta f` gfdcha ib pa`äthgfs (y ib

`fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs), uef ib `fs gräthgfs qub orbgubetbdbetb sb `b mf rbf-

`hzfia f bstb beoaqub rbshib be qub thbeib f bxp`hgfr dbjar `f gaetheuhifi qub b`

gfdcha. B`à sb ibcb f qub sb fsudb qub `fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs thbeibe f sbr

paga uhifs, bs ibghr, dæs chbe bstfc`bs f à `frka ib` thbdpa. ^bra `f tbaräf ib `f

gaestruggh÷e saghf` ea gadpfrtb bsb supubsta. ‐Ib mbgma, dugma ib` ihefdhsda

ib `f oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs bstæ be pbrsufihr f atras ib qub uef gaestruggh÷e ibkrupas acjbthva be pfrthgu`fr, y uef oardf bspbghf` ib bedfrgfr b` tbdf dæs fdp`ha




6;3

bs `f ”garrbgtf‘ y, par à tfeta, ibtbrdhefias b`bdbetas ib` ihsböa ib pa`äthgfs sae

`f b`bggh÷e `÷khgf. (…) @fs gaestrugghaebs saghf`bs sb ‐grbfe—, ‐uth`hzfe— y ‐dfeh-

pu`fe— pfrf `f praiuggh÷e ib pa`äthgfs— (Hekrfd, Wgmebhibr y ib@bae, 3>>;: 668).

Fue fsä, uea ib às dfyarbs ibsfoäas qub beorbetf `f tbaräf ib gaestruggh÷e saghf`

bs `f hibethgfgh÷e y gadprbesh÷e ib às dbgfehsdas gfusf`bs qub sucyfgbe f `fs

trfeshghaebs ib ue ùkfr f atra ib `f thpaàkäf (ib@bae 3>>2).

7.9. B` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs

B` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs ( Fivagfgy Gaf`hthae Orfdbwarl , be fib`fetb

FGO) surkb f ef`bs ib às föas => gada rbspubstf f `fs gräthgfs ibsphfififs qub Wfcf-

thbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm (68==) b oardu`fe f` daibà ib fs btfpfs ib` pragbsa ib pa`äthgfs.

Whe bdcfrka, ibsib b` dadbeta ib su oardu`fgh÷e arhkhef` mf suorhia f`kuefs daih-gfghaebs hdpartfetbs (Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm, 6887, 6888< Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b, 3>>;).

B` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs fsudb qub b` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs bs

tfe gadp`bja qub às pfrthghpfetbs ibcbe bspbghf`hzfrsb sh ibsbfe tbebr f`kuef pash-

ch`hifi ib heuhr be b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e b hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs pú-

c`hgfs. Bstf bspbghf`hzfgh÷e sb ibsfrra``f f` hetbrhar ib gfif uea ib às sucshstbdfs

ib pa`äthgfs, qub bstæe gaeoardfias par fgtarbs qub cusgfe pfrthghpfr y daìbfr `f

ibehgh÷e ib às prac`bdfs, heuhr be b` ibcftb púc`hga, y gaeihghaefr `f tadf ibibghshaebs (fiapgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs).

F ihobrbeghf ib` beoaqub ib rbibs, qub thbeib f fsudhr qub sae dú`thp`bs y vfrhf-

ias às fgtarbs qub pfrthghpfe ib `fs rbibs ib pa`äthgfs, b` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs

pradatarfs gaesthtuyb uef tbaräf dæs pfrshdaehasf. Be bobgta, sbkúe às futarbs

(Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm, 6887, 6888) be gfif sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgfs às pfrth-

ghpfetbs bstæe fkrbkfias be uef a dæs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs, gfif uef ib b``fs

gaeoardfif par hevbsthkfiarbs, ghbetägas, pbrhaihstfs, fidhehstrfiarbs púc`hgas,

`bkhs`fiarbs, oueghaefrhas pa`äthgas, rbprbsbetfetbs ib às krupas ib hetbrès, `äibrbsib arkfehzfghaebs saghf`bs, betrb atras.

^frf b` dfrga ib fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs b` gadpartfdhbeta ib as pfrthghpfe-

tbs f` hetbrhar ib ue sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgf bstæ fobgtfia par ias gaejuetas ib ofgtarbs

bxtbreas: f) ofgtarbs rb`fthvfdbetb bstfc`bs: gada as ftrhcutas ib` ærbf ib prac`bdf,

`f ihstrhcugh÷e ib às rbgursas efturf`bs, `f bstrugturf saghf` y às vfàrbs gu`turf`bs

oueifdbetf`bs ib `f saghbifi, y `f bstrugturf gaesthtughaef` b hesthtughaef` cæshgf

(`fs rbk`fs ib jubka)< c) bvbetas bxtbreas, dæs iheædhgas: gada às gfdchas be `fshtufgh÷e saghabgae÷dhgf, às gfdchas be `f apheh÷e púc`hgf, `fs daihgfghaebs be




6;7

`f gaf`hgh÷e ib kachbrea, y `fs ibghshaebs pa`äthgfs b hdpfgtas pravbehbetbs ib atras

sucshstbdfs ib pa`äthgfs. @as prhdbras gaesthtuybe ofgtarbs qub duy agfshaef`dbe-

tb gfdchfe be pbrhaias gartas ib thbdpa, pbra qub ibebe `fs rbstrhgghaebs y rbgur -

sas cfja às guf`bs às pfrthghpfetbs apbrfe. @as sbkueias, be gfdcha, sae ofgtarbs

gräthgas qub pubibe hdpu`sfr b` gfdcha ib `fs pa`äthgfs.Whe bdcfrka, gae b` prap÷shta ib paibr bxp`hgfr dbjar `f heubeghf gfusf` ib

bstas ofgtarbs sacrb b` sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf, Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b (3>>;) he-

traiugbe ias hdpartfetbs daihgfghaebs f` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs.

âr ue `fia, hetraiugb uef eubvf gftbkaräf ib vfrhfc`bs qub ibeadhef ‐bstrugturfs

ib apartuehifi ib gaf`hgh÷e— pfrf qub dbihbe betrb às pfrædbtras bstfc`bs ib` y

b` sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgf púc`hgf. Bstfs vfrhfc`bs sb bstrugturfe be ias gaejuetas

ib vfrhfc`bs chbe ihobrbeghfias: f) krfia ib gaesbesa rbqubrhia pfrf ue gfdchahdpartfetb be `fs pa`äthgfs. Be kbebrf`, gufeta dæs f`ta bs b` gaesbesa rbqubrhia,

dfyarbs hegbethvas thbebe `fs gaf`hghaebs pfrf sbr hegùshvfs (be ùkfr ib bxgùsh-

vfs), pfrf pragurfr b` gadpradhsa y gadpfrthr heoardfgh÷e gae às apashtarbs< y c)

fpbrturf ib` shstbdf pa`äthga, qub bs uef ouegh÷e ib ias vfrhfc`bs: (6) `f gfethifi ib

bsgbefrhas pfrf `f tadf ib ibghshaebs par `fs qub guf`quhbr prapubstf ib pa`äthgfs

hdpartfetb ibcb pfsfr, y (3) `f fggbshch`hifi ib gfif bsgbefrha.

Ref sbkueif daihgfgh÷e hdpartfetb qub mf shia hetraiughif pfrf bxp`hgfr às

ihsthetas krfias ib heghibeghf qub thbebe às pfrthghpfetbs ib `fs gaf`hghaebs sacrbb` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs bs `f hibethgfgh÷e ib às rbgursas qub `fs gaf`h-

ghaebs pubibe davh`hzfr. Wbkúe às futarbs (Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b, 3>>;: 3>6-3>7), ‐às

rbgursas sae:

h) Futarhifi `bkf` oardf` pfrf tadfr ibghshaebs sacrb pa`äthgfs. B` dfrga

ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs gaeshibrf f às fgtarbs be pashghaebs ib fu-

tarhifi `bkf` gada dhbdcras patbeghf`bs ib gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs. Bstahegùyb f dugmas oueghaefrhas ib arkfehsdas, `bkhs`fiarbs y f`kueas jub-

gbs. Gufeia bsa sugbib, bs ue rbgursa hdpartfetb pfrf `f gaf`hgh÷e. Ref

ib `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs dæs hdpartfetbs ib uef gaf`hgh÷e iadhefetb bs qub

thbeb dæs dhbdcras be pashghaebs ib futarhifi oardf` qub `fs gaf`hghaebs

dhearhtfrhfs. @fs bstrftbkhfs dæs hdpartfetbs pfrf `fs gaf`hghaebs hegùybe

gaàgfr f as f`hfias be pashghaebs ib futarhifi bkf` dbihfetb b`bgghaebs a

ibshkefghaebs pa`äthgfs, fsä gada `fezfr gfdpföfs ib àccy pfrf pbrsufihr

f oueghaefrhas gae futarhifi `bkf`.




6;9

hh) Apheh÷e púc`hgf. @fs begubstfs ib apheh÷e qub dubstrfe su fpaya f `fs

pashghaebs ib pa`äthgfs ib uef gaf`hgh÷e sae ue rbgursa hdpartfetb pfrf às

pfrthghpfetbs. (…) Ref bstrftbkhf g`æshgf ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs bs

ibihgfr dugma thbdpa f trftfr ib actbebr b` fpaya ib` púc`hga.

h) Hhheoardfgh÷e. @f heoardfgh÷e rb`fthvf f `f krfvbifi y f `fs gfusfs ib ue prac`bdf, y f às gastas y cbebghas ib `fs f`tbrefthvfs ib pa`äthgfs bs ue

rbgursa hdpartfetb pfrf uef gaf`hgh÷e. (…) Betrb às usas bstrftèkhgas ib

`f heoardfgh÷e bstæe b` rboarzfr `f dbdcrbsäf ib `f gaf`hgh÷e, ibcfthr be

gaetrf ib às puetas ib vhstf pa`äthgas ib ue fivbrsfrha, gaevbegbr f às

kacbrefetbs qub tadfe ibghshaebs qub fpaybe `fs prapubstfs praphfs, b

heuhr be `f apheh÷e púc`hgf. (…) Bstf bs uef ib `fs rfzaebs par `fs guf`bs

b` dfrga rbsf`tf b` ra` ib às hevbsthkfiarbs ibetra ib `fs gaf`hghaebs.hv) Krupas davh`hzfc`bs. @fs è`htbs pa`äthgfs gae orbgubeghf uth`hzfe dhbd-

cras ib` púc`hga ftbeta qub gadpfrtbe sus grbbeghfs pfrf hevaùgrfràs be

vfrhfs fgthvhifibs pa`äthgfs, gada dfehobstfghaebs púc`hgfs, gfdpföfs

b`bgtarf`bs y gfdpföfs ib rbgfuifgh÷e ib oaeias. (…)

v) Sbgursas efeghbras. B` ihebra pubib uth`hzfrsb pfrf fiquhrhr atras rb-

gursas. Ref gaf`hgh÷e gae fdp`has rbgursas efeghbras pubib pravbbr às

oaeias pfrf `f hevbsthkfgh÷e y arkfehzfr krupas ib bxpbrtas (tmhel tfels)

pfrf praiughr heoardfgh÷e, efeghfr gfeihiftas chbe ihspubstas kfefeia

fsä fggbsa hetbrea f `bkhs`fiarbs y pa`äthgas ibshkefias, `fezfr gfdpföfs

dbihæthgfs pfrf actbebr b` fpaya ib` púc`hga y puc`hghtfr sus pashghaebs

pa`äthgfs f e ib oartf`bgbr `f gfethifi ib fgthvhstfs davh`hzfc`bs.

vh) @hibrfzka mæch`. @fs puc`hgfghaebs sacrb bdprbeibiarbs ib pa`äthgfs ib-

dubstrfe g÷da `äibrbs mæch`bs pubibe grbfr uef vhsh÷e ftrfgthvf pfrf uef

gaf`hgh÷e, uth`hzfr às rbgursas be oardf bstrftèkhgf y bghbetb y ftrfbr eub-

vas rbgursas pfrf `f gaf`hgh÷e (…)—.

âr su pfrtb, b` daibà ib heihvhiua ib` guf` pfrtb b` beoaqub ib `fs gaf`hghaebs

pradatarfs ibrhvf ib `f pshga akäf saghf` (y ea ib `f bgaeadäf). Gaesbgubetbdbetb,

sb fsudb ‗f ihobrbeghf ib` daibà ib heihvhiua dfxhdhzfiar prapha ib `f tbaräf ib

b`bggh÷e rfghaef`‗ qub tfdchèe sae hdpartfetbs `fs grbbeghfs eardfthvfs, ea ibsgfr-

tfeia f pashc`b bxhstbeghf ib gadpartfdhbetas f`truhstfs. Ib bstb daia, sb rbgaeagbe

ias shstbdfs ib rfzaefdhbeta eardfthva: par ue `fia, uef `÷khgf ib à fpraphfia, qub

supaeb b` sbkuhdhbeta y gudp`hdhbeta ib `fs rbk`fs< y par atra, uef `÷khgf ib `fs gae-




6;2

sbgubeghfs, qub hdp`hgf `f prbsbeghf ib gadpartfdhbetas bkaästfs y dfxhdhzfiarbs.

B` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs ibstfgf bspbghf`dbetb `f ‐tbeibeghf ib às

fgtarbs f rb`fghaefrsb gae b` dueia f trfvès ib ue gaejueta ib `tras ib pbrgbpgh÷e

gadpubstas par grbbeghfs prbbxhstbetbs qub sae ihoägh`bs ib daihgfr— (Wfcfthbr y

[bhc`b, 3>>;: 689). @as pfrthghpfetbs bspbghf`hzfias be ue ærbf ib pa`äthgf púc`hgfgadpfrtbe ue gaejueta ib grbbeghfs eardfthvfs y ib daibàs gfusf`bs, y cusgfe pra-

davbr sus hetbrbsbs f trfvès ib `f gaarihefgh÷e be b` thbdpa ib sus fgghaebs.

Gada gaesbgubeghf ib b`à bs pracfc`b qub às fgtarbs hetbkrfetbs ib ihobrbetbs

gaf`hghaebs pbrghcfe `f dhsdf heoardfgh÷e ib daias duy ihobrbetbs. Bsta f su vbz

fudbetf `f hetbeshifi ib `f rb`fgh÷e ib às dhbdcras f` hetbrhar ib gfif gaf`hgh÷e f`

thbdpa qub hetbeshgf b` gaehgta betrb `fs gaf`hghaebs be gadpbtbeghf. @as `tras

ib pbrgbpgh÷e tfdchèe thbeibe f b`hdhefr `f heoardfgh÷e ihsaefetb y f rbfrdfrfqub``f qub ea ihsgrbpf gae b` shstbdf ib grbbeghfs, rboarzfeia b` shstbdf ib grbbe-

ghfs y mfghbeia cfstfetb ihoägh` b` gfdcha.

Wbkúe às futarbs (Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm, 6888< Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b, 3>>;) b`

shstbdf ib grbbeghfs sb bstrugturf be trbs ehvb`bs, vhegu`fias betrb sä ib oardf jb-

rærquhgf. Be b` ehvb` dæs fdp`ha sb begubetrfe `fs grbbeghfs oueifdbetf`bs (ibbp

garb cb`hbos), qub fcfrgfe `f dfyaräf ib às sucshstbdfs ib pa`äthgfs. ‐@fs grbbeghfs

oueifdbetf`bs hegùybe supubstas duy kbebrf`bs eardfthvas y aeta`÷khgas sacrb `f

efturf`bzf mudfef, `f prharhifi rb`fthvf ib vfàrbs oueifdbetf`bs gada `f `hcbrtfiy `f hkufìfi, `f prharhifi rb`fthvf ib` chbebstfr ib ihobrbetbs krupas, b` pfpb` fib-

gufia ib` Kachbrea gaetrf às dbrgfias be kbebrf`, y sacrb quhbebs ibcbe pfrthgh-

pfr be `f tadf ib ibghshaebs kucbrefdbetf`bs— (Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b, 3>>;: 689). @fs

grbbeghfs oueifdbetf`bs sae, be krfe dbihif, b` praiugta ib `f saghf`hzfgh÷e be `f

heofeghf y par à tfeta, duy ihoägh`bs ib gfdchfr.

Be b` shkuhbetb ehvb` sb begubetrfe `fs grbbeghfs sacrb `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ( pa-

`hgy garb cb`hbos), bs ibghr, as gadpradhsas cæshgas qub hdp`hgfe prharhifibs vfàrf-thvfs rb`fthvfs f fs pa`äthgfs, b` chbebstfr ib quhèe gubetf, f futarhifi rb`fthvf ib as

kachbreas y as dbrgfias, b` pfpb` fibgufia ib` púc`hga be kbebrf`, as oueghaefrhas

b`bgtas, às oueghaefrhas púc`hgas, às pbrhtas, y `f krfvbifi rb`fthvf y `fs gfusfs ib

às prac`bdfs ib pa`äthgfs be b` sucshstbdf. B` supubsta kbebrf` ib` qub sb pfrtb bs

qub às pfrthghpfetbs ib `f gaf`hgh÷e iadhefetb thbebe gaeaghdhbeta sacrb `fs rb`f-

ghaebs ibetra ib su sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgfs, y qub pubibe bstfr ihspubstas f fp`hgfr

ghbrtfs grbbeghfs oueifdbetf`bs be b` gfdpa ib `fs grbbeghfs sacrb pa`äthgfs. Whe

bdcfrka, ea bxhstb shbdprb uef garrbspaeibeghf betrb fdcas ehvb`bs ib` shstbdf ibgrbbeghfs. Gada bstfs grbbeghfs thbebe ue f`gfegb qub fcfrgf taia b` sucshstbdf ib




6;?

pa`äthgf púc`hgf y trftfe gae b`bgghaebs ib pa`äthgfs oueifdbetf`bs, sae tfdchèe duy

ihoägh`bs ib gfdchfr.

Be b` tbrgbr ehvb` sb begubetrfe `fs grbbeghfs hestrudbetf`bs (sbgaeifry cb`hbos).

Bstfs grbbeghfs thbebe rb`fthvfdbetb paga f`gfegb (ea fcfrgfe taia b` sucshstbdf),

y rbbrbe f `f krfvbifi y gfusfs ib às prac`bdfs be ue bsgbefrha bspbgäga, f

`fs pfutfs ib `f pfrthghpfgh÷e púc`hgf ibetra ib uef `by bspbgägf, par dbeghaefr

f`kueas b`bdbetas. Ifia qub `fs grbbeghfs hestrudbetf`bs thbebe ue f`gfegb dbear

sacrb `fs pa`äthgfs, gfdchfr`fs rbquhbrb dbeas prubcfs y dbeas fgubrias betrb às

fgtarbs ib ue sucshstbdf y, par à tfeta, ibcbräf rbsu`tfr cfstfetb dæs fggbshc`b.

B` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs gaesthtuyb she iuif ue beoaqub gbetrfia

be `f bxp`hgfgh÷e ib` gfdcha (a ea) ib às shstbdfs ib grbbeghfs y ib `fs pa`äthgfs

ibetra ib ue sucshstbdf. @as prhdbras ibsfrra`às ib bstb dfpf tb÷rhga-gaegbptuf`hibethgfcfe ias gfdheas pfrf b` gfdcha ib grbbeghfs y ib pa`äthgfs: (6) b` fprbeih-

zfjb arhbetfia f `fs pa`äthgfs y (3) `fs pbrturcfghaebs bxtbrefs.

Fprbeihzfjb arhbetfia f fs pa äthgfs: sb ibeb b` fprbeihzfjb arhbetfia f `fs pa-

`äthgfs gada ‐f`tbrfghaebs rb`fthvfdbetb pbriurfc`bs ib` pbesfdhbeta a hetbeghaebs

ib gadpartfdhbeta qub rbsu`tfe ib `f bxpbrhbeghf y/a heoardfgh÷e eubvf y qub cus-

gfe b` àkra a `f rbvhsh÷e ib às acjbthvas ib `fs pa`äthgfs— (Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm

6888: 637). Bstb gfdcha be kbebrf` apbrf f ehvb` ib fs grbbeghfs sbgueifrhfs (tbrgbr

ehvb` ib `fs grbbeghfs).^brturcfghaebs a smagls bxtbreas: uef gaeihgh÷e ebgbsfrhf fuequb ea sughbetb

pfrf ue gfdcha hdpartfetb ib pa`äthgfs ibetra ib ue sucshstbdf sae `fs pbrturcf-

ghaebs bxtbrefs f` sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgfs. Bstfs hegùybe gfdchas be `fs gaeihgha-

ebs saghabgae÷dhgfs, gfdchas ib rèkhdbe, rbpbrgushaebs ib atras sucshstbdfs, a

ibsfstrbs. Bstas smagls bxtbreas pubibe gfdchfr fkbeifs, daihgfr `f ftbegh÷e ib

`f apheh÷e púc`hgf y ftrfbr `f ftbegh÷e ib às kacbrefetbs qub sb agupfe ib tadfr

ibghshaebs. ^bra b` bobgta dæs hdpartfetb gaeshstb be `f rbihstrhcugh÷e ib rbgursas a`f fpbrturf y ghbrrb ib bsgbefrhas ibetra ib ue sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgfs, à qub pub-

ibe gaeiughr f` rbdp`fza ib `f gaf`hgh÷e iadhefetb par uef gaf`hgh÷e dhearhtfrhf

(Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm, 6887). @as smagls bxtbreas pairäfe tfdchèe praiughr

daihgfghaebs be às gadpaebetbs ib `fs grbbeghfs sacrb `fs pa`äthgfs ib uef gaf`h-

gh÷e pradatarf iadhefetb.

Be ue trfcfja pastbrhar, she bdcfrka, Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b (3>>;) mfe rbgaeaghia f

bxhstbeghf ib ias eubvas pftraebs ib gfdcha ib pa`äthgfs: (6) smagls hetbreas y (3)

fgubrias ebkaghfias.




6;;

Wmagls hetbreas: èstas rbihstrhcuybe às rbgursas grughf`bs ib `f pa`äthgf, gae-

ghtfeia `f ftbegh÷e púc`hgf be ue prac`bdf y kbebrfeia `f pashch`hifi ib ftrfbr a

rbihstrhcuhr eubvas rbgursas grughf`bs (fpaya púc`hga, fpaya efeghbra, btg.) Bstas

gfdchas be `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib às rbgursas pubib heg`hefr `f bstrugturf ib paibr ib`

sucshstbdf ib pa`äthgfs ibsib uef gaf`hgh÷e pradatarf iadhefetb y uef a dæs gaf-`hghaebs dhearhtfrhfs f ias a dæs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs gadpbththvfs a, be ue gfd-

cha tatf`, f uef gaf`hgh÷e pradatarf iadhefetb ihobrbetb gae dæs ib uef gaf`hgh÷e

pradatarf dhearhtfrhf ihobrbetb. Fshdhsda, bstas smagls gaerdfe `fs grbbeghfs

sacrb `fs pa`äthgfs be `fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs dhearhtfrhfs y fudbetfe `f iuif

ibetra ib `f gaf`hgh÷e iadhefetb, gufeia paebe ib dfehbsta of``fs hdpartfetbs ib

`fs pa`äthgfs y ib às gadpartfdhbetas ib `f gaf`hgh÷e pradatarf iadhefetb.

Fgubrias ebkaghfias: par ghbrta, bxhstbe shtufghaebs be `fs qub `fs gaf`hghaebsqub mfe bstfia beorbetfifs iurfetb iègfifs ``bkfe f ue fgubria ebkaghfia qub

hdp`hgf ue gfdcha sustfeghf` ib` stftu qua. Bs par b`à qub b` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hgha-

ebs pradatarfs ibcb paibr hibethgfr `fs gaeihghaebs be `fs guf`bs ’be fusbeghf

ib uef pbrturcfgh÷e bxtbref a hetbref hdpartfetb’ às fgubrias qub hevaùgrfe

gfdchas sacrb pa`äthgfs sae pashc`bs. @as futarbs hibethgfe fquä eubvb o÷rdu`fs

(Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b, 3>>;: 3>?-3>;).

F pfrthr ib à bxpubsta bs pashc`b rbgaestruhr, betaegbs, b` dfpf gaegbptuf` y b`

daibà gfusf` qub prapaebe as ibobesarbs ib` daibà ib fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs.




6;=

Oubetb: Wfcfthbr y [bhc`b(3>>;: 3>3)

9. BE SBWRDBE

Ea sb mf prbtbeihia fquä rbf`hzfr ue rb`bvfdhbeta bxmfusthva ib às dfrgas, be-

oaqub y tbaräfs ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. B` prap÷shta, be gfdcha, mf shia prbsbetfr

ib dfebrf crbvb pbra shstbdæthgf fqub`às dfrgas y tbaräfs qub gaeshibrfdas dæs

pradbtbiarbs. Betrb bstfs sb ibstfgfe `f pbrspbgthvf hesthtughaef`, b` beoaqub ib

rbibs ib pa`äthgfs, `f tbaräf ib `f gaestruggh÷e saghf`, y b` dfrga ib `fs gaf`hghaebs

pradatarfs. Be gfif uea ib às beoaqubs trfcfjfias sb mf prbtbeihia ofdh`hfrhzfr

f` `bgtar gae b` ibsfrra`à y bvaùgh÷e ib` dfrga gaegbptuf`, às supubstas sacrb àsqub sb fshbetf gfif tbaräf, y às daibàs gfusf`bs hdp`äghtas be gfif uef ib b``fs.




6;8

Fshdhsda, y pfrf ef`hzfr, b` feæ`hshs mf fcarifia `f oardf f trfvès ib `f guf` gfif

beoaqub a tbaräf bxp`hgf b` gfdcha ib `fs pa`äthgfs ( pa`hgy gmfekb).

Sbobrbeghfs Fifd, W`hlb y Mfespbtbr Lrhbsh, ‐Ymb Ebtwarl Fpprafgm—, be ^fu` Wfcfthbr

(Bi.) Ymbarhbs ao tmb â`hgy ^ragbss, Cauìbr (Ga.): [bstvhbw ^rbss, 3>>;.

F`bdæe, Biufria y Kbarkb Ysbcb`hs, ‐âibrbs ib Fkbeif Gaeihghaef`bs be Fdè-rhgf @fthef—, be ÂWYIftf, Sbvhstf ib Sbbxh÷e y Feæ`hshs a`äthga, 63: ;;-6>?, 3>>;.

Feibrsae, Jfdbs, ûc`hg â`hgy Dflhek, Ebw Xarl, Ebw Ma`t, Shebmfrt y [hestae, 68;2.

Cfrifgm, Bukbeb, Ymb Hdp`bdbetfthae Kfdb, Gfdcrhikb, Dfss., Ymb DHY ^rbss, 68=>.

Crbwbr, Kfrry, ‐Ymb â`hgy Wghbegbs Bdbrkb: Ya Eurturb fei Wtrugturb f Ihsgh- p`heb—, â`hgy Wghbegbs, 2 (7): 378-399, 68;9.

Crbwbr, Kfrry y ^btbr Ib@bae, Ymb Oaueifthaes ao â`hgy Fef`yshs. Daetbrrby,Craals/Ga`b, 68=7.

Gfdau, Fetaeha, ‐@as gaesbjbras ib` präeghpb. Wfcbr tègehga y pa`äthgf be às pragbsas ib rboardf bgae÷dhgf be Fdèrhgf @fthef—, Sbvhstf Eubvf Waghbifi ,623: 29-?;, 688;.

Ifkubrrb, Feeb, ‐â`hgy Ebtwarls he Bek`fei fei Orfegb: tmb Gfsb ao Gmhì Gfrbâ`hgy 68=>-68=8—, Jauref` ao Burapbfe ûc`hg â`hgy, ; (3): 399-3?>, 3>>>.

Ga`bdfe, [h``hfd I., Krfgb I. Wlakstfi y Dhgmfb` D. Ftlhesae, ‐^frfihkdWmhots fei â`hgy Ebtwarls: Gudu`fthvb Gmfekb he Fkrhgu`turb—, Jauref` ao

ûc`hg â`hgy, 6? (7): 3;7-7>6 688;.ib@bae, ^btbr, ‐Sbvhbw ao Ibsbrvhek fei Betht`bi ûc`hg â`hgy—, ûc`hg Fidh-

ehstrfthae Sbvhbw, ?2 (2): ?7=-?9>, 3>>2.

ib@bae, ^btbr, ‐Ref rbvhsh÷e ib` pragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs: ib @fsswb`` f Wfcf-thbr—, Kbsth÷e y pa`äthgf púc`hgf, _H (6): 2-6;, 688;.

ib@bae, ^btbr, Fivhgb fei Gaesbet: Ymb Ibvbàpdbet ao tmb â`hgy Wghbegbs, Ebw Xarl: Ymb Sussb`` Wfkb Oaueifthae, 68==.

Iryzbl, J., Ihsgurshvb Ibdagrfgy: â`ht hgs, â`hgy fei â`ht hgf` Wghbegb, EbwXarl: Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 688>.

B`darb, Sacbrt, ‐Oarwfri fei Cfglwfri Dfpphek: Sbvbrshc`b @akhg he tmb Fef`y-shs ao ûc`hg â`hgy—, Be L. Mfeo y Y. Yaaebe (Bis.) â`hgy Hdp`bdbetfthae he

Obibrf` fei Rehtfry Wystbds, Castae, Dfrtheus Ehjmaoo ûc`hsmbrs, 68=2.

B`darb, Sacbrt, ‐Cfglwfri Dfpphek: Hdp`bdbetfthae Sbsbfrgm fei â`hgy Ib-ghshae—, â`hthgf` Wghbegb Vufrtbr`y, 89 (9): ?>6-?>8, 68=>.

Bstbvbz, F`bjfeira y Wusfef Bspbr, ‐Sbvhshtfeia b` daibà sbgubeghf` ib pa`äth-gfs púc`hgfs—, Sbvhstf ib` Hesthtuta (Hesthtuta ib `f FOH^), 2, 3>>8.

Ohsgmbr, Orfel y Jame Oarbstbr, Ymb Frkudbetfthvb Yure he â`hgy Fef`yshs fei ^`fe-

ehek, Iurlmfd: Iulb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6887.Kuee, @bwhs F., ‐[my Hs Hdp`b-dbetfthae Wa Ihogu`t1— Dfefkbdbet Wbrvhgbs he Kavbredbet , 77: 6?8-6;?, 68;=.

Mf``, ^btbr, Ymb â`hthgf` âwbr ao Bgaeadhg Hibfs: Lbyebshfehsd Fgrass Ef-




6=>

thaes, ^rhegbtae, ^rhegbtae Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68=8.

Makwaai, Crhfe y @bwhs Kuee, â`hgy Fef`yshs oar tmb Sbf` [arì , Axoari,Axoari Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68=9.

Hddbrkut, B``be, ‐Hest htuthaef` Gaestrfhets—, be D. Darfe, D. Sbhe y S. Kaaihe(Bis.) Ymb Axoari Mfeicaal ao ûc`hg â`hgy, Axoari, Axoari Rehvbrshty^rbss, 3>>?.

Hekrfd, Mb`be, Feeb Wgmebhibr y ^btbr ib @bae, ‐Waghf` Gaestrugthae fei â`hgyIbshke—, be ^fu` Wfcfthbr (Bi.) Ymbarhbs ao tmb â`hgy ^ragbss, Cauìbr (Ga),[bstvhbw ^rbss, 3>>;.

Jbelhes, [h``hfd, â`hgy Fef`yshs: F â`hthgf` fei Arkfehzfthaef` ^brspbgthvb,@aeiae, Dfrthe Sacbrtsae, 68;=.

Jame, ^btbr., Fef`yzhek ûc`hg â`hgy, @aeiae, ^hetbr, 688=.

Jaebs, Gmfr`bs A., Fe Hetraiugthae ao tmb Wtuiy ao ûc`hg â`hgy, Cb`daet, Gf`.,[fiswartm Ga., 68;>.

Lbehs, ^ftrhgl y _a`lbr Wgmebhibr, ‐â`hgy Ebtwarls fei â`hgy Fef`yshs:Wgruthehzhek f Ebw Fef`ythgf` Yaa`cax—, be C. Dfrhe y S. Dfyetz (Bis.) â`h-

gy Ebtwarls: Bdphrhgf` Bvhibegb fei Ymbarbthgf` Gaeshibrfthaes, Orfelour t/Cauìbr, [bstvhbw ^rbss, 6886.

Lhglbrt, [f`tbr, Brhl-Mfes L`hje y Jaap O.D. Lappbejfe, ‐F Dfefkbdbet ^brspbg-thvb ae â`hgy Ebtwarls—, be [. Lhglbrt, B. L`hje y J. Lappbejfe (Bis.) Dfef-

khek Gadp`bx Ebtwarls: Wtrftbkhbs oar tmb ûc`hg Wbgtar , @aeiae, Wfkb, 688;.

Lhglbrt, [f`tbr y Jaap Lappbejfe, ‐ûc`hg Dfefkbdbet fei Ebtwarl Dfefkb-dbet: Fe Avbrvhbw—, be [. Lhglbrt , B. L`hje y J. Lappbejfe (Bis.) Dfefkhek

Gadp`bx Ebtwarls: Wtrftbkhbs oar tmb ûc`hg Wbgtar , @aeiae, Wfkb, 688;.Lhekiae, Jame, Fkbeifs, F`tbrefthvbs fei ûc`hg â`hghbs, Castae, @htt`b Crawe, 68=9.

Lhsbr, @frry fei B`hear Astrad, ‐Ymrbb [arìs ao Fgthae: F Dbtftmbarbthgf`Wyetbshs ao Hest htuthaef` Fpprafgmbs—, be B`beahr Astrad (Bi.) Wtrftbkhbs ao

â`hthgf` Hequhry, Gf`hoarehf, Wfkb, 68=3.

@fsswb``, Mfraì, Ymb Ibghshae ^ragbss: Wbvbe Gftbkarhbs ao Ouegthaef` Fef`y-

shs, Ga``bkb ^frl, Di., Rehvbrshifi ib Dfry`fei ^rbss, 682?.

@hjpmfrt, Frbeit, ^fttbres ao Ibdagrfgy, @aeiae, Xf`b Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6888.

@hpsly, Dhgmfb`, Wtrbbt @bvb` Curbfugrfts, Ebw Xarl, Sussb`` Wfkb Oaueifthae, 68=>.

Dfeembhd, Lfr`, Hibaàky fei Rtaphf , Ebw Xarl, Saut`bikb, 687?.

Dfrgm, Jfdbs fei Jamfe A`sbe, ‐Ymb Ebw Hesthtuthaef`hsd: Arkfehzfthaef` Ofgtarshe â`hthgf` @hob—, Fdbrhgfe â`hthgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw, ;= (7): ;79-;98, 68=9.

Dfrsm, Ifvhi y D. J. Wdhtm, ‐Reibrstfeihek a`hgy Ebtwarls: Yawfris f Ihf`bg-thgf` Fpprafgm—, â`hthgf` Wtuihbs, 9=: 9-36, 3>>>.

Dfy, Juihtm y Ffrae [hìfvsly, Ymb â`hgy Gyg`b, Cbvbr`y Mh``s, Gf`., Wfkb, 68;=.

Dbrtae, Sacbrt, Ybaräf y bstrugturf saghf`, Dbxhga, IO, Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bga-e÷dhgf, 682=.

Eflfdurf, Sacbr t, ‐Ymb Ybxtcaal pa`hgy pragbss fei hdp`bdbetfthae rbsbfrgm—,â`hgy Wtuihbs Sbvhbw, ;: 693-629, 68=;.




6=6

Astrad, B`hear, ‐Sfthaef` Gmahgb Ymbary fei Hesthtuthaef` Fef`yshs: YawfriGadp`bdbetfrhty—, Fdbrhgfe â`ht hgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw, =2 (6): 37;-397, 6886.

Astrad, B`hear, ‐Hesthtuthaef` Sfthaef` Gmahgb. Fe Fssbssdbet ao tmb Hesthtutha-ef` Fef`yshs fei Ibvbàpdbet Orfdbwarl—, be ^fu` Wfcfthbr (Bi.) Ymbarhbs

ao tmb â`hgy ^ragbss, Cauìbr, Ga., [bstvhbw ^rbss, 6888.

^btbrs, C. Kuy, ‐Ymb â`hgy ^ragbss: fe hesthtuthaef`hst pbrspbgthvb—, Gfefihfe

ûc`hg Fidhehstrfthae, 72 (3): 6?>-6=>, 6883.

Smaibs, Sai F. [., ‐Oarbwari—, be [. Lhglbrt, B. L`hje y J. Lappbejfe (Bis.) Df-

efkhek Gadp`bx Ebtwarls: Wtrftbkhbs oar tmb ûc`hg Wbgtar , @aeiae, Wfkb, 688;.

Sasb, Shgmfri, ‐Gadpfrhek ûc`hg â`hgy: Fe Avbrvhbw—, Burapbfe Jauref` ao

â`hthgf` Sbsbfrgm, 6: ?;-89, 68;7.

Wfcfthbr, ^fu`, ‐Fe Fivagfgy Gaf`hthae Orfdbwarl ao â`hgy Gmfekb fei tmb Sa` aoâ`hgy-Arhbetbi @bfrehek Ymbrbhe—, â`hgy Wghbegbs, 36 (3 y 7): 638-6?=, 68==.

Wfcfthbr, ^fu`, ‐Yawfri Cbttbr Ymbarhbs ao tmb â`hgy ^ragbss—, â`hgy Wghbegb &

â`hthgs, 39 (3): 699-62?, 6886.Wfcfthbr, ^fu` y Mfel Jbelhes-Wdhtm, â`hgy Gmfekb fei @bfrehek: Fe Fivagfgy

Gaf`hthae Fpprafgm, Cauìbr, Ga., [bstvhbw ^rbss, 6887.

Wfcfthbr, ^fu`, ‐â`hgy Gmfekb Avbr f Ibgfib ar Darb—, be ^fu` Wfcfthbr y M.Jbelhes-Wdhtm (Gadps.) â`hgy Gmfekb fei @bfrehek: Fe Fivagfgy Gaf`hthae

Fpprafgm. Cauìbr, Ga., [bstvhbw ^rbss, 6887.

Wgm`fkbr, Bib``f fei [h``hfd Càdquhst, ‐F Gadpfrhsae ao Ymrbb BdbrkhekYmbarhbs ao tmb â`hgy ^ragbss—, â`hthgf` Sbsbfrgm Vufrtbr`y, 98 (7): ?26-?;3, 688?.

Wgm`fkbr, Bib``f ‐F Sbspaesb ta Lhd Vufh`b Mh``‘s He Wbfrgm ao â`hgy Ymbary—,â`hgy Gurrbets, ;: 633-63?, 688;.

Wgmdhttbr, ^mh`hppb G., ‐Wth`` tmb Gbetury ao Garparfthsd1— be . Wgmdhttbr y K. @b-mdcrugm (Bis.) Yrbeis tawfri Garparfthst Hetbrdbihfthae, @aeiae, Wfkb, 68;8.

Wgmebhibr, Feeb y Mb`be Hekrfd, ‐Waghf` Gaestrugthae ao Yfrkbt âpu`fthaes:Hdp`hgfthaes oar â`hthgs fei â`hgy—, Fdbrhgfe â`ht hgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw, =;(3): 779-79;, 6887.

Wgmebhibr, Feeb y Mb`be Hekrfd, â`hgy Ibshke oar Ibdagrfgy, @fwrbegb, Reh-vbrshty ^rbss ao Lfesfs, 688;.

Wtbhe, Brebsta, Dfrhfea Yaddfsh bt f`., Ymb â`hthgs ao â`hghbs, [fsmhektae,IG: Cfega Hetbrfdbrhgfea ib Ibsfrra`à / Ifvhi Saglbob``br Gbetbr oar @ftheFdbrhgfe Wtuihbs / Mfrvfri Rehvbrshty, 3>>?.

Wtbhe, Brebsta y DfrhfeaYaddfsh, â`hgdflhek he Fdbrhgf @fthef. Maw â`hthgs

Wmfpb a`hghbs, [fsmhektae, IG: Cfega Hetbrfdbrhgfea ib Ibsfr ra`à / IfvhiSaglbob``br Gbetbr oar @fthe Fdbrhgfe Wtuihbs / Mfrvfri Rehvbrshty, 3>>=.

Wgfrtfegheh, Gfràs, ^fcà Wph``br, Brebsta Wtbhe y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, B` jubka

pa`äthga be Fdèrhgf @fthef ±G÷da sb ibghibe `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs1 Cakatæ:Cfega Hetbrfdbrhgfea ib Ibsfr ra`à / Dfya` Bihghaebs, 3>66.

Wtbpfe, Fòrbi, ‐B`bgtarf``y Kbebrftbi _bta ^`fybrs he Rehtfry fei Obibrf` Wys-tbds—, be Biwfri Khcsae (Bi.) Obibrf`hsd fei Ibdagrfgy he @fthe Fdbrhgf,




6=3

Cf`thdarb, Ymb Jame Maplhes Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>9.

Wtaeb, Ibcarfm, â`hgy ^frfiax fei â`hthgf` Sbfsae, K`bevhbw, Wgatt Oarbs-dfe, 68==.

Wtaeb, Ibcarfm, ‐Gfusf` Wtarhbs fei tmb Oardfthae ao â`hgy Fkbeifs—, â`hthgf`

Wghbegb Vufrtbr`y, 6>9 (3): 3=6-7>>, 68=8.

Wtaeb, Ibcarfm, â`hgy ^frfiax: tmb Frt ao â`hthgf` Ibghshae Dflhek, EbwXarl, [.[. Eartae, 688;.

Yfdfya Wæbz, Dfeub`, ‐B` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs—, be S. Cfö÷e y B.Gfrrh`à, (Gadps.) @f eubvf Fidhehstrfgh÷e ^úc`hgf, Dfirhi, F`hfezf, 688;.

Ysbcb`hs, Kbarkb, ‐Ibghshae Dflhek he â`hthgf` Wystbds: _bta ^`fybrs he ^rbsh-ibethf`hsd, ^fr`hfdbetfrhsd, Du`thgfdbrf`hsd, fei Du`thpfrtyhsd—, Crhthsm

Jauref` ao â`ht hgf` Wghbegb, 32 (7): 3=8-732, 6882.

[hìfvsly, Ffrae y Jboorby ^rbssdfe, Hdp`bdbetfthae, Cbrlb`by, Gf`., Rehvbr-shty ao Gf`hoare hf ^rbss, 68;7.

Zfmfrhfihs, Ehla`fas, ‐Ymb Du`thp`b Wtrbfds Orfdbwarl: Wtrugturb, @hdhtft haes,^raspbgts—, be ^fu` Wfcfthbr (Bi.) Ymbarhbs ao tmb â`hgy ^ragbss. Cauìbr(Ga), [bstvhbw ^rbss, 3>>;.




6=7

GF^ÄYR@A _HH. @as pragbsas pa`äthgas ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be `f

Frkbethef

6. Hetraiuggh÷e. 3 â`äthgfs púc`hgfs be `f Frkbethef. 3.6 @as ghgàs ib `f pa`äthgf be `f Frkbethef: ib` gfphtf`hsda a`hkærquhga f `f rbgupbrfgh÷e ib` bs-tfia. 7. B` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs be `f Frkbethef: 7.6. ^frth-ias pa`äthgas. 7.3. B` âibr Bjbguthva. 7.7. @as kacbrefiarbs. 7.9. B` Gaekrb-sa. 7.2. B` âibr Juihghf`. 7.?. @f curagrfghf. 7.;. Fgtarbs ib `f Waghbifi Ghvh`.9. ^rheghpf`bs frbefs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: 9.6. B` jubka sgf` obibrf`. 9.3.

B` jubka ib` prbsupubsta púc`hga. 2. Be rbsudbe.

6. HEYSAIRGGH×E

@f hibf ib bstb gfpätuà bs prbsbetfr ib oardf shstbdæthgf g÷da oubrae às pra-

gbsas ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs be Frkbethef. ^frf bsta, vfdas f bdprbeibr ue

feæ`hshs ib às väeguàs betrb hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs, às pragbsas ib oardu`fgh÷e ib

pa`äthgf y fs gaesbgubeghfs pa`äthgfs.

Gada vhdas ibsib b` hehgha ib bstb `hcra, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ea sae shdp`b-

dbetb acjbta ib b`bgghaebs ib ue p`fehgfiar saghf` qub hetbetf dfxhdhzfr b` chbe-

bstfr ib `f pac`fgh÷e, shea dæs chbe gaesbgubeghf ib ue pragbsa ib tadf ib ibgh-

shaebs qub hevaùgrf uef du`thp`hghifi ib fgtarbs pa`äthgas qub hetbrfgtúfe be uef

du`thp`hghifi ib bsgbefrhas.

@as bstuihas qub fcarifrae b` feæ`hshs ib às pragbsas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be `f Frkbethef y Fdèrhgf @fthef pubibe ihvhihrsb, f krfeibs

rfskas, be thpas ib beoaqubs, gfif uea ib às guf`bs fiapt÷ ue beoaqub pfrthgu`fr.Ref krfe pfrtb ib `f `htbrfturf sb beoag÷ be às feæ`hshs ib bgaeadäf pa`äthgf,

gbetrfeia su feæ`hshs be b` hdpfgta ib `fs prbshaebs ib às fgtarbs bxtbreas y ib

krupas ib hetbrès. Bstas trfcfjas oubrae ibsfrra``fias be su dfyaräf be `f iègfif ib

68?> y 68;>. Be bstb pbräaia `f dfyaräf ib às pfäsbs ib `f rbkh÷e sb gfrfgtbrhzfcf

par `f sugbsh÷e ib hetbrrupghaebs futarhtfrhfs f às rbkädbebs ibdagræthgas, gae à

guf` b` èeofshs par b` feæ`hshs ib às krupas ib hetbrès bstfcf iadhefia par frbefs

oubrtbdbetb garparfthvfs, iaeib às fgtarbs ofvarbghias oubrae f dbeuia gfpfgbs

ib bxtrfbr rbetfs. ^frf`b`fdbetb, atra krupa ib trfcfjas sb gbetrfrae be às feæ`h-




6=9

shs sbgtarhf`bs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. Gada chbe sböf`fe Asgfr Asz`fl y Kuh``brda

A‘Iaeeb`` (68;?), cubef pfrtb ib `fs puc`hgfghaebs ib bsb pbräaia gaeshibrf `fs

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs gada uehifibs ihsgrbtfs qub pubibe sbr bstuihfifs prbsgheihbe-

ia ib` gaetbxta be b` qub sae fiaptfifs a be b` qub praiugbe gaesbgubeghfs. Bstb

beoaqub bstfc`bgb uef hdpartfetb ihsthegh÷e betrb `f pa`äthgf dhsdf y sus bobgtas,bs ibghr, `fs gaesbgubeghfs prbsuetfdbetb pravagfifs par su fiapgh÷e b hdp`bdbe-

tfgh÷e. Bsta bs fsä parqub `f ef`hifi ib` beoaqub bs bdhebetbdbetb ihfke÷sthgf. B`

èeofshs bstuva pubsta be `f gaegbptuf`hzfgh÷e y dbihgh÷e ib ‐hdpfgtas— ib pa`äthgfs

bstftf`bs sbgtarhf`bs (Asz`fl y A‘Iaeeb``, 68;?).

^frf atras futarbs, b` èeofshs ibcäf sbr pubsta be b` ra` ib `fs hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs

gada vfrhfc`bs bxp`hgfthvfs. Ea ibsgfrtfe `f hdpartfeghf ib` feæ`hshs ib às krupas ib

hetbrès f` dadbeta ib bxp`hgfr gadp`bdbetfrhfdbetb às pragbsas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷eib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. ^bra paebe b` prhsdf sacrb `f mfch`hifi ib às fgtarbs pa`äthgas

pfrf akrfr rbsu tfias gaapbrfthvas, a sbf, akrfr frrbkàs pa äthgas y dfetbebràs be b`

thbdpa. X bsta ibpbeib ib` eúdbra ib fgtarbs g`fvbs (prbshibetbs, `äibrbs ib pfrthias

pa`äthgas, bkhs fiarbs, jubgbs, kacbrefiarbs, cur÷grftfs, äibrbs sheihgf`bs a bdprbsfrha,

btg.), ib sus marhzaetbs tbdparf`bs, ib `f orbgubeghf ib su hetbrfggh÷e, ib às bsgbefrhas

be às guf`bs hetbrfgtúfe (qub pubibe sbr oardf`bs gada b` paibr bjbguthva a b` paibr

`bkhs`fthva, a heoardf`bs, gada `f gf``b) y ib `f ihspaehch`hifi ib dbgfehsdas ib beoar-

gbdbet qub às ac`hkub f gudp`hr gae às gadpradhsas (Wgfrtfsgheh bt f`, 3>66: ;).^frf fef`hzfr bstb gfpätuà, mbdas ihvhihia b` feæ`hshs be ias: be ue prhdbr da-

dbeta rbgaestruhrbdas mhst÷rhgfdbetb `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs frkbethefs hetbetfeia

rbgaeagbr `fs prheghpf`bs ibghshaebs qub dfrgfrae uef ibpbeibeghf ib `f trfybgta-

rhf be às pragbsas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. âstbrhardbetb fef`h-

zfrbdas b` gadpartfdhbeta ib às prheghpf`bs fgtarbs ib` jubka ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e

ib pa`äthgfs f às ebs ib fef`hzfr guæ`bs oubrae sus prheghpf`bs hegbethvas y guæ`bs

oubrae `fs prheghpf`bs rbstrhgghaebs qub beorbetfrae.

3. Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW BE FSKBEYHEF

@f dfebrf be qub hetbrfgtúfe `fs oubrzfs ib gfdcha y `f hebrghf ib f gaetheuhifi bs

ue t÷phga qub mhst÷rhgfdbetb mf gaeghtfia krfe ftbegh÷e be b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs. @fs pfrthgu`frhifibs ib` gfsa frkbethea ea bsgfpf f tf` gubsth÷e, y uef vfs-

tf `htbrfturf mf vhsta `f ùz pragurfeia bstfc`bgbr pfrædbtras qub pbrdhtfe bvfùfr

`f bxtbesh÷e, `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs b hegùsa às dbgfehsdas ib gfdcha pa`äthga orbetbf `f gaetheuhifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs efghaef`bs.




6=2

Gada vhdas be b` Gfphtuà _, às gfdchas be `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs surkbe gufe-

ia uef eubvf pa`äthgf púc`hgf rbbdp`fzf f `f bxhstbetb, kbebrfeia ue eubva stftu

qua (Gaàdbr, 3>>8< Ysbcb`hs, 688=). B` feæ`hshs ib às pragbsas ib gfdchas ib `f

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs frkbethefs mf shia rbobrhia par `f `htbrfturf f pfrthr ib ias thpas

ib bxp`hgfghaebs fetfk÷ehgfs, be ghbrtf dbihif: b` prhdbra paeb b` èeofshs be vf-rhfc`bs pa`äthga-hesthtughaef`bs6, b` sbkueia gbetrf su ftbegh÷e be ibtbrdhefetbs ib

thpa curagræthga-bstftf`3. ^frf b` prhdbr thpa ib feæ`hshs, b` qub prhvh`bkhf vfrhfc`bs

bxp`hgfthvfs ib thpa pa`äthga-hesthtughaef`, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs frkbethefs sb gfrfg-

tbrhzfe par sbr cæshgfdbetb hebstfc`bs y va`æth`bs (Wph``br y Yaddfsh, 3>>;). âr b`

gaetrfrha, às trfcfjas qub gbetrfe su dhrfif be vfrhfc`bs rb`fthvfs f` ibsbdpböa cu-

ragræthga bstftf` thbeibe f gaeshibrfr à qub sugbib f` hetbrhar ib` Bstfia gada hes-

tfeghf prbvhf f f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib fs pa`äthgfs. frf bstf garrhbetb f bstfch`hifi ahebstfch`hifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ibpbeibe be krfe dbihif ib à qub ibtbrdhef

b` rhtda ib às ghgàs pa`äthgas y ea f` rbvès. Be bstb sbethia, às trfcfjas qub sb fp`h-

gfrae f fef`hzfr b` gfsa frkbethea acsbrvfe qub `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs bstæe hdcuhifs

ib pftraebs qub `bs ife uef hebrghf qub mfgb qub `fs rbk`fs qub rhkbe f `fs curagrf-

ghfs pbrshstfe (bsta bs, gfdchbe paga) y sb rbpraiuzgfe. Bstfs rbk`fs hegùybe f às

pragbihdhbetas, ruthefs y gaevbeghaebs oardf`bs a heoardf`bs qub sb begubetrfe

berfhzfias be `f bstrugturf arkfehzfghaef` y gaeoardfe às pragbihdhbetas apbrfth-

vas ib `f curagrfghf (A‘Iaeeb``, 68=3< Gfvfrazzh, 68=;< Ga``hbr y Ga``hbr, 6886)7. Bebstas fcarifjbs kachbref uef vhsh÷e ib` gfdcha gada f`ka gaetheua, beta, fgudu`f-

thva y eardf`dbetb ea prbdbihtfia. Bstb ibpbeib dugma dæs ib `fs ghrguestfeghfs

y ib `fs shtufghaebs pfrthgu`frbs qub ib `fs hetbeghaebs ib às fgtarbs.

6 @fs vfrhfc`bs pfrf fef`hzfr às pftraebs ib bstfch`hifi/hestfch`hifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sae

beueghfifs ib ihobrbetbs daias: bstfch`hifi (DgGucches, Ea`` y [bhekfst, 68=8< DgGucches yWgmwfrtz, 68=9< Ysbcb`hs, 688=)< gfpfghifi ib heeavfgh÷e (Mucbr, 688=)< gaeshstbeghf (Gax y Dg-Gucches, 6889)< a gaetheuhifi (Wfcfthbr y Jbelhes-Wdhtm, 6888< Mffs, 3>>9). ^frf b` feæ`hshs ib às pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas, `fs ihdbeshaebs prapubstfs oubrae bstfch`hifi, fifptfch`hifi, gaarihefgh÷ey gambrbeghf, gf`hifi ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y arhbetfgh÷e f` hetbrès púc`hga (Wtbhe, bt f`, 3>>;< Wgfrtfs-gheh, bt f`, 3>66).

3 Wacrb b` pfrthgu`fr pubib gaesu`tfrsb ^btbrs (3>>7).

7 Be bstb dhsda sbethia, ue trfcfja ib arhbetfgh÷e wbcbrhfef, Bvfes, Subsgmdbybr y Wlagpa` (68=2)hestfe f rbgupbrfr b` bstuiha ib `fs bstrugturfs hetbrefs ib` Bstfia (gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib `f curagrfghf,gfpfghifibs bstftf`bs, heorfbstrugturfs b hetbrfgghaebs, mbrbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs, heeavfghaebs fidhehs-

trfthvfs, btg.) gada vfrhfc`bs bxp`hgfthvfs ib hdpartfeghf ibetra ib `f ghbeghf pa`äthgf y `f saghaàkäfgadpfrfifs. Be bsb dfrga atras trfcfjas rbtadfe y rbgaegbptuf`hzfe `f hibf ib futaeadäf bstftf`(Dfee, 688;< [bhr y Wlagpa`, 6887).




6=?

@fs ihvbrkbeghfs betrb `f `htbrfturf sacrb hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs y às feæ`hshs

ib às dbgfehsdas bstftf`bs curagræthgas surkbe fetb `f ea bxhstbeghf ib dfrgas

tb÷rhgas s÷`hias pfrf bstuihfr às pragbsas ib b`fcarfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs ib ue

daia hetbkrf` (Gheka`feh, 3>6>: 2>). Ea prbtbeibdas rbsa`vbr bstb fetfkaehsda

be bstb dadbeta. Waà eas hetbrbsf dfrgfr bstæ ihobrbeghf f` dadbeta ib hehghfreubstra feæ`hshs.

F à `frka ib bstb gfpätuà vfdas f fef`hzfr bstas ias beoaqubs a trfihghaebs ib

feæ`hshs fp`hgfifs f` gfsa frkbethea. Gadbezfrbdas par fef`hzfr às pragbsas mhst÷-

rhgas vhstas f pfrthr ib guftra dadbetas a ghgàs ib f pa`äthgf púc`hgf efghaef`, pfrf

ùbka fcagfreas f` feæ`hshs ib `f rb`fgh÷e betrb eúdbra ib jukfiarbs bxhstbetbs, `fs

rbk`fs qub rhkbe sus hetbrgfdchas y às rbsu`tfias hetbdparf`bs be tèrdheas ib `f

oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs efghaef`bs.

3.6. @as ghgàs ib `f pa`äthgf frkbethef: ib` gfphtf`hsdaa`hkfrquhga f `f rbgupbrfgh÷e ib` Bstfia

Gadbegbdas par fcagfreas f hetbrprbtfr `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs frkbethefs be g`fvb

ib ibpbeibeghf ib f trfybgtarhf. Be bstb sbethia, paibdas hibethgfr as shkuhbetbs

ghgàs a dadbetas ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf frkbethef:

B` gfphtf`hsda a hkfrquhga: `f prhdbrf btfpf qub paibdas fef`hzfr bs `f ibeadh-efif Gfphtf`hsda A`hkfrquhga (Gfvfrazzh, 688?), qub sb bxtbeih÷ ibsib `f iègfif

ib 6=?> mfstf b` gadhbeza ib `f ^rhdbrf Kubrrf Dueihf` (6869). Iurfetb bstb pb-

räaia sb ibsp`bkfrae às pragbsas ib gaestruggh÷e ib `fs prheghpf`bs hesthtughaebs

ib` Bstfia Efghaef`, sb bstrugtur÷ b` aribe ghvh` arkfehzfia be tarea f ue bstfia

guyfs pa`äthgfs oubrae f `f vbz uehvbrsf`bs y bxgùybetbs y `f bgaeadäf sb hetbkra ib

dfebrf fchbrtf f` bdbrkbetb shstbdf gfphtf`hstf dueihf`.

Ibsib sus gadhbezas, `f pa`äthgf a`hkærquhgf tuva ias ihdbeshaebs: b` cà-

quba ib taif pfrthghpfgh÷e f arkfehzfghaebs pa`äthgfs ib g`fsbs sucf`tbrefs y`f gaesbgubetb pfrthghpfgh÷e ib `fs g`fsbs praphbtfrhfs gada úehgas fkbetbs

pa`äthgas ib `f èpagf f trfvès ib pfrthias ib eatfc`bs. Bstb dbgfehsda ib ia-

dhefgh÷e oub b` gadpaebetb ibghshva pfrf dfetbebr b` aribe: par ue `fia, kb-

ebr÷ y kfrfethz÷ `f rbpraiuggh÷e ib `fs rb`fghaebs saghf`bs y, par b` atra, oub b`

eúg`ba frthgu`fiar ib às dbgfehsdas bstftf`bs qub pbrdhthbrae f às fgtarbs

iadhefetbs fpraphfrsb ib uef pargh÷e gaeshibrfc`b ib às bxgbetbs be tèrdheas

ib hekrbsas (Wfcfta, 68==).






6==

@f gadpbtbeghf pa`äthgf hetrfè`htbs ea rbsa`vh÷ mfstf `f iègfif ib às 7> eh b`

prac`bdf ib `f hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e eh b` prac`bdf ib `f hegarparfgh÷e y pfrthgh-

pfgh÷e ib às sbgtarbs papu`frbs be oardfs ib rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib dfsfs?. Bs rbghèe

be 687> iaeib sb praiugb ue rbaribefdhbeta ib` sbgtar prhvfia (prhdbrf ofsb ib

`f heiustrhf`hzfgh÷e par susthtugh÷e ib hdpartfghaebs), `f bstrfthgfgh÷e ib `f ghu-ififeäf sbkúe b` krfia ib bspbghf`hzfgh÷e `fcarf` y `f ftbegh÷e f `f fkbeif cæshgf

ib` davhdhbeta acrbra. Fetb `f ebgbshifi ib begfuzfr `fs ibdfeifs pfrthghpfthvfs

ib às sbgtarbs saghf`bs acrbras, b` bstfia prapusa ibsfrra``fr uef sbrhb ib pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs f gfdcha ib rbku`fr às pragbsas ib hegarparfgh÷e pa`äthgf ib às davh-

dhbetas acrbras. B` rbgursa ib rbsa`vbr `fs grhshs ib hegarparfgh÷e be gaetbxtas ib

bsgfsf hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e pa`äthgf (pfrthias pa`äthgas) ibj÷ gada sfìa ue bsthà ib

rbsa`vbr gaehgtas pa`äthgas par dbiha ib dbgfehsdas bstftf`bs (Wfetas, 6886: 68).Bstas dbgfehsdas oubrae às qub gfrfgtbrhzfrae b` pr÷xhda pbräaia.

B` bstfia Waghf`: b` sbkueia dadbeta ib g`hvfjb be tarea f `f bstrugturfgh÷e ib

`fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs frkbethefs bs b` qub fcfrgf ue `frka pbräaia qub gadhbezf be

`f iègfif ib` 7> y gu`dhef f dbihfias ib `f iègfif ib` ;>. Bstb pbrhaia oub gfrfgtb-

rhzfia par `f `htbrfturf ib ihsthetf dfebrf: gada dftrhz bstfiagèetrhgf (Gfvfrazzh,

68=;), gada bstfia cbebofgtar (@a _uaà, 6886) a bstfia ib chbebstfr frkbethea

(Hsufeh, 3>>2)< a uehvbrsf`hsda bstrfthgfia (Dbsf-@fka, 6886< Oh`kubrf, 688=).

Bstb pragbsa ib ‐krfe trfesoardfgh÷e— (â`feyh, 6883), sb praiuja par `f hdpashch`hifi ib` rèkhdbe a`hkærquhga ib hegarparfr f fgtarbs saghf`bs bdbrkbetbs,

y atark÷ f` bstfia ue ra` bsbeghf` gada ofgtar rbku`fiar ib `f vhif bgae÷dhgf y

saghbtf` y gada daif`hifi ib hetbkrfgh÷e ib fdp`has sbgtarbs ib `f pac`fgh÷e. Be

tf` dfrga, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs qub sb ibsfrra``frae be bstf btfpf sb gfrfgtbrhzfrae

par `f gadchefgh÷e betrb sbkurhifi saghf` (`hkfif f `f oardf`hifi ib às sbgtarbs

`fcarf`bs) y dbgfehsdas ib fshstbeghf púc`hgf ihrhkhias f às sbgtarbs dæs pacrbs y

ea hesbrtas be `fs prægthgfs praiugthvfs g`frfdbetb arkfehzfifs. Be bstb sbethia, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb gfrfgtbrhzfrae par bstfr ihrhkhifs f oartf`bgbr às pragbsas ib

gaesthtugh÷e ib` bstftus ib às fsf`frhfias y às däehdas uehvbrsf`bs ib vhif kfrfe-

thzfias par às bstfias saghf`bs.

B` pragbsa ib hegarparfgh÷e ib às sbgtarbs saghf`bs f `f frbef púc`hgf bstuva

gfrfgtbrhzfia par oubrtbs pa`äthgfs ib pratbggh÷e saghf` qub tbeäfe gada fgtar prhe-

? Bstf hegarparfgh÷e, tf` gada ibstfgfe Ga`hbr y Ga`hbr (6886: 9>), sb mhza ib dfebrf gaetra`fif ftrfvès ib ihsthetfs daif`hifibs: a par dbihas ib às pfrthias a f trfvès ib` bstfia.




6=8

ghpf` f` bstfia: (h) be à rbobrbetb f` dbrgfia ib trfcfja, sb praphghfrae pa`äthgfs ib

p`bea bdp`ba y kbebrf`hzfgh÷e ib `fs rb`fghaebs sf`frhf`bs oardf`bs< (hh) sb rbku`frae

às gaetrftas ib bdp`ba gae `f tbeibeghf f gaesa`hifr daif`hifibs oarihstfs ib ar-

kfehzfgh÷e ib` trfcfja< (hhh) kbebrf`hzfgh÷e ib às shstbdfs ib sbkuras saghf`bs, bstf-

thzfeia `f gacbrturf ib às rhbskas ib `f vhif fgthvf< (hv) bxpfesh÷e ib `f biugfgh÷e púc`hgf, hegùybeia `f biugfgh÷e dbihf y supbrhar< (v) grbfgh÷e ib uef rbi ib sfùi

púc`hgf bstftf`< (vh) rbku`fgh÷e ib as sbrvhghas ib heorfbstrugturf saghf` cæshgf< (vhh)

pa`äthgfs saghf`bs fshstbeghf`bs (trfesobrbeghf ib chbebs, sbrvhghas a hekrbsas daebtf-

rhas) ib gfrægtbr gayueturf` ihrhkhias f sbgtarbs pacrbs, ihrhkhifs f `f fcsargh÷e ib

bstas par b` dbrgfia ib trfcfja;.

Be à rbobrhia f `f pa`äthgf bgae÷dhgf, b` ibeadhefia daibà ib heiustrhf`h-

zfgh÷e par susthtugh÷e ib hdpartfghaebs (HWH) sb gfrfgtbrhz÷ par `f prbvf`beghf ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs arhbetfifs mfghf b` oartf`bghdhbeta a sucshiha ib `f aobrtf: b` -

efeghfdhbeta y f praiuggh÷e ib rbgursas bstfcf cæshgfdbetb be dfeas ib` Bstfia f

pfrthr ib ue gaejueta ib fkbeghfs y prakrfdfs ibihgfias f b`à (Iheh y Lftz, 688;).

Iurfetb taia bstb pragbsa oub ibtbrdhefetb `f f`hfezf pa`hg`fshstf gaestruhif f

pfrthr ib` pbraehsda, gaeoardfif par trfcfjfiarbs urcfeas y rurf`bs, `f davh`hzf-

gh÷e ib f g`fsb trfcfjfiarf frkbethef, f hdpartfetb heubeghf ib as sheihgftas y fs

rb`fghaebs betrb b` davhdhbeta sheihgf` y b` ^braehsda gada pfrthia pa`äthga.

^bra bstb daibà prbsbetfcf hebùihc`bs gastas pfrf dugmas fgtarbs y, par beib,gadbez÷ f p`fetbfr sbrhas ibsfoäas pfrf às kachbreas. Bsta sb ibcäf be krfe pfrtb f

qub `f saghbifi frkbethef sb bstfcf tarefeia dæs gadp`bjf f rfäz ib` surkhdhbeta y

gaesa`hifgh÷e tfeta ib arkfehzfghaebs ib trfcfjfiarbs gada ib atras fgtarbs saghf-

`bs. Orbetb f` fvfegb saghf`, `fs rbshstbeghfs y às tbdarbs ib às sbgtarbs iadhefetbs

rbspbgta ib` pragbsa ib hetbkrfgh÷e ib as ibrbgmas saghf`bs y pa`äthgas sb fkrfvfrae.

^frf`b`fdbetb oub tbehbeia ùkfr ue prakrbshva ibtbrhara ib às rbgursas ib` bstfia

tfeta pfrf bjbrgbr `f futarhifi `bkf` gada pfrf fidhehstrfr às grbghbetbs gaehgtassaghf`bs y pa`äthgas. Gada rbsu`tfia, b` ef` ib` pragbsa bstuva dfrgfia par uef

oubrtb hebstfch`hifi pa`äthgf (sugbsh÷e betrb kachbreas ghvh`bs y dh`htfrbs), bgae÷dh-

gf (hefgh÷e) y b` usa ib `f vha`beghf (Fcf` Dbihef, 3>6>: 633).

B` pragbsa ib ibsbstfthzfgh÷e: b` ga`fpsa ib `f oardf ib arkfehgh÷e saghbtf` qub

tbeäf gada gbetra b` bstfia sb praiugb f dbihfias ib `f iègfif ib` ;>. Bstb bstu-

va `hkfia f pragbsas fkuias ib grhshs efeghbrf y sgf`, gaehgtas ihstrhcuthvas y

; Feirbefgh y Sbpbtta (3>>?).




68>

f beorbetfdhbetas pa`äthgas-hiba`÷khgas qub ibrhvfrae be b` ibsdfetb`fdhbeta ib

às dbgfehsdas ib hetbrvbegh÷e bstftf` (Gfvfrazzh, 688?). Bstb pragbsa ib ibsbs-

tfthzfgh÷e bstuva dfrgfia par uef rbbstrugturfgh÷e tfeta ib `f pa`äthgf gada ib `f

bgaeadäf ib eubstra pfäs.

Yf` gada fpuet÷ Kuh``brda A‘Iaeeb`` (68=;: 3?2) bstf vhsh÷e fethbstfthstf sudh-ehstr÷ `f rbt÷rhgf pfrf àkrfr uef oush÷e hiba`÷khgf cfstfetb paibrasf: par ue `fia,

aorbgh÷ uef dhrfif gambrbetb ib g÷da b` df`bstfr bgae÷dhga, `fs grhshs pbrh÷ihgfs y

b` bstfegfdhbeta brfe kbebrfias par `fs prægthgfs bstftf`bs vhegu`fias gae b` daib-

à ib HWH. âr atra `fia, `f hibaàkäf fethbstfthstf ihfkeasthg÷ qub `fs ihsputfs hetrf b

hetbrsbgtarhf`bs be tarea f `f rbku`fgh÷e bstftf` ib `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib hekrbsas brf `f

prheghpf` gfusf ib gaehgtas saghf`bs.

@f gaheghibeghf ib bstb ihfke÷sthga betrb fgtarbs efghaef`bs b hetbrefghaef`bsrbspbgta f` fkatfdhbeta ib` daibà susthtuthva gae cfsb be `f fggh÷e bstftf`, ``bv÷,

iurfetb taif `f iègfif ib 68=>, f qub `f Frkbethef bxpbrhdbetfrf hestfeghfs ib

à qub sb ibeadhe÷ fjustb gf÷thga (Ofeb``h, Orbelb`, y Sazbewurgb`, 6889)=. Be

tèrdheas kbebrf`bs, `f pa`äthgf bgae÷dhgf sb arhbet÷ par rbgadbeifghaebs ib` ``f-

dfia ‐Gaesbesa ib [fsmhektae—, qub oubrae fpayfifs fgthvfdbetb par b` Oaeia

Daebtfrha Hetbrefghaef` y b` Cfega Dueihf`. Bstfs gaeshstäfe prheghpf`dbetb be

: (h) rboardf dfgrabgae÷dhgf, hegùybeia ihsghp`hef sgf`, fjustb y gaetra` ib`

kfsta púc`hga, rboardf hdpashthvf y `hcbrf`hzfgh÷e efeghbrf, (hh) rboardf ib` sbg-tar bxtbrea, hegùybeia `hcbrf`hzfgh÷e ib hdpartfghaebs, rbiuggh÷e ib ibrbgmas

fiufebras, b`hdhefgh÷e ib sucshihas f heiustrhf`bs bstftf`bs< (hhh) pradagh÷e ib`

ibsfrra`à ib bdprbsfs prhvfifs f trfvès ib ue pragbsa ib prhvfthzfghaebs, ibs-

rbku`fgh÷e, kfrfetäfs pfrf b` ibrbgma ib `f praphbifi, y ftrfggh÷e ib hevbrshaebs

bxtrfejbrfs.

F `f vbz qub `f bstrftbkhf eba`hcbrf` hdpu`sfcf ue gaejueta ib dbihifs tbeihbe-

tbs f oartf`bgbr b` pfpb` ib` dbrgfia, tfdchèe sb prbagupfcf par rboardfr às db-gfehsdas ib fggh÷e y gaarihefgh÷e bstftf`. Be bstb sbethia, sb mf gfrfgtbrhzfia às

pragbsas ib rboardf ib` bstfia f trfvès ib` dbrgfia (@bgmebr, 688;: 6>) gada: (h)

= Bstas futarbs dubstrfe g÷da, ibsib ebs ib 68;> y f gadhbezas ib `f iègfif ib 68=>, `fs pa`äthgfs

arhbetfifs f` dbrgfia (dfrlbt-orhbei`y fppragm a DOFI) sb hdp`bdbetfrae gada besfyas rbpbthias ‗y dugmfs vbgbs gaetrfihgtarhas‗ ib pa äthgfs gadpu`shvfs: hetbetas ib fjustb gfif vbz dæs bxtrbdas

y, f` dhsda thbdpa, ræphifdbetb orustrfias, qub gadchefcfe dbihifs ib garta p`fza y `frka p`fza.F bsta sb `b sudfcf qub gfif eubva pfqubtb ib dbihifs brf hdp`bdbetfia pfrthbeia ib shtufghaebsgfif vbz dæs ihoägh`bs.




686

ibsgbetrf`hzfif: supaeb qub `f ihobrbeghfgh÷e ib `f saghbifi gae``bvf `f fca`hgh÷e

ea saà ib` gbetra ib gaarihefgh÷e pa`äthga, shea tfdchèe guf`quhbr atra gbetra< (hh)

prhvfif: `f gaarihefgh÷e yf ea rbdhtb f `f ghuififeäf (pa`äthgf a saghf`) y, par à

tfeta, f f`kuef hibf ib ‐chbe gadúe—, shea f `f rb`fgh÷e betrb heihvhiuas be tfeta

praphbtfrhas< (hhh) marhzaetf`: b` ibch`htfdhbeta ib `fs jbrfrquäfs bs rfihgf`hzfia f` pueta ib ebkfr taif rb`fgh÷e ib iadhefgh÷e, susthtuyèeia`f par uef sbgubeghf ib

fgubrias betrb hkuf`bs fgbrgf ib hetbrgfdchas betrb bquhvf`betbs< (hv) ea hetbegha-

efif: tadfeia f` dbrgfia gada ue pfrfihkdf ib` bquh`hcrha bspaetæeba, `f gaar-

ihefgh÷e saghf` bs gaegbchif gada b` rbsu`tfia ea hetbeghaefia, futadæthga, ib `f

hetbrfggh÷e saghf`.

Be `f Frkbethef, bstb pragbsa ib trfesoardfgh÷e pravag÷ qub b` Bstfia Efghaef`

sb gaetrfjbrf, ibsbdcfrfzæeiasb ib su fpfrfta praiugthva (väf prhvfthzfghaebs), ibsus ÷rkfeas ib rbku`fgh÷e bgae÷dhgf (väf ibsrbku`fgh÷e), ib dugmfs ib sus oue-

ghaebs ib fpaya (väf tbrgbrhzfgh÷e), ib `f prbstfgh÷e ihrbgtf ib `f dfyaräf ib às

sbrvhghas púc`hgas (väf ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e), ib oubrtbs gaethekbetbs ib pbrsaef` (väf

rbthras vaùetfrhas y juch`fghaebs fethghpfifs) y ib uef pargh÷e efif ibsprbghfc`b ib

su gfpfghifi ib ibghsh÷e sacbrfef (Asz`fl, 3>>7: 296).

Be à rbobrbetb f `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, b` bstfia eba`hcbrf` sb gfrfgtbrhz÷ par:

(h) pa`äthgfs ib ibsrbku`fgh÷e bxhch`hzfgh÷e ib` dbrgfia `fcarf`, gae tbeibeghf f

`f rbiuggh÷e ib às gastas `fcarf`bs< (hh) rbdbrgfeth`hzfgh÷e pfrghf` ib `fs gacbrtu-rfs par rhbska ib vhif grbfeia (jueta f, a be ùkfr ib `f bstrugturf ib sbkuras sa-

ghf`bs) gufshdbrgfias ib kbsth÷e prhvfif y rbku`fgh÷e púc`hgf be sfùi y prbvhsh÷e

saghf`< (hhh) rbvhsh÷e ib fs gadpbtbeghfs púc`hgfs ib biugfgh÷e f ofvar ib pragbsas

ib ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e y prhvfthzfgh÷e ib `f besböfezf f às ehvb`bs sucefghaef`bs,

fgrbgbetfeia às prac`bdfs ib efeghfdhbeta y orfkdbetfgh÷e betrb `fs jurhsihg-

ghaebs< (hv) rbvhsh÷e ib `fs gadpbtbeghfs púc`hgfs ib sfùi be ouegh÷e ib eubvas

gufshdbrgfias, ibgbetrf`hzfeia y futfrquhzfeia hesthtughaebs be ue gaetbxta ibdu`thp`hgfgh÷e ib `f ibdfeif< (v) rbvhsh÷e ib `fs gadpbtbeghfs púc`hgfs be dftb-

rhf ib heorfbstrugturf saghf` cæshgf< (vh) ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e y prhvfthzfgh÷e ib às

sbrvhghas púc`hgas< (vhh) du`thp`hgfgh÷e y orfkdbetfgh÷e ib as prakrfdfs saghf`bs<

(vhhh) hetbeshgfgh÷e ib `f oagf`hzfgh÷e be pacrbzf b heihkbeghf gada dbgfehsda

ib fshkefgh÷e ib` kfsta púc`hga saghf`< (hx) fpfrhgh÷e ib daif`hifibs ib rbhesbr-

gh÷e tutb`fif be b` dbrgfia ib trfcfja8.

8 Feirbefgh y Sbpbtta (3>>?)< Jfhdb y Wfcftè (3>>9).




683

@f `÷khgf ib` fjustb gf÷thga ibrhv÷ be uef ihstrhcugh÷e gfif vbz dæs hebquhtfthvf

ib às hekrbsas. @fs hebghbeghfs ib às ihsthetas kachbreas pfrf rbsa`vbr bstf shtuf-

gh÷e, jueta gae b` ibsfrra`à ib uef saghbifi gfif vbz dæs heihvhiuf`hstf y mbtbrakè-

ebf, gaeiujbrae f` ibsgbetrfdhbeta ib `f pa`äthgf, qub ibch÷ gbibr ùkfr orbetb f `fs

rb`fghaebs dbrgfeth`bs. Be gaesbgubeghf, b` rèkhdbe pa`äthga pbrih÷ krfe pfrtb ib sugfrægtbr atrarf hetbkrfiar, suorhbeia praoueifs daihgfghaebs tfeta be à rbobrbetb

f às prheghpf`bs fgtarbs gada f `fs rbk`fs qub rhkbe sus hetbrgfdchas. _a`vbrbdas

sacrb bstb pfrthgu`fr be b` pueta shkuhbetb.

@f bxpbrhbeghf eba`hcbrf` `bk÷ f su e be ihghbdcrb ib 3>>6 gada gaesbgubeghf

ib uef praoueif grhshs bxprbsfif be tèrdheas bgae÷dhgas (rbgbsh÷e, ièght sgf`,

gbsfgh÷e ib pfkas), saghf`bs (fudbeta ib `f ibsagupfgh÷e y ib `f pacrbzf b heihkbe-

ghf) y pa`äthgas (davh`hzfghaebs papu`frbs, hebstfch`hifi hesthtughaef`, ibtbrhara ib f`bkhthdhifi ib `f g`fsb pa`äthgf.

B` pragbsa ib rbgupbrfgh÷e ib` bstfia: B` daibà ib fgudu`fgh÷e bgae÷dhgf

bstfc`bghia gae pastbrharhifi f 3>>7 sb cfsa be uef pfu`fthef rbgupbrfgh÷e ib` ra`

ib` bstfia. Wh chbe bs ghbrta qub bstb eubva ra` taifväf bstæ `bjas ib ibsp`bkfr `fs

pa`äthgfs fgthvfs qub prhdfrae be `f dftrhz bstfia gèetrhgf, b` pragbsa ib rbgupb-

rfgh÷e vhbeb bvhibeghfeia b` bstfc`bghdhbeta ib ue eubva sbt ib pa`äthgfs ib cfsb

bstftf`. Betrb bstfs paibdas dbeghaefr: (h) b` bstfc`bghdhbeta ib dfyarbs gaetra`bs

sacrb às ehvb`bs ib hevbrsh÷e ib `fs bdprbsfs prhvfthzfifs be ue hetbeta ib va`vbr frbku`fr sus fgthvhifibs< (hh) bstfthzfgh÷e ib f`kuefs bdprbsfs prhvfthzfifs iurfetb

às föas ib 688>, qub bvhibeghfcfe oubrtbs prac`bdfs efeghbras< (hhh) hdpu`sa ib

pa`äthgfs ib rbku`fgh÷e ib` dbrgfia ib trfcfja f trfvès ib às gaevbehas ga`bgthvas

ib trfcfja gada ebkaghfgh÷e betrb b` gfphtf` y b` trfcfja (Btgmbdbeiy y Ga``hbr,

3>>;)< (hv) pa`äthgfs ib sucshiha f `f aobrtf (tfeta be dftbrhf ib praiuggh÷e ib chb-

ebs y sbrvhghas gada be dbgfehsdas ib oadbeta f` gaesuda)< (v) rbbstfthzfgh÷e ib

`f sbkurhifi saghf`< (vh) ibdagrfthzfgh÷e ib às dbihas dfshvas ib gaduehgfgh÷efuihavhsuf`bs.

Bstfs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs mfe shia hdp`bdbetfifs f pfrthr ib uef sbrhb ib ibeh-

ghaebs ib pa`äthgf qub hdp`hgfe ue oubrtb ibsfoäas rbspbgta ib su sustbetfch`hifi.

âr ue `fia, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs mfe pradavhia uef gacbrturf uehvbrsf` ib `fs

prbstfghaebs, guyf gbetrf`hifi bstæ pubstf be supbrfr `fs rhkhibgbs ib` dbrgfia ib

trfcfja (ibsbdp`ba, hekrbsas duy cfjas, of`tf ib hetbkrfgh÷e f` dbrgfia y f fs rbibs

daibrefs ib praiuggh÷e y gadbrghf`hzfgh÷e, btg.) f trfvès ib pa`äthgfs gaarihefifs

ib pradagh÷e ib` bdp`ba (^rakrfdf ib Sbgupbrfgh÷e ^raiugthvf ‗SB^SA‗) y pra-




687

tbggh÷e saghf` (Fshkefgh÷e Rehvbrsf` par Mhja ‗FRM‗)6>. Bstfs pa`äthgfs mfe tbehia

bxgb`betbs rbsu`tfias be tèrdheas ib ihstrhcugh÷e ib hekrbsa (Fkhs, Gföbtb y fehka,

3>6>< Cfsufìa, 3>6>).

Atra ibsfoäa bs akrfr eubvas dbgfehsdas ib gaarihefgh÷e hetbrsbgtarhf` ib pa`ä-

thgfs púc`hgfs, à guf` hevaùgrf g`frfdbetb fspbgtas pa`äthgas y tègehgas. _frhas fu-tarbs mfe ifia gubetf ib g÷da ibcbräfe fef`hzfrsb às dbgfehsdas pra hetbkrf`hifi

y gaarihefgh÷e ib fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs (Gueh`` Krfu, 3>>2< Gfcrbra Dbeiazf 3>>?<

Sbpbtta, 3>>8< Dfrthebz Eakubhrf, 3>6>). @f kbsth÷e ib f pa`äthgf púc`hgf frkbethef

hevaùgrf `f hetbrvbegh÷e ib ihvbrsfs jurhsihgghaebs bstftf`bs, tfeta f ehvb` gbetrf`

gada sucefghaef` (pravheghf`) y/a b` duehghpf`, à guf` rbdhtb tfeta f hetbrprbtfr b`

f`gfegb ib `fs eardfs oardf`bs vhkbetbs pfrf rbku`fr bstfs rb`fghaebs, gada f` thpa

ib prægthgfs ib gu`turf pa`äthgf qub fobgtfe ihgmas väeguàs.Gaejuetfdbetb, b` sastbehdhbeta ib bstfs pa`äthgfs hdp`hgf pfrf b` bstfia f ebgb-

shifi ib ue oubrtb bquh`hcrha betrb `fs gubetfs púc`hgfs y uef bstrftbkhf ib rbiuggh÷e

ib` beibuifdhbeta bxtbrea, be uef bstrftbkhf gaarihefif vhs f vhs gae kacbrefiarbs

b hetbeibetbs (@aia`f, 3>66).

7. B@ ^SAGBWA IB OASDR@FGH×E IB Â@ÄYHGFW BE @F FSKBEYHEF

Be às shstbdfs ibdagræthgas gada b` frkbethea, às pragbsas ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs sb ibsfrra``fe be bsgbefrhas be às qub pfrthghpfe uef vfrhbifi ib fgtarbs

pa`äthgas. Be bstf frbef, às jukfiarbs sae fgtarbs bstftf`bs, pa`äthgas praobshaef`bs

(prbshibetbs, `äibrbs ib pfrthias pa`äthgas, `bkhs`fiarbs, jubgbs, cur÷grftfs, kacbref-

iarbs), krupas bdprbsfrhf`bs, sheihgftas, dbihas ib gaduehgfgh÷e y dhbdcras ib `f

saghbifi ghvh`.

F` hkuf` qub Bstfias Rehias, `f Frkbethef bs uef rbpúc`hgf obibrf`, gae oardf

ib kachbrea prbshibeghf` y uef `bkhs`fturf chgfdbrf`. Be tèrdheas kbebrf`bs, `f ib-

6> Bstb gaejueta ib rboardfs mf shia ibehif par `f `htbrfturf gada ib Rehvbrsf`hsda Cæshga, betbe-ihbeia par tf` ‐uef gacbrturf uehvbrsf` ib prbstfghaebs y rhbskas bsbeghf`bs, qub fsbkurb b` fggbsa ftrfesobrbeghfs, sbrvhghas y praiugtas qub gudp`fe gae bstæeifrbs ib gf`hifi madakèebas, atarkfiassacrb `f cfsb ib às prheghphas ib ghuififeäf, bs ibghr, uef gacbrturf qub sb ihstfeghb ib` prheghphaib sb`bggh÷e ib cbebghfrhas ib sbrvhghas f trfvès ib `f ibdastrfgh÷e ib rbgursas y ib ebgbshifi qub

prbiadhef be `f rbkh÷e—. Be bstb pueta ib vhstf, qub prapaeb gaegbchr f às sbrvhghas saghf`bs ‐gadaibrbgmas, pbra tfdchèe gada kbebrfiarbs ib ibcbrbs—, uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf ib uehvbrsf`hsda cæshga

‐fpuetf f pradavbr ue gaejueta `hdhtfia ib prbstfghaebs cæshgfs, qub hegùyb `fs prbstfghaebs bsbe-ghf`bs ib ibrbgma uehvbrsf`, qub vfrhfræ ib fgubria gae `fs pashch`hifibs y ibehghaebs praphfs ib

gfif pfäs— (Oh`kubrf, Da`hef, ^fpfi÷puùs y Yacfr, 3>>?).






682

(hh) guæ` bs b` eúdbra bobgthva ib jukfiarbs< (hhh) guæ`bs sae às väeguàs tbdparf`bs

betrb fgtarbs pa`äthgas g`fvbs< (hv) guæ` bs b` krfia ib hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e ib às

bsgbefrhas pfrf `f oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs< (v) be què dbihif bxhstbe y bstæe ihs-

paehc`bs dbgfehsdas ib beoargbdbet.

_bfdas, pubs, guæ`bs sae prheghpf`bs fgtarbs ib `f frbef púc`hgf frkbethef.

7.6. ^frthias pa`äthgas

Ibsib f iègfif ib 689>, f bsgbef pa`äthgf mf bstfia iadhefif par ias pfrthias,

b` ^frthia ^braehstf (oardf`dbetb ``fdfia ^frthia Justhghf`hstf) y `f Reh÷e Gävhgf

Sfihgf`. @f RGS, b` pfrthia vhkbetb dæs fethkua, surkh÷ be `f iègfif ib 6=8> pfrf

ibsffr `f iadhefgh÷e a`hkærquhgf. Actuva par prhdbrf vbz `f prbshibeghf be 686?,

ùbka ib uef rboardf b`bgtarf` ibdagrfthzfiarf be 6863. B` J bdbrkh÷ be `f iègfifib 689> cfja b` `hibrfzka ib Jufe Iadheka ^br÷e (prbshibetb ibsib 689? mfstf 6822

y ibsib 68;7 mfstf su of``bghdhbeta be 68;9) y ibsib betaegbs sb mf gaevbrthia be

b` prheghpf` pfrthia pa`äthga be `f Frkbethef. Mhst÷rhgfdbetb, `f cfsb b`bgtarf` ib `f

RGS mf shia f g`fsb dbihf y f cfsb b`bgtarf` ib` J mfe shia as sbgtarbs trfcfjfia-

rbs. Fuequb bstfs fsaghfghaebs sb mfe dfetbehia f à `frka ib` thbdpa, fdcas pfr-

thias sae gaeshibrfias gftgm-f``, a sbf, sus pashghaebs pa`äthgfs thbeibe f asgh`fr be

tarea f` ‐gbetra— pa`äthga. Be bstb sbethia, b` pbraehsda mf gadchefia uef gaf`hgh÷edbtrapa`htfef cfsfif be `f g`fsb trfcfjfiarf urcfef gae uef gaf`hgh÷e pbrhoèrhgf

ib krupas pravheghf`bs pravbehbetbs ib sbgtarbs papu`frbs (Khcsae, 688;< Khcsae y

Gf`va, 3>>>).

Wh chbe tbrgbras pfrthias (ib hzquhbrif y ib ibrbgmf) mfe àkrfia be agfshaebs

f`kuef eatarhbifi pa`äthgf, mfe tbehia uef bxhstbeghf boädbrf, pbrdfebghbeia pagas

föas gada oubrzf pa`äthgf rb`bvfetb. Bstas orfgfsas sb ibcbe prheghpf`dbetb f `f

hegfpfghifi ib gaestruhr uef cfsb ib fpaya tbrrhtarhf` gada `f ib` J a (sbgueifrhf-

dbetb) gada f ib f RGS, be ue shstbdf pa`äthga iaeib f pa`äthgf efghaef` thbeb ue‐frrfstrb pravheghf`— duy oubrtb (Yarrb, 3>>7< Gf`va y Durh`à, 3>>9).

Ref ib `fs prheghpf`bs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib` shstbdf ib pfrthias frkbethea bs su

rb`fthvfdbetb bsgfsa krfia ib hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e (Dfhewbrhek y Wgu``y, 3>>2)69.

69 Dfhewfrhek y Wgu``y (3>>2) gf`gu`fe b äeihgb ib hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e ib` shstbdf ib pfrthias be

cfsb f guftra ihdbeshaebs: (h) b` krfia ib bstfch`hifi betrb `f gadpbtbeghf hetbrpfrthifrhf< (hh) b` thpaib väeguàs qub bxhstb betrb b` pfrthia pa`äthga y atrfs arkfehzfghaebs ib rbprbsbetfgh÷e ib hetbrbsbsy às ghuififeas< (hhh) `f pbrgbpgh÷e qub sb thbeb ib às pfrthias y ib `fs b`bgghaebs f` dadbeta ib




68?

Ibsib `f rboardf gaesthtughaef` ib 6889 mfstf `f bgàsh÷e pa`äthgf y saghf` ib

3>>6 taia b` shstbdf ib pfrthias pa`äthgas frkbethea mf hia gfdchfeia. âr ue `fia,

taia b` shstbdf ib pfrthias sb mf orfkdbetfia, fudbetfeia b` eúdbra ib jukfiarbs

bobgthvas be b` bsgbefrha pa`äthga (Jaebs 3>>2< Wph``br y Yaddfsh, 3>>;). @as aräkb-

ebs ib bstf orfkdbetfgh÷e pubibe begaetrfrsb tfeta be b` shstbdf b`bgtarf` (rbprb-sbetfgh÷e parparghaef` gae cf`àtfkb) gada be `f prbsbeghf ib ofgtarbs mhst÷rhgas y

gu`turf`bs qub sbkdbetfrae bgae÷dhgf y saghf`dbetb eubstra shstbdf pa`äthga.

Atrf ihdbesh÷e qub mf daihgfia b` shstbdf ib pfrthias mf shia su tbeibeghf f `f

ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e pa`äthgf rbkhaef`. Bstb pragbsa mf shia ibsgrhpta par vfrhas futarbs

gada ue pragbsa ib ibsefghaef`hzfgh÷e ib às pfrthias pa`äthgas, f tf` pueta qub às

prheghpf`bs pfrthias pa`äthgas ib` pfäs pubibe ibsgrhchrsb gada gaeobibrfghaebs gae

cfsb ib paibr sucefghaef`bs (Jaebs, 3>>2< Wph` br y Yaddfsh, 3>>;). Wfcbdas qub uefbstrugturf dæs efghaef`hzfif a dæs ibsefghaef`hzfif ib às pfrthias pa`äthgas thbeb

gaesbgubeghfs be `fs iheædhgf ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs obibrf`bs (Shlbr, 68;2)62.

Bstb pragbsa ib rbgaekurfgh÷e ib às pfrthias pa`äthgas mf shia gfrfgtbrh-

zfia par vfrhas futarbs gada b` pfsa ib uef bstrugturf gbrrfif y prbibghc`b f

atrf ib thpa dæs fchbrtf b hdprbibghc`b (Fcf` Dbihef, 3>6>). Bstb eubva frrbkà

hesthtughaef` ib às pfrthias pa`äthgas frkbetheas bs ibsgrhpta gada ue shstbdf ib

pfrthias orfkdbetfia be b` p`fea efghaef` qub gaevhvb gae ue shstbdf ib pfr-

thias pravheghf`bs qub thbeibe f gaesbrvfr pftraebs ib gadpbtbeghf bstfc`bs ygaegbetrfias, fhs`fias ib às grbghbetbs ehvb`bs ib gadpbtbeghf efghaef` (Gf`va y

Bsga`fr, 3>>2). Fsä, be às ú`thdas föas, `f ibsfrthgu`fgh÷e ib` shstbdf chpfrthihstf

trfihghaef` qub f`tbrefcf b` paibr betrb pbraehstfs y rfihgf`bs mf gbihia bspfgha

f uef eubvf gaekurfgh÷e pa`äthgf qub rbvb`f ue dfyar eúdbra ib fgtarbs pfrth-

ifrhas hevaùgrfias y `f oardfgh÷e ib gaf`hghaebs kucbrefdbetf`bs dæs ædp`hfs

(Fcf` Dbihef y Sftta, 3>>?).

7.3. B` âibr Bjbguthva

Be b` shstbdf pa`äthga frkbethea, às prbshibetbs ibsbdpböfe uef ouegh÷e prbia-

dhefetb pfrf ibtbrdhefr b` prakrfdf ib kachbrea y oardu`fr prapubstfs be dftbrhf

ib pa`äthgfs. @f gfpfghifi qub thbebe às prbshibetbs ib ``bvfr f gfca bstas prakrf-

kacbrefr< (hv) b` krfia ib ibsfrra`à qub thbebe `fs arkfehzfghaebs pfrthifrhfs y su heubeghf be b`

thpa ib arhbetfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

62 Wacrb bstb pfrthgu`fr va`vbrbdas be às puetas vbehibras.




68;

dfs ib kachbrea y dfetbebr su heubeghf y prbsthkha ibpbeib ib às ofgtarbs qub

mfch`htfe, rbstrhekbe y `b pbrdhtbe ``bvfr f gfca sus pa`äthgfs.

Be Frkbethef, b` prbshibetb bs duy paibrasa be tèrdheas ib às rbgursas oardf-

`bs b heoardf`bs qub gaetra`f, y bsta sb rbbjf be: (h) ofgu`tfibs `bkhs`fthvfs: `f ofgu`-

tfi ib bdhthr ibgrbtas gae gaetbehia `bkhs`fthva bstæ bstfc`bghia be `f Gaesthtugh÷esaà pfrf gfsas bxgbpghaef`bs y gae f ac`hkfgh÷e ib` Gaekrbsa ib trftfr f hehghfthvf

ib` prbshibetb be ue p`fza ibtbrdhefia. Bstfs ofgu`tfibs `b atarkf f` prbshibetb ue

oubrtb paibr ib ebkaghfgh÷e, ib jfr fkbeif `bkhs`fthvf (Gaàdbr y Ebkrbta, 3>>7)<

tfdchèe gubetf gae `f patbstfi ib vbtfr (pfrghf` a tatf`dbetb) `fs hehghfthvfs `bkhs`f-

thvfs, shbeia `f rbk`f pfrf supbrfr b` vbta prbshibeghf` ib `fs 3/7 pfrtbs ib `fs ias gæ-

dfrfs< (hh) ofgu`tfibs ea bkhs`fthvfs: b` prbshibetb pubib eadcrfr f as oueghaefrhas

ib su kfchebtb< tfdchèe bs ofgthc`b qub b` Gaekrbsa `b ib`bkub f` bjbguthvf b` paibrib rbku`fgh÷e sacrb f`kuef ærbf bspbgägf (Fguöf, 6882)< (hhh) paibrbs pfrthifrhas:

rb`fghaefias `f prapargh÷e ib bsgföas qub gaetra`f b` pfrthia a `f gaf`hgh÷e ib` prb-

shibetb be b` Gaekrbsa y `f gambsh÷e ib` pfrthia a pfrthias ib kachbrea.

Bstas paibrbs `b pbrdhtbe kacbrefr ib dfebrf vhrtuf`dbetb ueh`ftbrf`. Whe bd-

cfrka, b` usa bobgthva ib bstas rbgursas bs gaethekbetb f `f ihstrhcugh÷e ib` paibr

pfrthifrha y f` ehvb` ib hetbkrfgh÷e ib às pfrthias pa`äthgas (Dfhewfrhek y Wmukfrt,

3>>;< Cadvbggmh y Zb`fzehg, 3>6>). Gada oub heihgfia be b` Gfpätuà HH, `f tfsf ib

èxhta `bkhs`fthva ib às prbshibetbs be `f Frkbethef sukhbrb qub `f hdfkbe ib ue bjb-guthva `bkhs`feia ueh`ftbrf`dbetb ea bs prbghsf, y qub ib mbgma bstb èxhta ibpbeib

be cubef dbihif ib as ehvb`bs ib papu`frhifi prbshibeghf` (Gf`va y F`bdæe, 3>>;).

Be bobgta, f gfpfghifi ib` prbshibetb pfrf hdp`bdbetfr pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ibpbe-

ib, be krfe pfrtb, ib sus rbsu`tfias b`bgtarf`bs. B` Gaekrbsa y às kacbrefiarbs mfe

tbeihia f sbkuhr uef ib ias bstrftbkhfs: uef bs ib gaeoraetfgh÷e, mfghbeia `f kbsth÷e

ib` prbshibetb tfe ihoägh` gada sbf pashc`b< `f atrf bs gaapbrfr ‐ghbkfdbetb— gae b`

bjbguthva f gfdcha ib pfrthghpfr be b` jubka sgf` y be b` jubka prbsupubstfrha be b`garta p`fza6?. @f b`bggh÷e betrb bstfs ias bstrftbkhfs rbsu`tf ib uef gadchefgh÷e ib

gaeshibrfghaebs pfrthifrhfs y ib ihspaehch`hifi ib rbgursas sgf`bs. Gufeia b` pfr -

thia be bjbrghgha ib` âibr Bjbguthva ea gaheghib gae às gaàrbs ib às kacbrefiarbs

(y fs dfyaräfs be b` Gaekrbsa) y as rbgursas sgf`bs be dfeas ib` bjbguthva sae bs-

gfsas, uef bstrftbkhf ib gaeoraetfgh÷e bs dæs pracfc`b. Be èpagfs dæs ‐eardf`bs—

bs dæs ofgthc`b uef bstrftbkhf ib gaapbrfgh÷e (Gf`va y Durh`à, 3>>2).

6? Wacrb bstas ias jubkas va`vbrbdas f` ef` ib bstb gfpätuà.




68=

7.7. Kacbrefiarbs

Be `f Frkbethef às fgtarbs pa`äthgas sucefghaef`bs, be bspbghf` às kacbrefiarbs

pravheghf`bs, sae duy hdpartfetbs be `f pa`äthgf efghaef` y be `f dfebrf be qub sb

oardu`fe `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs efghaef`bs.@f Frkbethef thbeb uef `frkf trfihgh÷e obibrf`. Gada be Bstfias Rehias, b` pa-

ibr ib` Bstfia sb ibeb be `f gaesthtugh÷e y bdfef ib `fs pravheghfs y ea ib` Ka -

chbrea gbetrf`. @as kachbreas pravheghf`bs thbebe futarhifi sacrb ue fcfehga fdp`ha

ib pa`äthgfs, b` guf` mf hia be fudbeta be às ú`thdas 32 föas, ib tf` dfebrf qub b`

kfsta púc`hga ibsgbetrf`hzfia bs b` dæs f`ta ib Fdèrhgf @fthef (Of``bth, 3>>2). Whe

bdcfrka, `f rbgfuifgh÷e sgf` bstæ cfstfetb gbetrf`hzfif, à qub grbf ue oubrtb ibs-

bquh`hcrha sgf` vbrthgf`, qub mfgb qub às kachbreas pravheghf`bs ibpbeife dugma

ib `fs trfesobrbeghfs ib às rbgursas efghaef`bs (Gf`va y Fcf` Dbihef, 3>>6).F bsta ú`thda sb `b sudf qub às pragbsas ib ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib` kfsta

bstuvhbrae fgadpföfias par b` rboubrza ib `fs bstrftbkhfs ib chbebstfr: `fs pa-

`äthgfs efghaef`bs ib pratbggh÷e `fcarf` y saghf` tuvhbrae gada prheghpf` bobgtar

tbrrhtarhf` `fs fidhehstrfghaebs pravheghf`bs (Crusga, Efzfrbea y Wtalbs, 3>>9<

@bvhesly, 3>>;).

@f arkfehzfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf pfrthifrhf sb gbetrf dugma be b` ædchta pravhe-

ghf`. @fs gfrrbrfs pa`äthgfs, sacrb taia `fs bxhtasfs, sub`be gaestruhrsb sacrb cfsbsib paibr pravheghf`bs. @f sacrbrrbprbsbetfgh÷e ib `fs pravheghfs gmhgfs be fdcfs

gædfrfs ib `fs `bkhs`fturfs pravheghf`bs, às dètaias bdp`bfias pfrf prapaebr gfe-

ihifturfs6; y `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib às dbgfehsdas sgf`bs obibrf`bs gaetrhcuybe f

mfgbr ib `fs pravheghfs ue ædchta grughf` ib hetbrgfdchas pa`äthgas. @f hdpartfeghf

ib às kacbrefiarbs sb rbbjf be b` mbgma ib qub trbs ib às ghega prbshibetbs qub

agupfrae b` âibr Bjbguthva Efghaef` ibsib b` rbkrbsa ib `f ibdagrfghf mfyfe shia

kacbrefiarbs prbvhfdbetb (Gfràs Dbebd, Biufria Iumfìb y Ebstar Lhrgmebr),

ias ib b`às ib pravheghfs pbquböfs.@as ias pfrthias pa`äthgas prheghpf`bs mfe bjbrghia ue krfe iadheha sucefghaef`.

B` ^J gaetra`÷ ue pradbiha ib ?7% ib às kachbreas pravheghf`bs betrb 68=7 y 3>6>,

gae f RGS be sbkueia ukfr gae ue pradbiha ib 39%. Iurfetb bstb pbrhaia ehekúe

6; B` shstbdf b`bgtarf` pravheghf` bstæ cfsfia be `hstfs gbrrfifs gae `fs pravheghfs gada ihstrhtas

b`bgtarf`bs. Bsta pbrdhtb qub às `äibrbs pravheghf`bs be kbebrf` y às kacbrefiarbs be pfrthgu`fr ibs-bdpböbe ue ra` duy heuybetb be b` pragbsa ib eadhefgh÷e ib `fs gfeihifturfs pfrf `fs b`bgghaebs

`bkhs`fthvfs.




688

atra pfrthia gaetra`÷ dæs ib uef pravheghf. Atrf gfrfgtbrästhgf eatfc`b ib às ka-

chbreas pravheghf`bs bs b` f`ta krfia ib rbpbthgh÷e ib eadcrbs (Frifefz bt f`, 3>6>).

Ibsib b` rbtarea f `f ibdagrfghf, b` gaetra` ib às kacbrefiarbs ib sus ihstrhtas

pa`äthgas sb mf rboarzfia dbihfetb ias dbgfehsdas. âr ue `fia, mf mfchia rboar-

dfs pa`äthgfs qub mfe pbrdhthia f às kacbrefiarbs sbr rbb`bgtas. âr atra `fia, àskacbrefiarbs mfe gaetra`fia b` gf`beifrha b`bgtarf` f ebs ib bvhtfr bxtbref`hifibs

ebkfthvfs (gafttfh` boobgt ) ibsib b` bsgbefrha efghaef` y pfrf fpravbgmfr `fs bxtbref-

`hifibs pashthvfs ib `f papu`frhifi ib às prbshibetbs efghaef`bs (Gf`va y Dhgazzh,

3>>2).

7.9. B` Gaekrbsa

Gada ihjhdas fetbrhardbetb b` aibr @bkhs`fthva thbeb uef bstrugturf chgfdbrf .@as dhbdcras ib `f Gædfrf ib Ihputfias frkbethef sae b`bkhias be ihstrhtas

pùrheadhef`bs (`fs 37 pravheghfs y `f Ghuifi Fut÷eadf ib Cubeas Fhrbs) par pb-

rhaias ib 9 föas. @as ihputfias sae b`bkhias f pfrthr ib `hstfs pfrthifrhfs gbrrfifs.

@f gædfrf sb rbeubvf par dhtfibs gfif ias föas y gfif ihstrhta rbbdp`fzf `f dhtfi

ib sus `bkhs`fiarbs (a b` bquhvf`betb dæs gbrgfea). Dhbetrfs qub `fs cfegfs ib `f gæ-

dfrf sae tb÷rhgfdbetb fshkefifs betrb `fs pravheghfs gae cfsb f su pac`fgh÷e, gfif

pravheghf thbeb ue däehda ib ghega ihputfias. ^frf 6> pravheghfs, bstb dbgfehsdagaeiugb f uef sacrbrrbprbsbetfgh÷e (Sbyeasa, 3>>9).

@f sacrbrrbprbsbetfgh÷e bs dfyar fúe be `f Gædfrf F`tf. Fetbs ib `f Sboardf

Gaesthtughaef` ib 6889 gfif ihstrhta bstfcf rbprbsbetfia par ias sbefiarbs. Ibsib

`f Sboardf Gaesthtughaef`, b` Wbefia bstæ gadpubsta par ;3 dhbdcras, gae gfif

pravheghf rbprbsbetfif par trbs sbefiarbs b`bkhias ihrbgtfdbetb usfeia `f rbk`f ib

`f `hstf b`bgtarf hegadp`btf, qub bsthpu`f qub ehekúe pfrthia pubib agupfr dæs ib

ias cfegfs par pravheghf be b` Wbefia.

Be dugmas pfäsbs (gada Bstfias Rehias) às `bkhs`fiarbs ibsfrra``fe gfrrbrfs ib`frka p`fza be b` Gaekrbsa, gae f`tfs tfsfs ib rbb`bggh÷e y gae bspbghf`hzfghaebs be ga-

dhshaebs `bkhs`fthvfs duy paibrasfs. Be `f Frkbethef, par b` gaetrfrha, às `bkhs`fiarbs

thbebe duy cfjfs tfsfs ib rbb`bggh÷e y thbeibe f pbrdfebgbr gartas pbräaias be b` Gae-

krbsa (Wfhbkm, 3>>2)< sf`va bxgbpghaebs, ea sb bspbghf`hzfe be gadhshaebs pfr`fdbetf-

rhfs ib dfebrf bobgthvf y pfrthghpfe be ue bxgbshva eúdbra ib gadhshaebs (Jaebs bt f ,

3>>;). X, gada sb mf ibdastrfia, `f gbetrf`hifi pravheghf` ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf mfgb

qub `f dfyaräf ib às `bkhs fiarbs bstèe dæs hetbrbsfias be gaetheufr su gfrrbrf pa`äthgfbe gfrkas pravheghf`bs qub be rbeavfr sus dfeiftas bkhs`fthvas (Jaebs, 3>>9).




3>>

Be säetbshs, `f gartf iurfgh÷e ib `fs gfrrbrfs `bkhs`fthvfs bs ue hegbethva ebkf-

thva pfrf trfesoardfr b` Gaekrbsa be ue fgtar paibrasa f` dadbeta ib oardu`fr

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

7.2. B` âibr Juihghf`B` oueghaefdhbeta ib `fs hesthtughaebs juihghf`bs thbeb hdp`hgfeghfs ihrbgtfs pfrf

`f ofgthch`hifi ib `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib às gaetrftas bobgthvas betrb pfrthgu`frbs, betrb

fgtarbs prhvfias y púc`hgas y fúe betrb fgtarbs pa`äthgas.

@f heibpbeibeghf ib` paibr juihghf` mfcäf shia bstfc`bghif be `f Gaesthtugh÷e

ib 6=27. Whe bdcfrka, `f `htbrfturf mf ibstfgfia qub, iurfetb iègfifs, `f Gartb Wu-

prbdf ib `f Efgh÷e ea mf shia ue ærchtra oubrtb b hdpfrghf` ib às fgubrias pa`äth-

gas (Hfrygazawbr, Wph``br y Yaddfsh, 3>>;). Ibsib 68?>, às jubgbs ib `f WuprbdfGartb ib Justhghf mfe tbehia duy crbvb pbrdfebeghf be b` gfrka. Ibsib 68?> mfstf

dbihfias ib `f iègfif ib 688>, às jubgbs frkbetheas tbeiäfe f iurfr be pradbiha

dbeas ib ghega föas be sus gfrkas. Bstf hebstfch`hifi be b` gfrka mhza qub às trhcu-

ef`bs thbeife f bstfr dæs f`hebfias gae b` paibr pa`äthga y qub, par beib, ea pubife

bjbrgbr ue oubrtb ra` ib gaetra` juihghf` sacrb `fs fgghaebs ib kachbrea. Bstf rbk`f

sb darhkbrfcf gufeia às prbshibetbs sb ibch`htfcfe a ``bkfcf b` e ib su dfeifta

(Mb`dlb, 3>>2).Bstb pragbsa pfrbgb mfcbrsb daihgfia pashthvfdbetb f pfrthr ib 3>>7. @f gaf-

`hgh÷e lhrgmebrhstf daihg÷ às pragbsas ib sb`bggh÷e ib às jubgbs mfghèeiaàs dæs

trfespfrbetbs y pfrthghpfthvas. Bstf eubvf gartb mf ifia sböf`bs ib heibpbeibeghf

hegùsa be gaetbxtas ib oartf`bzf prbshibeghf` (Durh`à, 3>66).

7.?. @f curagrfghf

Ref oardf pashc`b ib hestrudbetfr fgubrias pa`äthgas hetbrtbdparf`bs bs ib`bkfr `f

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs f uef fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf tègehgfdbetb gf`hgfif y

rb`fthvfdbetb heibpbeihbetb. Be `f Frkbethef bsta sb mf gudp`hia pfrghf`dbetb: ue

sbrvhgha ghvh` ièch`, gae f`tfs tfsfs ib ratfgh÷e y of`tf ib hegbethvas f `frka p`fza, mf

gabxhsthia gae hs`fs ib bxgb`beghf curagræthgf6=. Bsta trfja fpfrbjfia ue vfrhapheta

6= Ibetra ib bstfs hs`fs bs pashc`b hibethgfr sbgtarbs vhegu`fias f `fs efezfs, às hdpubstas y `f

sbkurhifi saghf` (Cfega Gbetrf`, FOH^ y FEWBW), gae `f hevbsthkfgh÷e y `fs ghbeghfs (GAEHGBY,GAEBFR, HEYF, HEYH, WBEFWF, betrb atras), arkfehsdas rbku`fiarbs (BESB, BEFSKFW, ASW- EF, betrb atras) y f`kueas gubrpas praobshaef`bs bspbgägas gada b` Wbrvhgha Bxtbrhar ib `f Efgh÷e.




3>6

dasfhga ib arkfehzfghaebs qub gadpaebe `f bstrugturf curagræthgf f` hetbrhar ib`

pfäs, ibchia f qub b` fgtar curagræthga ea bs ue fgtar madakèeba, shea qub gaevhvbe

ihsthetas thpas ib curagrfghfs, gfif uef gae sus `÷khgfs, grhtbrhas y ra`bs ihobrbeghf-

ias (Hfgavbà, Zuvfehg y Sairäkubz Kustæ, 3>6>). Bstb pragbsa mf shia gfrfgtbrhzfia

gada ue pragbsa ib fvfegb hetbrdhtbetb (stap-fei-ka) (Cfdcfgh, Wph``br y Yaddf-sh, 3>>;).

@f prheghpf` bxp`hgfgh÷e ib bstb pragbsa bs `f of`tf ib fgtarbs gae hetbrès f `frka

p`fza be b` sbgtar púc`hga frkbethea, ue obe÷dbea qub be b` `bekufjb ib `f tbaräf ib`

prheghpf`/fkbetb sb mf ibeadhefia ‐fusbeghf ib prheghpf` f `frka p`fza—. Yaias às

shstbdfs prbshibeghf`hstfs sb gfrfgtbrhzfe par qub às bjbguthvas sbfe fgtarbs rb`fth-

vfdbetb gartap`fghstfs. ^bra be `f Frkbethef bstf shtufgh÷e sb fkrfvf par b` mbgma

ib qub às dhbdcras ib` Gaekrbsa, gada vhdas fetbs, tfdchèe sae fgtarbs ib garta p`fza, y gfrbgbe ib hegbethvas pfrf mfgbrsb gae gfrkas ibetra ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e

púc`hgf.

Fuequb às pfrthias efghaef`bs pairäfe mfcbr ibsfrra``fia ue gubrpa ib oue-

ghaefrhas púc`hgas bstfc`b ‗gada sä sugbih÷ be atras pfäsbs `ftheafdbrhgfeas‗ `f

orfkdbetfgh÷e pravheghf` ib às pfrthias mf mbgma qub `fs curagrfghfs suorfe

f`tas ehvb`bs ib ratfgh÷e y prfgthgfs ea gaapbrfthvfs ib `fs curagrfghfs pbrdf-

ebetbs (@bhrfs, 3>>?).

F pfrthr ib 3>>7 sb hehghf ue pragbsa ib eardf`hzfgh÷e y jbrfrquhzfgh÷e ib` bd- p`ba púc`hga. âr ue `fia, y gae b` acjbthva ib ibdagrfthzfr `fs rb`fghaebs `fcarf`bs,

sb va`vh÷ f hestfurfr b` rèkhdbe ib ebkaghfghaebs ga`bgthvfs ib trfcfja pfrf `f gfsh

tatf`hifi ib às bdp`bfias ghvh`bs. âr atra `fia, `f dbjarf ib `f gf`hifi ib` bdp`ba

púc`hga sb oartf`bgh÷ f pfrthr ib `f daibrehzfgh÷e ib `f gfrrbrf fidhehstrfthvf gae

b` eubva Whstbdf Efghaef` ib Bdp`ba ^úc`hga (WHEB^, Ibgrbta 3>8=/3>>=) qub he-

garpar÷ eubvas dbgfehsdas ib bvfùfgh÷e ib ibsbdpböa y ib hegbethvas f` dèrhta,

fibdæs ib `f jbrfrquhzfgh÷e ib às praobshaef`bs y ib` pbrsaef` ghbetäga-tègehga.âr ú`thda, y f às ebs ib rbdbihfr `f prbgfrhzfgh÷e `fcarf` pradavhif iurfetb às

föas ib 688>, sb hegarpar÷ krfiuf`dbetb f gfsh taia b` pbrsaef` f ue eubva rèkhdbe

ib pbrsaef` praobshaef` (Ibgrbta 3792/3>>=).

7.;. Fgtarbs ib `f Waghbifi Ghvh`

Bdprbsfs: `fs bdprbsfs sae fgtarbs g`fvbs be b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äth-

gfs púc`hgfs. Ib taias às sbgtarbs saghf`bs gae hetbrbsbs paibrasas, `fs bdprbsfssae `fs qub dæs rbgursas thbebe pfrf kfstfr. @fs bdprbsfs heuybe be `f pa`äthgf




3>3

púc`hgf ib ihsthetf dfebrf: (h) f trfvès ib rbprbsbetfr hetbrbsbs ga`bgthvas dbihfetb

fsaghfghaebs bdprbsfrhf`bs, àkrfeia gaetfgta gae às oardu`fiarbs ib pa`äthgfs

ihrbgtfdbetb a f trfvès ib as dbihas ib gaduehgfgh÷e< (hh) dbihfetb b` gfchìba a f

prbsh÷e f às ibghsarbs ib pa`äthgf be `f btfpf ib oardu`fgh÷e b hdp`bdbetfgh÷e< (hhh)

gaetrhcughaebs f gfdpföfs b`bgtarf`bs: be Frkbethef bxhstb uef `by qub rbku`f bèfeghfdhbeta qub pubibe rbghchr as pfrthias pa`äthgas. Kbebrf`dbetb fs bdprbsfs

sub`be gaetrhcuhr be `f gfdpföf ib dæs ib ue gfeihifta (Wgmebhibr, 3>>2).

@as dbihas ib gaduehgfgh÷e: iurfetb dugmas föas, às fef`hstfs ib pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs sucbsthdfrae b` pfpb` ib às dbihas be b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`ä-

thgfs púc`hgfs. Whe bdcfrka, iurfetb às ú`thdas föas sb mf fgbetufia `f heubeghf

qub às dbihas ib gaduehgfgh÷e thbebe be bstfc`bgbr `f fkbeif ib oardu`fgh÷e ib

pa`äthgfs, fgb`brfr b` rhtda ib `fs ibghshaebs, gfdchfr às hegbethvas pfrf b` fpa-ya ib pa`äthgfs y fudbetfr às gastas ib `fs pa`äthgfs be hetbrès prapha (Mukmbs,

3>>2). F pfrthr ib` oubrtb pragbsa ib gaegbetrfgh÷e ib `f praphbifi ib às dbihas

apbrfias f pfrthr ib `f iègfif ib 68=>, b` kachbrea ib Grhsthef Obreæeibz ib Lhr-

gmebr prapusa f` pfr`fdbeta uef eubvf @by ib Wbrvhghas ib Gaduehgfgh÷e Fuih-

vhsuf` tbeihbetb f ibdagrfthzfr às dbihas fuihavhsuf`bs a`hkap÷`hgas f pfrthr ib

ihvhihr ib dfebrf pùrf` y ihvbrsf b` bspfgha heoardfthva, rbku`fr b` fggbsa f bstb

bspfgha b hdpbihr `f oardfgh÷e ib eubvas daeapa`has dbihæthgas. @f dhsdf oub

fpracfif be agtucrb ib 3>>8.Wheihgftas: às sheihgftas shbdprb mfe shia pfrthghpbs ibghshvas be b` pragbsa ib

oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @as `fzas qub sb bstfc`bghbrae be b` pbräaia ib

gaeoardfgh÷e ib `f dfträz bstfia-gèetrhgf betrb acrbras arkfehzfias y b` ^frthia

Justhghf`hstf bstrugturfrae be krfe dbihif b` shstbdf ib pfrthias y `fs prbobrbeghfs

be dftbrhf ib pa`äthgfs mfghf às trfcfjfiarbs. @fs `bybs `fcarf`bs ib bstb pbräaia

rbk`fdbetfrae b` pragbsa ib sb`bggh÷e ib ihrhkbetbs sheihgf`bs y dbihfrae b` pragbsa

ib hegarparfgh÷e ib às sheihgftas f `f frbef púc`hgf (Ga``hbr y Ga``hbr, 6886). Bsta pbrdhth÷ qub, iurfetb b` pbrhaia susthtuthva ib hdpartfghaebs, às sheihgftas frkbe-

theas tuvhbrfe ue krfe paibr ib ebkaghfgh÷e.

B` thpa ib arkfehzfgh÷e sheihgf` frkbethea heuy÷ dugma be hegrbdbetfr b` krfia

ib heubeghf ib às sheihgftas. B` ehvb` be b` guf` sb rbf`hzfe `fs ebkaghfghaebs ga-

`bgthvfs (f ehvb` efghaef`, f ihobrbeghf ib atras pfäsbs qub à mfgbe f ehvb` bdprbsf

a rfdf ib `f heiustrhf) ibtbrdhe÷ `f dbihif be qub às sheihgftas pubibe pukefr

par pa`äthgfs cbebghasfs pfrf taias às trfcfjfiarbs. Be bstb sbethia, b` thpa ib

rbprbsbetfgh÷e be Gaeobrbrfghaebs ib` Yrfcfja ofgu`tf f ebkaghfr be rbprbsbetfgh÷e




3>7

ib taias às trfcfjfiarbs, bvhtfeia gaeiugtfs ib orbb rfhibr a pfrfshtfrhfs ib atras

sheihgftas, qub pubibe trftfr ib àkrfr ue fgubria dbjar bxgùshvfdbetb pfrf b`às

be b` ædchta ib su bdprbsf a sbgtar.

Whe bdcfrka, bstf dhsdf gfrfgtbrästhgf mfgb qub às sheihgftas prbbrfe pa`äth-

gfs ib `frka f`gfegb y guyas cbebghas fcfrqube f taias às trfcfjfiarbs, gada `f

bstfch`hifi dfgrabgae÷dhgf, sh uef gaeobibrfgh÷e ib trfcfja pubib hdpaebr f taias

às trfcfjfiarbs b` gasta ib `fs rbstrhgghaebs sf`frhf`bs (Durh`à, 3>>2). Bsta ``bva f

`fs gaeobibrfghaebs ib trfcfja f fpayfr `fs pa`äthgfs ib `hcbrf`hzfgh÷e bgae÷dhgf

iurfetb `f iègfif ib 688>, à guf` ibrhva pfrfi÷jhgfdbetb be `f ihsdheugh÷e ib su

paibr ib ebkaghfgh÷e.

F pfrthr ib` 3>>7 b` kachbrea ib Ebstar Lhrgmebr dfrg÷ ue gfdcha be `fs bstrf-

tbkhfs ib ebkaghfgh÷e sheihgf`, kbebrfeia uef rupturf rbspbgta ib `f iègfif fetbrharrbspbgta ib `f rb`fgh÷e betrb bjbguthva y sheihgftas. Bsta sb dfehobst÷ be `f gbetrf`h-

ifi qub tuvhbrae `fs gaevbeghaebs ga`bgthvfs ib trfcfja gada dbgfehsda ib ebka-

ghfgh÷e y be `f bdbrkbeghf ib eubvas dfrgas rbku`ftarhas ib `fs rb`fghaebs `fcarf-

`bs. @f praiugthvhifi pa`äthgf ib bstfs dbihifs oadbet÷ ue rbtragbsa ib `f pratbstf

‐futagaevagfif— y b` oartf`bghdhbeta ib ue thpa ib gaehgta dæs hesthtughaef`hzfia

qub, be ue gaetbxta ib grbghdhbeta bgae÷dhga, ofvarbgh÷ `f rbbdbrkbeghf ib` sheih-

gf`hsda `äibr prheghpf` ib `f davh`hzfgh÷e saghf` (Btgmdbeiy y Ga``hbr, 3>>;).

Davhdhbetas saghf`bs: `f iègfif ib 688> praiuja ue oubrtb fudbeta ib `f pfr-thghpfgh÷e ib às davhdhbetas saghf`bs be `f frbef púc`hgf y bsta sb rbbja ea saà

be ue hegrbdbeta be b` eúdbra ib `fs arkfehzfghaebs saghf`bs shea tfdchèe be su

heubeghf pa`äthgf. @fs rfzaebs ib bstb fudbeta `fs paibdas begaetrfr be `fs bxtbr -

ef`hifibs ib `fs rboardfs eba`hcbrf`bs, qub hegrbdbetfrae `f hegfpfghifi ib` Bstfia

pfrf rbsa`vbr às prac`bdfs ibrhvfia ib `f pfupbrhzfgh÷e ib às hekrbsas saghf`bs.

@as davhdhbetas saghf`bs pubibe tbebr rbg`fdas puetuf`bs a kbebrf`bs, sbr

prafgthvas a rbfgthvas. Whe ùkfr f iuifs, `f grhshs ibsftfif par `f rbeueghf feth-ghpfif ib` kachbrea ib Obrefeia Ib `f Súf (6888-3>>6) kbebr÷ uef fdp`hf kfdf

ib davhdhbetas saghf`bs ib thpa rbfgthva (‐qub sb vfyfe taias—) betrb às qub pub-

ibe gaetfrsb ibsib davhdhbetas ib pratbstf saghf` hetbkrfia par sbgtarbs saghf`bs

vuèbrfc`bs f `f grhshs mfstf arkfehzfghaebs saghf`bs gae ebs dú`thp`bs grbfifs

pfrf gadpbesfr `f hegfpfghifi ib `fs hesthtughaebs púc`hgfs pfrf rbspaeibr f `fs

ebgbshifibs saghf`bs. F pfrthr ib 3>>7 bstas fgtarbs mfe gadbezfia ue oubrtb

pragbsa ib hesthtughaef`hzfgh÷e, hetbkræeiasb f hesthtughaebs trfihghaef`bs, gada

às pfrthias pa`äthgas.




3>9

9. ^SHEGH^F@BW FSBEFW IB Â@ÄYHGFW ^ÚC@HGFW

9.6. B` jubka sgf` obibrf`

Be `f Frkbethef, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs efghaef`bs y sucefghaef`bs sb begubetrfebetrb`fzfifs par b` shstbdf obibrf`.

@fs pravheghfs ``bvfe f gfca uef krfe pfrtb ib` kfsta púc`hga tatf`, pbra rbgfu-

ife uef orfggh÷e rb`fthvfdbetb dbear ib às hdpubstas. B` kfsta ib `fs pravheghfs

bs ib` aribe ib` 2>% ib` kfsta gaesa`hifia tatf` ib` sbgtar púc`hga frkbethea. Bstf

ghorf sb fgbrgf f` ;>% sh sb bxgùyb b` shstbdfs ib pbeshaebs y sb oagf`hzf be b`

rbsta ib` kfsta púc`hga. Fibdæs b` thpa ib kfsta be dfeas ib às kachbreas pra-

vheghf`bs thbeib f sbr pa`äthgfdbetb fgthva (kfsta be bdp`ba púc`hga y prakrfdfs

saghf`bs) parqub bs dæs gbrgfea f às hetbrbsbs ib `fs jurhsihgghaebs rbprbsbetfifsgae cfsb tbrrhtarhf` (Yaddfsh, 3>>?).

Fmarf chbe, `fs pravheghfs efeghfe úehgfdbetb b` 72% ib` kfsta gae hekrbsas

praphas. B` rbsta ib su kfsta sb efeghf f pfrthr ib ue oaeia gadúe ib rbgursas

rbgfuifias par b` Bstfia Efghaef`, ib fgubria gae dbgfehsdas ib `f Gapfrthghpf-

gh÷e Obibrf` ib Hdpubstas. Be dugmfs pravheghfs pbquböfs, f prapargh÷e ib oaeias

pravbehbetbs ib bstb paza gadúe gaesthtuyb dæs ib` =>% ib sus rbgursas tatf`bs.

Ib bstf dfebrf, às pa`äthgas àgf`bs ihsorutfe ib às cbebghas pa`äthgas ib cub-ef pfrtb ib` kfsta púc`hga, foraetfeia f su vbz ib uef orfggh÷e dugma dbear ib às

gastas pa`äthgas ib `f rbgfuifgh÷e (Wgfrtfegheh bt f`, 3>66). Ib fgubria f `f bstrugtu-

rf sgf` obibrf`, às kacbrefiarbs, qub gada vhdas sae às prheghpf`bs fgtarbs ib `f

pa`äthgf púc`hgf frkbethef, ibpbeibe pfrf mfgbr oueghaefr sus fpfrftas bstftf`bs ib

às rbgursas ib` Kachbrea Efghaef`.

B` jubka par `f fshkefgh÷e ib oaeias kbebrf f dbeuia ihstarshaebs pa`äthgfs y be

`fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. Dugmas vatfetbs ib `fs pravheghfs thbebe hegbethvas pfrf prb-

dhfr f às pa`äthgas qub sae dæs bobgthvas be gfptfr às rbgursas efghaef`bs). Bstas jubkas ib gfptfgh÷e ib rbgursas sgf`bs pubibe sbr ueh`ftbrf`bs, ch`ftbrf`bs a ib gaf-

`hgh÷e (par b` Kachbrea Efghaef`, par uef pravheghf a par ue gaejueta ib pravheghfs

qub pfsfe f sbr oueifdbetf`bs pfrf ue vata hdpartfetb be b` Gaekrbsa a par atrf

rfz÷e) (Jaebs bt f`, 3>>;).

Be kbebrf`, b` âibr Bjbguthva mf kazfia ib fdp`has paibrbs pfrf fshkefr kba-

krægfdbetb ihvbrsas ätbds ib` prbsupubsta obibrf`. Be ue hetbeta par prbvbehr

gfdchas fivbrsas be b` outura às fgtarbs pa`äthgas mfe hetbetfia hdpaebr uef df-yar rhkhibz sacrb b` shstbdf ib gapfrthghpfgh÷e obibrf`, rbiughbeia `f gfpfghifi ib`




3>2

Kachbrea Efghaef` fetb gfdchas ib `fs ghrguestfeghfs bgae÷dhgfs (par bjbdpà,

ftfeia `f rbgfuifgh÷e ib ghbrtas hdpubstas f prakrfdfs bspbgägas). Be ue hetbeta

par shdp`hgfr bstas jubkas, as fgtarbs pa`äthgas hetbetfrae f`gfezfr fgubrias hetbr -

parf`bs ‗às ``fdfias ‐pfgtas sgf`bs ib 6888 y 3>>>— ‗. Bstas pfgtas kbebrfrae

ue gadpradhsa räkhia ib trfesobrhr ue däehda ib hekrbsas ib` Kachbrea gbetrf`f `fs pravheghfs, qub rbsu`t÷ bxtrbdfifdbetb ihoägh` ib gudp`hr pfrf b` Kachbrea

Efghaef`, mfghbeia às rbsu`tfias ib` jubka dæs hebstfc`bs b hebghbetbs (Wph``br y

Yaddfsh, 3>>;).

9.3. B` jubka ib` prbsupubsta púc`hga

Bstb jubka bs rb`fthvfdbetb gaetbdparæeba. Ibsib gadhbezas ib` shkà ]] mfstf he-

ghas ib f iègfif ib 688>, b` Gaekrbsa ea fpracfcf f thbdpa b` prbsupubsta bevhfia par b` bjbguthva, à guf` be `f prægthgf shkehgfcf qub `f fidhehstrfgh÷e oueghaefcf

heibpbeihbetb ib` prbsupubsta. Hegùsa be pbräaias ib f`tf hefgh÷e b` Bjbguthva eh

shquhbrf sb da`bstfcf be bevhfr b` prbsupubsta f` Gaekrbsa.

F pfrthr ib `f iègfif ib` 8> às prbsupubstas gadbezfrae f sbr fpracfias be

thbdpa y `f fidhehstrfgh÷e gadbez÷ f rbkhrsb par `fs `bybs ib fidhehstrfgh÷e -

efeghbrf. Whe bdcfrka, b` Gaekrbsa shkuh÷ she hegrbdbetfr sus gfpfghifibs pfrf

gaetra`fr `f bjbgugh÷e prbsupubstfrhf. Ib mbgma, b` gaetra` bx past ib `f bjbgugh÷e prbsupubstfrhf (`f Gubetf ib Hevbrsh÷e) mf tbeihia f sbr fpracfif par b` Gaekrbsa

gae ibdarfs ib tfetas föas qub ibsvhrtúfe `f mbrrfdhbetf.

Bstf of`tf ib pbsas y gaetrfpbsas pfr`fdbetfrhas mfgb qub gfsh taif `f fgthvhifi

prbsupubstfrhf rb`bvfetb sugbif be `fs aghefs ib` bjbguthva y ea be b` Gaekrbsa

(Jaebs, 3>>6).

Mfy ias rbk`fs qub iadhefe b` jubka prbsupubstfrha frkbethea: f bxhstbeghf a ea

ib rbstrhgghaebs f fs bedhbeifs ib` Gaekrbsa f` praybgta prbshibeghf`< y fs ihobrbe-

tbs ihspashghaebs bxhstbetbs pfrf b` gfsa ib qub b` ibsfgubria betrb b` prbshibetb y b`Gaekrbsa ``bvb f `f fusbeghf ib uef ibghsh÷e be `f obgmf `ädhtb, qub bs par à gadúe

b` e ib` föa sgf` (F`bshef bt f`., 3>>>< Gaàdbr y Ebkrbta, 3>>7).

Ibetra ib` shstbdf frkbethea, b` Gaekrbsa ea thbeb rbstrhgghaebs pfrf bedbeifr

b` praybgta prbshibeghf` ib prbsupubsta, ib daia qub uef dfyaräf ib às `bkhs`fia-

rbs pubib fudbetfr, par bjbdpà, b` daeta tatf` ib às kfstas, ib às hdpubstas a

hegùsa ib` ièght púc`hga.

Fmarf chbe, `f fusbeghf ib ibghsh÷e be `f obgmf `ädhtb a b` rbgmfza par b` Gaekrb-sa ib` praybgta prbshibeghf` grbf rbsu`tfia ib rbsbrvf: sbkúe `f Gaesthtugh÷e Frkbe-




3>?

thef, trfs ue rbgmfza ib` praybgta prbshibeghf`, b` prbsupubsta ib` föa fetbrhar qubif

futadæthgfdbetb prarrakfia f pfrthr ib` prhdbr iäf ib` eubva föa sgf`.

Ea bs ihoägh` ifrsb gubetf qub b` prbshibetb gae vbta thbeb uef beardb vbetfjf

ebkaghfiarf. Fetb `f g`æusu`f ib pr÷rrakf futadæthgf ib` prbsupubsta, b` `bkhs`fiar

dbihfea ib` Gaekrbsa tbeiræ hegbethvas oubrtbs pfrf hetraiughr bedhbeifs eatfc`bsbe sus prbobrbeghfs. B` prbsupubsta ib` föa fetbrhar fpfrbgb fsaghfia f` stftu qua

bxhstbetb. Fsä, sb fpracfræ ue prbsupubsta garrbspaeihbetb f `f prbobrbeghf ib` `b-

khs`fiar dbihfea saà sh `f prapubstf prbshibeghf` sb shtúf dæs gbrgf ib` `bkhs`fiar

dbihfea qub b` prbsupubsta fetbrhar. Be gfdcha, sb prarrakfræ b` prbsupubsta ib`

föa fetbrhar sh bstb bstæ shtufia betrb `fs prbobrbeghfs fgtuf`bs ib` prbshibetb gae

vbta y ib` `bkhs`fiar dbihfea (Gaàdbr y Ebkrbta, 3>>7).

2. BE SBWRDBE

F à `frka ib` gfpätuà rbvhsfdas, f `f ùz ib ias fcarifjbs ihobrbetbs pbra gadp`b-

dbetfrhas, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs frkbethefs. B` prhdbr fcarifjb mfgb èeofshs be às

pragbsas mhst÷rhgas, hetbetfeia rbgaeagbr `fs prheghpf`bs ibghshaebs qub dfrgfrae

uef ibpbeibeghf ib `f trfybgtarhf be às pragbsas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs.

âstbrhardbetb fef`hzfdas b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfsfrkbethefs paehbeia èeofshs be b` gadpartfdhbeta ib às prheghpf`bs, f às ebs ib

fef`hzfr guæ`bs sae sus prheghpf`bs hegbethvas y guæ`bs sae `fs prheghpf`bs rbstrhggha-

ebs beorbetfe f` dadbeta b`bkhr sus bstrftbkhfs ib jubka be b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbe-

tfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs.

Sbobrbeghfs

Fcf` Dbihef, Jufe Dfeub`, Dfeuf` ib Ghbeghf â`äthgf, Cubeas Fhrbs, Buibcf, 3>6>.

Fcf` Dbihef, Jufe Dfeub` y Dfräf Gbgh`hf Sftta, ‐Ybeshaebs y ibsfoäas ib`shstbdf pfrthifrha frkbethea—, âebeghf prbsbetfif be b` ]]_H Gaekrbsa ib

@fthe Fdbrhgfe Wtuihbs Fssaghfthae (@FWF), Wfe Jufe, ûbrta Shga, 3>>?.

Fguöf, Gfràs. 6882. ‐@f eubvf dftrhz pa`äthgf frkbethef.— Be Gfràs Fguöf(Gadp.) @f eubvf dftrhz pa`äthgf frkbet hef. Cubeas Fhrbs: Eubvf _hsh÷e.

Fkhs, Bdfeub` , Gfràs Gföbtb y Ifehb` ^fehka, ‐B` Hdpfgta ib `f Fshkefgh÷eRehvbrsf` par Mhja be Frkbethef— Iagudbeta ib Yrfcfja GBH@ ^HBYYB , Cub-eas Fhrbs, Frkbethef, 3>6>.

F`bshef, F`cbrta y Mawfri Sasbetmf`, ^frthsfe â`hthgs, Ihvhibi Kavbredbet,

fei tmb Bgaeady, Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6882.




3>;

F`bshef, F`cbr ta, Shgfria Mfussdfe, Suiaò Maddbs y Brebsta Wtbhe, ‐CuikbtHesthtut haes fei Ohsgf` ^broardfegb he @fthe Fdbrhgf—, [arlhek ^fpbr Wbrhbs

789, [fsmhektae, IG: Cfega Hetbrfdbrhgfea ib Ibsfrra`à, 3>>>.

Feirbefggh, @ughfea y Ofchæe Sbpbtta, ‐Re gfdhea pfrf rbiughr `f ibshkufìfiy gaestruhr ghuififeäf—, be Gfràs Kbrfria Da`hef (Bis.) Rehvbrsf`hsda cæ-

shga. Ref eubvf pa`äthgfs pfrf Fdèrhgf @fthef, [fsmhektae IG: Cfega Hetb-rfdbrhgfea ib Ibsfrra`à / Bihtarhf` ^`febtf, 3>>?.

Frifefz, Dfrtäe, Dfrgbà @bhrfs y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, ‐Ymb â`hthgs ao Obibrf-`hsd he Frkbethef fei ht‘s boobgts ae Kacbrefegb fei Fggaetfch`hty—, Rehvbr-shifi ib Wfe Feirès, Dhdba, 3>6>.

Cfdcfgh, Ju`hfef, ^fcà Wph``br y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, ‐Ymb curbfugrfgy—, be ^f- cà Whph``br y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh (Bis.) Ymb Hesthtuthaef` Oaueifthaes ao ûc-

`hg â`hgy: F Yrfesfgthaes Ymbary fei Fpp`hgfthaes ta Frkbethef , Gfdcrhikb,Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>;.

Cfsufìa, Biufria, ‐@f Fshkefgh÷e Rehvbrsf` par Mhja f ue föa ib su hdp`bdbe-tfgh÷e—, Iagudbeta ib Yrfcfja Eº ;. Gbetra ib Hevbst hkfgh÷e y Oardfgh÷e ib

`f Sbpúc`hgf Frkbethef GHOSF / GYF, Cubeas Fhrbs, Frkbethef, 3>6>.

Caevbggmh, F`bjfeira y Jfvhbr Zb`fzehl, ‐Sbgursas ib kachbrea y oueghaefdhbe-ta ib` ^rbshibeghf`hsda be Frkbethef—, Rehvbrshifi Yargufta Ih Yb``f, Dh-dba, 3>6>.

Catfef, Eftf`ha, B` aribe gaesbrvfiar. @f pa`äthgf frkbet hef betrb 6==> y 686? ,Cubeas Fhrbs, Bihtarhf` Wuifdbrhgfef, 688=.

Crusga, _f`brhf, Dfrgbà Efzfrbea, fei Wusfe G. Wtalbs, ‐_atb Cuyhek he Fr-

kbethef— @fthe Fdbrhgfe Sbsbfrgm Sbvhbw, 78 (3): ??-==, 3>>9.Gfcrbra Dbeiazf, Berhqub. ‐Ib `f ibsgbetrf`hzfgh÷e gada fsphrfgh÷e, f `f ibs-gbetrf`hzfgh÷e gada prac`bdf. B` rbta ib `f gaarihefgh÷e hetbrkucbrefdbetf`be `fs pa`äthgfs saghf`bs— âebeghf prbsbetfif be b` Wbdhefrha Gaarihefgh÷e

y â`ät hgf Waghf`: Ibsfoäas y Bstrftbkhfs, Hesthtuta Hetbrfdbrhgfea pfrf bÌbsfrra`à Waghf`, [fsmhektae, IG, 39 f` 3? ib dfya, 3>>?.

Gf`va, Brebsta y Jufe Dfeub` Fcf` Dbihef, ‐_atfr f às rbprbsbetfetbs—, beBrebsta Gf`va y Jufe Dfeub` Fcf` Dbihef (Bis.) B` obibrf`hsda b`bgtarf`

frkbethea. Wacrbrrbprbsbetfgh÷e, rboardf pa`äthgf y kachbrea ihvhihia be Fr-

kbethef, Cubeas Fhrbs, Buibcf/HEF , 3>>6.

Gf`va, Brebsta y Biufria F`bdæe, ‐Fef`yzhek @bkhs`fthvb Wuggbss he @ftheFdbrhgf: Ymb Gfsb ao Ibdagrfthg Frkbethef—, be Kuh``brda A‘Iaeeb``, Ja-sbpm Yu`gmhe y Fukusta _frfs (Bis.) Ebw _ahgbs he tmb Wtuiy ao Ibdagrfgy

he @fthe Fdbrhgf, [fsmhektae IG: [aairaw [h`sae Gbetbr oar Hetbrefthaef`Wgma`frs, 3>>;.

Gf`va, Brebsta y Dfrgbà Bsga`fr, @f Eubvf â`ät hgf ib ^frt hias be @f Frkbeth-

ef: Grhshs pa`äthgf, Sbf`hebfdhbetas ^frthifrhas y Sboardf B`bgtarf`, CubeasFhrbs, ^radbtba, 3>>2.

Gf`va, Brebsta y Jufe Gfràs Dhgazzh, ‐Ymb Kavbrear‘s Cfglyfri: F Wbft-_atb

Daib` ao B`bgtarf` Sboard oar Wucefthaef` Du`thpfrty Sfgb,— Jauref` ao â`h-thgs, ?; (9): 6>2>-6>;9, 3>>2.




3>=

Gf`va, Brebsta y _hgtarhf Durh`à. 3>>9. ‐[ma Ib`hvbrs1 ^frt hsfe G`hbets he tmbFrkbetheb B`bgtarf` Dfrlbt.— Fdbrhgfe Jauref` ao â`ht hgf` Wghbegb, 9= (9):6>2>-6>;9.

Gf`va, Brebsta y _hgtarhf Durh `à, ‐F Ebw @fw ao Frkbetheb â`hthgs1 ^frthfe-smhps, G`hbetb`hsd, fei Kacbrefch`hty he Gaetbdparfry Frkbethef—, be Wtbvb

@bvhtsly y Dfräf _hgtarhf Durh `à (Bis.) Frkbetheb Ibdagrfgy: tmb â`ht hgs ao Hest htut haef` [bflebss, ^beesy`vfehf, ^beesy`vfehf Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>2.

Gfvfrazzh, Dfrgbà, Futarhtfrhsda y ibdagrfghf (6822-68=7), Cubeas Fhrbs,Gbetra Bihtar ib Fdèr hgf @fthef, 68=;.

Gfvfrazzh, Dfrgbà. 688?. ‐B`bdbetas pfrf uef gfrfgtbrhzfgh÷e ib` gfphtf`hsdaa`hkærquhga.— Be Dfrgbà Gfvfrazzh, B` gfphtf`hsda pa`ät hga tfriäa y su grhshs

be Fdèrhgf @fthef. Sasfrha: Mada Wfphbes Bihghaebs.

Gmhfrfdaetb, Jasè Gfràs, ‐@f gubsth÷e rbkhaef` be b` pragbsa ib kbstfgh÷e ib`Bstfia Efghaef` frkbethea. F`kueas prac`bdfs ib hetbrprbtfgh÷e—, be [fìa

Fesfìh y Jasè @uhs Darbea (Bis.) Bstfia y saghbifi be b` pbesfdhbeta ef-ghaef`, Cubeas Fhrbs, Gæetfra, 68=8.

Gheka`feh, @ughfef, ‐B` bstfia ` äquhia: ihsgushaebs sacrb `f va`fthch`hifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y bvhibeghfs ib Frkbethef y Crfsh` (6882-3>>?), Fdbrhgf

@fthef may (Rehvbrshifi ib Wf`fdbegf, Bspföf), 29: 97-?=, 3>6>.

Ga``hbr, Sutm y Ifvhi Ga``hbr, Wmfphek tmb pa`hthgf` frbef. Grht hgf` Jueturbs, tmb

`fcar davbdbet fei rbkhdb iyefdhgs he @fthe Fdbrhgf, ^rhegbetae, ^rhegb-tae Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 6886.

Gaàdbr, Jasbp, Ghbeghf ib `f â`äthgf, Dfirhi, Frhb` Bihtarbs, 3>>8.

Gaàdbr, Jasbp y Kfcrhb` Ebkrbta, ‐Kacbrefezf gae paibrbs ihvhihias be Fdè-rhgf @fthef—, â`äthgf y kachbrea, 6> (6): 67-?6, 3>>7.

Gax, Kfry y Dftmbw DfGucches, ‐Caeihek, Wtrugturb fei tmb Wtfch`hty ao â`h-thgf` ^frthbs: ^frty Kavbredbet he tmb Mausb—, @bkhs`fthvb Wtuihbs Vufrtbr y,68 (3): 362-376, 6889.

Gueh`` Krfu, Eurhf, ‐@f hetbrsbgtarhf`hifi be b` kachbrea y kbsth÷e ib `f pa`äthgfsaghf`—, âebeghf prbsbetfif be b` ] Gaekrbsa Hetbrefghaef` ib` G@FI sacrb

`f Sboardf ib` Bstfia y ib `f Fidhehstrfgh÷e ^úc`hgf, Wfethfka ib Gmh`b, 3>>2.

Iheh, Dfrgas y Jarkb Lftz, ‐Eubvfs oraetbrfs pfrf begfrfr `fs pa`äthgfs tbgea`÷khgfs.

B` gfsa ib Gmh`b—, Sbibs (Rehvbrshifi Efghaef` ib Vuh`dbs), 6>: 67-2=, 688;.Btgmbdbeiy, Wbcfsthfe y Sutm Ga``hbr, ‐Iawe cut eat Aut: Rehae Sbsurkbegbfei Wbkdbetbi Ebagarparfthsd he Frkbethef: 3>>7-3>>;—, â`hthgs fei Wa-

ghbty, 72 (7): 7?7-9>6, 3>>;.

Bvfes, ^btbr, Ihbtbr Subsgmbdbybr y Ymbif Wlapa` (bis.), Crhekhek tmb Wtftb

Cfgl He, Ebw Xarl y Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 68=2.

Of``bth, Yu`hf, ‐F Wbqubethf` Ymbary ao Ibgbetrf`hzfthae: @fthe Fdbrhgfe Gfsbshe Gadpfrfthvb ^brspbgthvb—, Fdbrhgfe â`ht hgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw (88): 7: 73;-79?, 3>>2.

Ofeb``h, Jasè Dfräf, Sacbrta Orbelb` y Kuh``brda Sazbewurgb`, ‐Krawtm feiWtrugturf` Sboard he @fthe Fdbrhgf: ±[mbrb [b Wtfei1—, be [h``hfd Wdhtm,Gfràs Fguöf y Biufria Kfdfrrf (Bis.) @fthe Fdbrhgfe â`ht hgf` Bgaeady




3>8

he tmb Fkb ao Eba`hcbrf` Sboard, Dhfdh, Yrfesfgthae ûc`hsmbrs-Rehvbrshty aoDhfdh / Eartm-Waumt Gbetbr, 6889.

Oh`kubrf, Obrefeia, Gfràs Kbrfria Da`hef, Jarkb ^fpfi÷puùs y Obibrhga Yacfr,‐Rehvbrsf`hsda cæshga: uef f`tbrefthvf pashc`b y ebgbsfrhf pfrf dbjarfr `fsgaeihghaebs ib vhif—, be Gfràs Kbrfria Da`hef (Bis.), Rehvbrsf`hsda cæshga.

Ref eubvf pa`äthgfs pfrf Fdèrhgf @fthef, [fsmhektae IG: Cfega Hetbrfdb-rhgfea ib Ibsfrra`à / Bihtarhf` ^`febtf, 3>>?.

Khcsae, Biwfri, ‐Ymb âpu`hst Safi ta Dfrlbt Sboard: â`hgy fei B`bgtarf`Gaf`hthaes he Dbxhga fei Frkbethef—, [arì â`hthgs, 98 (7): 778-7;>, 688;.

Khcsae, Biwfri y Brebrta Gf`va, ‐Obibrf`hsd fei @aw-Dfhetbefegb Gaesth-tubeghbs: Ybrrhtar hf` Ihdbeshaes ao Bgaeadhg Sboard he Frkbethef—, Wtuihbs

he Gadpfrfthvb Hetbrefthaef` Ibvbàpdbet Sbvhbw, =? (3): 73-22, 3>>>.

Mffs, ^btbr D., ‐[mbe iabs pawbr `hstbe ta trutm1 F gaestrugthvhst fpprafgm tatmb pa`hgy pragbss—, Jauref` ao Burapbfe ûc`hg â`hgy, 66 (9): 2?8-283, 3>>9.

Mb`dlb, Krbtgmbe, ‐Beiurhek Regbrtfhety: Gaurt-Bxbguthvb Sb`fthaes he Fr-kbethef Iurhek tmb 688>s fei Cbyaei—, be Wtbvb @bvhtsly y Dfräf _hgtarhfDurh`à (Bis.) Frkbetheb Ibdagrfgy: tmb â`ht hgs ao Hesthtut haef` [bflebss,^beesy`vfehf, ^beesy`vfehf Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>2.

Mucbr, Jame I., ‐Maw Iabs Gfchebt Hestfch`hty Foobgt â`hthgf` ^broardfegb1ârtoa`ha _a`fth`hty fei Mbf`tm Gfrb Gast Gaetfhedbet he ^fr`hfdbetfry Ib-dagrfghbs—, Ymb Fdbrhgfe â`hthgf` Wghbegb Sbvhbw, 83 (7): 2;;-286, 688=.

Mukbs, Wf``y, ‐Ymb Sa` ao tmb @fthe Fdbrhgfe Ebws Dbihf he â`hgy Dflhek ^ra-gbss: f Ohrst @aal—, Yrfcfja prbpfrfia pfrf `f Gaevbegh÷e ib `f Fssaghfthae oar

Biugfthae he Jauref`hsd fei Dfss Gadduehgfthae, Wfe Fetaeha, Ybxfs, 3>>2.Hfgavbà, Dbrgbibs, @furf Zuvfehg y Fef @furf Sairäkubz Kustæ, ‐Ymb [bflbst@hel: Ymb Curbfugrfgy fei Ghvh` Wbrvhgb Wystbds he @fthe Fdbrhgf—, be Gfr-às Wgfrtfsgheh, Brebsta Wtbhe y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh (Bis.), Maw Ibdagrfgy

[arls: â`hthgf` Hesthtuthaes, Fgtars, fei Frbefs he @fthe Fdbrhgfe â`hgy-

dflhek, [fsmhektae IG: Ifvhi Saglbob``br Gbetbr oar @fthe Fdbrhgfe Wtu-ihbs / Mfrvfri Rehvbrshty, 3>6>.

Hfrygazawbr, Dftäfs, ^fcà Wph``br y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, ‐Ymb Wuprbdb Gaurt—,be ^fcà Whph``br y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh (Bis.), Ymb Hesthtuthaef` Oaueifthaes ao

ûc`hg â`hgy: F Yrfesfgthaes Ymbary fei Fpp`hgfthaes ta Frkbethef , Gfd-

cr hikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>;.Hsufeh, Fìa, ‐B` Bstfia ib Chbebstfr Frkbethea: ue räkhia chbe iurfc`b—, Cubeas

Fhrbs, (Dhdba), 3>>2.

Jfhdb, Obrefeia y Oè`hx Wfcftè, ‐Fkbeif ib hevbrsh÷e saghf` ib `f Cfegf Du`th`f-tbrf` ib Ibsfr ra`à be Fdèrhgf @fthef: ib às oaeias ib hevbrsh÷e saghf` f às

prakrfdfs ib trfesobrbeghf ib hekrbsa gaeihghaef`bs,—, âcrbzf y Ibsfrra`à

Waghf`. (Hetbrefthaef` Hesthtutb oar Bevhraedbet fei ibvbàpdbet, HHBI-F@),6> (39): 666-639, 3>>9.

Jaebs, Dfrl, ‐â`hthgf` Hesthtut haes, â`hthgf` G`bfvbkbs fei Gfeihiftb Gadpbth-

thae he ^rbshibeghf` B`bgthae—, Dhgmhkfe Wtftb Rehvbrshty, Dhdba, 3>>6.Jaebs, Dfrl, ‐Ymb Sbgruhtdbet fei Wb`bgthae ao @bkhs`fthvb Gfeihiftbs he Fr-




36>

kbethef—, be ^btbr Whfvb`hs y Wgatt Darkbestbre (Bis.) ^ftmwfy ta âwbr: â`h-thgf` Sbgruhtdbet fei Gfeihiftb Wb`bgthae he @fthe Fdbrhgf, Rehvbrshty ^frl,^bee Wtftb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>9.

Jaebs, Dfrl, ‐Ymb ra`b ao pfrthbs fei pfrty systbds he tmb pa`hgy dflhek pra-gbss—, Iagudbeta prbpfrfia pfrf b` Hetbr-Fdbrhgfe Ibvbàpdbet Cfel [ar-

lsmap ae Wtftb Sboard, ûc`hg â`hghbs, fei â`hgy dflhek ^ragbssbs , [fs-mhektae IG: Hetbr-Fdbrhgfe Ibvbàpdbet Cfel., 3>>2.

Jaebs, Dfrl, Asvfìa Dbàeh y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, ‐_atbrs fs Ohsgf` @hcbrf`s—,Rehvbrshifi ib Wfe Feirès, Dhdba, 3>>;,

@bgmebr, Earcbrt, ‐Yrbs oardfs ib gaarihefgh÷e saghf`—, Sbvhstf ib `f GB^F@ (Efghaebs Rehifs), ?6: ;-6;, 688;.

@bhrfs, Dfrgbà, ‐@f arkfehzfgh÷e pfrthifrhf y su heo ùbeghf sacrb `f gf`hifi ibkachbrea be `f Frkbethef fgtuf`: `÷khgf, prac`bdfs y rboardfs ebgbsfrhfs—,

Iagudbeta ib trfcfja E¾ 3>>?->>3, Cubeas Fhrbs, Oueifgh÷e ^BEY, 3>>?.

@bvhesly, Wtbvbe, ‐Orad âpu`hsd ta G`hbetb`hsd1 Ymb Yrfesoardfthaes ao ^fr-ty-@fcar @helfkbs he @fthe Fdbrhgf, be Mbrcbrt Lhtsgmb`t y Wtbvbe [h`lbrsae(Bis.) ^ftraes a â`hghbs1 Ghthzbe â`hthghfe @helfkbs he Ibdagrfthg â`hthgs,Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>;.

@aia`f, Kbrdæe, ‐Kachbrea Efghaef`, kacbrefiarbs b hetbeibetbs be b` pbräaialhrgmebr hstf—, be Feirès Df`fdui y Dhkub` ib @ugf (Gaari.) @f pa`äthgf be

thbdpas ib às Lhrgmebr , Cubeas Fhrbs, Buibcf, 3>66.

@a _uaà, Sucèe, ‐Bgaeadäf pa`äthgf ib` bstfia ib chbebstfr: dhtaàkäf eba`hcb-rf` y lbyebshfehsda papu`hstf—, be Brebsta Hsufeh, Sucèe @a _uaà y Bdh`ha

Ybeth Ofeofeh, B` Bstfia Cbebofgtar. Re pfrfihkdf be grhshs, Cubeas Fhrbs,GHB^^ / Dhöa y Iævh`f, 6886.

Dfee, Dhgmfb`, @fs oubetbs ib` paibr saghf`. _aùdbe HH , Dfirhi, F`hfezf Bih-tarhf`, 688;.

Dfrtäebz Eakubhrf, Sacbrta, ‐@f Gambrbeghf y `f gaarihefgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: fspbgtas gaegbptuf`bs y bxpbrhbeghfs—, be Ibsfoäas ib `f gaarih-

efgh÷e y `f hetbkrhifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs y kbsth÷e púc`hgf be Fdèrhgf @fthef,Cubeas Fhrbs, Jbofturf ib Kfchebtbs ib Dhehstras, 3>6>.

Dfhewfrhek, Wgatt y Yhdatmy Wgu``y. 6882. ‐Hetraiugthae: ^fr ty Wystbds he @f-the Fdbrhgf.— Be Wgatt Dfhewfrhek y Yhdatmy Wgu``y (Bis.) Cuhìhek Ibda-

grfthg Hesthtuthaes: ^frty Wystbds he @fthe Fdbrhgf. Wtfeoari GF: WtfeoariRehvbrshty ^rbss.

Dfhewfrhek, Wgatt y Dfttmbw W. Wmukfrt, ^rbshibethf`hsd fei Ibdagrfgy he

@fthe Fdbrhgf, Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 688;.

DgGucches, Dfttmbw, Sakbr Ea`` y Cfrry [bhekfst, ‐Wtrugturb fei ^ragbss,â`hthgs fei â`hgy: Fidhehst rfthvb Frrfekbdbets fei tmb â`hthgf` Gaetra` aoFkbeghbs—, _hrkhehf @fw Sbvhbw, ;2 (3): 976-9=3, 68=8.

DgGucches, Dftmbw I. y Ymadfs Wgmwrtz, ‐Gaekrbsshaef` Avbrshkmt Avbr-àalbi: â`hgb ^ftra`s vbrsus Ohrb F`frds—, Fdbrhgfe Jauref` ao â`ht hgf`

Wghbegb, 3= (6): 6?-;8, 68=9.




366

Dbsf-@fka, Gfrdbà, ‐Waghf` Wbgurhty fei ^raspbgts oar Bquhty he @fthe Fdb-rhgf—, [arì Cfel Ihsgusshae ^fpbrs, 69>. [fsmhektae, [arì Cfel, 6886.

Durh`à, Dfräf _hgtarhf, ‐^frthsfesmhp fdhist Gaevbrkbegb: @fcar Dfrlbt Sb-oards he @fthe Fdbrhgf—, Gadpfrfthvb â`hthgs, 7; (9): 996-92=, 3>>2.

Durh`à, Dfräf _hgtarhf, ‐@f oartf`bzf hest htughaef` frkbethef be 3>>7-3>66—, beFeirès Df`fdui y Dhkub` ib @ugf (Gaari.) @f pa`äthgf be thbdpas ib às

Lhrgmebr Cubeas Fhrbs, Buibcf, 3>66.

A‘Iaeeb``, Kuh``brda, B` Bstfia Curagræt hga Futarhtfrha. Yrhueoa, Ibrratfs,

Grhshs, Cubeas Fhrbs, Bihtarhf` Cb`krfea, 68=3.

A‘Iaeeb``, Kuh``brda, ‐Ib`bkfthvb Ibdagrfgy—, Jauref` ao Ibdagrfgy, 2 (6):22-?8, 6889.

A‘Iaeeb``, Kuh` `brda, ‐Fgbrgf ib` Bstfia, `f ibdagrfthzfgh÷e y f`kueas prac`b-dfs gaegbptuf`bs. Ref pbrspbgthvf `ftheafdbrhgfef gae rbobrbeghf f pfäsbsgaduehstfs—, be Kuh``brda A‘Iaeeb``, Gaetrfpuetas. Besfyas bsgakhias sa-

crb futarhtfrhsda y daibrehzfgh÷e, Cubeas Fhrbs, ^fhi÷s, 688;.Asz`fl, Asgfr, ‐B` dhta ib` bstfia däehda: uef iègfif ib rboardf bstftf` be

Frkbethef—, Ibsfrra`à Bgae÷dhga, 93 (6?=): 268-297, 3>>7.

Asz`fl, Asgfr y Kuh``brda A‘Iaeeb``, Bstfia y pa`äthgfs bstftf`bs be Fdèrhgf

@fthef: mfghf uef bstrftbkhf ib hevbst hkfgh÷e, Iagudbeta K.B. G@FGWA (9),Cubeas Fhrbs, Gbetra ib Bstuihas ib Bstfia y Waghbifi (GBIBW), 68;?.

^btbrs, C. Kuy, B` eubva hest htughaef`hsda. Ybaräf hesthtughaef` be ghbeghf pa`ä-

thgf, Cfrgbàef, Kbihsf Bihtarhf`, 3>>7.

â`feyh, Lfr`, @f krfe trfesoardfgh÷e. @as aräkbebs pa`äthgas y bgae÷dhgas ib

eubstra thbdpa, Dèxhga, Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 6883.Sbpbtta, Ofchfe, ‐Gaarihefgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs: fcarifjb gaegbptuf` y rbvhsh÷e ib

`fs bxpbrhbeghfs @ftheafdbrhgfefs— âebeghf prbsbetfif be b` ]H_ Gaekrbsa

ib` G@FI sacrb `f Sboardf ib` Bstfia y `f Fidhehstrfgh÷e ^úc`hgf, Wfe Wf`-vfiar ib Cfmäf, Crfsh`, Agtucrb 3>>8.

Sbyeasa, Ihbka, _atas âeibrfias. Whstbdfs b`bgtarf`bs y sacrbrbprbsbetfgh÷eihstr htf`, Dèxhga IO: O@FGWA / Dhkub` Æekb` ârrúf, 3>>9.

Shlbr, [h``hfd, ‐Obibrf`hsd—, be Orbi Krbbestbhe y Eb`sae â`scy (Bis.) Mfei-

caal ao â`hthgf` Wghbegb,Dfssfgmusbtt: Fiihsae-[bs`by ûc. Ga., 68;2.

Wfcfta, Jarkb. O., @f g`fsb iadhefetb be `f Frkbet hef daibref, Cubeas Fhrbs,GHWBF / Krupa Bihtar @ftheafdbrhgfea, 68==.

Wfetas, [feibr`by Kuh`mbrdb Ias, Sfzabs if ibsaribe, Sha ib Jfebhra, Sugga, 6886.

Wgfrtfegheh, Gfràs, ^fcà Wph``br, Brebsta Wtbhe y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, ‐G÷da sb jubkfbe Fdèrhgf @fthef. Hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs, pragbsas ib ebkaghfgh÷e y pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs—, be Gfràs Wgfrtfegheh , ^fcà Wph``br, Brebsta Wtbhe y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh(Bis.) B` jubka pa`äthga be Fdèrhgf @fthef ±G÷da sb ibghibe `fs pa`äthgfs púc`h-

gfs1, Cakatæ, Cfega Hetbrfdbrhgfea ib Ibsfrra`à / Dfya` Bihghaebs, 3>66.

Wfcfthbr, ^fu` y Mfel G. Jhelhes-Wdhtm, ‐Ymb Fivagfgy Gaf`hthaes Orfdbwarls:

Fe Fssbssdbet—, be ^fu` Wfcfthbr (Bi.) Ymbarhbs ao â`hgy ^ragbss, Cauìbr,Ga`: [bstvhbw ^rbss, 6888.




363

Wfhbkm, Wbcfsthæe, ‐Ymb Sa`b ao @bkhs`fturbs he tmb â`hgydflhek ^ragbss—, [ar-

ls upae Wtftb Sboard, ûc`hg â`hghbs fei â`hgydflhek ^ragbssbs, [fsmhek-tae IG: Hetbr-Fdbrhgfe Ibvbàpdbet Cfel, 3>>2.

Wgmebhibr, Cbe Sas, ‐Cushebss, â`hthgs fei â`hgy Dflhek he Gaetbdparfry@fthe Fdbrhgf—, Iagudbeta prbpfrfia pfrf b` Hetbr-Fdbrhgfe Ibvbàp-

dbet Cfel [arlsmap ae Wtftb Sboard, ûc`hg â`hghbs, fei â`hgy dflhek^ragbssbs,[fsmhektae IG: Hetbr-Fdbrhgfe Ibvbàpdbet Cfel, 3>>2.

Wmukfrt, Dfttmbw y Jame D. Gfrby, ^rbshibets fei Fssbdc`hbs. Gaesthtuthaef`

Ibshke fei B`bgtarf` Iyefdhgs, Eubvf Xarl, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss,6883.

Whllhel, Lftmrye, ‐@fs gfpfghifibs y `f futaeadäf ib` bstfia be Crfsh` y `fFrkbethef. Re beoaqub ebahesthtughaef`hstf—. Ibsfrra`à Bgae÷dhga, 73 (63=):297-2;9, 6887.

Wph``br, ^fcà y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, Ymb Hesthtut haef` Oaueifthaes ao ûc`hg â`h-

gy he Frkbethef. F Yrfesfgthaes Fpprafgm, Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty^rbss, 3>>;.

Wtbhe, Brebsta, Dfrhfea Yaddfsh, Laìa Bgmbcfrräf, Biufria @arf y Dfrl ^f-yeb, @f pa`äthgf ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, [fsmhektae, IG: Cfega Hetbrfdb-rhgfea ib Ibsfr ra`à / Ifvhi Saglbob``br Gbetbr oar @fthe Fdbrhgfe Wtuihbs /Mfrvfri Rehvbrshty, 3>>;.

Yaddfsh, Dfrhfea, ‐Obibrf`hsd he Frkbethef fei tmb Sboards ao tmb 688>s—, beJbsshgf [f``fgl y Y. E. Wrhehvfsfe (Bis.) Obibrf`hsd fei Bgaeadhg Sboard.

Hetbrefthaef` ^brspbgthvbs, Gfdcrhikb, Gfdcrhikb Rehvbrshty ^rbss, 3>>?.

Yarrb, Jufe Gfràs, ‐@as mubrofeas ib `f pa`äthgf ib pfrt hias. Wacrb às f`gfegbsy efturf`bzf ib `f grhshs ib rbprbsbetfgh÷e pfrthifrhf—, Ibsfrra`à Bgae÷dhga,93 (6?=): ?9;-??2, 3>>7.

Ysbcb`hs, Kbarkb, ‐@f tadf ib ibghshaebs be às shstbdfs pa`äthgas. Fgtarbs ibvbta be b` prbshibeghf`hsda, pfr`fdbetfrhsda, du`thgfdbrf`hsda y du`thpfrt h-ihsda—, be Wbcfsthæe Wfhbkm y Dfrhfea Yaddfsh (Gadps.), @f eubvf bgaea-

däf pa`äthgf: rfghaef`hifi b hesthtughaebs, Cubeas Fhrbs, Buibcf, 688=.

[bhr, Dfrkfrbt y Ymbif Wlagpa`, ‐@fs bstrugturfs ib` Bstfia: uef rbspubstf «lb-yebshfef¼ f `f Krfe Ibprbsh÷e—, Zaef Fchbrtf , ?7-?9: ;7-627, 6887.



GF^ÄYR@A _HHH. @f p`fehgfgh÷e y bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs

6. Hetraiuggh÷e. 3. @f p`fehgfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. 3.6. @as da-dbetas ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e. 3.3. @f p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf y `f p`fehgfgh÷e

bstrftèkhgf. 3.7. Ihstheghaebs betrb `fs pf`fcrfs p`fe, prakrfdf y praybgta.3.9. â`äthgf y ^`fehgfgh÷e. 7. @f bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. 7.6.Crbvb mhstarhf ib `f bvfùfgh÷e. 7.3. Re daibà hetbkrf` ib bvfùfgh÷e ib

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. 7.7. @f trfesvbrsf`hifi ib `f bvfùfgh÷e: dhrfif hetbkrfifib` kachbrea y `f kbsth÷e. 7.9. @f bvfùfgh÷e, su rb`fgh÷e gae `f dbjarf ib `fkbsth÷e púc`hgf y b` ra` ib` Bstfia. 9. Be rbsudbe.

6. HEYSAIRGGH×E

Bstb ú`thda gfpätuà trftf sacrb g÷da `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sb gaevhbrtbe be fggha-

ebs ib` Bstfia y ib què oardf sb vfàrf su hdp`bdbetfgh÷e.

Gfif fggh÷e qub bdprbeibdas `fs pbrsaefs thbeb f`ka ib p`fehgfgh÷e y ib bvf-

ùfgh÷e. B` sbr mudfea p`fehgf y bvf`úf gfsh taifs `fs fgthvhifibs qub rbf`hzf. Ref

fgthvhifi tfe shdp`b gada hr f` gheb hdp`hgf qub fef`hgbdas uef sbrhb ib gubsthaebs:

què pb`ägu`f vfdas f vbr, be què gheb, be què marfrha, gae quhèe hrbdas, guæeta

gastfræ `f betrfif, quhèe `f pfkfrf, be què vbmäguà ``bkfrbdas, y f què marf ib-

cbdas sf`hr pfrf ``bkfr f marfrha, betrb atrfs ‐prbkuetfs— qub ibcbdas rbspaeibr

pfrf paibr gudp`hr gae eubstra acjbthva ib vbr uef pb`ägu`f. @ubka, fuequb quhzæs

ib dfebrf hegaesghbetb, tbeirbdas ihobrbetbs aphehaebs sacrb sh f pb`ägu`f eas kus-

t÷ a ea, sh sfthsza `fs bxpbgtfthvfs qub tbeäfdas, sh b`bkhdas b` gheb y `f ouegh÷egarrbgtf, sh be rbf`hifi eas mbdas kfstfia dæs ihebra ib qub gaevbeäf, sh mbdas

b`bkhia f `f pbrsaef fibgufif pfrf hr, sh às pagmagàs bstfcfe cubeas a sae db-

jarbs be atra gheb… pbesfdhbetas qub thbebe qub vbr gae vfàrfr eubstrf ibghsh÷e y

fggh÷e ib hr f` gheb.

@fs fgghaebs ib` Bstfia tfdpaga agurrbe ib purf gfsuf`hifi. @fs oardfs y da-

ias be às guf`bs sb ``bvfe fib`fetb `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, rbbrbe f fgghaebs ib

p`fehgfgh÷e y shbdprb, ib uef oardf a ib atrf, `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs sae bvfùfifs.

âr supubsta, `f p`fehgfgh÷e y bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, hdp`hgf ue be-

tarea ib sfcbrbs y prægthgfs ue tfeta dæs gadp`bjfs qub hr f` gheb. ^bra f à `frka




369

ib` gfpätuà, vfdas f vbr qub às gadpaebetbs ea vfräfe ibdfshfia, y qub quhzæs,

p`fehgfr y bvfùfr uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf bs dbeas gadp`bja ib g÷da à prbsbetfe

dugmas futarbs. Yaia ibpbeib ib `f gfpfghifi qub tbekfdas pfrf gadprbeibr `f

rbf`hifi, y p`fetbfreas fgghaebs y oardfs ib hetbrvbehr be b``f qub sbfe vhfc`bs.

Yf` gada fgfcfdas ib bxprbsfr, `fs pa`äthgfs sb p`fehgfe y bvf`úfe shbdprb.

Fmarf, bstf prægthgf sb rbf`hzf ib oardf duy ihobrbetb, gae krfias ib shstbdfthzf-

gh÷e, rfghaef`hzfgh÷e, hiaebhifi, pbrthebeghf y pfrthghpfgh÷e ihobrbetbs.

^rbghsfdbetb trftfrbdas sacrb `fs ibehghaebs ib p`fehgfgh÷e y bvfùfgh÷e qub

gaeshibrfdas dæs fpraphfifs, gada fsä tfdchèe às prheghpf`bs thpas, dadbetas,

gfrfgtbrästhgfs y oardfs qub fdcfs fgghaebs hdp`hgfe.

âibdas pbesfr qub bstb gfpätuà bs uef chsfkrf duy hdpartfetb, yf qub eas

pbrdhtb frthgu`fr às sfcbrbs gaestruhias be às gfpätuàs fetbrharbs (sacrb b` Bstfiay su rb`fgh÷e gae `f saghbifi, sacrb às daibàs ib fef`hzfr `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs,

sacrb su rb`fgh÷e gae `f pa`äthgf, sacrb às fgtarbs qub hetbrvhbebe, btg.), gae `f præg-

thgf ib `f fggh÷e púc`hgf be sä dhsdf.

Fibdæs, pubib rbsu`tfr hetbrbsfetb qub fsudfdas bstb gfpätuà gada ue pueta

ib hebxh÷e betrb às sfcbrbs yf trfcfjfias, y `fs hetbrvbeghaebs gaegrbtfs qub us-

tbibs sb hdfkhefe rbf`hzfr gada praobshaef`bs.

Fetbs ib gadbezfr b` trftfdhbeta bspbgäga ib gfif uea ib às ias tbdfs, fg`f -

rfdas qub às prbsbetfdas par sbpfrfia shdp`bdbetb pfrf qub rbsu`tb dæs oægh` sugadprbesh÷e y feæ`hshs, pbra qub be `f prægthgf, `f p`fehgfgh÷e y `f bvfùfgh÷e sae

ias gaejuetas ib ibghshaebs y fgghaebs pfrtb ib` dhsda pragbsa.

3. @f p`fehgfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

Gadbezfrbdas gae uef ibehgh÷e ib p`fehgfgh÷e praphf ib` futar gmh`bea Gfr -

às Dftus, ga`fcarfiar y oueghaefrha ib` prbshibetb Wf`vfiar F``beib, quhbe gubetf

gae vfrhas tbxtas sacrb p`fehgfgh÷e, praiughbeia duy vf`hasas fpartbs f f dftbrhf,

`hkfeia f f tfrbf ib p`fehgfr gae b` marhzaetb ib sbethia qub f pa`äthgf b hdprhdb.

Dftus ibsgrhch÷ f ‐`f p`fehgfgh÷e gada uef iheædhgf ib gæ`guà qub prbgbib y

prbshib `f fggh÷e, qub ea gbsf euegf, qub bs ue pragbsa gaetheua qub fgadpföf `f

rbf`hifi gfdchfetb— (Dftus, 68=8).

B` tbrdhea p`fehgfgh÷e mfgb rbobrbeghf f f gaestruggh÷e gaetheuf y gadp`bjf ib

väfs ib fggh÷e, qub pubibe sbr bxprbsfifs be p`febs, prakrfdfs a praybgtas.

Rea ib às prhdbras ibsfoäas qub begaetrfdas f` trftfr b` tbdf p`fehgfgh÷e, bs`hkfr bstb pragbsa f `f rbf`hifi pashc`b y vhfc`b, y ea shdp`bdbetb f `f oardu`fgh÷e




362

ib ‐hibf`bs— a ‐bxprbshaebs ib ibsba—, qub saà pubibe qubifr gufeta dugma chbe

rbifgtfifs be ue tbxta, pbra qub efif eas fpartfræ pfrf trfesoardfr `f rbf`hifi saghf .

@f p`fehgfgh÷e fibdæs thbeb qub sbr betbeihif gada ue ‐gaetheua—, p`fehgfr

ea bs gaestruhr ibtbrdhefifs `äebfs ib fggh÷e be ue dadbeta ibtbrdhefia, shea qub

hdp`hgf ue pragbsa gaestfetb, qub fgadpföf f` ibsfrra`à ib `f fggh÷e púc`hgf.@as ibsfrra`às sacrb `f p`fehgfgh÷e fp`hgfias f` Bstfia, oubrae rbf`hzfias hetbe-

sfdbetb sacrb taia iurfetb às föas ib paskubrrf mfstf às =>, prheghpf`dbetb par às

pfäsbs saghf`hstf y f`kueas pfäsbs burapbas pfrf su rbgaestruggh÷e ùbka ib f kubrrf.

@fs garrhbetbs ib pbesfdhbeta sacrb p`fehgfgh÷e ib bstfs iègfifs, tuvhbrae su

hdpfgta be Fdèrhgf @fthef, kbebrfeia ue gaejueta ib tbaräfs y bxpbrhbeghfs qub

gaeoardfe à qub sb mf ``fdfia ‐p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf—, guyf gfrfgtbrästhgf prhe-

ghpf` mf shia `f ib pbesfr qub `f rbf`hifi pubib sbr fcarifif ‐ibsib oubrf—, gadauef ‐gasf bstæthgf—, p`fushc`b ib daihgfgh÷e she gaehgtas.

Gada rbsu`tfia ib` orfgfsa ib bstf oardf ib fcarifr `f p`fehgfgh÷e, sb ibsfrra-

`à be `fs iègfifs shkuhbetbs ihobrbetbs fvfegbs mfghf uef vhsh÷e ‐bstrftèkhgf— ib `f

p`fehgfgh÷e.

@f vhsh÷e bstrftèkhgf ib f p`fehgfgh÷e, thbeb qub vbr gae f gfpfghifi ib hegùhr

be b` pragbsa ib p`fehgfgh÷e f às fgtarbs saghf`bs qub sb begubetrfe be rb`fgh÷e f

`f ‐shtufgh÷e— qub bstfdas p`fehgfeia.

Fsä gada f efihb sb `b agurrhräf ``bvfr f` gheb f uef pbrsaef she hevaùgrfr`f be`fs ibghshaebs qub sae ebgbsfrhfs tadfr (què pb`ägu`f vbr, gufeia hr, btg.), tfdchèe

rbsu`tf ibobgtuasa hetbetfr p`fehgfr `f rbsaùgh÷e ib ue prac`bdf saghf` ibtbrdhef-

ia she hegùhr f às prheghpf`bs hevaùgrfias be bsf shtufgh÷e.

Gfràs Dftus, betrb atras, mf trfcfjfia sacrb às acstæguàs prbsbetbs betrb b`

p`fe y as sujbtas f as guf`bs b` p`fe hdpfgtf, ibstfgfeia qub ue p`fe ea pubib fsb-

kurfr qub à bsgrhta bs ibtbrdhefetb ib à qub agurrhræ, y qub betaegbs bs ebgbsfrha

tbebr shbdprb prbsbetb b` gadpaebetb ib hdprbvhshch`hifi ib `f rbf`hifi y b` ibvbehrsaghf`.

Xf be b` dfrga ib hetbrvbegh÷e f`hdbetfia par `f p`fehgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf, iu-

rfetb b` föas 688>, tfeta às ibsfrra`às iagudbetf`bs y `f prægthgf gaegrbtf ib `f

p`fehgfgh÷e be Fdèrhgf @fthef suorhbrae ue gfdcha shkehgfthva: sb trfs`fi÷ f`

ædchta àgf` y oub vfàrfif y f`betfif saà be bsf bsgf`f. Wb fcfeiaefrae ihsgursas

qub fùihbrfe f` ibsfrra`à efghaef`, surkh÷ gae oubrzf `f p`fehgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf

àgf` y sb ibsfrra``÷ uef fdp`hf y vfrhfif chc`hakrfoäf sacrb `f dftbrhf, dhbetrfs sb

bsgrhcäf paga sacrb `f p`fehgfgh÷e f ehvb` pravheghf` a efghaef`.




36?

Wh chbe bstb oaga ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e ihrhkhia mfghf à àgf`, ibsftbeihbeia b`

ehvb` efghaef` ib kachbrea apbra be taif `f rbkh÷e, be `f Frkbethef tuva uef rb-

pbrgush÷e duy oubrtb.

Gada pfrtb ib bstb obe÷dbea, b` dueia fgfièdhga sb fcag÷ bspbghf`dbetb f`

ædchta àgf`. Wb mfe bstuihfia y ihoueihia bxpbrhbeghfs qub hegùsa mfe ifia arh-kbe f bsgub`fs y grhtbrhas ib p`fehgfgh÷e y kbsth÷e.

@ubka ib `f grhshs ib` föa 3>>6, be `f Frkbethef gadbezfrae f gfdchfr às

dfrgas ib ihsgush÷e be tarea f `f p`fehgfgh÷e f ehvb` efghaef`, bstfc`bghèeiasb

bjbs ib frthgu`fgh÷e b hetbkrfgh÷e ib acjbthvas ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs f ehvb` ef-

ghaef`, oueififs be uef vhsh÷e sacrb b` outura qub sb quhbrb gaestruhr gada pfäs.

Bstas bjbs ihbrae ùkfr f krfeibs pa`äthgfs y prakrfdfs, qub gaeoardfe ue p`fe

ib ibsfrra`à gae oubrtb frrfhka be `f hetbrrb`fgh÷e ib` Bstfia Efgh÷e gae àsibdæs pfäsbs ib `f rbkh÷e.

_a`vhbeia f` shkehgfia ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e, be tèrdheas ib` g÷da mfgbr , dæs

qub be b` ibcbr sbr ib `f dftbrhf, begaetrfdas `f shkuhbetb rbbxh÷e qub eas pubib

fyuifr: ‐Gufeia sb mfc`f ib p`fehgfgh÷e, she tbebr ehekuef prbagupfgh÷e par uth-

`hzfr b` tèrdhea gae taia rhkar ghbetäga, shbdprb sb fsaghf f `f hibf ib arkfehzfr,

aribefr, gaarihefr, prbvbr... Wh sb fmaeif f`ka dæs be bstb gaegbpta, bstæ g`fra qub

`f hibf gbetrf` qub fpfrbgb bs f ib jfr gursas ib fggh÷e gae b` prap÷shta ib f`gfezfr

ibtbrdhefias acjbthvas, dbihfetb b` usa bghbetb ib às dbihas. Wb trftf ib ‐mfgbr

qub agurrfe gasfs qub, ib atra daia, ea mfcräfe agurrhia—, a ib ‐grbfr f`tbrefthvfs,

f``ä iaeib fetbs ea mfcäf efif— (Cbrefzzf, 3>>9).

Wh pbesfdas be `f p`fehgfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, fpfrbgbræe pf`fcrfs

gada acjbthvas, rbgursas, rbspaesfch`hifibs, bquhpas ib trfcfja, gursas ib fggh÷e,

pbrsaefs hevaùgrfifs, f`tbrefthvfs, dbihas y rbsu`tfias betrb atrfs.

Gada oardf hetraiugtarhf ib fkrupfgh÷e ib bstas gaegbptas, qub ùbka sbræe

fcarifias par `fs ihobrbetbs `bgturfs prapubstfs par `f gætbirf, paibdas beueghfrf`kueas ib às dadbetas y fspbgtas qub gaesthtuybe `f tfrbf ib p`fehgfr.

Bs hdpartfetb tbebr be gubetf qub bstfs fgghaebs ea sae `fs úehgfs, eh sb ife ib

oardf tfe `hebf`, pbra eas fyuifræe f ibjfr p`fetbfia b` tbdf be bstb dfeuf`.

Yf` gada ibehbrf Dfrtäebz Eakubhrf f` rbobrhrsb f `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, `f p`f-

ehgfgh÷e pubib betbeibrsb gada ue pragbsa `hebf` y sbgubeghf` saà pfrf su feæ-

`hshs, yf qub be `f rbf`hifi fpfrbgb gada ue fgghaefr iheædhga sujbta f fgghaebs

y rbfgghaebs, f gaesbesas y gaehgtas betrf às ihvbrsas fgtarbs qub hetbrvhbebe

(Dfrtäebz Eakubhrf, 688;).




36;

3.6. @as dadbetas ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e

Dftus (68=;) p`fetbf qub be b` pragbsa ib p`fehgfgh÷e mfy 9 dadbetas. @as `fdf da-

dbetas, ihobrbeghæeiaàs ib fs ‐btfpfs— trfihghaef`bs ib` vhbja pfrfihkdf. Bstas sae:

Dadbeta bxp`hgfthva. Dadbeta eardfthva.

Dadbeta bstrftèkhga.

Dadbeta tægthga-apbrfghaef`.

B` dadbeta bxp`hgfthva bs fqub` be qub b` fgtar qub p`fehgf bstæ pbrdfebetb-

dbetb heifkfeia sacrb `fs apartuehifibs y prac`bdfs qub beorbetf, b hetbetfeia

bxp`hgfrsb `fs gfusfs qub à kbebrfe.

B` dadbeta eardfthva bs fqub` be b` guf` b` fgtar qub p`fehgf ihsböf g÷da

ibcb sbr `f rbf`hifi a `f shtufgh÷e. Bstb dadbeta bs b` qub `f p`fehgfgh÷e trfih-ghaef` gaeoueih÷ gae `f tatf`hifi ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e, pfrf tbrdhefr hibethgfeia

p`fehgfgh÷e gae ihsböa. ^frf Dftus à eardfthva bs saà ue dadbeta ib` pragbsa

ib p`fehgfgh÷e, fqub` dadbeta ib ihsböa qub sb dubvb be b` p`fea ib` ‐ibcbr sbr—.

B` dadbeta bstrftèkhga bs b` ib `f gaestruggh÷e ib `f vhfch`hifi. B` fgtar qub

p`fehgf sb prbkuetf: ±g÷da pubia gaestruhr`b vhfch`hifi f dh ihsböa eardfthva1,

±què acstæguàs ibca vbegbr y g÷da às pubia vbegbr pfrf qub dh ihsböa ib` ibcbr

sbr sb begfreb be `f rbf`hifi gada uef oubrzf bobgthvf ib gfdcha mfghf `f shtufgh÷eb`bkhif gada acjbthva1, ±g÷da b` ihsböa qub bstæ be b` pfpb` a be eubstrfs gfcbzfs

pubib gaevbrthrsb be davhdhbeta rbf` ib `f shtufgh÷e1

Fquä fpfrbgbe ‐acstæguàs— pa`äthgas, bgae÷dhgas, gu`turf`bs, arkfehzfthvas,

gakeasghthvas, `bkf`bs, btg. Vuhbe p`fehgf ea saà ibcb ihsböfr gada ibcbe sbr `fs

gasfs, shea qub tfdchèe ibcb mfgbr ue gæ`guà ib g÷da sartbfr às acstæguàs qub sb

apaebe f` gudp`hdhbeta ib bsb ihsböa.

B` dadbeta tægthga-apbrfghaef` bs b` dadbeta ibghshva parqub às atras da-

dbetas thbebe uef úehgf uth`hifi: gaesthtuhrsb be ue gæ`guà pfrf `f fggh÷e, be uegæ`guà qub prbgbib y prbshib `f fggh÷e. Whe bdcfrka, bs heihspbesfc`b gf`gu`fr bx-

pàrfeia dæs f``æ ib` prbsbetb pfrf ifr`b rfghaef`hifi f eubstrfs ibghshaebs ib may<

pbra, f` ef`, juzkfrbdas `f p`fehgfgh÷e par `f oardf be qub bsb gæ`guà bs gfpfz

ib f`tbrfr, gaeiughr y arhbetfr `fs fgghaebs prbsbetbs.

Bstb gæ`guà bs b` gbetra ib` dadbeta tægthga-apbrfghaef` y thbeb gada acjbta arhbe-

tfr gfif pfsa qub ibdas be b` iäf f iäf y bvfùfrà be rb`fgh÷e f f shtufgh÷e-acjbthva, ea

saà pfrf gaestftfr f fpraxhdfgh÷e f`gfezfif rbspbgta f b``f, shea tfdchèe pfrf rbvhsfr-`f gada kuäf qub sbkuhræ prbgbihbeia y prbshihbeia eubstras pfsas shkuhbetbs.




36=

@f rbf`hifi sb gaestruyb be b` prbsbetb. @as rbsu`tfias qub actbebdas be f rbf`hifi sae

ue praiugta ib bsas pfsas qub ifdas be b` iäf f iäf, ea gubetfe as p`febs qub shdp`bdbe-

tb pbesfdas a ihsböfdas, saà pbsfe fqub`às qub prbgbibe y prbshibe eubstras pfsas.

Bstas dadbetas ib f p`fehgfgh÷e gadprbeibe uef sbrhb ib fgthvhifibs qub sb prb-

sbetfe ib oardf shetèthgf f gaetheufgh÷e, gae b` prap÷shta ib vhsuf`hzfr b` pragbsaib `f p`fehgfgh÷e:

Ibehgh÷e ib` marhzaetb pa`äthga saghf` f gaestruhr : be prhdbr ùkfr, fetbs qub `f

fp`hgfgh÷e ib guf`quhbr tbgeaàkäf ib kbsth÷e, sbræ ebgbsfrha ibehr à `hebfdhbetas

pa`äthga (bstrftèkhgas qub ife arhkbe y sustbetfe f` p`fe). B` praybgta ib pfäs be

gaestruggh÷e, `f rb`fgh÷e betrb `fs ihobrbetbs pa`äthgfs, `f shtufgh÷e bstrftèkhgf ib`

pfäs be rb`fgh÷e f às pfäsbs ib `f rbkh÷e, b` bstuiha ib oubrzfs ib paibr f`hfifs f`

praybgta y fqub``fs qub thbebe acjbthvas ihobrbetbs be su hetbrvbegh÷e pa`äthgf, betrbatrfs gubsthaebs.

B` prhdbr dadbeta ib f p`fehgfgh÷e, rfihgf be f ibehgh÷e pa`äthga-hiba`÷khgf

qub gaethbeb `f p`fehgfgh÷e ib `f tbdæthgf bspbgägf be gubsth÷e. Ib à gaetrfrha,

`fs hetbrvbeghaebs qubife ibsdfrgfifs ib `f pa`äthgf qub `b iha arhkbe.

h) Ihfke÷sthga ib `f shtufgh÷e: hdp`hgf `f bxp`hgfgh÷e ib `f shtufgh÷e saghf`

qub `f p`fehgfgh÷e quhbrb fcarifr. Gaeshstb be fp`hgfr às gaeaghdhbetas

ibsfrra``fias be `fs ihobrbetbs ghbeghfs y ihsghp`hefs, pfrf gaestruhr ue bs-

qubdf bxp`hgfthva ib `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs, gadpaebetbs y ibehghaebs ebgb-sfrhfs pfrf gadprbeibr f shtufgh÷e. B` bstuiha sacrb fqub`à qub f pa`äthgf

púc`hgf prbtbeib daihgfr bs duy hdpartfetb, yf qub sh b` ihfke÷sthga bs

brr÷eba, betaegbs `f hetbrvbegh÷e sbkurfdbetb rbsu`tb hefpraphfif. B` gas-

ta saghf` ib `fs hehghfthvfs ib` Bstfia ibehifs be oardf ibghbetb, hdp`hgf

b` suorhdhbeta ib às krupas saghf`bs hevaùgrfias.

hh) Gaeoardfgh÷e ib` ‐dfpf ib fgtarbs—: sb trftf ib uef ibsgrhpgh÷e ib às

sbgtarbs saghf`bs hdp`hgfias be `f shtufgh÷e, y b` feæ`hshs ib às ra`bs qubgudp`hræe `fs pbrsaefs rb`fghaefifs. Hdp`hgf tfdchèe vhsuf`hzfr quhbebs

sbræe fqub`às krupas saghf`bs qub sb apaekfe f `f p`fehgfgh÷e, ib fgubr -

ia f às pfrædbtras pa`äthga-saghf`bs ib às ihobrbetbs krupas ib hetbrès y

ib paibr.

Be bstb pueta rfihgf b` gfrægtbr ‐bstrftèkhga— ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e. Wh chbe

gfif gaejueta ib hibfs bxprbsfifs be bstas puetas sae gbetrf`bs f `f dftb-

rhf, `f vhfch`hifi ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf sb paeb be jubka prheghpf`dbetb f

trfvès ib `f oardf be guf` sb hegùyfe a ea, sb fethghpbe a ea, sb ibefe a




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ea, às ihobrbetbs krupas ib pbrsaefs qub sb begubetrfe hdpfgtfias par `f

tbdæthgf a shtufgh÷e saghf` p`fehgfif.

hhh) Ibehgh÷e prb`hdhefr ib` p`fe, prakrfdf a praybgta: `f vaùetfi pa`ä-

thgf ib hetbrvbehr be uef shtufgh÷e saghf` ibtbrdhefif, `f ibsgrhpgh÷e y

ihfke÷sthga y b` feæ`hshs bstrftèkhga ib` dfpf ib fgtarbs, sb bxprbsfe (parbsgrhta a ea), be uef sbrhb ib ibehghaebs qub dfrgf `f hetbrvbegh÷e: às

acjbthvas, às pfsas, às rbgursas ebgbsfrhas, às rbspaesfc`bs y bquhpas ib

trfcfja, às p`fzas, `fs fgghaebs prbvhstfs y `f rb`fgh÷e betrb b``fs.

@`fdfdas f bstf ibehgh÷e ‐prb`hdhefr—, ibchia f qub ea pubib betbeibrsb

gada f`ka fgfcfia, gbrrfia y bstæthga. Bs bspbrfc`b qub `fs ‐vaùetfibs—

qub ihbrae arhkbe f` p`fe, sb daihqube f à `frka ib` pragbsa ib hdp`b -

dbetfgh÷e, ib fgubria f `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib vhfch`hifi qub `f rbf`hifi prbsbetb, f as hdprbvhstas qub surjfe, f as gfdchas be `fs jbrfrquäfs ib as

prac`bdfs y f `fs hetbrvbeghaebs ib às ihobrbetbs thpas ib fgtarbs.

(hv) Hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y sbkuhdhbeta: sb trftf ib `f pubstf be dfrgmf ib` p`fe,

prakrfdf a praybgta. @f rbf`hzfgh÷e bobgthvf ib `fs fgghaebs ebgbsfrhfs

pfrf àkrfr às acjbthvas prapubstas. Iurfetb `f btfpf ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e,

`fs trbs btfpfs fetbrharbs pubibe daihgfrsb. @fs gadpbtbeghfs ebgbsfrhfs

pfrf `hibrfr `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs rbsu`tf ue tbdf ib

sudf hdpartfeghf b hetbrès. Be bstb dadbeta, betrfe be jubka oubrtbdbetbfibdæs `fs tbaräfs ib `fs arkfehzfghaebs, `fs garrhbetbs sacrb g÷da oue-

ghaef `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf y sacrb gada sb arkfehzfe às krupas ib

pbrsaefs be tarea f` ibsfoäa ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

(v) Bvfùfgh÷e y saghf`hzfgh÷e ib às rbsu`tfias: shbdprb qub sb hetbetb fcar-

ifr uef shtufgh÷e saghf` ibtbrdhefif, bs gaevbehbetb qub f` ef`hzfr `f

hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib` p`fe, paifdas vfàrfr be tèrdheas ib `bkhthdhifi sa-

ghf` às rbsu`tfias f`gfezfias. ^frf paibr vfàrfr `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf, sbræebgbsfrha qub `f ‐pbrspbgthvf bvfùfthvf— bstb prbsbetb iurfetb taias às

dadbetas ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e. Bstf btfpf, `f bvfùfgh÷e, sbræ ibsfrra``fif

be b` fpfrtfia shkuhbetb.

@f p`fehgfgh÷e hdp`hgf be pfrtb ue gaejueta ib `hebfdhbetas pbesfias pfrf `f

fggh÷e. @f tfrbf ib p`fehgfr sb gaegrbtf be ue gaetbxta ib gadp`bjhifi gfdchfetb,

iaeib `fs ibghshaebs ea shkube ue aribe sbgubeghf` `hebf`, yf qub `f rbf`hifi saghf`

thbeb atrf `÷khgf ib gaeoardfgh÷e. âr tf` dathva, às dadbetas y fgthvhifibs fetbs

beueghfifs shrvbe saà f as bobgtas ib pbesfr be ue ihfkrfdf qub eas fyuib gadbe-




33>

zfr f gaestruhr ue gaeaghdhbeta dæs praoueia sacrb `f p`fehgfgh÷e, tbehbeia gada

dfrga ib rbobrbeghf eubstra prapha gaetbxta efghaef` y `ftheafdbrhgfea.

3.3. @f p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf y `f p`fehgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf

Yf` gada gadbezfdas f ib`hebfr be às prhdbras pærrfoas, f pfrthr ib às föas ;>

gadbezfrae f eatfrsb gae dfyar èeofshs fs hdhtfghaebs ib pbesfr f f p`fehgfgh÷e

gada ue dbiha fpraphfia y úth` pfrf hetbrvbehr be `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs. @as ibsf-

rra`às tb÷rhgas oubra pbrihbeia fpaya, dfetbehèeiasb `ftbetb `f gbrtbzf ib qub brf

ebgbsfrha fgadpföfr f `f prægthgf ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs gae dfrgas bxp`hgfthvas

qub gaetuvhbrfe oardfs dæs fgbrtfifs ib p`fehgfr `f hetbrvbegh÷e ib` Bstfia.

Kbebrf`dbetb as fgtarbs fgubrife gae f hibf ib qub f fggh÷e púc`hgf ibcb bstfr

kuhfif par ghbrtf rfghaef`hifi, b` prac`bdf sb begubetrf be ibehr qub hdp`hgf `f

rfghaef`hifi.

@f p`fehgfgh÷e sb ``bvf f gfca be uef rbf`hifi fdchkuf y gaetrfihgtarhf, gad -

p`bjf b heghbrtf, be `f qub sb prbtbeib hetraiughr fgghaebs p`fehgfifs. Yaia p`fe a

prakrfdf bs ue hetbeta ib hetraiughr rfghaef`hifi f `f fggh÷e. bra bsta ea shkehgf,

eh fsbkurf qub `fs fgghaebs sbfe dæs rfghaef`bs a gambrbetbs. @f hegbrthiudcrb ib

taia pragbsa ea sb pubib b`hdhefr y b` fzfr shbdprb bstæ prbsbetb.

@f p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf bethbeib às prac`bdfs sae bsbeghf`dbetb tègehgas, y par à tfeta b` p`fe sb cfsf be su oardu`fgh÷e. F` paebr b` èeofshs be bstb dadbeta,

b` p`fe sb gaevhbrtb prheghpf`dbetb be uef bxprbsh÷e ib vaùetfi, dbjar a pbar oue-

ifdbetfif ibsib `f ibsgrhpgh÷e ib` prac`bdf.

@f p`fehgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf be gfdcha gaeshibrf qub b` fspbgta gbetrf` ib `f p`f-

ehgfgh÷e ibpbeibræ ib f rb`fgh÷e betrb fs pbrsaefs hevaùgrfifs y, par a tfeta, su

oaga ib ftbegh÷e bstæ pubsta be `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib` p`fe.

Be bstf äebf ib pbesfdhbeta, f p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf sb gaegbetrf be a hibf`,

dhbetrfs qub `f bstrftèkhgf beofthzf à vhfc`b.Kbebrf`dbetb à ‐hibf`—, ibcb sbr bxpubsta par às bxpbrtas, dhbetrfs qub ibsib

uef pbrspbgthvf bstrftèkhgf, sb ibstfgf `f hdpartfeghf ib `f pa`äthgf y `f hetbrvbegh÷e

ib às ihobrbetbs fgtarbs saghf`bs.

âr supubsta, ea shkehgf qub uef u atrf pasturf hdp`hqub ibstbrrfr f ueas u

atras ib oardf `hebf`.

@f p`fehgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf rbgaeagb gada gbetrf` gaetbdp`fr às hetbrbsbs, eb-

gbshifibs y bxpbgtfthvfs ib `fs pbrsaefs hevaùgrfifs be `f shtufgh÷e qub sb p`feh-




336

gf, dhbetrfs qub pfrf `f p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf hdpartfe dæs `fs ibghshaebs ib`

sujbta p`fehgfiar qub sb begubetrf ‐oubrf— ib `f rbf`hifi.

Be `f p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf, ea sb `b if hdpartfeghf f` paibr a vfàr ib às

apaebetbs, dhbetrfs qub `f p`fehgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf p`fetbf qub b` gaesbesa saghf`

bs `f cfsb oueifdbetf` pfrf `f p`fehgfgh÷e.

F gaetheufgh÷e prbsbetfdas ue gufira gae `fs prheghpf`bs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib uea

y atra daibà ib p`fehgfgh÷e.

^@FEHOHGFGH×E EASDFYH_F ^@FEHOHGFGH×E BWYSFYÈKHGF

B` pueta ib pfrthif bs b` ‐daibà fef`äthga— qub

bxp`hgf `f shtufgh÷e prac`bdf, bxprbsfif be ue

ihfke÷sthga.

B` pueta ib ``bkfif bs b` ‐daibà eardfthva— qub

bxprbsf b` ihsböa ib` ‐ibcbr sbr—.

6. @f ihdbesh÷e eardfthvf sb bxprbsf be ue ‐ibcbr

sbr—, ib` qub sb ibrhvf ue bsqubdf rhkurasa, oardf-

`hzfia y frthgu`fia ib fgtufgh÷e.

Wb pfrtb ib` supubsta:

ib qub b` shstbdf saghf` pubib sbr acjbta ib arhbetf-

gh÷e par pfrtb ib` p`fegfiar.

6. B` sujbta qub p`fehgf bstæ ‐sacrb— a ‐oubrf— ib `f

rbf`hifi p`fehgfif.

3. B` sujbta qub p`fehgf thbeb b` daeapa`ha ib` p`fe.

B` sujbta p`fehgfiar thbeb gfpfghifi ib gaetra`fr

`f rbf`hifi.

6. B` pueta ib pfrthif bs `f ‐shtufgh÷e hehghf`—, qub

bxp`hgf `f shtufgh÷e prac`bdf, bxprbsfif be ue ihfk-

e÷sthga.

B` pueta ib ``bkfif bs `f ‐shtufgh÷e acjbthva— qub

bxprbsf `f rbf`hzfgh÷e be b` thbdpa ib `f ‐hdfkbe

acjbthva— qub gaekurf b` ‐marhzaetb ut÷phga—.

6. @f ‐shtufgh÷e acjbthva— sb frthgu`f gae b` p`fea

bstrftèkhga ib` ‐pubib sbr— y be p`fea apbrfghaef` gae

`f ‐vaùetfi ib mfgbr—< ea bxhstb ue bsqubdf räkhia ib

fggh÷e shea uef prbagupfgh÷e par `f ihrbgghaef`hifi.

Wb pfrtb ib` supubsta:

ib qub b` shstbdf saghf` bstæ hetbkrfia par pbrsaefs

qub thbebe su praphf bsgf`f ib vfàrbs y bstfc`bgbe à

qub gaevbehbetb b hegaevbehbetb, cubea a dfà gada

acjbthva f f`gfezfr.

6. B` fgtar qub p`fehgf bstæ hesbrta y oardf pfrtb ib

`f rbf`hifi qub p`fehgf, gabxhsthbeia gae atras fgta-

rbs saghf`bs qub, ib f`kúe daia, tfdchèe p`fehgfe.

3. Ea mfy daeapa`ha be `f b`fcarfgh÷e ib` p`fe, shea

gabxhstbe vfrhas p`febs, f`kueas gaheghibetbs, atras

pashc`bs ib gaegbrtfr y f`kueas be gadpbtbeghf.

@as fgtarbs qub p`fehgfe, ea gaetra`fe par sh saàs `f

rbf`hifi p`fehgfif.

Oubetb: Cbrefzf (3>>9)




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3.7. Ihstheghaebs betrb `fs pf`fcrfs p`fe, prakrfdf y praybgta

Wh chbe bstas trbs tèrdheas be b` `bekufjb garrhbetb pubibe uth`hzfrsb heihsthetf-

dbetb, ibetra ib `f jbrkf ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e sb uth`hzfe gae f`gfegbs duy ihobrbetbs.

Gfif uea ib bstas tèrdheas heihgf ihsthetas ehvb`bs ib gaegrbgh÷e.Gadbegbdas gae b` f`gfegb y b` shkehgfia ib p`fe qub bs b` tèrdhea ib gfrægtbr

dæs kàcf`. Re p`fe mfgb rbobrbeghf f `fs ibghshaebs ib gfrægtbr kbebrf` qub bxprb-

sfe às `hebfdhbetas pa`äthgas oueifdbetf`bs, `fs prharhifibs qub sb ibrhvfe ib bsfs

oardu`fghaebs, f fshkefgh÷e ib rbgursas fgarib f bsfs prharhifibs, fs bstrftbkhfs ib

fggh÷e y b` gaejueta ib dbihas b hestrudbetas qub sb vfe f uth`hzfr pfrf f`gfezfr `fs

dbtfs y acjbthvas prapubstas. Ibsib b` pueta ib vhstf ib `f Fidhehstrfgh÷e Gbetrf`,

b` p`fe thbeb par ef`hifi trfzfr b` gursa ibsbfc`b y pracfc`b ib` ibsfrra`à efghaef`

a ib` ibsfrra`à ib ue sbgtar (bgae÷dhga, saghf` a gu`turf`).Re prakrfdf, be sbethia fdp`ha, mfgb rbobrbeghf f ue gaejueta arkfehzfia, ga-

mbrbetb b hetbkrfia ib fgthvhifibs, sbrvhghas a pragbsas bxprbsfias be ue gaejueta

ib praybgtas rb`fghaefias a gaarihefias par ue gaejueta ib prakrfdfs. Ib bstb

daia paibdas mfc`fr ib prakrfdfs ib `f tbrgbrf bifi, prakrfdf ib gaestruggh÷e

ib bsgub`fs, prakrfdf ib sfùi dftbrea-heofeth`, btg., qub oardfe pfrtb ib ue p`fe

dæs kbebrf`hzfia. ûbib ibghrsb, fshdhsda, qub ue prakrfdf apbrfghaef`hzf ue

p`fe dbihfetb `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib fgghaebs arhbetfifs f f`gfezfr `fs dbtfs y acjbthvas prapubstas ibetra ib ue pbräaia ibtbrdhefia.

^fsfeia f ue dfyar krfia ib gaegrbgh÷e begaetrfdas à qub sb ibeadhef pra-

ybgta. Gae bstb gaegbpta sb mfgb rbobrbeghf f ue gaejueta ib fgthvhifibs gaegrbtfs,

hetbrrb`fghaefifs y gaarihefifs betrb sä, qub sb rbf`hzfe gae b` e ib praiughr ibtbr -

dhefias chbebs y sbrvhghas gfpfgbs ib sfthsofgbr ebgbshifibs a rbsa`vbr prac`bdfs.

@f bxpraphfgh÷e ib uef ofcrhgf, pubib sbr ue praybgta ibetra ib ue prakrfdf

ibsthefia f `f rbhevbrsh÷e be `f heiustrhf. @f gaestruggh÷e ib uef bsgub`f bs ue

praybgta ibetra ib ue prakrfdf ib acrf púc`hgf, tfeta gada pfrtb ib uef pa`äthgfbiugfthvf ib fdp`hfr b` pargbetfjb ib `f pac`fgh÷e bsga`frhzfif.

Yfeta às prakrfdfs gada às praybgtas, sb gaegrbtfe f trfvès ib ue gaejueta

ib fgthvhifibs arkfehzfifs y frthgu`fifs betrb sä, pfrf f`gfezfr ibtbrdhefifs dbtfs

y acjbthvas bspbgägas. @f ihobrbeghf betrb ue prakrfdf y ue praybgta rfihgf be `f

dfkehtui, ihvbrshifi y bspbghghifi, mfchif gubetf qub ue prakrfdf bstæ gaesthtuh-

ia par uef gaestb`fgh÷e a gaejueta ib praybgtas.

Wh qubrbdas sbkuhr fvfezfeia be uef `äebf ib gaegrbgh÷e grbghbetb, paibdasmfc`fr tfdchèe ib fgthvhifibs y tfrbfs. @f fgthvhifi bs b` dbiha ib hetbrvbegh÷e sa-




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crb `f rbf`hifi, dbihfetb `f rbf`hzfgh÷e sbgubeghf` b hetbkrfif ib ihvbrsfs fgghaebs

ebgbsfrhfs pfrf f`gfezfr `fs dbtfs y acjbthvas bspbgägas ib ue praybgta. X `f tfrbf

bs `f fggh÷e qub thbeb b` dæxhda krfia ib gaegrbgh÷e y bspbghghifi. Re gaejueta

ib tfrbfs gaekurf uef fgthvhifi, betrb `fs dugmfs qub mfy qub rbf`hzfr pfrf gae -

grbtfr ue praybgta.^frf fg`frfr bstas grbghbetbs krfias ib gaegrbgh÷e y bspbghghifi y b` f`gfegb ib

gfif uea ib bstas tèrdheas, paibdas hùstrfràs gae as shkuhbetbs bjbdpàs: f pa`ä-

thgf biugfthvf ib ue kachbrea, ue p`fe ib hegùsh÷e ib fia`bsgbetbs f `f sbgueifrhf<

ue prakrfdf ib fgtuf`hzfgh÷e ib `fs eubvfs tbgeaàkäfs be `f bsgub`f (gada uea ib

às prakrfdfs ib` p`fe)< praybgta: `f iatfgh÷e ib dftbrhf` heoardæthga< fgthvhifi:

`f gfpfghtfgh÷e ib às iagbetbs pfrf b` usa ib` dftbrhf`< tfrbf: `f rbf`hzfgh÷e ib uef

prapubstf iagbetb sacrb `f hegùsh÷e ib `fs eubvfs tbgeaàkäfs be b` fu`f.

Oubetb: G`fuihf Cbrefzzf (3>>9)




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3.9. â`äthgf y p`fehgfgh÷e

@f p`fehgfgh÷e sb gaeoardf ib gadpaebetbs `hkfias f `f pa`äthgf, betbeihif gada

b` gaejueta ib hibfs y vaùetfibs bxprbsfifs be b` `hibrfzka ib `fs shtufghaebs sa-

ghf`bs, y ib gadpaebetbs `hkfias f `f tègehgf ib` gada p`fehgfr. B` ‐ihæàka— betrbias thpas ib gadpaebetbs bs b` pueta eburæ`khga ib `f dftbrhf.

âr bsa, bs duy hdpartfetb ea pbribr ib vhstf qub, she `f bxprbsh÷e, `f hetbrvbe-

gh÷e y b` `hibrfzka ib `f pa`äthgf, `f tègehgf ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e phbrib taia sbethia.

Yf` gada beueghfdas be fetbrhardbetb, bstb bs uea ib às prheghpf`bs ibsfoäas f

`f marf ib p`fehgfr: sastbebr `f ib gbetrf`hifi ib `f kufrif `f pa`äthgf.

Gada taif tègehgf, `f p`fehgfgh÷e thbeb uef ghbrtf fdchvf`beghf< be sä dhs-

df ea bs cubef eh df`f. ^bra f` sbr ue ‐hestrudbeta— pubib sbr uth`hzfia gae

ihobrbetbs hetbeghaef`hifibs y be ihobrbetbs ghrguestfeghfs. Wb `f mf bdp`bfia ‗y sb `f pubib bdp`bfr‗ tfeta pfrf b` dfetbehdhbeta ib` stftu qua, gada pfrf

hdpu`sfr rboardfs y gfdchas bstrugturf`bs. ûbib sbr uth`hzfif heihsthetfdbetb

par pfäsbs rhgas a pfäsbs pacrbs< heibpbeihbetbdbetb ib` rèkhdbe pa`äthga y às

acjbthvas qub sb pbrshkfe.

Wb pubib prakrfdfr pfrf `f brrfihgfgh÷e ib `f pacrbzf, gada pfrf b` grbghdhbeta

ib às krfeibs krupas ib paibr bdprbsfrhf`, pfrf `f pradagh÷e y praoueihzfgh÷e

ib `f gu`turf praphf ib uef rbkh÷e, tfeta gada pfrf b` gaesuda ib sädcaàs fjbeas, pfrf `f gbetrf`hzfgh÷e ib ibghshaebs bgae÷dhgfs, tfeta gada pfrf `f rbkhaef`hzfgh÷e

ib `fs praiugghaebs.

Bxhstbe ihobrbeghfs sustfeghf`bs, ea tfeta be `fs tègehgfs ib p`fehgfgh÷e,

guæeta be b` bsthà ib ibsfrra`à qub b``fs prapaebe, sbkúe sbf b` dfrga a pra-

ybgta pa`äthga be qub sb rbf`hzfe. @as pfrædbtras hiba`÷khga-pa`äthgas ibtbr-

dhefe b` ‐ pfrf quhèe— ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e (f quhèebs cbebghf) y b` ‐g÷da— sb

gudp`hræe às acjbthvas prapubstas.

Yaif p`fehgfgh÷e bs dugma dæs qub ue pragbsa ib rfghaef`hzfgh÷e be `f tadf

ib ibghshaebs< bs `f hestrudbetfgh÷e ib ue praybgta pa`äthga, fue gufeia bstb saà

mfyf shia ibehia ib uef dfebrf vfkf a fdchkuf.

7. @f bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

@f bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs oardf pfrtb ib fqub` pragbsa dfrgfia par b` hetbeta

ib fshkefr pbrthebeghf y sustbeta saghf` f `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, qub hehghf gae `f

p`fehgfgh÷e ib `fs dhsdfs y gu`dhef gae `f bvfùfgh÷e.






33?

gadpartfdhbeta ib `fs fidhehstrfghaebs púc`hgfs hetbrfgtúfe y ibebe `f ibghsh÷e

ib bvfùfr a ea uef pa`äthgf y g÷da mfgbrà.

@f bvfùfgh÷e ib fs pa`äthgfs, sb begubetrf sustfeghf`dbetb ibehif par b` betrf-

dfia ib gadp`bjhifi qub gfrfgtbrhzf f` Bstfia, `f pa`äthgf y `f saghbifi. Hdp`hgf `f

fshkefgh÷e ib vfàr sacrb b` fgghaefr ib` Bstfia y sus gaesbgubeghfs saghf`bs, y parà tfeta bs ue pragbsa gfdchfetb, pfrthghpfthva, bxhc`b b hetbrihsghp`hefrha.

Yaifs bstfs gubsthaebs oardfe pfrtb ib ue betarea gadp`bja ib gadpaebetbs qub

hetbrfgtúfe betrb sä ib oardf heghshvf y ibtbrdhefe f `f bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs.

@f sbkueif väf ib feæ`hshs thbeb qub vbr gae `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs bstrftèkhgfs ib

`f bvfùfgh÷e gada ihsghp`hef, fcfrgfeia gubsthaebs gada `f hesbrgh÷e ib `f bvf-

ùfgh÷e be b` ghgà ib vhif ib `f pa`äthgf, `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs dbtaia`÷khgfs qub bstf

fsudb be ouegh÷e ib às ihobrbetbs thpas ib acjbthvas y fgubrias p`fetbfias pfrf suhdp`bdbetfgh÷e, `f ibehgh÷e ib às fgtarbs hevaùgrfias y `f ‐uth`hifi— ib `f bvf-

ùfgh÷e be sä dhsdf betrb atras ibcftbs.

7.6. Crbvb mhstarhf ib `f bvfùfgh÷e

B` ibsfrra`à ib f bvfùfgh÷e ib prakrfdfs púc`hgas ea bs ue obe÷dbea rbghbetb. @f

bvfùfgh÷e gada ghbeghf saghf` sb vub`vb ue ùkfr gadúe iurfetb às föas 2>. @as

prhdbras prakrfdfs qub mfe shia acjbta ib bvfùfgh÷e às begaetrfdas be b` gfdpaib `fs pa`äthgfs biugfthvfs, saghf`bs y ib sfùi.

Bstb ibsfrra`à sb bobgthvhz÷ tfeta be às pfäsbs dæs ibsfrra``fias gada be às

pfäsbs dbeas ibsfrra``fias, iaeib sb bvhibegh÷ ue hdpu`sa f `f bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`ä-

thgfs be b` dhsda pbräaia.

Yfeta b` fpfrfta bstftf` gada às arkfehsdas ib ibsfrra`à ea kucbrefdbetf`bs

mfe vbehia rbf`hzfeia bvfùfghaebs. Bs pashc`b ghtfr, f daia ib bjbdpà, `f bvfùf-

gh÷e ib prakrfdfs ib p`fehgfgh÷e ofdh`hfr be Fshf, ib prakrfdfs ib sfùi y eutrh-

gh÷e be Fdèrhgf @fthef, ib fkrhgu`turf y ibsfrra`à gaduehtfrha be Æorhgf.Be `fs iègfifs ib` ?> y ;> grbgb eatfc`bdbetb `f gfethifi ib frtäguàs y `hcras

sacrb bstb tbdf. Gadhbezfe f ghrgu`fr ihsgushaebs y frtäguàs gräthgas sacrb pasturfs

gufethtfthvhstfs y guf`htfthvhstfs, sacrb b` ra` ib f bvfùfgh÷e be b` pragbsa ib fs pa-

`äthgfs, sacrb gubsthaebs dbtaia`÷khgfs. ^ra`hobrfe `fs puc`hgfghaebs y gaeobrbeghfs,

`fs fsaghfghaebs praobshaef`bs, às begubetras betrb bvfùfiarbs.

Wgrhvbe (68?;) bs ue `÷saoa ib `f ghbeghf y uea ib às prhdbras tb÷rhgas ib `f

bvfùfgh÷e. Be su frtäguà ‐Ymb dbtmaiaàky ar bvfùfthae,— hetraiugb às tèrdheasbvfùfgh÷e oardfthvf y bvfùfgh÷e sudfthvf, pfrf ihsthekuhr betrb `fs bvfùfghaebs,




33;

guyf rbf`hzfgh÷e thbeb par acjbthva praparghaefr heoardfgh÷e f `fs pbrsaefs qub he-

tbetfe dbjarfr b` acjbta bvfùfia, ib `fs bvfùfghaebs pbesfifs pfrf praparghaefr

heoardfgh÷e sacrb `f gaetheuhifi ib ue prakrfdf.

Betrb as futarbs ib bstb pbräaia paibdas ghtfr fibdæs f Gfdpcb`` (68??), quhbe

be b` trfcfja ‐ Bxpbrhdbetf` fei Vufsh‗Bxpbrhdbetf` Ibsheks oar Sbsbfrgm—, rbf-`hzfia gae Wtfe`by rbgmfzf `f hibf ib qub `f bvfùfgh÷e pubif kbebrfr uef tbaräf

ebutrf` a ue gaeaghdhbeta acjbthva. Wasthbeb qub `f dbihif gufethtfthvf sb cfsf be

supashghaebs guf`htfthvfs y sböf`f qub ihsthetas fgtarbs ib ue prakrfdf prbobrhræe

ihobrbetbs rbsu`tfias.

@f hdpartfeghf pfrf bstb futar rfihgf be `f pashch`hifi ib `f bvfùfgh÷e ib bxprb-

sfr uef vfàrfgh÷e ib às fgaetbghdhbetas praiughias par ue prakrfdf, dæs f``æ ib

qub bsf heoardfgh÷e pubif sbr kbebrf`hzfif f atras prakrfdfs púc`hgas.@ubka, iurfetb `f iègfif ib` =>, `f rbvaùgh÷e tbgea`÷khgf oub ue hdpartfetb

bsthduà pfrf `f bvfùfgh÷e ib prakrfdfs, pravagfeia gfdchas qub fúe may gaeth-

eúfe daihgfeia `fs prægthgfs ib bvfùfgh÷e. Wb fgbetúf `f rbbxh÷e fgbrgf ib` `f

uth`hifi ib `f bvfùfgh÷e y su hesbrgh÷e be b` gaetbxta pa`äthga y arkfehzfthva.

Be su acrf, [ma`by (68=6, 68=7), sb rbbrb f `f bvfùfgh÷e gada uef rbspubstf

f `f ebgbshifi ib às ihrbgthvas y kbstarbs púc`hgas ib bvfùfr sus prakrfdfs gae b`

acjbthva ib begaetrfr dfebrfs ib kbsthaefràs dbjar.

@f prharhifi pfrf [ma`by bstæ be `f kbsth÷e ib às prakrfdfs. @f bvfùfgh÷e ib- cbräf sbrvhr pfrf ofgh`htfr dbjarfs bvhibetbs be `f kbsth÷e, rbeihdhbeta y rbsu`tfias

ib às prakrfdfs ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e (68=7). Be `f dhsdf `äebf, ibsib ue pueta ib

vhstf dbtaia`÷khga, b` trfcfja ib Wtflb (68=>) ibstfgf `f hdpartfeghf ib as bstuihas

ib gfsa y `fs bstrftbkhfs guf`htfthvfs ib hevbsthkfgh÷e.

âibdas dbeghaefr fibdæs b` trfcfja ib Graecfgm (68=3), quhbe p`fetbf qub

cubef pfrtb ib às prac`bdfs be b` usa ib `fs bvfùfghaebs pravhbebe ib` daibà

rfghaef` be qub sb oueifdbetfe.Be ú`thdas föas fshsthdas f uef gfif vbz dfyar gadp`bjhzfgh÷e ib às prakrf-

dfs. Gae bstf rbf`hifi tfdchèe `fs oardfs ib bvfùfgh÷e sb oubrae ihvbrshgfeia,

mfe bvaùghaefia tfeta as ibcftbs y ihsgushaebs tb÷rhgfs gada fs prægthgfs gaegrb-

tfs ib bvfùfgh÷e ib às prakrfdfs púc`hgas. ^ra`hobrfrae `fs ihsgushaebs fgbrgf ib`

ra` sustfeghf` ib` bvfùfiar, sb fgbetu÷ `f ihsthegh÷e betrb `fs dhrfifs ‐ghbetägfs—

y ‐prfkdæthgfs— ib `f bvfùfgh÷e.

âibdas ibghr qub uef ib `fs rbbxhaebs qub mf pradavhia ue fvfegb be b` ib-

sfrra`à gaegbptuf` ib f bvfùfgh÷e be fs ú`thdfs iègfifs, bs su gadprbesh÷e gada




33=

uef prægthgf gadp`bjf, qub vf dæs f``æ ib f fp`hgfgh÷e ib uef sbrhb ib dbtaiaàkäfs

pfrf `f cúsqubif ib heoardfgh÷e sacrb às prakrfdfs púc`hgas. @f bvfùfgh÷e vhstf

gada fgthvhifi pa`äthgf, qub par à tfeta sb vb heubeghfif par su dhsdf `÷khgf.

Bstb fvfegb mf pbrdhthia vhsuf`hzfr f `f bvfùfgh÷e ib oardf hetbkrf`, gada pfr-

tb ib `fs pa`äthgfs y às davhdhbetas ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf.Be bstf `äebf ib trfcfja begaetrfdas `f sbkueif btfpf ib `f acrf ib Gfra` [bhss

(68=;), quhbe beofthzf `f hdpartfeghf ib` gaetbxta pa`äthga y arkfehzfthva be `f bvf-

ùfgh÷e ib prakrfdfs púc`hgas.

[bhss mfcäf fiaptfia `fs tbaräfs y dètaias bxpbrhdbetf`bs be su prhdbrf acrf,

pbra praeta fivhbrtb sacrb `fs ihgu`tfibs pa`äthgfs y arkfehzfthvfs qub prbsbetf `f

bvfùfgh÷e pfrf praiughr rbsu`tfias qub sbfe bobgthvfdbetb uth`hzfias. @f futarf

ibsgrhcb b` pbshdhsda y `f ibgbpgh÷e qub praiugbe às rbsu`tfias ib `f prhdbrfa`bfif ib bvfùfghaebs be às föas ;>. ‐Hegùsa uth`hzfeia às dètaias dæs sas-

thgfias sb thbeib f begaetrfr èxhtas dfrkhef`bs. âr atrf pfrtb, às iftas rbgakhias

par `f bvfùfgh÷e pfrbgbe ea tbebr ehekúe bobgta be `fs ibghshaebs prbsupubstfrhfs a

sacrb `f bxpfesh÷e a rbiuggh÷e ib ue prakrfdf—. (68=;).

B` ibsfrra`à qub rbf`hzf [bhss be su acrf yf ghtfif fgbrgf ib `f bvfùfgh÷e à

mfgb sacrb `f hibf ib ias prbdhsfs:

h) às acjbthvas ib às prakrfdfs thbeibe f sbr kbebrf`bs, ihousas, ihvbrsas b

hegaeshstbetbs. _fräfe pfrf gfif uef ib `fs pfrtbs fobgtfifs y thbebe bsgfsfrb`fgh÷e gae b` oueghaefdhbeta ib` prakrfdf. Bsta sb ibcb f `f vfrhbifi ib

fgtarbs hevaùgrfias be `f ibehgh÷e ib uef pa`äthgf, pfrf kfefr b` fgubria

ib taias bs ebgbsfrha mfgbr pradbsfs rbf`hstfs y ea tfe rbf`hstfs.

hh) Dhbetrfs be ue `fcarftarha sb pubib bspbrfr qub ue trftfdhbeta fgfcb a

sb pubif daihgfr sh f`ka vf df`, ue prakrfdf rbf`, rfrfdbetb sb pubib

gfdchfr par gadp`bta sh f`ka vf df`. @as gfdchas sae hegrbdbetf`bs fetb

qub dfshvas.Fibdæs [bhss ibstfgf `f heghibeghf qub b` gaetbxta pa`äthga thbeb be `f uth`hzf-

gh÷e ib às rbsu`tfias be `fs bvfùfghaebs ib às prakrfdfs. ^frf [bhss `fs gaesh-

ibrfghaebs pa`äthgfs thbebe betrfif ib trbs oardfs ihsthetfs: (h) às prakrfdfs sae

b` rbsu`tfia ib ibghshaebs pa`äthgfs< (hh) às rbsu`tfias ib uef bvfùfgh÷e betrfe be

`f frbef pa`äthgf y gadphtbe par `f ftbegh÷e ib às ibghsarbs gae atras ofgtarbs qub

thbebe su prapha pbsa be b` pragbsa pa`äthga< (hhh) `f bvfùfgh÷e, be sä dhsdf, bs pa-

`äthgf tfeta qub hdp`äghtfdbetb fiaptf ibtbrdhefifs pashghaebs pa`äthgfs sacrb `f

`bkhthdhifi ib às acjbthvas a ib `f bstrftbkhf ib` prakrfdf.




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Be `f fgtuf`hifi, shkube fchbrtfs y be gaestruggh÷e `fs ihsgushaebs fgbrgf ib` ra`

ib `f bvfùfgh÷e be `f vhif ib `fs pa`äthgfs, ib `fs gubsthaebs èthgfs rb`fghaefifs gae

`f prægthgf ib` bvfùfiar, ib fs gaeihghaebs hesthtughaef`bs ebgbsfrhfs y fs dbtaia-

àkäfs dæs fpraphfifs.

^bra bstfs ihsgushaebs ibcbe p`fetbfrsb bedfrgfifs be ue ibsfoäa dæs fdp`hay fcfrgfthva be às pfäsbs ib Fdèrhgf @fthef, gada à bs begaetrfr `fs ihobrbetbs

oardfs ib mfgbr ib `f bvfùfgh÷e uef prægthgf qub fyuib f `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib

dbjarbs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs.

Ibsib b` pueta ib vhstf ib `f bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs y prakrfdfs púc`hgas bspb-

gägfdbetb, paibdas fkrupfr `fs ihobrbetbs garrhbetbs be trbs krfeibs beoaqubs. Be

`f dfyaräf ib às ihsböas hesthtughaef`bs ib bvfùfgh÷e bstas beoaqubs ea sb vhsuf-

`hzfe ib oardf ‐purf—, shea qub bs mfchtuf` begaetrfr shstbdfs qub gadchefe bstfsihobrbetbs pbrspbgthvfs:

h) Beoaqub bgae÷dhga: rbf`hzf feæ`hshs ib` thpa gasta-cbebgha. B` fgbeta bstf

pubsta be `f supbrvhsh÷e y gaetra` ib` kfsta y `f `bkhthdhifi be b` usa ib

rbgursas púc`hgas.

hh) Beoaqub fidhehstrfthva-kbrbeghf : f trfvès ib `f gadpfrfgh÷e ib `f kbs-

th÷e púc`hgf gae `f kbsth÷e prhvfif, sb p`fetbf `f ebgbshifi ib bxhkhr f` Bs-

tfia ehvb`bs ib praiugthvhifi dæs f`tas. B` ghuififea bs betbeihia f trfvès

ib` gaegbpta ib g`hbetb< guyfs ebgbshifibs ibcbe sbr sfthsobgmfs ib dfebrfræphif y bgfz. Ibsib bstb beoaqub sb prbtbeib bvfùfr às rbsu`tfias f`-

gfezfias par `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf, `f bghbeghf be b` usa ib às rbgursas y b`

ehvb` ib sfthsofggh÷e ghuififef.

hhh) Beoaqub pa`äthga hetbkrf`: bstb beoaqub fcfrgf às ias fetbrharbs, be-

tbeihbeia ebgbsfrha rbf`hzfr bvfùfghaebs rb`fghaefifs gae b` gaetra`

ib` kfsta y gae b` àkra ib rbsu`tfias gaegrbtas ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf.

@f ihobrbeghf bs qub p`fetbf f `f bvfùfgh÷e ibetra ue dfrga ib gadprbesh÷e ib` Bstfia gada praybgta pa`äthga y saghf`, y rbsf`tf `f hdpar-

tfeghf ib su ouegh÷e be gufeta f bxprbsh÷e ib vfàrbs, ebgbshifibs y

ihvbrshifi ib `f saghbifi. Bethbeib qub às feæ`hshs ib gasta-cbebgha,

gaetra` ib kbsth÷e a praiugthvhifi ea fcfrgfe `f gadp`bjhifi ib `f ar-

kfehzfgh÷e bstftf`, y su gaesbgubetb rb`fgh÷e gae `f ghuififeäf. @f bvf-

ùfgh÷e be bstb dfrga, sb gaevhbrtb be uef apartuehifi ib fprbeihzfjb

y vfàrfgh÷e pfrthghpfthvf ib `fs hdp`hgfeghfs saghf`bs qub às ihsthetas

prakrfdfs shkehgfe.




37>

7.3. Re daibà hetbkrf` ib bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs

Be b` dfrga ib` ibcftb fgtuf` sacrb `f bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs, begaetrfdas qub

uea ib às prheghpf`bs ibsfoäas f `f marf ihsböfr daibàs hetbkrf`bs ib bvfùfgh÷e

ib pa`äthgfs rfihgf be `f gfpfghifi ib pradavbr `f hetbkrfgh÷e y ihvbrshgfgh÷e ib:h) `fs oueghaebs ib `f bvfùfgh÷e: vfàrfgh÷e ib` pragbsa y às rbsu`tfias f`-

gfezfias par `f pa`äthgf.

hh) (@as fgtarbs hetbrvhehbetbs: às rbspaesfc`bs y pfrthghpbs ib `f hdp`bdbe-

tfgh÷e ib f pa`äthgf y sacrb taia ib as usufrhas ib` sbrvhgha a praiugta qub

bstf kbebrf be `f gaduehifi.

hhh) @as dadbetas be às guf`bs sb rbf`hzf `f bvfùfgh÷e: be b` dadbeta ib

ihfke÷sthga, iurfetb f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y f f marf ib rbkhstrfr y vfàrfr as

rbsu`tfias ib `f pa`äthgf.hv) @as usas ib `f heoardfgh÷e qub `f bvfùfgh÷e praparghaef: heihsguthif-

dbetb, bs ebgbsfrha oagf`hzfr b` usa ib `f heoardfgh÷e be b` fprbeihzfjb y

`f trfesoardfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf bvfùfif pfrf dbjarfr `f gf`hifi bstftf`.

Ref ib `fs prheghpf`bs hibfs f tbebr be gubetf orbetb f` ibsfoäa ib pbesfr, ibsgrh-

chr a prapaebr shstbdfs ib bvfùfgh÷e bs `f gaetbdp`fgh÷e ib ue daibà ib bvfùf-

gh÷e hetbkrf`, gaestruhia f pfrthr ib `f gadp`bjhifi qub `f fggh÷e bstftf` prbsbetf,

`f urkbeghf ib dbjarfr `f gf`hifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs y `f ebgbsfrhf frthgu`fgh÷e ib `fbsobrf pa`äthgf y `f bsobrf tègehgf qub gaevhvbe y mfchtuf`dbetb gaeoraetfe be `f

fidhehstrfgh÷e.

7.7. @f trfesvbrsf`hifi ib `f bvfùfgh÷e: dhrfif hetbkrfif ib`

kachbrea y `f kbsth÷e

Ibsib uef pbrspbgthvf hetbkrfiarf ib ihobrbetbs beoaqubs begaetrfdas b` trfcfja

ib` futar Jafe Wuchrfts (6889), quhbe p`fetbf gada prhdbr b`bdbeta ib rbbxh÷e f`dadbeta ib hetraiughr b`bdbetas ib bvfùfgh÷e, `f ihobrbeghfgh÷e ib às tbdfs qub

sae praphas ib` ædchta ib kachbrea y fqub`às qub sae praphas ib` ædchta ib kbsth÷e.

Ea shkehgf qub sbfe ædchtas sbpfrfias, shea qub paibdas ihsthekuhr fgghaebs dæs

rb`fghaefifs gae b` kachbrea y fgghaebs dæs rb`fghaefifs gae `f kbsth÷e. F su vbz,

bstas ias ædchtas pubibe sucihvhihrsb pbesfeia be à bstrftèkhga y à apbrfghaef`.

Bstf ihsthegh÷e eas pbrdhtb arkfehzfr às bspfghas be guftra gufirfetbs, qub b` futar

bsqubdfthzf ib `f shkuhbetb dfebrf:




376

Bstrftèkhga Apbrfghaef`

Kachbrea 6 3

Kbsth÷e 7 9

Oubetb: Wuchrfts (3>>9)

B` futar uth`hzf gada fefàkäf f `f efvbkfgh÷e, iaeib bs ebgbsfrha ihobrbeghfr fs

fgghaebs ib rbdfr (9: Kbsth÷e Apbrfthvf), thdaebfr (7: Kbsth÷e Bstrftèkhgf), `fs `f-

carbs ib gaetrfdfbstrb: kachbrea ib apbrfghaebs, oueghaebs ib gaetra`, supbrvhsh÷e,

btg. (3: Kachbrea Apbrfthva) y par ú`thda `fcarbs ib gfphtfeäf, b` gfdpa prapha ib

`f efvbkfgh÷e (6: Kachbrea Bstrftèkhga). Whe gadp`btfr bstb bspfgha of`tfe grhtbrhas

ib gaeshstbeghf pfrf paibr gadprbeibr uef `fcar bvfùfiarf sbrhf. Whe gfrtf ib ef-

vbkfgh÷e, eh rbdfr eh thdaebfr thbeb ibdfshfia sbethia.

@f bvfùfgh÷e ibsfrra``fif be fs bsobrfs ib f kbsth÷e pubib sbr úth` pfrf fudbe-

tfr `f bghbeghf ib `fs fidhehstrfghaebs, dbjarfeia `f uth`hzfgh÷e ib às rbgursas,

rfghaef`hzfeia às pragbsas hetbreas y pradavhbeia dbjarbs rbsu`tfias ib kbsth÷e.

^bra ea sb ibcb pbribr ib vhstf qub bstfdas mfc`feia saà ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e. Bs

ghbrta qub ehekuea ib às trbs gadpaebetbs ib às shstbdfs ibdagræthgas sacrbvhvb

y fgtúf sbpfrfia ib` rbsta, pbra às shstbdfs ib bvfùfgh÷e qub mfc`fe bspbgägf-

dbetb ib` ehvb` hesthtughaef`, bstf vfàrfeia às fspbgtas ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib uef pa`äthgf, bs ibghr ue rbgartb ib` gadp`bja shstbdf ib rbprbsbetfgh÷e y ib rb`fgh÷e

betrb `f ghuififeäf, b` shstbdf pa`äthga y `f fidhehstrfgh÷e.

B` ibsfoäa sb begubetrf be paebr ftbegh÷e be b` thpa y gf`hifi ib `fs hetbrrb`f-

ghaebs betrb `fs arkfehzfghaebs púc`hgfs, às shstbdfs ib kachbrea y b` hdpfgta be

`f gf`hifi ib vhif ib `f pac`fgh÷e. @as shstbdfs ib bvfùfgh÷e qub saà bxfdhebe

às gadpaebetbs hetbreas ib` oueghaefdhbeta ib `f fidhehstrfgh÷e, gaeshkube be b`

dbjar ib as gfsas fvfezfr be f dbjarf ib su bghbeghf y ib` krfia ib gudp`hdhbeta

ib `fs prbvhshaebs pragbihdbetf`bs. Gaeshibrfdas qub b` beoaqub qub ib dfebrfdæs prbghsf if f f bvfùfgh÷e b` gfrægtbr ib bstrftbkhf trfesvbrsf` oartf`bgbiarf ib

às shstbdfs ibdagræthgas bs b` pa`äthga hetbkrf`.

Bs ibghr, b` gbetra ib `f ftbegh÷e f` dadbeta ib ihsböfr shstbdfs ib bvfùfgh÷e ib

`f kbsth÷e ibcb bstfr pubsta be b` fprbeihzfjb sacrb `f kbsth÷e, b` gudp`hdhbeta ib às

acjbthvas bstrftèkhgas ib kachbrea y b` oartf`bghdhbeta ib f ibdagrfghf gada shstbdf.

@as acjbthvas pa`äthgas ib kachbrea, beueghfias prbobrbetbdbetb gada pa`äthgfs

ib f`ta hdpfgta, ibebe `fs fgghaebs bstrftèkhgfs ib `f kbsth÷e y su gaesbgubetboardf ib bvfùfgh÷e.




373

Ib bstf oardf sb àkrf `f hetbkrfgh÷e trfesvbrsf` betrb gfif uea ib às dadbetas

y ‐gadpaebetbs— ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf.

7.9. @f bvfùfgh÷e, su rb`fgh÷e gae `f dbjarf ib `f kbsth÷e pú-c`hgf y b` ra` ib` BstfiaSbsu`tf fibdæs ebgbsfrha praoueihzfr be `f rb`fgh÷e betrb `f bvfùfgh÷e, `f dbjarf

ib `f kbsth÷e bstftf` púc`hgf y `fs ihobrbetbs pasturfs fgbrgf ib` ra` ib` Bstfia.

Mbdas yf fvfezfia sacrb uef ibehgh÷e ib bvfùfgh÷e, iaeib sb mfgb mhegfphè

be f hdpartfeghf ib f bvfùfgh÷e pfrf f`hdbetfr f tadf ib ibghshaebs púc`hgfs gae

b` prap÷shta ib dbjarfr `f fggh÷e bstftf`.

Bstf ihsthegh÷e ea bs dbear, fuequb ibsib b` p`fea ihsgurshva pubib rbsu`tfr

febgi÷thgf. Be ghbrtas ibsfrra`às tb÷rhgas y be `f prægthgf ib `f bvfùfgh÷e, bsgadúe qub su uth`hifi sb rb`fghaeb oubrtbdbetb gae `f rbeihgh÷e ib gubetfs (pra-

gbsa f trfvès ib` guf` às rbspaesfc`bs ib `fs pa`äthgfs y `f fidhehstrfgh÷e dhsdf

bxpaebe fetb às arkfehsdas grbfias f tf` e y quhzæs fetb sbgtarbs dæs fdp`has

ib `f saghbifi, às rbsu`tfias f`gfezfias f trfvès ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `fs

fgghaebs ib kbsth÷e).

Fquä `f bvfùfgh÷e bstæ p`fetbfif gada uef prægthgf supbrfiarf ib` dbgfehsda

ib rbeihgh÷e ib gubetfs, paehbeia be oaga be `f dbjarf ib `f fggh÷e bstftf` qub bstfihsghp`hef pubib pradavbr be ghbrtas gaetbxtas.

Betbeihbeia f `f ‐dbjarf— ib `f kbsth÷e bstftf` gada f `fs ibghshaebs y fgghaebs

qub sb hdp`bdbetfe be `f fidhehstrfgh÷e púc`hgf, pravagfeia dbjarbs ehvb`bs ib gf-

`hifi ib vhif ib `f pac`fgh÷e, f trfvès ib `f hetbrvbegh÷e ib` Bstfia be `f rbsaùgh÷e

ib ibtbrdhefifs prac`bdæthgfs saghf`bs.

Fmarf chbe ±par què sb p`fetbf qub f bvfùfgh÷e pubib dbjarfr f fggh÷e ib` Bstfia1

F`kuefs ib `fs rfzaebs sb bxprbsfe f gaetheufgh÷e:

h) `f gaestruggh÷e ib heoardfgh÷e sacrb b` ihfke÷sthga, ibsfrra`à y f`gfegbib rbsu`tfias ib uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf (bs ibghr `f bvfùfgh÷e be sä dhsdf)

pradubvb:

f) Dfyarbs prbghshaebs fgbrgf ib `fs gfrfgtbrästhgfs ib` prac`bdf qub sb

hetbetf fcarifr.

c) Dfyarbs pashch`hifibs ib p`fetbfr gursas ib fggh÷e fgaribs f `f vhfch`h-

ifi qub bsb prac`bdf p`fetbf.

g) Mbrrfdhbetfs dæs fpraphfifs pfrf daihgfr ‐sacrb `f dfrgmf— ibghsha-ebs hebgfgbs, hefibgufifs a heapartuefs.




377

i) âshch`hifi ib gaduehgfr às rbsu`tfias f`gfezfias be tèrdheas ib db-

jarfs be `fs gaeihghaebs ib vhif ib `f pac`fgh÷e.

Wh uef ibtbrdhefif fggh÷e púc`hgf sb cfsf be f ibsgrhpgh÷e fpraphfif ib` prac`b-

df, p`fetbf gursas ib fggh÷e vhfc`bs y trfcfjf pfrf kbebrfr às fgubrias y gaesbesas

ebgbsfrhas, pracfc`bdbetb, sb heg`heb f gaesbkuhr dbjarbs rbsu`tfias be tèrdheas ibrbsaùgh÷e ib uef tbdæthgf saghf`, qub fqub``f pa`äthgf qub sb ihsböb she gaetfr gae

`f gaestruggh÷e ib heoardfgh÷e prbghsf qub às pragbsas bvfùfthvas rbprbsbetfe.

hh) Be rbobrbeghf f `f frthgu`fgh÷e ib fgtarbs, `f bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs

ibsib uef pbrspbgthvf hetbkrf`, pradubvb:

f) Dfyarbs prbghshaebs y ehvb`bs ib gadprbesh÷e fgbrgf ib `fs bxpbgtf-

thvfs ib às ihobrbetbs fgtarbs hevaùgrfias: às rbspaesfc`bs a `äibrbs

pa`äthgas, `f fidhehstrfgh÷e qub ibcb bjbgutfr `f fggh÷e y b` sbgtar ib `fghuififeäf hdp`hgfia.

c) Dbjarbs fgubrias sacrb às rbsu`tfias qub sb p`fetbf f`gfezfr.

g) Dfyarbs ehvb`bs ib gadpradhsa par pfrtb ib às ihobrbetbs fgtarbs fgbr-

gf ib` ibsfrra`à fibgufia ib` praybgta.

i) Ref vfàrfgh÷e dæs praoueif ib `f fggh÷e bstftf` y às rbsu`tfias

f`gfezfias.

B` ibsbdpböa ib f kbsth÷e púc`hgf ea pubib vfàrfrsb heibpbeihbetbdbetb ib f

hibf prbpaeibrfetb sacrb b` ra` ib` Bstfia.Gfràs _h`fs (3>66) frdf qub `fs hdp`hgfghaebs hiba`÷khgfs ea sae iftas bxtbreas f

`f mbgmurf ib `fs pa`äthgfs, shea qub heghibe be b``fs ib dfebrf ibtbrdhefetb. @fs fggha-

ebs y ibghshaebs tadfifs be b` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e, hdp`bdbetfgh÷e y bvfùfgh÷e ib

uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf acbibgbe f ue pfrfkufs ib dfyar f`gfegb, gaestruhia par acjbthvas

pa`äthgas qub rbspaeibe f uef vhsh÷e ib` Bstfia, f saghbifi y as gadpaebetbs fsaghfias.

Sbsu`tf ebgbsfrha betbeibr f f fidhehstrfgh÷e gada uea ib as gadpaebetbs ib`

shstbdf pa`äthga, ihrbgtfdbetb heubeghfia par às ibvbehrbs mhst÷rhgas y gadp`bjfsrb`fghaebs bxhstbetbs betrb às b`bdbetas qub à gaeoardfe.

âr à tfeta, bs ebgbsfrha fibdæs p`fetbfr `f hdpartfeghf qub thbeb `f rb`fgh÷e betrb

ue daibà ib Bstfia hegùshva ib fs ebgbshifibs saghf`bs y f bvfùfgh÷e ib fs pa`äthgfs.

9. BE SBWRDBE

Wacrb gada p`fehgfr y bvfùfr fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, bxhstb vfrhfif chc`hakrfoäf,

mfghbeia rbobrbeghf f tbaräfs, daif`hifibs, bxpbrhbeghfs bxhtasfs, ibsfoäas pbeihbe-tbs y prapubstfs ihvbrsfs.




379

Bs ebgbsfrha gaestruhr ue dfrga ib rbobrbeghf tb÷rhga qub fcarib `f tbdæthgf

ibsib f gadp`bjhifi qub hdp`hgf, y paekf be shtufgh÷e f` pragbsa ib p`fehgfgh÷e y

bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs, be b` gaetbxta ib Fdèrhgf @fthef.

^bra, par sacrb taia, gada praobshaef`bs ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs, bs cubea feh-

dfrsb f hetbrvbehr be `f rbf`hifi, ibsib fqub` ùkfr iaeib tbekfdas `f apartuehifiib paebr be fggh÷e às vfàrbs y às gaeaghdhbetas gaestruhias.

Bsf bs `f úehgf dfebrf ib kbebrfr bxpbrhbeghfs qub trfesoardbe `f rbf`hifi be

`f guf` vhvhdas.

âga sbethia tbeiræ paebr f ihfàkfr gaegbptas, ibsfkrbkfr gaetbehias, rbgarifr

pasturfs y futarbs sacrb f p`fehgfgh÷e y f bvfùfgh÷e, sh bsb bjbrghgha ea eas shrvb

pfrf kuhfr eubstrf hetbrvbegh÷e gada praobshaef`bs.

âr dæs pbquböf qub sbf `f bxpbrhbeghf a b` dfrkbe ib fggh÷e, sh tbebdas `fapartuehifi ib ibsbdpböfreas be b` ihsböa, hdp`bdbetfgh÷e a bvfùfgh÷e ib uef

pa`äthgf púc`hgf, pracbdas gada p`fehgfr`f, pbesbdas y ihsböbdas oardfs ib vf-

àrfr`f (bvfùfr`f) be tèrdheas ib su hdp`hgfeghf saghf`.

X sacrb taia, mfkfdas ib eubstrf hetbrvbegh÷e, uef tfrbf gräthgf, gaeghbetb, gad-

pfrthif y gae acjbthvas g`fras.

âr ú`thda, rbsu`tf hetbrbsfetb rbkhstrfr `fs bxpbrhbeghfs, bsgrhchr`fs, gaetfr`fs

ib oardf arkfehzfif pfrf qub paifdas sbkuhr fprbeihbeia ib b``fs, f trfvès ib su

saghf`hzfgh÷e.

Sbobrbeghfs

Feibr Bkk, Bzbquhb`, Hetraiuggh÷e f `f p`feho hgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf, Cubeas Fhrbs,@udbe, 6882.

Fdfyf, ^fu`f, ‐@f bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs gada bstrftbkhf pfrf `fhetbkrfgh÷e ib `f fggh÷e ib` kachbrea— Ybshs ib Dfbsträf, Rehvbrshifi Efgha-

ef` ib Kbebrf` Wfe Dfrtäe, 3>6>.Fdfyf, ^fu`f, ‐@f bvfùfgh÷e ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf hetbkrfif f às pragbsas ib

p`feho hgfgh÷e: su patbeghf` gada oar tf`bgbiarf ib `f hesthtughaef`hifi ibda-græthgf— âebeghf prbsbetfif be b` ]H Gaekrbsa Hetbrefghaef` ib` G@FI sa-

crb `f Sboardf ib` Bstfia y ib `f Fidhehstrfgh÷e ^úc`hgf, Kuftbdf`f, 3>>?.

Cf``frt, ]fvhbr, ‐Daibàs tb÷rhgas pfrf `f prægthgf ib `f bvfùfgh÷e ib prakrf-dfs—, be Vuhd Crukuè y Jafe Wuchrfts (Gadps.) @bgturfs ib Kbsth÷e ^úc`hgf, Dfirhi, DF^/CAB, 688?.

Cbrefzzf, G`fuihf, ‐Dftbrhf` sacrb ^`fehohgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf—, Dhdba, 3>>9.

Gfdpcb``, I.Y. y Wtfe`by, J., Bxpbrhdbetf` fei Vufsh-Bxpbrhdbetf` Ibshke oar Sbsbfrgm, Gmhgfka, Sfei DgEf``y, 68??.




372

Graecfgm, @.J., Ibshkehek Bvfùfthaes ao Biugfthaef` fei Waghf` ^rakrfds,Wfe Orfeghsga, Jassby-Cfss, 68=3f

Gueh`` Krfu Eurhf y Waehf Asphef, ‐Ref fkbeif ib hevbsthkfgh÷e sacrb `f bvf-ùfgh÷e ib às rbsu`tfias ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf—, Eurhf Gueh` Krfu y WaehfAsphef (Bis.) Bvfùfgh÷e ib rbsu`tfias pfrf uef kbsth÷e púc`hgf daibref y

ibdagræthgf. Bxpbrhbeghfs `ftheafdbrhgfefs, Gfrfgfs, G@FI / FBGH / DF^/ OHHF^^, 3>>7.

Kfrehbr, @baefria, ‐B` bspfgha ib `f pa`äthgf be `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf—, be @uhsGfràs Crbssbr-^brbhrf bt f` (Bis.) â`äthgf y kbsth÷e púc`hgf, Cubeas Fhrbs,G@FI / Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 3>>9.

Kfrrbt÷e, Dfeub` Fetaeha, ‐@f trfesoardfgh÷e ib `f fggh÷e ga`bgthvf be Fdèrh-gf @fthef—, Sbvhstf ib `f GB^F@, ;?: ;-39, 3>>3.

Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb ib Dhehstras, ‐Bvfùfgh÷e ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf: gaegbp-tuf`hzfgh÷e, daif`hifibs y eubvfs pbrspbgthvfs— Iagudbetas ib fpaya f `f

gfpfghtfgh÷e, Cubeas Fhrbs, 688;.Hesthtuta ib Ibsfrra`à Sbkhaef` ib `f Rehvbrshifi ib Wbvh``f, ‐Dfeuf` pfrf `f

bvfùfgh÷e y sbkuhdhbeta ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs—, Wbvh``f, 3>>9.

Dfjaeb, Khfeiadbehga, Bvhibeghf, frkudbetfgh÷e y pbrsufsh÷e be b` ihsböa ib

`fs pa`äthgfs, Dèxhga, IO: Oaeia ib Gu`turf Bgae÷dhgf, 68=8.

Dfrthebz Eakubhrf, S., ‐@f gambrbeghf y `f gaarihefgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`h-gfs, fspbgtas gaegbptuf`bs y bxpbrhbeghfs—, be @as ibsfoäas ib `f gaarihef-

gh÷e y `f hetbkrf`hifi ib `fs pa`äthgfs y kbsth÷e púc`hgf be Fdèrhgf @fthef ,Cubeas Fhrbs, ^raybgta ib Daibrehzfgh÷e ib` Bstfia / Jbofturf ib Kfchebtb

ib Dhehstras ib `f Efgh÷e, 3>6>.Dftus, Gfràs, â`äthgf, ^`fehohgfgh÷e y Kachbrea, Gfrfgfs, Oueifgh÷e F@YF-IHS, 68=;.

Ehrbecbrk, A`kf, Jasbttb Crfwbrdfe y _ha`btf Suhz, Bvfùfr pfrf `f trfesoardf-

gh÷e, Cubeas Fhrbs, ^hfias, 3>>>.

Asphef, Waehf, ‐Bvfùfgh÷e ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf: gaegbptas y fp`hgfghaebs be b`gfsa `ftheafdbrhgfea—, Sbvhstf ib` G@FI Sboardf y Ibdagrfghf, 68: 3-68,3>>6.

^hgmfria Duöhz , Fr`bttb, Bvfùfgh÷e ib` hdpfgta saghf`, b` vfàr ib às mudfeas

fetb `f grhshs y b` fjustb, Cubeas Fhrbs, @udbe Mudfehtfs, 688;.Wgrhvbe, D., ‐Ymb Dbtmaiaàky ao Bvfùfthae—, ^brspbgthvbs ae Gurrhguùd

Bvfùfthae , FBSF Daeakrfpm Wbrhbs ae Gurrhguùd Bvfùfthae, 6, Gmhgfka,Sfei DgEf``y, 68?;.

Wtflb, S.B., ^rakrfd Bvfùfthae, ^frthgu`fr`y Sbspaeshvb Bvfùfthae, be [.C.Iaglrb`` & I. Mfdh`tae (Bis.), Sbtmhelhek Biugfthaef` Sbsbfrgm , @aeiae,Maiibr & Wtaukmtae, 68=>f.

Wuchrfts, Jafe, ‐±âibdas uth`hzfr às hestrudbetas ib bvfùfgh÷e gada pf`fegfib kachbrea ib` sbgtar púc`hga1— âebeghf prbsbetfif be b` Gaekrbsa Hetbr-

efghaef` ib` G@FI, Dfirhi, 3>>9.

Wuchrfts, Jafe, Feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y bo hgfghf ib `f Fidhehstrfgh÷e,Dfirhi, DF^, 6889.




37?

_h`fs, Gfràs, Ibspuès ib` Eba`hcbrf`hsda: Bstfia y pragbsas pa`äthgas be Fdè-

rhgf @fthef, @feús, Bihghaebs RE@f, 3>66.

[bhss, Gfra` M., Bvfùfthae. Dbtmais oar Wtuiyek ^rakrfds fei â`hghbs, EbwXarl, ^rbethgb-Mf``, Heg., 688;.

[ma`by, J.W.. Bvfùfthae fei Boobgthvb ûc`hg Dfefkbdbet . Castae. @htt`bCrawe. 68=7.




37;

ÄEIHGB

Gfpätuà H. Gaegbptas hetraiugtarhas ...........................................................66

6. B` Bstfia .............................................................................................. 63

6.6. B` Bstfia: uef rbvhsh÷e mhst÷rhgf .................................................. 67

6.3. B` Bstfia gada curagrfghf y gada rb`fghaebs saghf`bs .............. 62

3. B` shstbdf y b` rèkhdbe pa`äthga ...........................................................6=

3.6. @fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs be ue rèkhdbe ibdagræthga .......................36

7. Be rbsudbe .......................................................................................... 3;

Gfpätuà HH. B` bstuiha ib `fs hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs

be gaetbxtas ibdagræthgas ..........................................................................76

6. Hetraiuggh÷e ..........................................................................................76

3. Whstbdfs ib kachbrea ............................................................................76

3.6. @f ihstrhcugh÷e marhzaetf` ib` paibr: pfr`fdbetfrhsda

y prbshibeghf`hsda ......................................................................... 73

3.6.6. ^fr`fdbetfrhsda ........................................................................ 773.6.3. ^rbshibeghf`hsda ....................................................................... 7?

3.6.7. B` ibcftb prbshibeghf`hsda-pfr`fdbetfrhsda ........................... 7=

3.6.9. B` sbdhprbshibeghf`hsda ............................................................96

3.3. @f ihstrhcugh÷e vbrthgf` ib` paibr:

obibrf`hsda y uehtfrhsda ................................................................ 93

7. Sbprbsbetfgh÷e pa`äthgf ........................................................................ 97

7.6. ^frthias â`äthgas .......................................................................... 99

7.3. Krupas ib hetbrbsbs y garparfghaebs ........................................... 9?

7.7. @f curagrfghf gada fgtar y gada hesthtugh÷e ............................. 9;

9. Be rbsudbe .......................................................................................... 98

Gfpätuà HHH. @fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: b` ibsfrra`à ib

ue gfdpa ihsghp`hefr ................................................................................. 27

6. Hetraiuggh÷e. ........................................................................................ 27

3. @fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs: uef ibehgh÷e gaegbptuf` ............................... 223.6. â`äthgf: ue gaegbpta gae dú`thp`bs shkehgfias ......................... 22




37=

3.3. ±Vuè bs uef pa`äthgf púc`hgf1 Be cusgf ib uef ibehgh÷e .......... 2;

3.7. â`äthgf púc`hgf, paibr y shstbdf pa`äthga .....................................?6

3.7.6. Ea ibghsh÷e, paibr y pa`äthgf púc`hgf ........................................ ?2

3.9. â`äthgf púc`hgf y Bstfia ............................................................. ?;

7. @f gaestruggh÷e y bvaùgh÷e ib ue gfdpa ihsghp`hefr:`fs ghbeghfs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ......................................................... ?8

7.6. Gaeaghdhbeta ib y gaeaghdhbeta be b` pragbsa ib `f pa`äthgf ..... ;6

9. Feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs y tadf ib ibghsh÷e ............................... ;7

9.6. @as pfrfihkdfs ib feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs ....................................... ;2

9.3. @as daibàs ib gaeiugtf ib` fef`hstf ib pa`äthgfs ..................... ;?

2. G÷da bstuihfr y què bstuihfr ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ....................... ;;

?. Be rbsudbe .......................................................................................... =6

Gfpätuà H_. B` ^ragbsa ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ........................................ =2

6. Hetraiuggh÷e ......................................................................................... =2

3. B` beoaqub pragbsf` ib `f pa`äthgf púc`hgf:

sus aräkbebs y bvaùgh÷e ..................................................................... =?

7 @f ibehgh÷e ib` prac`bdf (a b` arhkbe ib `f pa`äthgf f trfvès

ib `f prac`bdfthzfgh÷e ib `f rbf`hifi) .................................................86

9. @f oardfgh÷e ib `f fkbeif .................................................................. 892. Gaestruggh÷e ib apghaebs ib pa`äthgf .................................................. 8=

?. @f tadf ib `f ibghsh÷e ...................................................................... 6>>

;. @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ib `f pa`äthgf .......................................................6>3

;.6. @f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e gada prac`bdf ...........................................6>3

;.3. @as bstuihas sacrb b` pragbsa ib hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ..................... 6>9

;. 7. @fs pbrspbgthvfs pfrf b` feæ`hshs ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e ............6>;

;.9. B` èxhta ib `f hdp`bdbetfgh÷e .....................................................66>

=. @f bvfùfgh÷e ......................................................................................663

=.6. Bvaùgh÷e ib às fcarifjbs be tarea f `f bvfùfgh÷e...................667

Gfpätuà _. Sfghaef`hifi y tadf ib ibghshaebs .........................................668

6. Hetraiuggh÷e ........................................................................................668

3. Sfghaef`hifi y pragbsas ib tadf ib ibghsh÷e be b` feæ`hshs ib `fs pa`äthgfs

púc`hgfs ............................................................................................................ 63>

3.6. @f tbaräf ib `f b`bggh÷e rfghaef` .................................................6363.3. Hegrbdbetf`hsda ........................................................................ 633




378

3.7. ragbsas b hesthtughaebs ............................................................. 639

7. Sfghaef`hifi y paibr: F daia ib hetraiuggh÷e ................................ 63=

7.6. @f hibf ib gfdpa ib jubka ......................................................... 67>

9. Fgtarbs y gaapbrfgh÷e ....................................................................... 679

9.6. Daibàs bspfghf`bs .................................................................... 6799.3. Ybaräf ib Jubkas ........................................................................672

9.7. ^rheghpf`/fkbetb ..........................................................................67=

9.9. B` tfdföa ib as krupas. _az y Wf`hif .......................................678

9.2. Ibpbeibeghf ib `f trfybgtarhf (^ftm Ibpbeibegb) .....................69>

9.?. Hesthtughaebs pa`äthgfs y ibghsh÷e ................................................696

2. Be rbsudbe .........................................................................................693

Gfpätuà _H. Ybaräfs pfrf b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs .........................69;

6. Hetraiuggh÷e ........................................................................................69;

3. @fs gräthgfs f` daibà sbgubeghf` ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ................69=

3.6. ±Dfrga gaegbptuf`, tbaräf a daibà1 .........................................62>

3.3. Whdp`hgfgh÷e vbrsus gadp`bjhifi .............................................626

3.7. B` ra` ib `fs hibfs y b` fprbeihzfjb ..............................................623

7. Be cusgf ib tbaräfs pfrf b` feæ`hshs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ...................627

7.6. B` beoaqub hesthtughaef` ............................................................ 6297.3. B` beoaqub ib rbibs ib pa`äthgfs ................................................6?>

7.7. @f tbaräf ib f gaestruggh÷e saghf` .............................................6?2

7.9. B` dfrga ib fs gaf`hghaebs pradatarfs .....................................6;3

9. Be rbsudbe .........................................................................................6;=

Gfpätuà _HH. @as pragbsas pa`äthgas ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs

be `f Frkbethef ........................................................................................6=7

6. Hetraiuggh÷e ........................................................................................6=7

3. â`äthgfs púc`hgfs be Frkbethef ..........................................................6=9

3.6. @as ghgàs ib `f pa`äthgf frkbethef: ib` gfphtf`hsda a`hkfrquhga f `f

rbgupbrfgh÷e ib` Bstfia ....................................................................................6=?

7. B` pragbsa ib oardu`fgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs be f Frkbethef .....................687

7.6. ^frthias pa`äthgas .........................................................................682

7.3. B` âibr Bjbguthva ..................................................................... 68?

7.7. Kacbrefiarbs ..............................................................................68=7.9. B` Gaekrbsa ............................................................................... 688




39>

7.2. B` aibr Juihghf` ........................................................................ 3>>

7.?. @f curagrfghf ............................................................................. 3>>

7.;. Fgtarbs ib `f Waghbifi Ghvh` .......................................................3>6

9. ^rheghpf`bs frbefs ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ............................................ 3>9

9.6. B` jubka sgf` obibrf` ................................................................. 3>99.3. B` jubka ib` prbsupubsta púc`hga ............................................... 3>2

2. Be rbsudbe ........................................................................................ 3>?

Gfpätuà _HHH. @f p`fehgfgh÷e y bvfùfgh÷e ib `fs

pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ......................................................................................367

6. Hetraiuggh÷e ........................................................................................367

3. @f p`fehgfgh÷e ib `fs pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ...........................................3693.6. @as dadbetas ib `f p`fehgfgh÷e ..............................................36;

3.3. @f p`fehgfgh÷e eardfthvf y `f p`fehgfgh÷e bstrftèkhgf ......... 33>

3.7. Ihstheghaebs betrb `fs pf`fcrfs p`fe, prakrfdf y praybgta ....... 333

3.9. â`äthgf y p`fehgfgh÷e .............................................................. 339

7. @f bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs púc`hgfs ................................................... 339

7.6. Crbvb mhstarhf ib `f bvfùfgh÷e ................................................. 33?

7.3. Re daibà hetbkrf` ib bvfùfgh÷e ib pa`äthgfs .......................... 37>

7.7. @f trfesvbrsf`hifi ib `f bvfùfgh÷e: dhrfif hetbkrfifib` kachbrea y `f kbsth÷e .............................................................. 37>

7.9. @f bvfùfgh÷e, su rb`fgh÷e gae `f dbjarf ib `f kbsth÷e púc`hgf

y b` ra` ib` Bstfia ...................................................................... 373

9. Be rbsudbe ........................................................................................ 377



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Introducción al análisis de las Politicas publicas