Ip Телефония Гольдштейн 1-4 Части

2001

.. , .. , ..

IP

01 - Title.p65 26.11.2001, 11:161

.., .., ..IP+. .: , 2001. 336 .: .ISBN 5256015850

IP+ + . . + + IP+, , .323,SIP, MGCP, MEGACO, QoS, + IP+ .

, , , + IP+. + . , + .

B.S. Goldstein, A.V. Pintchuk and A.L. SouhovitskyIP+Telephony, Moscow, Radio i Sviaz, 2001.

The success of IP+telephony is today the most clear proof of the necessityand inevitability of the convergence of the telecommunication networks and ser+vices. The book is devoted to this new and promising technology. Discussed hereare system and networking aspects of IP+telephony, voice coding methods andalgorithms, H.323, SIP, MGCP, and MEGACO basic approaches and protocols,Quality of Service (QoS) issues, IP telephony equipment implementation and test+ing aspects.

The book is primarily intended for engineers, programmers, managers,and professionals involved in the development and maintenance of IP+telephonysystems and facilities. For college students and post+graduates studying in theseareas. For all those who are interested in state+of+the+art telecommunicationstechnologies.

Scientific and technical edition

Copyright B.S. Goldstein, A.V. Pintchuk and A.L. Souhovitsky, 2001

.., .., .., 2001

621.395.3463

32.881

63

3003ISBN 5256015850

01 - Title.p65 26.11.2001, 11:162

.......................................................................... 91 ............................................13

1.1 ............................................. 13

1.2 IP ................................... 15

1.3 ...................... 19

1.4 IP ........................................... 21

1.5 IP ............ 23

1.5.1 H.323 ......................... 231.5.2 SIP ............................................... 301.5.3 MGCP MEGACO .......................................... 351.5.4 IP ... 41

2 IP ...................................452.1 IP ...................................... 45

2.2 TIPHON ......................................................................... 54

2.3 IP ..................... 62

2.4 IP .................................................. 64

3 IP .............................................673.1 IP ........ 67

3.1.1 .......................................................................... 673.1.2 ................................................................................... 713.1.3 ............................. 72

3.2 .................................................... 74

3.2.1 ............................................ 763.2.2 ()

.................................................... 783.2.3

......................................................... 813.2.4 ,

IP ........................................... 82

3.3 , ITU ............................................ 86

3.3.1 G.711 ...................................................................... 863.3.2 G.723.1 ................................................................... 863.3.3 G.726 ...................................................................... 87

02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:163

4

3.3.4 G.728 ...................................................................... 873.3.5 G.729 ...................................................................... 87

3.4 ETSI ................................................... 88

3.5 DTMF ......................................................... 88

3.6 ..................................... 90

3.7 ................................. 92

4 .............................................954.1 ab ovo ........................................................................ 95

4.2 ................................................... 99

4.3 .............................................................................. 100

4.4 ................................................ 104

4.5 IP 4 .............................................................. 106

4.6 IP 6 .............................................................. 109

4.7 TCP ......................................................................... 115

4.7.1 , , .................................................. 116

4.7.2 TCP ......... 1174.7.3 ........................ 1184.7.4 ........................... 1194.7.5 ............................. 120

4.8 UDP ........................................................................ 121

4.9 IP ...................................... 122

4.10 RTP RTCP ......................................................... 125

4.11 ..................................................... 128

5 .323 .................................................... 1315.1 ......................................... 131

5.2 ISDN ... 134

5.3 IP ........................................... 137

5.4 .323 ...................................................................... 139

5.5 H.323 ............................................................................ 141

5.6 ............................................................................ 142

02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:164

5

5.7 ................................ 144

5.8 .323 ............................................ 146

6 .323................................................... 1536.1 .323 ................................................. 153

6.2 RAS ......................................................................... 154

6.2.1 .............................................. 1556.2.2 .......................... 1566.2.3 ............................................ 1596.2.4 ...... 1606.2.5 ..................................... 1616.2.6 ....................... 1626.2.7 ............................... 1636.2.8 ................................................................. 163

6.3 .225.0 ...................................................... 167

6.4 H.245 ...................................................... 172

6.4.1 ................................ 1736.4.2 .......... 1746.4.3 ....................... 1776.4.4 .......................... 179

6.5 , . ..................................................... 183

6.5.1 ................. 1836.5.2 ................ 1876.5.3 ...................... 1896.5.4 .............. 1896.5.5 .................. 191

7 SIP ...... 1937.1 SIP ........................................................ 193

7.2 SIP IP ................................... 195

7.3 .............................................................................. 197

7.4 SIP .............................................................. 198

7.4.1 ........................................................................ 1987.4.2 ................................................................ 1997.4.3 ................................................... 2007.4.4 .... 2007.4.5 SIP ............................................................. 201

7.5 SIP ...................................................... 202

02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:165

6

7.5.1 ..................................................... 2027.5.2 ..................................................... 2047.5.3 .......................................................................... 2087.5.4 .......................................................... 211

7.6 ..................................... 217

7.6.1 ............................................................... 217

7.6.2 ... 218

7.7 SIP ...... 220

7.8 .323 SIP ......................................... 222

8 MGCP .................. 2298.1 ............................................... 229

8.2 ......................................................... 232

8.3 ..................................................... 233

8.4 MGCP ..................................................... 235

8.5 ................................................................... 243

8.6 ............................................... 247

8.7 ......................................................... 249

8.8 , ............. 251

8.9 MGCP .... 254

8.10 MGCP ..................... 256

9 MEGACO/H.248 ....................................... 2579.1

MEGACO/H.248 ...................................................... 257

9.2 ................................. 258

9.3 MGCP MEGACO ............. 262

9.4 ................................................... 265

9.5 ................... 271

10 IP .... 28310.1 QoS? ..................................................... 283

10.2 .......... 285

02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:166

7

10.3 IP ................................... 286

10.4 Diff Serv .......................................... 287

10.5 IntServ ............................... 289

10.6 RSVP ......................... 290

10.6.1 ......................................... 29010.6.2 ........................... 291

10.7 MPLS .................................................................. 295

10.8 ....................................................... 299

10.8.1 .................................. 29910.8.1.1 Tail Drop ...................................................... 29910.8.1.2 Random Early Detection (RED) ...................... 30010.8.2 .................................... 30010.8.2.1 FIFO ........................................................... 30110.8.2.2 ............................................ 30110.8.2.3 Class Based Queuing (CBQ) ......................................... 30210.8.2.4 ................................................. 30310.8.3 ................. 30410.8.3.1 Leaky Bucket ............................................... 30410.8.3.2 Token Bucket ............................................ 305

11 ............................................ 30711.1 IP ................................................ 307

11.2 IP .......... 311

11.3 IP ITG ............................................ 312

11.4 GK ........ 315

11.5 IP ....................................................................... 316

11.6 ............................................ 318

11.7 ..................................................... 322

11.8 IPU IP ...................................................... 323

11.9 IP .............................. 325

.......................................................................... 328 .......................................................... 332

02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:167

02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:168

1829

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03 - Preface.p65 26.11.2001, 11:169

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03 - Preface.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1610

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03 - Preface.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1611

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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1613

14 1

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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1614

15

Voice over IP , IP , . , Multiprotocol Label Switching(MPLS), Resource ReservationProtocol (RSVP), Differentiated Services (DiffServ) . IP, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM). . RTP,RTSP, Diffentiaten Services , . , TCP/IP , , , , , IP, .

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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1615

16 1

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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1616

17

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, IP IP, .1.3 , . , Internet Protocol , , , , .

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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1617

18 1

IP , , . , . . , . , , . , IP 70% , 6080% , , 50% [13].

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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1618

19

, IP : , ..

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. ; , .

, . . , IP , .

IP . , , , , . IP , . , , .

1.3

, , , .

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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1619

20 1

, xDSL ( ) SDH/Sonet ( ). ,

. 1.4 :a)VoATM, )VoFR, )VoIP

a)

) Frame Relay

) IP

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1620

21

. . .

Frame Relay , : , . Frame Relay, , , . Frame Relay . Frame Relay : , .

IP , , IP : , , . , , , . IP, IP , , . , 10, . IP ( ) Frame Relay, . , IP , , .

1.4 IP"

Voice over IP . IP, ( ).

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1621

22 1

, , : RTP (Real TimeTransport Protocol), UDP(User Datagram Protocol), , , TCP/IP IP. , RTP/UDP/IP . 4, . , IP . , , , , , RTP/UDPD/IP. ITUT 150 . IP, . 10, .

. , , , . , , . , , 7 [6, 7] [8].

. IP . : RIP Routing Information Protocol, IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, ISIS Intermediate SystemtoIntermediate System, OSPF Open Shortest Path First, BGP Border GatewayProtocol . IP . , IP ( 3) IP ( 6, 7, 8 9).

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1622

23

, H.323 ITU, , , , , , H.323 . 5 6.

SIP , . 7.

SGCP , 1998 , , . IPDC SGCP, , SGCP, (OAM&P). 1998 MEGACO IETF MGCP, , , SGCP, OAM&P. MGCP 8.

MEGACO , , MGCP, MEGACO. H.323 ( Gateway Control Protocol) ITUT H.248. MEGACO/H.248 9.

1.5 IP"

, , , , .

1.5.1 H.323

IP (ITU) H.323 [42]. H.323 ISDN, . , IP Q.931 [44] , ISDN.

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1623

24 1

H.323 , IP . . H.323, . ( ) , H.323 . , (call transfer) H.450.2.

IP, H.323, , (IP) . RAS, H.323, , .

1.5. H.323. : (Terminal), (Gateway), (Gatekeeper) (Multipoint Control Unit MCU).

. 1.5 .323

IP ,

.323

.323

.323

.324

.320

V.70

ISDN

.323

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1624

25

H.323 IP, () H.323, .

IP IP H.323. , , , IP. , DSS1 OKC7 .323 ITU H.246.

IP., .323, (. 1.6). IP, : , , , . H.323 .

:

;

IP RAS;

alias. ( , , .) IP (IP + TCP);

, ;

. 1.6 .323

1

2 3

4 5

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1625

26 1

.323 .

IP, ITU H.323, , RAS.

, H.323, () .

. .323 (. 1.7): (.. MCU, ), ( ) .

, .

, IP IP (IP multicasting). , .

(Multipoint Controller MC), , ,

. 1.7 H.323

A B C

D

E

F

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1626

27

(MultipointProcessor MP). , , , , .

. , , , , , , .

, , .

, MC, MP, . MP , . .

H.323 . .323,.. . , . , (H.323 ) , . :

, (RSVP). IP ;

H.323 ;

, H.323 ;

H.323.

H.323 5, , H.323.

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1627

28 1

RAS (Registration, Admission, Status) . : , , , . UDP.

H.225.0 (Q.931) , . TCP.

.245 , . , RTP/UDP/IP, 4.

, RAS, H.323. H.225.0(Q.931) .245. : .245 H.225.0, RAS .

H.323 . 1.8, . , IP . , ; 6.

.

1. A SETUP B TCP 1720.

2. B SETUP ALERTING, , , .

3. , B , A CONNECT TCP H.245.

4. H.245 (G.729, G.723.1 ..),

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1628

29

, RTP, .

5. .

6. RTP; , RTCP.

H.323 1. 2 H.323 , , SETUP H.225.0 H.245. (Fast Start) . , H.323 ITU H.450.. H.323 6.

H.323. , , , transportQoS ARQ RAS, . H.323

. 1.8 H.323

Setup

Alerting / Connect

RTP

RTP

.225, 1720

.245 TCP,

UDP

.323

.323

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1629

30 1

(RSVP) , RSVP. , RSVP , H.323 . IP, H.323.

RTCP, RTCP , . 10, IP.

1.5.2 SIP

IP, MMUSIC IETF RFC 2543 [54], SIP Session Initiation Protocol.SIP , , Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). (Resource Reservation Protocol, RSVP, RFC 2205), (RealTime Transport Protocol, RTP, RFC 1889), (RealTime Streaming Protocol,RTSP, RFC 2326), (Session Description Protocol, SDP, RFC 2327), (Session Announcement Protocol, SAP). SIP .

, H.323, SIP. H.323 . , SIP , , IP.

SIP IP , H.323, . , SIP, HTTP, , . SIP IP, .

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1630

31

, SIP (IN), () , [8], SIP , . SIP , .. , . SIP , , , H.323 . , IP . .

, SIP (. 1.9).

SIP : , .

(User Agent SIP client) : (User Agent lient UAC) (User Agent Server UAS), . UAC SIP, .. . UAS , .. .

. 1.9 SIP

SIP SIP

SIP

SIP

SIP

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1631

32 1

, SIP: () . SIP (statefull), (stateless). SIP, stateless, , .323, .

. (Proxyserver) (UAC) (UAS). (. 1.10). , .

SIP :

1. INVITE .

2. (location server).

3. INVITE .

4. , INVITE ( 100). , , .

. 1.10 SIP

(Endpoint1@Site1)

(Endpoint2@Site2)

, ,

,

Endpoint2

Endpoint2@S

ite2

ACK

ACK

Endpoint2@Site2INVITE


100 Trying

OK200

100 Trying

OK200

1 2

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1632

33

5. , ( 200), , , .

6. ACK, . , .

(Redirect server) (. 1.11). , RFC 2543 .

SIP :

1. INVITE , .

2. . , INVITE .

. 1.11 SIP

ACK

Endpoint2

Site3

OK

ACK

Endpoint2@Site2

INVITE

Contact: Endpoint2@

Site3Moved Temporarily

302

100 Trying


(Endpoint1@Site1)

(Client2@Site3)

, ,

1

2

3

3. ..

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1633

34 1

3. ACK.

4. INVITE , .

5. , INVITE ( 100).

6. , ( 200). , .

, .

SIP. , SIP TCP, UDP.

SIP 6 . SIP , .

INVITE . , .

ACK INVITE .

OPTIONS . .

BYE . , , .

CANCEL , .

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1634

35

REGISTER SIP.

SIP 7.

1.5.3 MGCP MEGACO

IP, MGCP [56], IETF, MEGACO.

MEGACO , (.1.12):

Media Gateway (MG), , , , IP ( RTP/UDP/IP, );

Call Agent, ;

Signaling Gateway (SG), , , .

, , .

. 1.12 MGCP

MGCP

RTP

,7

E1

Call Agent

RTPRTP

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1635

36 1

STP 7. . . . , , . , MEGACO . , MGCP, H.323, SIP ISUP/IP.

MGCP UDP. SIGTRAN IETF .

7 ( TP) , , . IP Q.931 .

SIGTRAN IP. , , TCP. SIGTRAN Stream Control Transport Protocol (SCTP), TCP, , , .

(), , .

, MGCP , . MGCP master/slave . , , , , Call Agnt.

.

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1636

37

, , , . , , , .

, IETF ( MEGACO), IP, . MGCP 8.

MGCP. MGCP c 7 (. 1.13).

1. SG1 IAM ISUP [6]. . 1.13 SG1 SG2 TGW1 TGW2. SG1 IAM , , TGW2.

. 1.13 MGCP ( 1)

MGCP: ACK

MGCP: MDCX

MGCP: CRCX

MGCP: ACK

ISUP: ACM

ISUP: ANM

ISUP: REL

MGCP: DLCX

MGCP: ACK

ISUP: RLC

MGCP: CRCX

MGCP: ACK

ISUP: IAM

ISUP: ACM

ISUP: ANM

ISUP: REL

MGCP: DLCX

MGCP: ACK

ISUP: RLC

TGW1Call

Agent

TGW2

ISUP: IAM

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1637

38 1

2. TGW1 ( ).C CreateConnection., TGW1 ( recvonly), , .

3. TGW1 .

4. TGW1, CRCX TGW2 .

5. TGW 2 , , CRCX. CRCX . , TGW2 , , .

6. IAM .

7. IAM ACM, .

8. , ANM.

9. TGW1 recvonly MDCX.

10. TGW1 .

11. ANM , .

12. . . REL .

13. REL, .

14. .

15. RLC .

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1638

39

16.

17. TGW1 .

18. RLC, .

MGCPc 7 H.323 (. 1.14).

1. SG1 ( IAM). . 1.14 SG1 TGW1. SG1 IAM , , H.323.

. 1.14 MGCP ( 2)

MGCP: ACK

MGCP: CRCX

ISUP: ACM

MGCP: MDCX

ISUP: REL

RAS: ARQ

RAS: ACF

H.323: SETUP

H.323: ALERTING

H.323: RELEASE COMPLETE

RAS: ARQ

RAS: ACF

H.323: CONNECT

MGCP: ACK

ISUP: ANM

MGCP: DLCX

MGCP: ACKRAS: DRQ

RAS: DCF

RAS: DRQ

RAS: DCFISUP: RLC

CallAgent

H.323

TGW1

ISUP: IAM

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1639

40 1

2. TGW1 (). C CreateConnection. TGW1 ( recvonly).

3. TGW1 .

4. TGW1, .323 ARQ alias .

5. ARQ ACF .

6. SETUP , Fast Start. SETUP .

7. ARQ.

8. ARQ ACF.

9. ALERTING, . , , .

10. ALERTING ACM, .

11. , CONNECT.

12. TGW1 recvonly .

13. TGW1 .

14. ANM , , , RTP/UDP/IP, RTP , RTP . RTCP RTP .

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1640

41

15. . , , , RELEASE COMPLETE, .

16. RELEASE c .

17. , DLCX.

18. .

19. . RAS DRQ, DCF.

20. RLC, .

, SIP MGCP .

MEGACO IETF , , MGCP, MEGACO.

4 .323 . Media Gateway Controller H.323 MEGACO, .248 Gateway Control Protocol.

MEGACO MGCP, , MEGACO . , MEGACO, 9.

1.5.4 IP,

IP .323 MGCP. , SIP , ( H.323 SIP 7).

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1641

42 1

, MGCP, , ITU H.323: 7 , IP. , .323, 7, , .225.0 (Q.931).

. , , . . . . , MGCP , (IP). , , MGCP, SIP.

, IP, , MGCP ( , SIP) , IP H.323. IP MGCP ( SIP), . , , H.323, IP.

( 4 .323) ITUT , . MGC (Media Gateway Controller) MEGACO/.248. 4 .323 7 IP .225.0.

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1642

43

IP, . , , , .

04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1643

2

IP

2.1 IP

: IP? , , : IP? IP:

;

;

.

, .

IP . 2.1. (), 8000 /, 8 /, 64 /. 4:1,8:1 10:1. . , ,

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1745

46 2

IP IP, . , , , , () . IP , . IP, . 2.1, , Intranet. , IP, IP, 4.

(), IP. , , , , IP . , ,

. 2.1 IP ""

IP

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1746

IP 47

Web, I. IP , .164, IP. Microsoft NetMeeting, Microsoft.

. 2.1 .

IP. , IP , . .

1. IP, H.323.

2. IP, H.323.

3. Domain Name System (DNS), IP Return.

4. IP DNS ( ) , IP.

5. DNS IP .

6. IP IP H.225 Setup.

7. H.225 Setup .

8. IP H.225 Connect.

9. IP H.245.

10. H.245 IP.

, , IP

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1747

48 2

. , IP. 5 11 , .

. 2.1 IP . IP. . 2.1 . 2.2. , , . .

. , , . 2.1. , . , IP . IP, , .. , , , , H.323.

, , IP, , :, ISDN GSM.

, . . 2.1 2.2

. 2.2 IP"" ( .2.1)

.323.323

IP

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1748

IP 49

, IPc (, IP). TIPHON, , , . , . 2.3, IP , (). , (), ISDN,GSM .

, . , WWW , . , , . Web ( ). , . , . (, , , . .) .

. 2.3 IP "". IP CKK

Phase1

H.323

H.323

/ISDN

IP IP

4. ..

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1749

50 2

TIPHON IP:

( IP) (a), , IP , , ;

IP E.164 IP.

TIPHON , .

IP (. 2.4). , IP.

(GW) IP IP. .

IP , (. 2.5).

. 2.4 IP " "

IP

H.323

IP

/ISDN

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1750

IP 51

. 2.5 IP . , , IP. , (, ), (PIN) , , . , . , , , (, , , ..) . .

(. 2.4) . IP IDT Net2Phone DotDialer, .

IP ,

. 2.5 IP " "

H.323

/ISDN

IP

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1751

52 2

.

IP , . IP IP.

, IP . IP , , .

IP , IP/Intranet, . IP , , / .

, . , Frame Relay ATM.

. 2.6, IP IP IP. , . , (PIN) (Calling Line Identification). , , . , .

, .

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1752

IP 53

. , , , , PIN, . .

: . , , .

2.1.

. 2.6 IP ""

IP

/ISDN /ISDN

2.1

IP IP IP . 2.1 2.2

IP IP . 2.3

IP . 2.5

IP IP . 2.4

IP . 2.4

IP IP . 2.5

IP . 2.6

.

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1753

54 2

( IP) , .

TIPHON Europe Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI). IP, IP. , , IP ITUT IETF IP. IP ITUT, , [H.246] IETF. ITUT IP 5 6, .323, IETF 7, 8 9.

TIPHON 2.1 . , . , ETSI, ITU , .

2.2 TIPHON

TIPHON (Telecommunication and Internet Protocol Harmonization over Networks) ETSI 1997 . IP . , ISDN GSM.

40 . , 15 48 1999 . . TIPHON .

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1754

IP 55

TIPHON , , , , IP. , .

, , , , IP. ETSI TIPHON , , , , IP (. 2.7).

TIPHON , , . (QoS) . , , . , TIPHON , .

TIPHON :

TIPHON ;

(MMI) ;

. 2.7 TIPHON

IP

IPISDN

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1755

56 2

; (QoS).

TIPHON . , , , , , , .

TIPHON , . , , ; .164 IP; ; . , TIPHON , . TIPHON.

, , , , , .

, IP , . , .

, , , , . DTMF .

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1756

IP 57

.164 IP. IP, , , IP . , .164 IP.

. : ,, , . : , , .

. . , , , , , .

. , . , GSM DECT, , , ISDN, , . , IP , .

. IP .

, , , TIPHON. .

ITUT .323, TIPHON , IP . IP, TIPHON, , .323 (, , ), . (SG), (MG) (MGC).

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1757

58 2

IP . / . , , , DTMF .. MGC .323, ITUT .323, .225(RAS Q.931) .245, .323. , .. , , ..

, , (, IP) . TIPHON , .323. , , , , .

, MGC , . . , ITUT .323.

TIPHON , ( ) , . 2.8. TIPHON, ., D , MGC . N MGC MG. , ; ; ; , . . 2.8 (backend) , , .

.

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1758

IP 59

. 2.8 TIPHON

(backend)

.323

(MGC)

(SG)

(MG)

/ISDN

A

B

D G

C F

J

N

E, a E, b

E, a IP /ISDN

E, b IP /ISDN

(SG, MG, MGC) , . , , . , .

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1759

60 2

.

TIPHON. , , .. , , . E.164. IP, (URL).

IP , , IP . , IP , , , .

URL . , , , , , IP . , , , , , .

, E.164, . IP , 4 TIPHON, , IETF.

TIPHON .

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1760

IP 61

(, , ), , . TIPHON , , , ( 2.2).

, , , .. (, , ) . , ( ).

2.2 TIPHON

K

(4) (3) (2) (1)

K

, G.711

, G.726(32 K/)

, GSMFR

,

62 2

2.3 IP

IP . IP. , , , . B. . 2.9 IP, .

H.323, IP. E.164 IP H.323. . , , (settlement provider) , , IP . IP , , .

(Open Settlement Protocol).

. 2.9 IP

IPc

E1

E1

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1762

IP 63

, .

. 2.10, 2.11 2.12 , , , .1.8 . . 2.10 .

1. .

2. ( ). .

3. , , , .

. 2.11 .

4. .

5. .

6. E.164 IP () . .

. 2.10 : 1

IPc

(1)

(3)(2)

. 2.11 : 2

IPc

(4)(5)

(6)

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1763

64 2

. 2.12:

7. H.323 IP .

8. .

9. / .

2.4 IP

, , , , , . .

IP IP , , , :

IP; , IP ,

, , IP .

IP . IP .

. 2.12 : 3

IPc

(7)

(9)(9)

(8)

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1764

IP 65

, , US West Inc. (, ) xDSL , Worldcom Inc. (, ) Uunet Technologies Inc. ( ,) MCI CommunicationsCorp. (, ).

. 6 , 1 2 . , , 1980 , . , IP, . , . , ( ) .

, IP . , IP . , , .

. () , , ATM, , , 1 /c. , . 32 ( ), 10 / 130,000 64 /. .

5. ..

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1765

66 2

, , N M .

64 /. 5,3 /. , , . 90 .

G.729, 8 , 8 / , . CSACELP. , G.729A, , , .

G.723.1 12 5,3 6,3 /. , . 5,3 / ACELP, 6,3 / MPMLQ.

, , . , . .

, , G.723.1, G.729; . DSP, , , . , . .

05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1766

3

IP

3.1 IP

, IP , () , . , , IP, , , , , .

3.1.1

IP , , , , , . , , . ( ) , , . , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1767

68 3

, . , , , , . , . , , , , , .. . 10, (QoS), , , .

IP ( ) , , Windows Linux. ( , ) , IP Socket.

, , . , , , , .

, , . , IP (VxWorks, pSOS, QNX Neutrino ..), , , .

, , ( ,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1768

IP 69

RTP ..), . , , .. , . IP, Dialogic, Audiocodes,Natural Microsystems. IP IP, .

. (, 20 ), , . . 3.1.

T (

)

j, : jT = .

, , .. .

. 3.1 ()

IP

A

t

t

A B

B C

C

T1 T2 = T1 T3 = T2

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1769

70 3

, (). , , , . RTP. , .

, . . .

/ , . , , . , , . .

, , , . , , , RTP/UDP/IP, , . , , , , .

ITUT G.114 . , 150 (. 3.2). IP ( ) 6070 . , 90 IP , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1770

IP 71

, , IP. . 3.2 , 250 , ( ). , 250300. G.114, , . , . , , , .

3.1.2

, . . , ( ).

.

. IP.

, . , [6] ( , .. ). ( ) , (hybrid).

. 3.2

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

()

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1771

72 3

, . (, ..), ( , ) . . , , .

( ), . 1520, . , .

, , . . , , IP, , , , IP.

, , . , , , , . .

3.1.3

, : .

70 . , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1772

IP 73

(speakerphones), , .., , .

, (. 3.3). , , . , , . ( ).

, . , , , . , IP IP . IP .

, . , , ,

. 3.3

2

4

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1773

74 3

. , , , .

IP. , , 3264 . , , , IP.

3.2

, , , . , , , , .

, .

, .

, , (sampling), .. , , .. ( ). .. (), , IP ( IP).

, , , ,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1774

IP 75

, . , , 0.3 3.4 , . 8, .

, , , . , ( , ), 12/13 .

, , ().

, () , .. , . , .

: . , 12 13 , . (

. 3.4

1234567

1234567

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1775

76 3

/). , , . , , . 8 , , . , 64 /. :

4 000 2 = 8 000 /, 8 000 / 8 = 64 /,

. , , , 64 /, , , . ITUT G.711.

( ) , , .

, , , , . ( , ).

; : (waveform coding), (source coding) , .

3.2.1

, , . , .

,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1776

IP 77

. , . .

. , . , , , , ( ). , , .

, , . , , , .

y(i), i p :

y(i)=a1y(i1)+a2y(i2)+...+apy(ip)^

ai .

e(i)=y(i)y(i)^

, .

, . , e(i), , , 1025 .

( , , ) (), , , , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1777

78 3

, , (), ITUT G.726. . , , , , . G.726 40, 32, 24 16 /c, 5, 4, 3 2 . , G.726 32 /c , G.711.

, , , . , .

3.2.2 ()

, . , , (voice coding).

, , , , . . , , . ( ). , , ( ). , . , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1778

IP 79

, , , .

. 3.5 . , , , , , (/ , , ..).

LPC (LinearPrediction Coding ), . , , LPC10, 10 . 2.4 /, .

, , . 2432 /. LPC ()

. 3.5

,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1779

80 3

12002400 /c, .

(ABS) 616/.

, ( ), LPC. , , , . ABS , (. 3.6),.. , , . ABS (. 3.7).

. 3.6 ABS

. 3.7 ABS

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1780

IP 81

3.2.3

, , (DSP Digital Signal Processor) . ( , ) .

DSP , , . , , .

DSP , . . , . DSP , .

DSP , , . .

DSP, , , . IP , () , , , , ( ) IP, 1.

DSP Texas Instruments (www.ti.com), Analog Devices (www.analog.com),Motorola (www.motorola.com), DSP .

6. ..

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1781

82 3

IP DSP c , ( , , ). , , . , (G.723.1, G.729), . VoIP (Cisco, Dialogic .), DSP , , , .

3.2.4 , IP

, IP.

, , 1.2 64 /. , . . MOS (Mean Opinion Score), . , , .. :

45 ; ISDN, ;

3.54 (toll quality); , 32 /. . toll quality;

33.5 , , , ;

2.53 , . (, ).

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1782

IP 83

(toll quality) 5 /.

(VAD, CNG, DTX)

, , 35 . , , , , . 50%, ( ) . 56, . .

, : , , , , .

(Voice Activity Detector VAD) , . VAD , ; VAD .

VAD , , . , , . VAD , . , , , , .

(Discontinuous Transmission DTX) , VAD . , (, ), , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1783

84 3

(Comfort Noise Generator CNG) . , , . . , .. ( ..), , , , , , .

CNG . , , , . (G.723.1 Annex A, G.729 Annex B) , .

, (frames), , , .

, ( ) . , , , .

, , , . , , , , , , , IP(20 ), UDP (8 ), RTP (12 ). 30 10.6 /c, .

, . 60 . ,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1784

IP 85

, .. , .

, , : ( ), .

IP. , , . , ( forward error correction), . , .

, IP , .. , , , . (, ), , , , , .

, . , , , , .

. , N G.711, N125 . , , , 20 150 .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1785

86 3

G.723.1 , 3% , .

3.3 , ITU

3.3.1 G.711

G.711 , ITUT 1965 . . MOS 4.2. , , , VoIP G.711. , VoIP .

3.3.2 G.723.1

G.723.1 ITUT 1995 . IMTC G.723.1 IP.

G.723.1 30 7.5 . : 6.3 / ( 189 , 24 ) 5.3 / ( 158 , 20 ). . .

MOS 3.9 6.3 / 3.7 5.3 /.

, . 16 MIPS.

G.723.1 . (Annex A) G.723.1. 4 . , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1786

IP 87

3.3.3 G.726

( ITUT G.726, 1990 .) . G.711 40, 32, 24 16 /, MOS 4.3 (32 /), (toll quality). IP , (. ).

3.3.4 G.728

G.728 LDCELP (low delay code excited linear prediction) MOS, G.726 16 /. , ( 5 ), . Bell Labs 1992 : 0.625 . 2.5 , .

20 MIPS 13 MIPS .

3.3.5 G.729

G.729 Frame Relay. CSACELP (Conjugate Structure, Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction). 10 8 /. 5 .

:

G.729 ( ITUT 1996), 20 MIPS 3 MIPS .

G.729A ( ITUT 1995), 10.5 MIPS 2 MIPS .

G.729 VAD, CNG DTX. 15 , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1787

88 3

3.4 , ETSI

ETSI (GSM).

GSM Full Rate, GSM 06.10, 1987. , , , . ( MOS 3.7 ). 20 , 13 /c. 4.5 MIPS . IP, , (open source), . GSM FR G.711, .

GSM Half Rate, 1994 , GSM Enhanced Full Rate, 1995 . , , ( 30 MIPS). IP , , .

, , ITUT ETSI, .. .

VoIP, , ITUT ETSI, . . , Lucent/Elemedia SX7003P, , Voxware RT24, (2.4 /) ( MOS 3.2).

3.5 DTMF

, (DTMF) , ,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1788

IP 89

. , G.711 , , .

, , , , , . DTMF .

(, ), DTMF IP. , , , , . , , #, ; , .

DTMF IP.

. H.245(UserInputIndication) *, #. TCP, . TCP ;

, VoIP. H.323v2 fastStart H.245. DTMF RTP, , . , , . RTP DTMF , .

, , , , .

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1789

90 3

IP DTMF, . , , , .

3.6

IP, , . ( facsimale ) 1843 , 33 . ( ) IP . ; .

, , 3, ITUT T.30. . , , 3, , . , , .. 4, . , ,, , ( , ..) ( , ), , ISDN, 4, .

3, , , IP. . (Store & Forward). , . , , ,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1790

IP 91

, , , . , ( ) . Store & Forward Fax .37.

, IP. : , . Store&Forward , , , .

IP , , . , 3 . ITUT T.38, 3 IP. , , , , , , .

: , , . , , , ,.. , . , , . , , , . , 100

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1791

92 3

, .

.38 IFP, /. IFP, , TCP UDP, , . T.38 H.323. TCP IFP, UDP . IFP ( ). TCP, : IFP, H.225.0/Q.931, .

, ITU TCP , IFP UDP. , , . , T.38 DSP, , , , TCP , . , .38 UDP . IP IP UDP, TCP , , .

3.7

, , ( ) , , IP. : , , DSP. ,

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1792

IP 93

IP , , knowhow .

IP , . . , . , , , . , , , 1. , , .

DTMF .

IP , , , , IP.

06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1793

4

4.1 ab ovo

RPA . 1971 . & . &, : , . & , & , , . , & , .

, , , . 1957 & . (Department ofDefense DoD) Advanced Research ProjectsAgency (ARPA), ARPANET & , & . , &, , & &&, . 1961 Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1795

96 4

1964 (Paul Baran, RAND) OnDistributed Communications Networks

1965 , ARPA, TX&2 MIT Lincoln Lab AN/FSQ&32 System Development Corporation(Santa Monica, CA) 1200 /. 1967 , &, & ARPA, RAND NPL. , (National Physical Laboratory NPL), & 768 /, , & .

1969 & DDP&516 Honey&well 12K ARPANET: & (Universityof California Los Angeles UCLA), (Stanford Re&search Institute SRI), & . AT&T & 50 /. (Charley Kline) UCLA, SRI. 29 1969 . G LOG&IN. , ARPANET & & & , . RFC(Request for Comments) & (hosts) .

, , 1970 ARPANET: ., ., .. & ARPA.

1971 15 (23 ), & . : (SENDMSG) & (CPYNET). Mod&el 33 Tomlinson 1972 . @ & .

Ethernet. Alto & Xerox PARC, Ethernet 1973 . &

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1796

97

Alto Aloha System. ARPANET 1973 2000. Merit .25, & , , ARPANET.

1974 (Vint Cerf, BobKahn) IEEE Transactions on Com&munications A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunica&tion TCP, &. & C (11, 1999). , TCP, . , , , , & MCI .

& MsgGroup. & SF&Lovers. (RFC 733). 1976 (Bell Labo&ratories) AT&T UUCP (& Unix&Unix), & UNIX.

1978 TCP TCP IP, & TCP/IP. 1980 , 1983 ARPANET, NCP(Network Control Protocol), 1970 . & TCP/IP, ARPA & Berkeley UNIX, TCP/IP. , , TCP/IP, , TCP/IP.

ARPANET 1983 :DARPANET ( ) MILNET ( ). , ARPANET 1990 , . , TCP/IP &, & , &

7. ..

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1797

98 4

, , , . 1984 (DNS). IP& . 1984 , Neuromancer, & . , & , 1000, 1987 10000.

, & , & 1985 NSFNET ( ).NSFNET , . & 1988 & 56 /. 1986 NSFNET & , . NSFNET & OC&3 (155 /) . NSFNET & 1995 , MERIT., MERIT , & , NSFNET, .

1988 A (Jarkko Oikari&nen) Internet Relay Chat (IRC). & , 1 1988 InternetWorm 6000 .

1989 100000 , 1990 300000. & , & (Tim Ber&ners&Lee) CERN, , & World Wide Web (WWW). & WWW & , . 1992 & 1 , 1993 & www.whitehouse.gov [email protected] . . 2 , & , , , www.vatican.va. 1995 Sun Microsystems (James Gosling) & Java, & &.

1996 25 , , , 10 .

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1798

99

2000 300 & . & 80 . , , & 2004 & .

4.2

, & . & , , . & & . , & , &, & . & ; , , .

, . & CERT,IAB, IETF, IESG, IRTF, ICANN The Internet Society ( &, ISOC).

(CERT) &, , & . CERT ARPA 1998 , .

(IAB), * , 12 , & , &. IAB & () : IETF IRTF. , .

(IETF) , & , , &. (RFC). , (IESG).

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1799

100 4

* (IRTF) , .

(ICANN) , 1999 . ICANN , IANA , IP& . & 16& 0 65 536. 0 1 023 & . : 25 SMTP ( ), 80 HTTP ( ) 107 Telnet. / TCP/IP, & , & . ICANN IP& , ; .

(ISOC) , & . & IESG .

4.3

& , , , , & . & &. .

. & , & , & . , & , , & , . & : , , .

IPv4 ( 4), IP, &

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17100

101

. IPv4, RFC 791, 32 , 232 ( 4 294 967 296) .

IP& . , , , , ( A, B,C, D E). (Network ID) & , Host ID 1 .

0. & ( 128 27). 24 & , 16 777 216 (224 ). & . & IBM Corpora&tion, Hewlett&Packard Company, Ford Motor Company .

B & 10. 14 & , 16 384 (214). 16 , & 65 536 (216).

C & 110. 21 , 2 097 152. 8 , & 256 (28). C.

D 1110. , 28 & .

E 1111. & .

, IP&, & . 32& xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, & 0 255, (28 = 256 0&255). 1&127, 128&191, 192&223.

1 , , .. .

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17101

102 4

, (ICANN) IP& , . IP& , &, . , , , . IP& . IP& . , & . IP& & IP& , & , & . IP& . IP& &, DHCP ( * ). , xDSL, & IP&. xDSL , & .

, IP 4 & 32 , 232 ( 4 294 967 296) & . TCP/IP IPv4 & , , , , & . , , . , & , . , & ( & ) 10 000 , & , 100 1000.

, , , & IETF 90& RFC 1518 RFC 1519 * (CIDR). CIDR (su*

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17102

103

pernetting), , & . &, (, 194 195). CIDR, & , , & , . , CIDR IP&, , , & IP& .

IPv6 128 , 2128 &, 340.282.366.920.938.463.463.374.607.431.768.211.456. , , 32 , , . IP& &, , , & , & IPv6 . IPv6 & , .

IPv4. , , IP& . (). (DNS), & ICANN, , & , , :... 45 ( ) & (TLD) . TLD, , : (net, com, org) (ru, fi, ua).

ICANN IANA & &. IANA, TLD (InterNIC) Network Solutions Inc. & , . , InterNIC & .com $70 $35 & . 1999 InterNIC & , 1999 &

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17103

104 4

25 1999 . ICANN , & , .

, & IP&; & , .

4.4

& , & .

, &, . & , & . , , , , & (Open Systems Interconnection OSI), & ITU&T . , , .

. 4.1 , ARPA, OSI, & .

ARPA , , & , , , . , OSI , &, . .

ARPA & , .. OSI & . , ,

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17104

105

, , & (, CSMA/CD Ethernet), . 2 , & , ( , &, ..), .

, (datagram), . & , TCP/IP. , & , & . & , TCP/IP . &, , IP. , & .

, & , RIP, EGP,BGP, OSPF .

. 4.1 OSI

(Application Layer)

(Presentation Layer)

(Session Layer)

(Transport Layer)

(Network Layer)

(Data Link Layer)

(Physical Layer)

(Process/ Application Layer)

(Host&to&Host Layer)

(Internet Layer)

(Network Interface

or Local Network Layer)

OSI

ARPA , , .

. & HTTP, FTP, SMTP ..

.

( ) 7, .

& TCP, UDP.

. (

ICMP). , IP. OSPF.

.

, . & PPP, LAPD, L_2 Ethernet.

.

, , .

E1, V.35, SDH, Ethernet.

2 (Ethernet, HDLC) (frame).

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17105

106 4

(Address Resolution Protocol ARP) IP& , & (, Ethernet). , & , ARP IP, .

Internet Control Message Pro&tocol (ICMP) & & . ICMP & TCP/IP.

, . & &. , & , . & TCP UDP.

& . , . , & FTP. Web& HTTP. FTP HTTP TCP. Telnet &. SNMP & , , . , , RTP , . X Window . .

, IP , , . , IP, ARP, ICMP, TCP,UDP TCP/IP & , ( FTP, Web ).

4.5 IP 4

& TCP/IP IP, &

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17106

107

, & . IP & , & . IP & IP&, &. , Internet Protocol &: IP .

IP , . (flow&control). & , , , .

IP , & . & , IP, & , , , . &, , , , .

, IP&, IP&, &, . & , IP & 3 .

. 4.2 IP .

(version) & IP, 4. & , .

(header length), 4 , & , & 32 . 5.

3 IP 6 , .

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17107

108 4

(Type of Service) , &. IP& & . 10.

(Total Length) & (), . 65535 , &, , , 576 . , , & .

IP 3 &/ . , & , , , .

(Identifier) , & .

(Flags) , , & .

(Fragment Offset) & , 8 .

. 4.2 IP&

(Version)

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17108

109

(TTL Time To Live) & , . & , , TTL & . TTL & , , , & , , .

(Protocol) (TCP, UDP ..).

(Header Checksum) & . , & .

IP& (Source) (Destination), & .

IPv4 RFC&791.

4.6 IP 6

90& , & . & TCP/IP, & RSVP, MPLS .. , & IP, & .

, & , .

IP. , & & , . , , & IP.

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17109

110 4

IETF IPng, & IPv6.

IP, & , ., & , IPSec .

IP &, :

;

;

.

IP 1992 , & &. IETF , 1998 & , IPv6(RFC 2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification), & (RFC 2373 IP Version 6 Ad&dressing Architecture).

, IPv6.

. IP & & 128 . & , , & ( & ), & . & , .

( ) IPv6 , . , (CIDR), & . , & & (anycast), IPv6 & .

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17110

111

6 IP , , &. , & ,:

FEDC:0A96:0:0:0:0:7733:567A.

, IPv4 IPv6, 4 & , :

0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:194.135.75.104.

. IPv6 :

unicast;

multicast;

anycast.

, .

unicast & IPv4. & 6 .

multicast , & . 11111111 , & . , . & , . & IPv6 scope, , , , , &. , , &, , & .

anycast , , mul&ticast, . , & , , & . & unicast . Anycast . &

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17111

112 4

unicast anycast. anycast &. , & &, anycast, & . & & .

IPv6 & , .. , . &: , (Link&Local), , (Site&Local), .

15% & IPv6, & , .

. & , & , , & , , & , .

, , , &, . & , .

IPv6 40 (. 4.3).

(Traffic Class) (Type Of Service),

. 4.3 IPv6

(4 )

(8 )

(20 )

(16 )

. (8 )

(8 )

(128 )

(128 )

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17112

113

(Hop Limit) (Time To Live) IPv4, & .

(Flow Label) & . & .

(Next Header) (Protocol) IPv4 , . Next Header. &, , & TCP, UDP, OSPF, .

IPv6 .

Routing , & .

Fragmentation & .

Authentication , .

Encapsulation , .

Hop&by&Hop Options & .

Destination Options .

. & IPv6 , & . .

. .

. & ( Path MTU discovery

8. ..

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17113

114 4

IPv4) , . , IPv6, , & ICMP , & .

& , , .

, & (, ), .

MAC& , ARP.

IP 6. IPv6 & , , & . , & IPv6 IPv4, :

&, , & , & TCP/IP. .

, IPv4 IPv6 . & . & IPv4& IPv6, , IPv4.

, & . &. , . & IPv6 6Bone, IPv6 , .

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17114

115

4.7 TCP

Transmission Con&trol Protocol (TCP) . TCP &, .

, TCP & . & . , & , , & . & , , & , TCP . , TCP & & . , &, , & .

TCP , , & , , , IP.

TCP & , , , & , , & . & & . TCP& , , IP. TCP& , TCP& & .

TCP& , .

, & TCP/IP Internet, . 4.4.

, , , , . & Ethernet, &

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17115

116 4

. & TCP/IP.

, TCP.

4.7.1 , ,

& , Internet&, & (sockets), & . TCP& & Internet IP& & TCP&.

, &. TCP & TCP. , TCP, FTP (File Trans&fer Protocol, ). & : FTP/TCP/IP/Ethernet. & UDP (User Datagram Protocol, & ) & UDP. UDP &, , SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol, & ). & : SNMP/UDP/IP/ Ethernet.

. , &

. 4.4 TCP/IP

TCP UDP

IP

ARP

Ethernet

Ethernet

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17116

117

. & .

TCP, UDP Ethernet n x 1. , & . 1 n. , & ( Ethernet& ). & Ethernet& Ethernet, ARP, IP. (& , & Ethernet&.)

IP& IP, & TCP, UDP, & Protocol IP&. TCP& TCP, , , & TCP&.

, &, , . , , , .

& . TCP , , , & . , , &, , & HTTP, FTP, SMTP ., &, . , &, . , Internet&, , &, 80 ( WWW). , , & n x m, . . & .

4.7.2 TCP,

TCP& & . & TCP& TCP& .

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17117

118 4

, & (, HTTP, SMTP . .). & TCP&. , & . & , & .

TCP& . , TCP&, SYN, . SYN ACK, . &, TCP&, SYN ACK & ACK.

&, . & , , .. &, , & .

, & , FIN. & .

4.7.3

, , & . .

TCP , & , & . & ( TCP, ), , . & , &. , . & , &. , TCP & .

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17118

119

, , & , & . & &. , . . . TCP& (ac&knowledgment number), & . , : . .

&, & .

, . &, , , .. & & . & &, , , .

, 32&& ISN (Initial Sequence Number). & 32 , 4 ( 4,55 ). & . , MSL Maximum Life Time, . , & .

& , &.

4.7.4

TCP . , () & & ( TCP&),

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17119

120 4

, & . , & , & , . &, .

, & (acknowledgment number). & , , . , & .

, , & . &, , , & . .

TCP & .

4.7.5

IP&&. TCP . TCP . 4.5.

(Source Port, 16 ).

(Destination Port,16 ).

(Sequence Number, 32 ). & SYN, . SYN , & (ISN), ISN+1.

. 4.5 TCP

&

URG

A

PSH

RS

SYN

FIN

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17120

121

(Acknowledgment Number, 32 ) , . & .

(Data Offset,4 ) 32& TCP&.

(Reserved, 6 ) .

( ):

URG ,

, ,

PSH ,

RST ,

SYN ,

FIN .

(Window, 16 ) &, , , .

(Checksum, 16 ).

(Urgent Pointer, 16 ). , . URG.

(Options) , .

(Padding) , & , 32&.

TCP RFC&793,RFC&1180.

4.8 UDP

User DatagramProtocol (UDP) & TCP & , & .

UDP IP & , IP. UDP &

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122 4

, .. ; , , . . & UDP.

IP& UDP & UDP& (. 4.6).

(Source Port) , . & . , .

(Destination Port) & , .

(Length) UDP& &, , . .

(Checksum) & , . , & .

IP, , & IP& UDP, , UDP. IP UDP , . , , . UDP TCP & (RFC&1071), UDP& &. , UDP& & , , , & , .

UDP RFC&768.

4.9 IP1

3 &, &

. 4.6 UDP&

.

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17122

123

IP. & ( ) & . , , . .

& , , , & . . , & E1.

(, , ) & , . , &, & .

. , /, 4 32 /, & 64 /, / & / (HDTV), (& , , ..). & . , 12 (G.164), 400 . , 3, & , . (, & ) 500 , & & & .

& (), . & &. , & . , 0,1%

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17123

124 4

, , & & 99,9% . , , , , & .

& , , & , & . , & &, .. , . , &, .

. , , & , . , , , & , . & , & .

, & . , & ( , & ..), & .

, & ( , &, ) & . IP& , &. & .

. IP& , & , . , 24 7 , .. . , , , &

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17124

125

99.999%, 3 40 (!) . &, & . , & , , & , . & IP & IP&.

, , , , & (WWW, &, ..), , , & , & , & .

4.10 RTP RTCP

, &, (, UDP). & , . , & , (, ) &, & . & , , , & , & . IETF & Realtime TransportProtocol (RTP), &, & .

IP& & () , , , , . , & , .

. & 10 ,

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17125

126 4

. , , , , & .

RTP . , , & , . & , , . RTP UDP & , & .

, & , TCP, . &, . , , . &, & TCP & . & , . & , &, , . & &, .

RTP & , & . RTP& , . .

, RTP & & , . , RTP & . , RTP&, , &, &,

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17126

127

, .

. 4.7 RTP&, & , , , , , .

V (2 ) . .

(1 ) . & . , & , &, , 32 .

(1 ) . , , & RTP.

(4 ) . &, , & .

(1 ) . & . . & . .

(7 ) . , . , & , (Real&Time Transport Control Protocol).

(Sequence Number, 16 ). , & RTP.

. 4.7 RTP&

V=2 P X CC

SSRC

CSRC. . .

0 2 3 4 8 16 319

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17127

128 4

. & , , , , , & .

(Timestamp, 32 ). , & . , , . .

SSRC (Synchronization Source Identifier, 32 ) . , & . & , &.

CSRC (Contributing Source Identifier, 32 ) & , RTP&. () & SSRC , & RTP&. : 0 15. 15, 15. , & RTP& SSRC. & & CSRC. SSRC.

RTP& RTCP (Real Time Control Protocol).

RTCP & & . RTCP ( , ) & , , .. , & . RTP RTCP RFC&1889.

4.11

& && &&.

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129

TCP/IP . , & (unicast) & & .

, , & (broadcast). & , , . & &, , .

& , & , & . , . IP& multicast.

, & IP&, IGMP (Internet GroupManagement Protocol), DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast RoutingProtocol), PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast).

9. ..

07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17129

IP 1 1.1 1.2 IP 1.3 1.4 IP 1.5 IP 1.5.1 H.3231.5.2 SIP1.5.3 MGCP MEGACO1.5.4 IP

2 IP-2.1 IP 2.2 TIPHON2.3 IP 2.4 IP

3 IP-3.1 IP 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3

3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 () 3.2.3 3.2.4 , IP

3.3 , ITU 3.3.1 G.7113.3.2 G.723.13.3.3 G.7263.3.4 G.7283.3.5 G.729

3.4 , ETSI3.5 DTMF3.6 3.7

4 4.1 ab ovo4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 IP 44.6 IP 64.7 TCP4.7.1 , , 4.7.2 TCP 4.7.3 4.7.4 4.7.5

4.8 UDP4.9 IP 4.10 RTP RTCP4.11

5 .3235.1 5.2 ISDN5.3 IP 5.4 .3235.5 H.3235.6 5.7 5.8 .323

6 .3236.1 .3236.2 RAS6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7 6.2.8

6.3 .225.06.4 H.2456.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4

6.5 , 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5

7 SIP7.1 SIP7.2 SIP IP 7.3 7.4 SIP7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 SIP

7.5 SIP7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4

7.6 7.6.1 7.6.2.

7.7 SIP7.8 .323 SIP

8 MGCP8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 MGCP8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 , 8.9 MGCP8.10 MGCP

9 MEGACO/H.2489.1 MEGACO/H.2489.2 9.3 MGCP MEGACO9.4 9.5

10 IP 10.1 QoS?10.2 10.3 IP 10.4 Diff Serv10.5 IntServ10.6 RSVP10.6.1 10.6.2

10.7 MPLS10.8 10.8.1 10.8.1.1 Tail Drop10.8.1.2 Random Early Detection (RED)

10.8.2 10.8.2.1 FIFO10.8.2.2 10.8.2.3 Class Based Queuing (CBQ)10.8.2.4

10.8.3 10.8.3.1 Leaky Bucket10.8.3.2 Token Bucket

11 11.1 IP 11.2 IP 11.3 IP ITG11.4 GK 11.5 IP 11.6 11.7 11.8 IPU IP 11.9 IP

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