Ivania Skura - Um Olhar Da Comunicação Para o Novo Idoso - TCC Publicidade e Propaganda

7/22/2019 Ivania Skura - Um Olhar Da Comunicao Para o Novo Idoso - TCC Publicidade e Propaganda

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AMEZVK ]EC\MVQCZVCK AMQ]BNV]ECAMQ]BNV

C\NECN QG]VN

]B KIDNV JN AKB]ECANK XNVN K EK\K CJKQK

BNVCE@

68>1


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C\NECN QG]VN


Bkek`rnlcn nprmsmetnjn akbk Zrnfnidk jm

Akeaiusk jm Aursk, rmqucsctk pnrn n kftmek jk

`rnu jm Fnadnrmi mb Akbuecank Qkacni akb

dnfcictnk mb Xuficacjnjm m Xrkpn`nejn, pmikAmetrk ]ecvmrsctrck Amsubnr - ]ECAMQ]BNV, skf

n krcmetnk jn Xrkln. Jrn. Nen Xnuin Bnadnjk

\midk.

BNVCE@

68>1


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C\NECN QG]VN


Bkek`rnlcn nprmsmetnjn akbk Zrnfnidk jm Akeaiusk jm Aursk, rmqucsctk pnrn n

kftmek jk `rnu jm Fnadnrmi mb Akbuecank Qkacni akb dnfcictnk mb Xuficacjnjm

m Xrkpn`nejn, pmik Ametrk ]ecvmrsctrck Amsubnr - ]ECAMQ]BNV, skf n krcmetnk jn

Xrkln. Jrn. Nen Xnuin Bnadnjk \midk.

FNEAN MTNBCENJKVN

Krcmetnjkrn? [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Jrn. Nen Xnuin Bnadnjk \midk, ]ECAMQ]BNV

Bmbfrk? [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Bm. Ainujcn Arcstcen Fntcstmin Lrneacsak, ]ECAMQ]BNV

Bmbfrk? [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Bm. Imkenrjk Xmstciik jm Kicvmcrn, ]ECAMQ]BNV


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Jmjcantrcn

Xnrn Amictn, Anriks m @ucidmrbm.


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N@VNJMACBMEZKQ

N`rnjmk, cbmesnbmetm, qumims qum narmjctnrnb mb bcb, armjctnrnb bmus

mslkrks m lczmrnb jclmrmen mb bcedn okrenjn nanjbcan nt nquc m, amrtnbmetm, ekluturk. \kas snfmb qumb sk7 sku buctk `rntn pmin aketrcfuck jm tkjks.

Nk @ucidmrbm Vcfmcrk jm Bkurn, qum mstmvm smbprm eks fnstcjkrms, bmu sceamrk

kfrc`njn. Qmr ubn dkern mevmidmamr nk smu injk7 snfm qum mu k nbk.

]b n`rnjmacbmetk mspmacni nks qum bm njktnrnb en cecacnk acmetlcan, mb

krjmb arkeki`can jm krcmetnk? Oknqucb Bnrtces Oueckr7 Pnijcr Qcivn Qknrms Oueckr7Oks Vmentk jm Xnuin Inbfmrtc7 Ainujcn Arcstcen Fntcstmin Lrneacsak7 Oujske Vcanrjk

Vcfmcrk jn Qcivn7 Nen Xnuin Bnadnjk \midk7 Arcstcnem Lnaack @kbms7 \mrcjcnen jm

\nsakeamiks Junrtm.

N`rnjmk nk \ceacus Jurvni Jkrem, Ainujcn Arcstcen Fntcstmin Lrneacsak m nk

Imkenrjk Xmstciik jm Kicvmcrn, pmins rcans akescjmrnms tmacjns jurnetm ns fneans, qum

pksscfcictnrnb k nprcbkrnbmetk jmstm trnfnidk.

]b kfrc`njn `c`netm, pmin nbcznjm m pmik nakbpnednbmetk emstn bkek`rnlcn,

Nen Xnuin Bnadnjk \midk, krcmetnjkrn msanejniksnbmetm lkrbcjvmi.


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N akcsn bncs bkjmren qum mxcstm emssn vcjn

mevmidmamr

(Nrenijk Netuems)


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VMQ]BK

K cjksk jn ntunicjnjm sm nprmsmetn akbk ub jmsbcstclcanjkr jm vmidks mstmrmtcpks.Qmejk akesubcjkr mb nsamesk, trnfnidnjkr m mstujnetm vcjk, acjnjk ntcvk msnujvmi, jmstnan-sm mb buctks bfctks m jmbnejn ntmek m mstujks nprkluejnjks.

K Frnsci m k buejk prmacsnb sm prmpnrnr rnpcjnbmetm pnrn k mevmidmacbmetkpkpuinackeni, emamssrck njnptnr n cbn`mb jk cjksk en bjcn, ns pkitcans pficans mks mspnks skacncs jmstcenjks nks acjnjks smeckrms. N rmvkiuk jn ike`mvcjnjmjmbnejn n rmlkrbuink jm ekms m n supmrnk jm prmakeamctks. Mstm mstujk, emstmaketmxtk, fusan akbprmmejmr jm qum bkjk ns rminms akb n akbuecank, tmaekik`cnm akesubk pkjmb aketrcfucr pnrn k msainrmacbmetk jm akbk kidnr pnrn cjksk ntuni.]tciczn-sm akbk mxmbpik mbprcak ub prkamssk jm pmsqucsns jm anbpk jmsarctcvnsrmnicznjns akb ks cjksks jk prkomtk ûnicjnjm jm vcjn en Zmramcrn Cjnjm jk Ametrk]ecvmrsctrck Amsubnr (]ecAmsubnr). Ektku-sm qum n tmramcrn cjnjm ceakrpkrn ub ekvkbkjmik jm vmidcam, cbpkrtnetm lkak jm ntmek cetmrjcsacpicenr, akb mspmacniaketrcfuck pnrn k jmsmevkivcbmetk jk anbpk jn akbuecank. rmssnitnjn n

cbpkrteacn jm sm rmvmr vmidns ekms, jn mjuank pnrn k cjksk, jk usk jn tmaekik`cnakbk lmrrnbmetn jm ceaiusk, jn pnrtcacpnk jk cjksk ek bmranjk jm trnfnidk m jkakbprkbcssk skacni jns pmsskns mb akbprmmejmr k akbpimxk prkamssk jmmevmidmacbmetk. Ens rmprmsmetnms mb qum n ouvmetujm ub vnikr buctk lkrtm, kcjksk tmb jm em`nr sun vmidcam pnrn smr namctk, jmsjkfrn-sm jm bkjk n rmomctnr smuvnikr jm cjmetcjnjm qum, en vmrjnjm, ek jmvmrcn smr jcslnrnjk ku jcstkracjk, bnsakbprmmejcjk m rmspmctnjk. Ek sm pkjm rkufnr n vmidcam jk cejcvjuk, k cjksk pkjm makesmùm, bns ek jmvm smr kfrc`njk n smùcr ub bkjmik cjmni jm snjm m fmimzn, jmprkjutcvcjnjm mta. D qum sm tmr icfmrjnjm pnrn k cjksk smr vnikrcznjk jm jclmrmetmsbnemcrns, smejk rmprmsmetnjk, ceaiuscvm, bcjcntcanbmetm. Mxcstmb buctks supmr cjksksm cjksks jm pconbns7 k cem`vmi qum n vmidcam adm`n pnrn tkjks m, eub aketmxtk

akbpimxk akbk mstm, k cjksk d qum smr ektnjk akbk acjnjk, smr vnikrcznjk akbk smrdubnek, nsscb akbk tkjn pmsskn prmacsn k smr. N akbuecank m tkjns ns rmns jkakedmacbmetk anrmamb jm pmsqucsns jm fnsm skfrm mssn tmbtcan, pkrqum rmsscèclcanrn vmidcam ub jmsnlck skacni ntuni.

XNIN\VNQ-ADN\M? Cjksk7 Zmramcrn Cjnjm7 Xrkpn`nejn7 Xrkbkk jn snjm.


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NFQZVNAZ

Zdm mijmriy kl tkjny prmsmets ctsmil ns n jmbystclcmr kl kij stmrmktypms. Fmce` nensamejce` akesubmr, nvcj wkrgmr nej stujmet, natcvm actczme nej dmnitdy, stnejs kut ce

bney nrmns nej jmbnej nttmetcke nej mxtmescvm stujcms. Frnzci nej tdm wkrij emmj tkqucagiy prmpnrm lkr tdm n`ce` pkpuintcke, ct cs emamssnry tk njoust tdm cbn`m kl tdm mijmriyke tdm bmjcn, pufica pkicay nej skacni spnams jmscèmj lkr smeckr actczmes. Zdm ike`mvctyrmvkiutcke jmbnejs tdm rmlkrbuintcke kl ektckes nej kvmrakbce` prmoujcams. Zdcs stujy,ce tdcs aketmxt, smmgs tk uejmrstnej dkw rmintckesdcps wctd akbbuecantcke, tmadekik`ynej akesubptcke bny aketrcfutm tk tdm uejmrstnejce` kl dkw tk ikkg nt mijmriy tkjny. Ctcs usmj ns mbpcrcani mxnbpim n prkamss kl jmsarcptcvm lcmij rmsmnradms akejuatmj wctdtdm prkomat "ûnicty kl iclm ce tdm Zdcrj N`m" lrkb tdm Ametrk ]ecvmrsctrck Amsubnr(]ecAmsubnr). Ct wns ektmj tdnt smeckrs ceakrpkrntms n emw bkjmi kl n`ce`, cbpkrtnetcetmrjcsacpicenry lkaus kl nttmetcke, wctd n spmacni aketrcfutcke tk tdm jmvmikpbmet kl tdmakbbuecantcke lcmij. Nttmetcke cs `cvme tk tdm cbpkrtneam kl rmvcmwce` kij ektckes, klmjuantcke lkr tdm mijmriy, tdm usm kl tmadekik`y ns n tkki lkr ceaiuscke, pnrtcacpntcke kl tdmmijmriy ce tdm infkr bnrgmt nej skacni akbbctbmet kl tdm pmkpim tk uejmrstnej tdmakbpimx prkamss kl n`ce`. Ke tdm rmprmsmetntckes ce wdcad tdm ykutd cs n vmry strke`vnium, tdm mijmriy dnvm tk jmey dcs kij n`m tk fm naamptmj, uelkijs ctsmil tk rmomat ctscjmetcty vnium tdnt natuniiy sdkuij ekt fm jcsùcsmj kr jcstkrtmj, fut uejmrstkkj nejrmspmatmj. Pm aneekt stmni tdm kij n`m kl tdm cejcvcjuni, tdm mijmriy ane nej jkms `mt ct,fut sdkuij ekt fm rmqucrmj tk lkiikw n bkjmi kl cjmni fmnuty nej dmnitd, prkjuatcvcty mta.Ct bust fm dnvm tdm lrmmjkb tk tdm mijmriy tk fm vniumj ce jcllmrmet wnys, fmce`rmprmsmetmj ceaiujce` fy bmjcn. Zdmrm nrm bney "supmr n`mj" nej "mijmriy ce pnonbns",tdm uejmecnfim cs tdnt kij n`m akbms lkr mvmrykem, nej ce n akbpimx aketmxt icgm tdcs,tdm mijmriy emmjs tk fm ektmj ns actczme, tk fm vniumj ns n dubne fmce`, ns wmii nsmvmry pmrske emmjs tk fm. Zdm akbbuecantcke lcmij nej nii nrmns kl gekwimj`m inag klfnsca rmsmnradms ke tdcs tkpca, fmanusm rmscècly n`ce` cs n aurrmet skacni adniime`m.

GMSPKVJQ? Mijmr7 Zdcrj N`m7 Njvmrtcsce`7 Dmnitd Xrkbktcke.


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Q]BVCK

> CEZVKJ]K ............................................................................................................ >1

>.> N XMQ^]CQN ............................................................................................................ >0

>.6 EKBMEAINZ]VNQ M AKEAMCZKQ ....................................................................... 6>

6 K CJKQK EN AKEZMBXKVNEMCJNJM .................................................................... 6 KQ ZCXKQ JM CJNJM M N CJCKQQCEAVNQCN JK ME\MIDMACBMEZK ................. 64

6.6 N CBN@MB JM \MIDCAM EK AKEZMTZK A]IZ]VNI .......................................... 1>

6.1 N \MIDCAM EK FVNQCI? QKACMJNJM M BJCN ..................................................... 11

6.: K N@EMQ (N@M @NCE EKP MBXNZDS QSQZMB) ................................................. :>

6.= K CJKQK EN ]EC\MVQCJNJM ................................................................................ :1

6.< K CJKQK EK BMVANJK JM ZVNFNIDK .............................................................. :0

1 N VMINK CJKQK-ZMAEKIK@CN ......................................................................... =8

: K BMVANJK JM AKEQ]BK \KIZNJK XNVN K CJKQK ....................................... N LMBCEC_NK JN \MIDCAM ............................................................................... 0>

= AKBXKVZNBMEZK JM AKEQ]BK JK CJKQK ...................................................... 01

< ZMVAMCVN CJNJM, QNJM M AKB]ECANK ....................................................... 4=

0 K CJKQK ACJNJK ................................................................................................... 36

4 AKEAI]QK ............................................................................................................. 34

VMLMVEACNQ ............................................................................................................ >8>

NXEJCAMQ ................................................................................................................ >>6

NEMTKQ ...................................................................................................................... >61


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ICQZN JM LC@]VNQ

Lcùrn >.K cjksk en bjcn ............................................................................................ 1=

Lcùrn 6.N@EMQ (N`m @nce Ekw Mbpntdy Qystmb) .................................................... :6

Lcùrn 1. Okdneen ûnns .............................................................................................. 4.]sks mspmalcaks jk akbputnjkr pmik cjksk ................................................. =1

@rlcak 6. ûmb nprkxcbku k cjksk jk akbputnjkr ..................................................... ==

@rlcak 1. ]sk jk akbputnjkr pmiks cjksks akelkrbm ks pmrkjks jk jcn ................... ==

@rlcak :. Qmetcbmetks qum k akbputnjkr jmspmrtn ek cjksk ....................................... =. K qum bncs cbpkrtn ek bkbmetk jn akbprn pnrn ks cjksks ...................... 00

@rlcak >6. Lrmqueacn jm rmnicznk jm akbprns pmik pficak cjksk .......................... 48

@rlcak >1. Celiueacn jn akbuecank ek akesubk ..................................................... 48

@rlcak >:. Zmimvcsk m rjck, prceacpncs bmcks jm celkrbnk pnrn k cjksk ................. 4>

@rlcak >=. M n prkpn`nejn rm`ckeni; Akevmeam; ........................................................ 46

@rlcak >0. Akbk k cjksk akescjmrn qum mst sun snjm ............................................. 44

@rlcak >4.Nicbmetnk jk cjksk .................................................................................. 43

@rlcak >3. Ikancs mb qum ks cjksks sm mxmractnb akb lrmqueacn .............................. 43

@rlcak 68. K qum snjm pnrn k cjksk ........................................................................ 3>


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ICQZN JM ZNFMINQ

Znfmin >.Jnjks skackmakebcaks jks cjksksakrpusjn pmsqucsn ........................... 68

Znfmin 6. K akbputnjkr pkjm smr ub mimbmetk prkbktkr jn snjm pnrn k cjksk; ......


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ICQZN JM CELK@VLCAKQ

Celk`rlcak >.Vmink metrm k cjksk m bjcns skacncs jc`ctncs ...................................... =4


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>1

> CEZVKJ]K

jmvmr jn akbuecank vkitnr k kidnr pnrn k cjksk7 mssn ntctujm sm tkren anjn

vmz bncs emamssrcn prceacpnibmetm pmin mvkiuk jn ike`mvcjnjm qum sm nprmsmetneks jcns ntuncs. M bncs, prmacsk ek npmens akescjmrnr n tmramcrn cjnjm akbk ub

bmranjk-nivk mb nsamesk, d qum sm meanrnr mstn lncxn mtrcn akbk ub cbpkrtnetm

kfomtk jm mstujk cetmrjcsacpicenr, nk pnssk qum mstm `rupk sm bkstrn anjn vmz bncs

jclmrmetm jns netc`ns ekms skacncs akbubmetm ntrcfujns vmidcam. Qur`m ub

bkbmetk mb qum n bjcn, k bmranjk, ns pkitcans pficans, ns pmsskns, ns mbprmsns m

ks scstmbns prmacsnb sm njnptnr rnpcjnbmetm. Mstm ekvk amerck oustnbmetm k qum sm

fusan nfkrjnr emstn pmsqucsn.

K cjksk sm lnz prmsmetm ek s ek smetcjk jm smr pmramfcjk qunetctntcvnbmetm,

mb sm trntnejk jm jnjks jmbk`rlcaks, bns sur`m akbk cbpkrtnetm kfomtk jm pmsqucsn

nanjbcak (@KENI\MQ, 6886). K mevmidmacbmetk pkpuinackeni frnscimcrk ubn

rmnicjnjm anjn vmz bncs prmsmetm, bns k bmranjk puficactrck pnrmam ncejn ek

nakbpnednr mstm jmstnanjk rctbk jm armsacbmetk pkpuinackeni, cetmimatuni m auiturni

jks cjksks jn aketmbpkrnemcjnjm (QCM\MVZ m ZNQM, 6880).

K tmbn jk cjksk pnutn akrrmetm mb jcsaussms jn skacmjnjm o d buctk

tmbpk, pkcs mstms cejcvjuks (jm 8), kaupnb ub mspnk

sc`ecantcvk en skacmjnjm frnscimcrn7 lntk mstm pmramfcjk ek pmrkjk jm >333 n 6883,

qunejk n qunetcjnjm jm cjksks ek akeouetk jn pkpuink pnssku jm 3,>% pnrn >>,1%.

M, nib jcssk, n prkomk jk CF@M (68>8) jm qum, ek nek jm 68=8, k ebmrk jm

cjksks frnscimcrks adm`um n 18% jn pkpuink jk pns.

Akelkrbm n prmvcsk jn Kr`necznk Buejcni jm Qnjm (KBQ), mb 686=, k

Frnsci smr k 6). M, k ebmrk jm frnscimcrks akb bncs jm


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>:

pkpuink (FFA, 68>1).

Qmùejk Fmeembnee mt ni (68>6), ns prkomms cejcanb armsacbmetk jn

pkpuink jm cjksks ek Frnsci mb tkrek jm 1,6% nk nek, akbpnrnjk n 8,1% pnrn npkpuink tktni. M, o n evmi ìkfni, snfcjk qum, ek nek jm 68>>, qunejk n

pkpuink buejcni nianeku n bnran jm 0 fcidms jm dnfctnetms, 333), ek

npmens nvnicnr k armsacbmetk jn pnramin jm pmsskns cjksns en pkpuink, bns

nenicsnr akbk n pmrampk jmstm lmebmek sm j m jm qum bkjk mssm prkamssk jmvcscfcicjnjm lkc akestrujk. Nsscb, nk rmlimtcr skfrm n vmidcam, akesknetm akb n nutkrn,

cbpkrtnetm sm jmfrunr skfrm k nssuetk ek npmens pmik anrtmr arkeki`cak mxcstmetm,

bns akbk ub akeouetk jm cetmrlnams, pkr anusn jn akbpimxcjnjm jk nssuetk, o qum n

tmramcrn cjnjm ub pficak bmrmamjkr jm mstujks bnckrms m bncs nprkluejnjks, qum

mevkivnb tnbfb pmsqucsns qunictntcvns (\CNEEN, FNADN m QNEZKQ,6880, p. >1).

N pmsqucsn qunictntcvn, emstm smetcjk, lkc rmnicznjn emstm mstujk oustnbmetm pnrn

rmlimtcr k amerck jk cjksk bnrce`nmesm pkr bmck jm ub akrpusakbpkstk pkr cejcvjuks

pnrtcacpnetms jk prkomtk "ûnicjnjm jm vcjn en Zmramcrn Cjnjm", jk aursk jm Mjuank

Lscan jk Ametrk ]ecvmrsctrck Amsubnr - ]ecAmsubnr. K qum sm prkfimbntczku pnrn

mstm mstujk? jm qum bkjk ns rminms akb n akbuecank, tmaekik`cn m akesubk

pkjmb aketrcfucr pnrn k msainrmacbmetk jm akbk kidnr pnrn cjksk ntuni akbk

akesubcjkr; Ks btkjks m prkamjcbmetks jn nfkrjn`mb jm anbpk smrk, ncejn,

jmsarctks jmtnidnjnbmetm ek jmakrrmr jmstm tmxtk.

Nk kfsmrvnr akbk k `rupk jm acjnjks jn tmramcrn cjnjm sm bkstrnb akbk ub

sm`bmetk mb nsamesk ek bmranjk m en skacmjnjm, qunejk mstms sk ektnjks akbk

cbpkrtnetm kfomtk jm mstujk, nfrmb-sm anbcedks pnrn neicsms eks bncs jcvmrsks

bfctks jk akedmacbmetk. M, pnrn n puficacjnjm, mspmaclcanbmetm, jm subn

cbpkrteacn nvnicnr k qum mxpicactn @kenivms (6886)? d ubn ekvn cbn`mb jk cjksk,


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>=

qum ntcvk m cevmstcjkr, mb kpksck nk skictrck m pkfrm. Oustnbmetm k qum tnbfb

npketn Icfeck (6883), qunejk mxpican qum mxcstm ub ekvk pnrnjc`bn jm cjksk, qum sm

akescjmrn prcvcim`cnjk pkr smr ike`mvk, cejmpmejmetm, ntcvk m snujvmi, jclmrmeacnejk-

sm jns cbn`mes jm cjksk jk pnssnjk.

Icfeck (6883) akkrjmeku n pmsqucsn Ike`mvcjnjm Frnsci, qum jmsakestrc n

cbn`mb aisscan jk vmidk frnscimcrk, jmsbcstclcanejk n ekk jm cjksk centcvk, qum lcan

mb ansn, vmstcejk pconbn m vmejk tmimvcsk. K pmsqucsnjkr nlcrbn qum k frnscimcrk akb

bncs jm 46) npketn qum ubn ekvn cbn`mb jm vmidcam fmb

suamjcjn akestrujn, tmejk akbk eakrns ks `mrketik`ks, ns pmsskns jm bncs cjnjm

m n bjcn.

Xrklcssckencs jn `mrketkik`cn, mbpmednjks eub trnfnidk akb n tmramcrn cjnjm,

fusanb rmjmlcecr ks mst`cks bncs nvnenjks jn vcjn akbk bkbmetks prkpacks pnrn

ekvns akequcstns, `ucnjns pmin fusan jk prnzmr m jn sntcslnk pmsskni (JMFMVZ,

6881, p. >=:). Mssn cjmcn, ncejn, akbpnrtcidnjn pkr Qcmvmrt m Znsm (6880, p. 8:),

qunejk jmektnb qum pmsqucsns rmametms vb bkstrnejk qum n vcjn en vmidcam ek

bncs vcstn akbk ubn mtnpn jm jmsanesk m rminxnbmetk m scb ubn mtnpn jm rmcevmek

m kpkrtuecjnjms. Mssn mtnpn jm jmsakfrcbmetk m cekvnk akelmrm nk cjksk n fusan

pmik akesubk qum sntcslnn smus jmsmoks, ceametcvnejk-k n pmrbnemamr ek bmranjk jmtrnfnidk m, tnbfb, n smr ub mtmrek mstujnetm, akelkrbm smr nfkrjnjk bncs njcnetm.

Jmfmrt (6881) mxpm qum ns mxpmrceacns m snfmrms naubuinjks sk vnetn`mes

qum klmrmamb nk cjksk kpkrtuecjnjms jm fusanr ekvns cjmetcjnjms jm bnemcrn arcntcvn.

Ks tmbpks bujnrnb m ks cjksks tnbfb. N`krn vcnonb, pnrtcacpnb ntcvnbmetm jm sun


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>% jks qum tb bncs jm =< neks o envm`nb mb fnejn inr`n). Mssn

tmejeacn jk usk jn Cetmremtpmiks bncs vmidks pnrmam smr nfrne`metm, pkcs mb pnsms

akbk ks Mstnjks ]ecjks, 38% jks cjksks namssnb rm`uinrbmetm n Cetmremt(\CNEEN,

FNADK m QNEZKQ, 6880).

Mstm lntk mxpicactn, bncs ubn vmz, n emamsscjnjm jm bujnen jn vcsk qum sm

tmb jk pficak jn tmramcrn cjnjm, pkcs n puficacjnjm ncejn v ubn cbn`mb netc`n jk

cjksk, qunejk n tmaekik`cn mrn prcvci`ck jm pkuaks, m ks cjksks ek sm cbpkrtnvnb

akb n npnreacn, akb n snjm m smu prprck fmb-mstnr m prnzmr. K bmranjk puficactrck

mst jmsntmetk akb rmink nk pmrlci jn ekvn `mrnk jm cjksks (QCM\MVZ m ZNQM,

6880, p. >1).

Qm`uejk Icfeck (6883), nk jmsakestrucr mssm mstmrmtcpk jk cjksk ntrnsnjk,

pnrn icjnr akb k sm`bmetk seckr, `mrnms m mbprmsns jmvmb njktnr ub ekvk bkjmik

bmetni, mb qum sm metmejn mssn lnsm jn vcjn n pnrtcr jn pmrspmatcvn jks qum n

vcvmeacnb. M ks prprcks cjksks, akelkrbm mxpican k nutkr, nk fusanrmb lkrbns jm


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>0

mstnr ntcvks m snujvmcs, mstk sm jcstneacnejk jn cbn`mb jcstkracjn m prmakeamctuksn

mb rmink n mims bmsbks. Jks amran jm >.688 cjksks pnrtcacpnetms jn pmsqucsn jm

Icfeck (6883), 48% nlcrbnrnb mstnrmb lmiczms akb n cjnjm m qunicjnjm jm vcjn.

K mevmidmacbmetk jn pkpuink trnr ub ekvk jmsnlck pnrn ks puficactrcks.

Nlceni, sm k bmranjk sm nitmrn, akesmqumetmbmetm k pmrlci jks akesubcjkrms tnbfb sm

bkjclcan (QCM\MVZ m ZNQM, 6880, p. 1). Qur`mb pmrspmatcvns jm ekvks smrvcks m

prkjutks, qum nib jm smrmb arcnjks, prmacsnrk smr neueacnjks njmqunjnbmetm,

akesknetm akb ns nutkrns.

M oustnbmetm jmssn akestntnk qum sur`m n qumstk amrem jmstn pmsqucsn,qum nvnicnr jm qum bkjk ns rminms akb n akbuecank, tmaekik`cn m akesubk

pkjmb aketrcfucr pnrn k msainrmacbmetk jm akbk kidnr pnrn cjksk ntuni. K qum sm

fusan, nib jcssk, akbprmmejmr akbk sm j n akestruk jn sufomtcvcjnjm, jn nutk-

cbn`mb m jn snjm jk akesubcjkr cjksk ntuni, mb sun rmink akb n skacmjnjm akbk

ub tkjk, nenicsnejk-k o jmsvmeacidnjk jn cbn`mb jcstkracjn jm cejcvjuk centcvk m

ntrnsnjk, qum nt nquc o lkc jmsbcstclcanjn pkr Icfeck (6883)7 Qcmvmrt m Znsm (6880)7

\cneen, Fnadk m Qnetks (6880)7 @kenivms (6886) m Jmfmrt (>333, 6886 m 6881), metrm

kutrks nutkrms.

>.> N XMQ^]CQN

K cetmrmssm en pmsqucsn skfrm tni tmbtcan sur`m ek npmens jn akestntnk

jmbk`rlcan jk armsacbmetk pkpuinackeni jm cjksks m jn cbpkrteacn jmstm lmebmek,

bns tnbfb, prceacpnibmetm, jn vketnjm jm akbprmmejmr akbk jcrmackenr n ntmek

pnrn k cjksk ek amerck ntuni, n pnrtcr jn neicsm jns aketrcfucms jn akbuecank,mjuank, tmaekik`cn m akesubk, lntkrms jcrmtnbmetm ntrminjks puficacjnjm m

prkpn`nejn, mb bfctk nanjbcak m jm bmranjk.

Jmstn bnemcrn, mstm mstujk pkjm aketrcfucr jm bkjk rmimvnetm, mspmaclcanbmetm,

pnrn n rmn jk akedmacbmetk jn puficacjnjm m prkpn`nejn, nk pnssk qum akequcstnr


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>4

mssm ecadk pkjm rmprmsmetnr ubn `rnejm snanjn bmranjki`can? sntcslnzmr ns

emamsscjnjms jk akesubcjkr jn ekvn `mrnk jm cjksks m lnzmr k bmranjk puficactrck

armsamr, ncejn bncs (QCM\MVZ m ZNQM, 6880, p. >1).

Qk emamssrcns pmsqucsns akb ks cjksks W...R pnrn qum ks prklcssckencs qumtrnfnidmb akb k tmbn akedmnb jm lkrbn bncs nbpin k prkamssk jmmevmidmacbmetk, kpkrtuecznejk, akb cssk, bnckr scetkecn metrm ks prk`rnbns,prkomtks m pkitcans jm cetmrvmems skacncs pnrn ks cjksks (FMEEMBNEE mt ni,68>6, p. 10).

Jmstn bnemcrn, nib jn fusan pkr celkrbnms mb icvrks, sctms, rmvcstns,

pmrcjcaks acmetlcaks (mimtrecaks m cbprmssks), ektacns, rmpkrtn`mes, jkaubmetrcks,

prk`rnbns jm tmimvcsk, aursks keicem, pnimstrns m kutrks bmcks, lkc rmnicznjn ubn

pmsqucsn jm anbpk jk tcpk jmsarctcvn, npketnjn pkr Bnrtces Oueckr (6883, p. 41), akbk

nqumin mb qum sm vcsn jmsakfrcr m kfsmrvnr lmebmeks mxcstmetms, sctunms

prmsmetms m mvmetks, prkaurnejk jmsarmv-iks, ainssclca-iks, akbpnr-iks, cetmrprmt-

iks m nvnic-iks, akb k kfomtcvk jm nainrnr sctunms".

N pkpuink jn pmsqucsn, pnrn mstm lcb, lkc akbpkstn pkr cejcvjuks

bnrce`nmesms pnrtcacpnetms jk prkomtk jm mxtmesk "^unicjnjm jm vcjn en tmramcrn

cjnjm jk aursk jm Mjuank Lscan, jk Ametrk ]ecvmrsctrck Amsubnr]ecAmsubnr. Ntaecan nbkstrni lkc ek prkfnfcistcan, ubn vmz qum ks mimbmetks jn nbkstrn lkrnb

smimackenjks akelkrbm n akevmeceacn jks pmsqucsnjkrms (QNBNVN m FNVVKQ,

688>). K `rupk lkak jn pmsqucsn lkc lkrbnjk pkr >0 suomctks qum pujmrnb mstnr

prmsmetms jurnetm ks meaketrks akb ks pmsqucsnjkrms, pnrtm jk uecvmrsk jm =8 cjksks

bntrcauinjks ek prk`rnbn.

Ks cestrubmetks jm akimtn jm jnjks, pnrn mstm mstujk, lkrnb jkcs qumstckercksakbpkstks pkr qumstms nfmrtns, lmadnjns, smbc-nfmrtns m, ncejn, kutrns ens quncs sm

pkjcn nssceninr bncs jm ubn kpk jm rmspkstn. Mssms qumstckercks lczmrnb pnrtm jm

ub prkamssk jm pmsqucsns jm cecacnk acmetlcan rmnicznjns mb 68>6 m 68>1, cetctuinjns

N tmramcrn cjnjm akbk sm`bmetk mb nsamesk ek bmranjk puficactrck m Bjcns

skacncs jc`ctncs m n tmramcrn cjnjm? mb fusan jm ubn lmrrnbmetn pnrn n prkbkk jn


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>3

snjm, n prcbmcrn, rmnicznjn pmik Xrk`rnbn jm Cecacnk Acmetlcan jk Amsubnr (XCAA),

skf krcmetnk jn Xrkln. Bm. Ainujcn Arcstcen Fntcstmin Lrneacsak m ak-krcmetnk jn

Xrkln. Jrn. Nen Xnuin Bnadnjk \midk m, n sm`uejn, rmnicznjn pmik Xrk`rnbn

Cestctuackeni jm Fkisns jm Cecacnk Acmetlcan (XCFCA), lkbmetnjk pmik AkesmidkEnackeni jm Jmsmevkivcbmetk Acmetlcak m Zmaeki`cak (AEXq), skf krcmetnk jn

Xrkln. Jrn. Nen Xnuin Bnadnjk \midk m ak-krcmetnk jn Xrkln. Bm. Ainujcn Arcstcen

Fntcstmin Lrneacsak.

N akimtn jm jnjks, nprkvnjn pmik AMX - Akbct jm tcan mb Xmsqucsn, jn

]ecAmsubnr (pnrmamrms ebmrk 1::.8>1 m ebmrk 33.406. Nps tmrmb scjk akimtnjns ns nsscenturns jk Zmrbk jmAkesmetcbmetk Icvrm m Msainrmacjk (ZAIM), k prmmeadcbmetk jmstms qumstckercks

aketku akb ubn mqucpm buitcjcsacpicenr.

N akkrjmenjkrn jk `rupk "^unicjnjm jm vcjn en Zmramcrn Cjnjm", Zmrmzcedn

@kbms Lnrcn, nuxcicku en akimtn jks jnjks, nsscb akbk ks nanjbcaks Nicsske Vkfmrtk

Xcrkin (jk aursk jm Qcstmbns pnrn Cetmremt - ]ecAmsubnr), Fruek Amsnr Qkuzn jn Qcivn

(jk aursk jm Xuficacjnjm m Xrkpn`nejn - ]ecAmsubnr) m n krcmetnjkrn Nen Xnuin

Bnadnjk \midk (jk bmstrnjk mb Xrkbkk jn Qnjm jk ]ecAmsubnr). Xnrn tnfuinr m

nuxcicnr en neicsm jks jnjks, lkrnb utcicznjks aiauiks scbpims jm pkrametn`mb m,

tnbfb, k skltwnrm Im Qpdcex vmrsk Imxcan pnrn k aruznbmetk jm celkrbnms. N

neicsm jmstms jnjks tmvm ubn nfkrjn`mb prceacpnibmetm jm auedk qunictntcvk.

buctk cbpkrtnetm snicmetnr qum, bmsbk qum n bnckrcn jks pnrtcacpnetms jmstm

mstujk (=4,4%) tcvmssmb cjnjm supmrckr n ), pkssucejk, ncejn, ub `rupk jm pmsskns akb

jclmrmetms anrnatmrcznms skackmakebcans, jmsarctns nfncxk.


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68

Znfmin >.Jnjks skackmakebcaks jks cjksks pnrtcacpnetmsakrpusjn pmsqucsn.Lketm?QG]VN7 \MIDK, 68>1.

N bnckr pnrtm jks cjksks pkssuc cjnjm supmrckr n .688,88 n V$6.:88,88 m mescek

bjck akbpimtk (:>,>4%). Qkfrm n prklcssk qum mxmramb ku mxmracnb, ks cjksks jk

`rupk ^unicjnjm jm vcjnen Zmramcrn Cjnjm trnfnidnb ku trnfnidnrnb akbk? jken jm

ansn - 66,66%7 aksturmcrn - 66,66%7 prklmsskr(n) - 66,66%7 fnearck(n) - >>,>>%7

vmejmjkr(n) - >>,>>% ku en invkurn - >>,>6%.

cbpkrtnetm rmssnitnr, skfrm ks jnjks akimtnjks m ns celkrbnms qum

akbpmb mstm mstujk, qum mstm `rupk mssmeacnibmetm ntcvk, prceacpnibmetm pmik

aketmxtk ek quni mst cesmrcjk. Qk cejcvjuks me`nonjks mb prtcans skacncs jm

cetmrnk m qum fusanb qunicjnjm jm vcjn, akb n anrnatmrstcan jm ekvks cjksksjm

Bnrce`7 rmprmsmetnb oustnbmetm ks cejcvjuks qum sm fusanvn pnrn akbpkr k lkak jmmstujk jmstm trnfnidk.

Ns prceacpncs tmetntcvns jm msainrmacbmetk jmstn pmsqucsn, pkrtnetk, ns quncs

smrk jmsmevkivcjns ek jmakrrmr jks anptuiks, jm bkjk `mrni, lkrnb? akedmamr k

akbpkrtnbmetk jm akesubk jk cjksk7 nvnicnr n rmink cjksk-tmaekik`cn n pnrtcr jn

Cjnjm mb neks akbpimtks Mstnjk acvci Vmejcbmetk bmesni lnbcicnr @rnu jm msakinrcjnjm

.688,88 n V$

6.:88,88

:>,>4% Mescek bjck akbpimtk :>,>4%

Jm =< n =4 >0,>,00% Bmeks jm V$% Mescek luejnbmetniceakbpimtk

61,=1%

Jm =4 n >,48%

=,38%

Qmpnrnjk(n)/Jcvkracnjk(n)

Qkitmcrk(n)

=,44%

8,88%

Jm V$.688,88

Nacbn jm V$=.888,88

>0,0,


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6>

neicsm jn cesmrk m ntunk jmstm pficak ek nbfcmetm jc`ctni7 ektnr tmejeacns ek

bfctk jn akbuecank n pnrtcr jn akbprmmesk jm akbk n bjcn m k bnrgmtceìcjnb

akb mssm akesubcjkr7 metmejmr qum tcpk jm celkrbnk k akesubcjkr cjksk prkaurn m

quni n pmrampk qum mim tmb skfrm ks bmcks jm akbuecank m n puficacjnjm7pmramfmr quncs sk ks dfctks jk cjksk m k qum scèclcan snjm pnrn mim. Mssns

qumstms smrk bncs fmb jmtnidnjns mb smus jmvcjks aketmxtks n smùcr.

>.6 EKBMEAINZ]VNQ M AKEAMCZKQ

Ns pninvrns utcicznjns pkssumb lkrtm anr`n smbetcan m cbpkrtnetm, jmstm

bkjk, msainrmamr ks scèclcanjks m krc`mes jns ekbmeainturns nfkrjnejk, ncejn,mxpicanms jks akeamctks prceacpncs qum sk trnzcjks ek jmakrrmr jmstm trnfnidk.

Jmstn bnemcrn, anfm jcsautcr prcbmcrnbmetm qunetks neks tmb k cjksk. K Xinek

jm Nk Cetmrenackeni skfrm Mevmidmacbmetk jns Enms ]ecjns (>346), mstcpuiku , p. >0) jcstceùm n tmramcrn cjnjm

mb trs suflncxns? okvmes cjksks ().

Bns, netms jm tujk, d qum sm jcsautcr k qum tkren ub smr dubnek ub cjksk. N

cjnjm, n neacnecjnjm m n vmidcam sk jcstcetns. Qnetcsk (>341) mxpican qum "n vmidcam


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66

cbpmsskni. Ns akcsns, ks kfomtks cenecbnjks tnbfb pkjmb 'mevmidmamr'" (p. 10). Cstk

, n vmidcam pkjm smr anrnatmrstcan jm qunsm tujk, pkjm smr ntrcfujn tnbfb n

kfomtks, ek npmens pmsskns. Jclmrmetm jn vmidcam, n cjnjm rmintcvn nk tmbpk, ubn

uecjnjm jm bmjcjn jk pnssnr jks neks.

M "n 'neacnecjnjm', nk cevs jcssk, ubn anrnatmrstcan mspmalcan jn pmsskn"

(QNEZCQK, >341, p.14). N neacnecjnjm jmektn rmspmctk m snfmjkrcn. Cstk , nk ekbmnr k

cjksk akbk neack, d ubn vnikrcznk jm smu pnpmi m cbpkrteacn skacni, cstk ,

qunejk sm lnin jm pmsskns neacs j-sm n mssn lrnsm ubn akektnk, usunibmetm, jm

rmspmctk m akescjmrnk (p.14).

Neack, smùejk Vcks (6881, p. 30) ub "dkbmb vmidk m, mb `mrni, rmspmctvmi".

Cjksk nqumim "qum tmb buctn cjnjm", njktnjk usunibmetm akbk netecbk jm okvmb

(VCKQ, 6881, p. 1>3), m vmidk, nqumim "qum ek ekvk, qum mxcstm d buctk tmbpk" (p.

:>).

Ncejn d ekbmeainturns cekvnjkrns, prceacpnibmetm, mb bfctks rminackenjks

bkjn, akbk n`mimss m acequmetmme, akelkrbm rmintn n pmsqucsnjkrn jk tmbn jn

rmprmsmetnk jk cjksk en bjcn jn X]A-Anbpcens, Micnem Vc`dc jm Nejrnjm (mb

metrmvcstn nk prk`rnbn Xketk jm Meaketrk, mb >< n`k. 68>6). Emssm bmck, pmramfm-

sm qum d amrtk bmjk jm sm jczmr cjksk, akbk sm mssm ekbm lkssm buctk pmsnjk m

dkuvmssm n emamsscjnjm jm ubn lkrbn jm cetmrvmek bcjctcan pnrn sunvcznr

ekbmeainturns, bmsbk qum mstn pkssn jcvmr`cr jn rmnicjnjm jn pmsskn cjksn, smùejk

akbmetn Micnem.

Zmejk msainrmacjk mssms tmrbks, qum rmlimtmb jcrmtnbmetm skfrm k metmejcbmetkjn ekbmeainturn jnjn nk mevmidmacbmetk dubnek, d qum sm akbprmmejmr, tnbfb,

skfrm n krc`mb jns prceacpncs pninvrns utcicznjns pnrn jmekbcenr mstm `rupk qum k

amrem jmstm trnfnidk, nsscb akbk sm jmvm rmlimtcr ns cbpicanms qum k usk jm anjn

ekbmeainturn pkjm trnzmr m scèclcanr skacnibmetm.


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61

Lkrbns jm trntnbmetk npnrmetmbmetm anrcedksns m akikqucncs akbk "vmidcedk","vkvkzcedn" m "tcn", pkjmb bnsanrnr prmakeamctk, nsscb akbk ks tmrbks "cjnjmim`ni", "bnckr cjnjm", "bmidkr cjnjm" ku "`ntk jm bmcn-cjnjm", prceacpnibmetmmetrm cjksks jm fncxk evmi jm msakinrcjnjm. Mulmbcsbks akbk "tmramcrn cjnjm","bmidkr cjnjm", "bnckr cjnjm" m "cjnjm im`ni" sk suftmrl`cks smbetcaks,

tmrbks npnrmetmbmetm fmb sknetms qum ek luejk smrvmb pnrn bnsanrnr nrmomck jn vmidcam. Qm ek, quni smrcn k smetcjk jm jmekbce-in jm kutrnlkrbn; (EMVC, 6880, p. :>).

Xnrn Gnadnr (6881) k tmrbk vmidk mstnvn vceauinjk anbnjn skackmakebcan

jk cejcvjuk, tnetk qum ks vmidks qum pkssunb ub amrtk stntus skacni mrnb

jmekbcenjks jm cjksks (p. 6=). N pninvrn vmidk, sm`uejk n mstujcksn, lcaku

nsskacnjn ekk jm cbprkjutcvcjnjm, jm pkfrmzn m centcvcjnjm, pkcs npmens ns

pmsskns jm bncs cjnjm m smb fmes ku akejcms makebcans pnrn sm sustmetnr mrnb

nsskacnjks nk tmrbk "vmidcam".

O n jmekbcenk "cjksk" pnssku n mxcstcr m, nsscb, n anrnatmrcznr ub suomctk

vnikrcznjk, eub amerck mb qum sm fusanvn rmspmctnr n tkjks smb mxaiucr cejcvjuks nk

usnr k tmrbk pmokrntcvk "vmidk" (GNADNV, 6881). Mstn pninvrn ("cjksk") tkbku lkrn,

bmidkrnejk k prmst`ck jks npksmetnjks, prceacpnibmetm pkrqum, mb >3334 npujGNADNV, 6881, p. 6=).

Emstm aketmxtk jns ekvns pkitcans skacncs, n cjnjm m k tmbpk jm trnfnidk sk

lntkrms jmtmrbcenetms pnrn n npksmetnjkrcn, bns k cjksk en akejck jm npksmetnjk,

buctns vmzms, snc jk bmranjk ncejn prkjutcvk. Nsscb, "ub ekvk tmrbk sur`m pnrn

jmsc`enr n rmprmsmetnk jks rmab-npksmetnjks, qum sm bkstrnb ncejn ntcvks m

cejmpmejmetms - tmramcrn cjnjm" (XMCTKZK, >334 npujGNADNV, 6881, p. 6


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6:

vmidks", mstms o pmrtmeamb "qunrtn cjnjm", sk ns pmsskns akb bncs jm 0= neks

(GNADNV, 6881). K lntkr fcki`cak, ek metnetk, ek k ecak bkjk jm anrnatmrcznr k

mevmidmacbmetk.

Nics, ncejn namran jns krc`mes jns pninvrns usnjns pnrn jmsc`enr ns pmsskns

akb bncs jm ).

Ek metnetk, sm`uejk @nracn (688>) n mxprmssk tmramcrn cjnjm pkjm tmr tcjk

krc`mb en Lrnen, eks neks >308, akb n cbpinetnk jns ]ecvmrscts jm Zrkcsbm

`m (]ecvmrscjnjm jn Zmramcrn cjnjm), ns quncs mstk smejk cbpinetnjns ek buejk

tkjk eks jcns ntuncs - m qum smrk jcsautcjns njcnetm.

Kutrk tmrbk tnbfb buctk utcicznjk "bmidkr cjnjm". Jcns (6881) jmektn qummssn ekbmeainturn tmb sm pkpuinrcznjk ek Frnsci m n krc`mb jk tmrbk "bmidkr cjnjm"

vmb jn ekk jm qum ns pmsskns cjksns ek tmrcnb bncs ns prmkaupnms jn vcjn

njuitn m pkjmrcnb, jmstm bkjk, nprkvmctnr n vcjn.

Ek sm snfm nk amrtk quni n krc`mb jk tmrbk, bns ubn jns pksscfcicjnjms

rmintnjns pkr Jcns (6881) qum mstm tmedn sur`cjk eub prk`rnbn skacni ek Vck jm

Onemcrk, adnbnjk Xrk`rnbn jn Bmidkr Cjnjm, arcnjk mb >330 akb k cetuctk jmjmsmevkivmr ntcvcjnjms lscans m auiturncs akb ks bkrnjkrms cjksks jk buecapck.

@mrnibmetm ek sm rmakbmejn utcicznr k tmrbk "bmidkr cjnjm", ubn vmz qum mstm

ek jmbkestrn n prceacpni prmkaupnk skacni qum sur`m akb k nubmetk jn pkpuink

jm pmsskns cjksns, qum k lntk jm ks cjksks prmacsnrmb jm aucjnjks m smrmb


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6=

vnikrcznjks pkr smus akedmacbmetks pkr pmsskns ek-cjksns (JCNQ, 6881). Nsscb,

bmsbk qum mstn jmekbcenk smon fkn pnrn n nutk-cbn`mb m mstcbn jks acjnjks

smeckrms, nk pnssk qum ks akevmeam jm qum mims mstk ek bmidkr jm suns vcjns,

ceametcvnejk qum mstms nprkvmctmb fmb ks neks qum vcrk nps ks ).

Emstm mstujk, pkrtnetk, ks tmrbks "cjksk" m "tmramcrn cjnjm" sk usnjks

nbpinbmetm pnrn jmektnr mstm `rupk pkrqum, pkr smrmb bncs fmb namctks m utcicznjks

nanjmbcanbmetm, m jmvcjk s sc`eclcanms cemrmetms n mims jmsjm sun arcnk akbk

lkrbn jm anrnatmrcznr mstns pmsskns. Znbfb trnzmb mb smu amrem k sc`eclcanjk jm

rmspmctk m jm okvcnicjnjm, qum rmprmsmetnb n cbn`mb skacni jn ekvn vmidcam, prceacpni

lkak jmstm trnfnidk.

Aketujk, bncs cbpkrtnetm jk qum pninvrns mbprm`njns pnrn n jmekbcenk

jmstms suomctks, n emamssrcn bkjclcank jn vcsk pksscvmibmetm prmakeamctuksn qum

(ek s en puficacjnjm, bns en skacmjnjm jm bkjk `mrni) pkssn mxcstcr mb rmink n

mims, ubn vmz qum buctns jns fnsms jmstn ekk tb scjk jmsbcstclcanjns mb jcvmrsks

mstujks skfrm k tmbn.


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6338) mxmbpiclcan qum ns ekms jm vmidcam vb bujnejk buctk akb

k tmbpk, n bmjcacen bkjmren o akescjmrn k mevmidmacbmetk jk bmsbk bkjk qum kensacbmetk, k armsacbmetk, n rmprkjuk, n bkrtm7 ek sm prmkaupnejk mb fusanr pkr

anusns pnrn rmbmjcnr k qum enturni nk prkamssk jn vcjn. M ns akeampms skfrm

mexmr`nr n vmidcam akbk jkmen tnbfb sk jmsbctclcanjns, o sm akbprmmejm qum n

jkmen ub nacjmetm, mequnetk mevmidmamr lnz pnrtm jn imc jn vcjn.

Bns, mbfkrn n vmidcam smon namctn akbk ek smejk bncs ub lnrjk pmin aceacn,

ek bfctk skacni, ncejn mxcstm n ekk jm qum cjksk smbprm k kutrk. Zrntn-sm jnnutk-jcsarcbcenk, cetmrenicznjn pmin jmsvnikrcznk jn pmsskn cjksn pmin lnbicn m

pmin skacmjnjm.

Ainrk qum d k akeamctk jm qum, akb bncs tmbpk m mxpmrceacn, n vmidcam

tmbpk jm prcvci`cks, k qum j krc`mb cjmcn jm qum s cjksk qumb pmesn qum . En

pmsqucsn lmctn pkr Icfeck (6883), lkc jmtmatnjk qum 1 mb anjn : cjksks akescjmrnb n

vmidcam akbk tmbpk jm icfmrjnjm, pkcs ek sm tmb dkrrcks jmtmrbcenjks pnrn rmnicznr

ns ntcvcjnjms m 40% jks pnrtcacpnetms rmintnrnb qum smr cjksk pkjmr lnzmr ns akcsns

qum smbprm qucs.

K prkamssk jm mevmidmacbmetk, jmssn bnemcrn, ek bncs vcstk akbk ub bkjk

jm jmfcicjnjm m trcstmzn, bns akbk lkrbn jm armsacbmetk, jm mvkiuk dubnen. N

vmidcam, mb sc bmsbn, ubn bkrni qum akescstm mb akikanr krjmb ek nabuik jm

mxpmrceacns. Min ntrcfuc ub vnikr n anjn mpcsjck jn vcjn, meaketrn smetcjk enqucik qum

pnrmam smr cesmesntk (AKBFN_, >338, p.>6).

K bkjk akbk metmejm-sm m meanrn-sm k mevmidmacbmetk jcz buctk n rmspmctk jk

vnikr qum sm j n mssn lnsm jn vcjn m skfrm n prmkaupnk qum sm tmb akb ks

aucjnjks n smrmb tkbnjks nk pnssnr jks 3>1 npuj FMVBNE, >343, p.>13)? tkjks lcanb bncs vmidks n anjn


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bceutk, dkrn, jcn, bs m nek. prkpkrk qum lcanbks bncs vmidks, buctns akcsns

bujnb m ubn jns bncs cbpkrtnetms ekssn ntctujm pnrn akb k mevmidmacbmetk.

Ek sm jmvm em`nr k prkamssk enturni jk mevmidmacbmetk. Namctnr k uecvmrsktnbfb sc`eclcan tmr n akrn`mb m k fkb smesk jm namctnr n mstruturn jk tmbpk

dubnek, mescen @ncrjemr Bkbmet (>38= npujFMVBNE, >343, p. 6>4). Akb k pnssnr

jks neks, lnin-sm fnstnetm skfrm n snfmjkrcn, buctk nfkrjnjn metrm ks nutkrms.

Fmnuvkcr (>338) nlcrbn qum nsscb akbk kakrrm mb kutrns mspacms, ens skacmjnjms

dubnens, n mxpmrceacn m ks akedmacbmetks naubuinjks pkjmb rmprmsmetnr ub truelk

pnrn k cjksk. Akremi Ime`ymi tnbfb nfkrjn mssn qumstk?

W...R vcvmr pkr bncs tmbpk ek tkren k dkbmb, emamssnrcnbmetm, bncs sfck embbncs lmicz. J-idm bncs tmbpk pnrn nsscbcinr sun mxpmrceacn. Akb ubnprmejcznjk bncs prkike`njk, k acjnjk cjksk jmvm tmr njqucrcjk bncscelkrbnms akrrmtns m bmeks celkrbnms lnisns m, nsscb, lkrbku vcsms bncsmxntns jm sc bmsbk m jk buejk mb qum vcvm (IME@SMI,>3>= npujFMVBNE,>343, p.>8:).

N tmramcrn cjnjm, vcvcjn m ntce`cjn akbk ubn pimectujm, prmsmetmcn k smr dubnek

akb k mqucifrck, n trnequcicjnjm, n snfmjkrcn, n dubnecjnjm m n akbprmmesk, mescen

Qnetcsk (>341).

K pmrlci jm cjksk bujku buctk eks itcbks tmbpks. Gnadnr (6881) mxpican qum

mbfkrn k `rupk jm cjksks smbprm tmedn scjk dmtmrk`emk, netc`nbmetm mstm vcvcn

rmakidcjk mb smus npksmetks aucjnejk jks emtks, jm bkjk qum sm em`nvn pmsskn

cjksn ub mspnk ek tmbpk prmsmetm.

Mstn mxaiusk skacni jk cjksk ncejn kakrrm eks jcns ntuncs, akescjmrnjk jks m

pnrn ks okvmes. Bns cssk vmb bujnejk?

W...R jmspketn ub ekvk tmbpk, pkcs ks cjksks tb ubn vctnicjnjm `rnejm pnrnvcvmr prkomtks luturks, aketrcfucr en prkjuk, pnrtcacpnr jk akesubk m cetmrvcrens bujnens skacncs m pkitcans. Anfm nks mjuanjkrms n rmspkesnfcicjnjm jmpmsqucsnr m arcnr mspnks jm mescek-nprmejczn`mb qum cescrnb ks cjksks enjcebcan pnrtcacpntcvn jn skacmjnjm m ntmejnb nk jmsmok jk smr dubnek jmnprmejmr aketceunbmetm m prkomtnr-sm ek vcr n smr (GNADNV, 6881, p. >3).


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Mstn ntctujm ciustrnjn pkr Iyead (>333), qum mxpican qum qunejk adm`nb nks

.088 uecvmrscjnjms jn tmramcrn cjnjm, akelkrbm jnjks jn Ncutn(Nsskacnk Cetmrenackeni jns ]ecvmrscjnjms jn Zmramcrn Cjnjm, smjcnjn mb Xnrcs).

Mssn lkrbn jm icjnr akb n vmidcam n mexmr`nejk jm bkjk pksctcvk m

akbprmmejmejk ks pmraniks m fmemlacks trnzcjks pkr mstn lnsm euean lkc tk

emamssrcn, pkcs eks pnsms jmsmevkivcjks, mb frmvm, smùejk n kfrn jm Fiutimr (>333),

vcvmr nt ks >68 neks ek smr bncs ni`k akescjmrnjk akbk ub prkj`ck. K

armsacbmetk jk ebmrk jm acjnjks smeckrms o mst trneslkrbnejk vcjns mskacmjnjms.

Ek s pnrn k prprck cjksk, bns pnrn tkjks qum k amranb d qum mxcstcr ubn

rmlimxk m ub pinemonbmetk jm akbk icjnr akb mssn ekvcjnjm qum sm nprmsmetn

skacnibmetm. Mssn ekk ek tmb akbk smr `mrni, ìkfnicznjn ku dkbkèmn, pkcs

anjn nbfcmetm, anjn pkvk tmb sun cjmetcjnjm auiturni qum akelmrm cbpicanms

pmaunicnrms mb smu aketmxtk mspmalcak.

6.> KQ ZCXKQ JM CJNJM M N CJCKQQCEAVNQCN JK ME\MIDMACBMEZK

N tmbtcan jk mevmidmacbmetk akbmku n smr mstujnjn ek sauik TCT, m nt dkom

ub nssuetk ntuni m akbpimxk. Mstujnr skfrm k nssuetk ub prkamssk buitcjcsacpicenr

m buitcprklcssckeni (XMJVMCVN, 68>1).

Xkjm-sm lninr, fnscanbmetm, mb aceak tcpks jm mevmidmacbmetk? k fcki`cak7arkeki`cak7 skacni, pscaki`cak, lueackeni m pmsskni. Ks akeamctks jmstms tmrbks nquc

nprmsmetnjks j-sm akelkrbm cjmkik`cns aketcjns ens kfrns jm Kicvmcrn (>346 npuj

@NVACN, 68>>)7 Lrncbne (>34= npuj @NVACN, 68>>)7 Bnauad (68>6) m Xmjrmcrn

(68>1).


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K mevmidmacbmetk fcki`cak trntn-sm jk prkamssk enturni prkvkanjk pkr nms

mxtmrens m cetmrens qum rmsuitnb eubn vuiemrnfcicjnjm jk kr`necsbk (XMJVMCVN,

68>1)7 k pktmeacni jm pmrbnemamr vcvk, qum jcbceuc akb k pnssnr jk tmbpk

(BNA]AD, 68>6)7 m pkjm smr tnbfb adnbnjk jm lcscki`cak, jm bkjk qum sm rmlmrmnk jms`nstm fcki`cak cemrmetm nk smr dubnek (KIC\MCVN, >346 npuj@NVACN, 688>).

Lrncbne (>33= npuj@NVACN, 688>) npketn qum n cjnjm fcki`can ek emamssnrcnbmetm

sm rminacken akb n cjnjm arkeki`can.

K mevmidmacbmetk arkeki`cak k qum bmeks anrnatmrczn akejcms cejcvcjuncs

(LVNCBNE, >33= npuj@NVACN, 688>), cjmetclcanjk npmens akbk k pnssnr jk tmbpk,

smejk cbpkrtnetm pnrn pnrbmtrks jm pinemonbmetks jm pkitcans pficans (XMJVMCVN,68>1)7 k qum akestn mb rm`cstrks m amrtcjms (KIC\MCVN, >346 npuj@NVACN, 688>).

K mevmidmacbmetk skacni jmtmrbcenjk pmik bmck (KIC\MCVN, >346 npuj

@NVACN, 688>), j-sm qunejk k cejcvjuk pnssn n ek tmr pmrspmatcvn jm luturk m sm

smetm mxaiujk jn skacmjnjm, pkjmejk jmcxnr jm cetmrn`cr akb ks kutrks m akb k buejk

(XMJVMCVN, 68>1). N cjnjm skacni rmbmtm nk `rnu jm njmqunk nks pnpcs m

akbpkrtnbmetks skacnibmetm mspmrnjks pnrn pmsskns jm jmtmrbcenjn cjnjm jm nakrjk

akb k aketmxtk dcstrcak mb qum sm vcvm (BNA]AD, 68>6). Zrntn-sm jn antm`krcn jm

vmidcam mb qum sm npketnb ks jcrmctks akbk acjnjk m pnpcs skacncs (LVNCBNE, >33=

npuj@NVACN, 688>).

K mevmidmacbmetk pscaki`cak pkjm smr kfsmrvnjk pkr nitmrnms ak`ectcvns ek

rminackenjns pmrskenicjnjm, tncs akbk ntmek, pmrampk, bmbrcn, rnackaeck,

ouzk, cbn`cenk, pmesnbmetk m ice`un`mb (XMJVMCVN, 68>1). N cjnjm pscaki`can jcz

rmspmctk nk bkjk akbk k cejcvjuk nvnicn n prmsmen ku nuseacn jk mevmidmacbmetkouetk n kutrns pmsskns jn bmsbn cjnjm (BNA]AD, 68>6).

K mevmidmacbmetk lueackeni anrnatmrcznjk pmin jmpmejeacn, pmin jclcauijnjm

jm rmnicznr ns ntcvcjnjms fscans jn vcjn jcrcn (NF\J)? akbmr, nejnr, vmstcr, imvnetnr,

smetnr, jmctnr mta. Bns mstn ek jmtmatnjn npmens en qunrtn cjnjm (cjksk buctk


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cjksk), pkjm lnzmr-sm prmsmetm mb quniqumr bkbmetk jn vcjn (XMJVMCVN, 68>1).

K mevmidmacbmetk pmsskni rminackenjk s vcveacns jm anjn ub (BNA]AD,

68>6), pkjm smr tnbfb jmekbcenjk akbk cjnjm mxcstmeacni, smejk n skbn jmmxpmrceacns njqucrcjns jurnetm n vcjn (LVNCBNE, >33= npuj@NVACN, 688>).

Qkfrm mstn pmauicnrcjnjm ek ntk jm mevmidmamr, Qgceemr m \nu`dne (>34=, p. 6=

npuj @NVACN, 688>, p. 6330 npuj GNADNV, 6881), k mevmidmacbmetk sceùinr

pnrn anjn cejcvjuk, vnrcnejk akelkrbm k èmrk, rnn, ainssm m rmic`ck. Bmranjnetm

(>334 npujGNADNV, 6881) tnbfb npketn qum mxcstmb vrcns lkrbns jm smr cjksk, jm

bkjk qum n arkekik`cn tmbpkrni npmens ubn rmprmsmetnk `mercan, qum ek

meìkfn ns sufomtcvcjnjms, jmsmoks m jcebcans cetmrens jm anjn cejcvjuk. M, pkr lcb,

Xnsadkni (>33< npujGNADNV, 6881) rmlimtm qum mxcstmb jcvmrsns cjnjms fcki`cans m

sufomtcvns mb cejcvjuks akb n bmsbn cjnjm arkeki`can.


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D vrcns lkrbns jm smr cjksk, pkrtnetk. N cjmetcjnjm jk cjksk pkjm smr pnutnjn

ek pnssnr jks neks, bns " ubn rmprmsmetnk `mercan qum ek nfnran n

sufomtcvcjnjm akb ks jmsmoks, puisnms m jcebcans cetmrens jm anjn cejcvjuk"(GNADNV, 6881, p. 64).

Oustnbmetm k qum sm mxpican pmin cjmkik`cn jn `mrketkik`cn, qunejk sm

akbprmmejm qum k mevmidmacbmetk fmb suamjcjk jmpmejm jm lntkrms mxtmreks m

cetmreks7 ubn jns prceacpncs anrnatmrstcans jk mevmidmamr n dmtmrk`memcjnjm, o qum

anjn cejcvjuk mevmidmam jm bnemcrn prprcn, ek sm pkjmb prkpkr rm`rns ku ekrbns

(XMJVMCVN, 68>1).

Xkr cssk, mb bmck n mstns cetmr-rminms m cjcksscearnscns, n vmidcam en

aketmbpkrnemcjnjm tmbn qum bmrmam ntmek. Anfm, jmstm bkjk, nvnicnr aketmxtks

skacncs, o qum "anjn pkan m auiturn tmb sun bnemcrn jm meanrnr k mevmidmacbmetk m

lkrbns jm trntnr k smu cjksk" (GNADNV, 6881, p.64).

6.6 N CBN@MB JM \MIDCAM EK AKEZMTZK A]IZ]VNI

Ni`ubns auiturns akelmrmb ubn cbn`mb pksctcvn vmidcam, trnzmejk ekms jm

qum k prkamssk jm mevmidmacbmetk dubnek pmrbctm naubuinr qunicjnjms m

mxpmrceacns (ZVCEAN_7 X]CONIKE, >333). M, ub mxmbpik jcssk n lrcan trnjcackeni,

kejm ks arctrcks jm cjnjm jmlcemb supmrckrcjnjm skacni, ks vmidks sk pkuak

eubmrksks bns aubprmb cbpkrtnetms pnpcs.

Emssns akbuecjnjms, "k mevmidmacbmetk tkren-sm ub prkamssk jm nqucsck, m

n rmprmsmetnk jk vmidk sur`m nitnbmetm pksctcvn. Mim k sfck, k bkjmik n smr

ntce`cjk, nqumim qum skufm rmscstcr bkrtm cespcrnejk-sm eks vnikrms jk `rupk"

(ZVCEAN_7 X]CONIKE, >333, p. 64). Ceaiuscvm, ns nutkrns nlcrbnb qum ks nlrcaneks

trnjcackencs ek tmbmb n bkrtm, pkcs n mexmr`nb akbk kpkrtuecjnjm jm rmvmr smus

neamstrncs, nfmeknejk celcectnbmetm sun jmsamejeacn. Ns bujnens trnzcjns akb n

vmidcam sk vcstns akbk fmeks emssns skacmjnjms? sm k vmidk jcvn`n, mst lninejk


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akb ks neamstrncs7 sm tkren-sm surjk ku am`k pkrqum mst vmejk ks msprctks7 sm

jcbceuc jm tnbnedk ku bkvm-sm akb jclcauijnjm, pkrqum mst tkrenejk-sm msprctk. K

cjksk buctk vnikrcznjk pkr smr tkrenr ub smr akeaiujk, prxcbk jm Jmus m jks

neamstrncs.

"Mb akbpmesnk, ns skacmjnjms kacjmetncs vmmb n vcjn dubnen mb pmrkjks

suamsscvks, eks quncs, nps n lnsm jm armsacbmetk, jn bnturcjnjm, jk npk`mu, vmb k

jmaieck, n qumjn netms jk lcb crrmbmjcvmi m crrmvmrsvmi" (ZVCEAN_7 X]CONIKE, >333,

p. 63), npketnejk akbk n cbn`mb jm vmidcam pkjm smr em`ntcvn mb kutrn pnrtm jk

buejk. N fusan mtmren pmin ouvmetujm jk Kacjmetm m k bkjk jm vmr k armsacbmetk jk

ebmrk jm cjksks en pkpuink, smùejk ns nutkrns, imvku mssns skacmjnjms nmeueacnr jkcs pkstuinjks? prmvmek cejcvcjuni m skicjnrcmjnjm jm tkjks akb ks vmidks

bmeks jmslnvkrmacjks.

N prmvmek cejcvcjuni lueacken jk smùcetm bkjk? "ubn vmz qum n vmidcam ek

emb jmsmovmi, emb cevmovmi, prmacsk tmetnr rmtnrjnr n qumjn, n lcb jm adm`nr n ubn

vcjn anjn vmz bncs ike`n mb ub mstnjk jm cbutvmi ouvmetujm" (ZVCEAN_7 X]CONIKE,

>333, p. 63). M, qunetk skicjnrcmjnjm pnrn akb ks cjksks, jcssmbcenjn n ekk jm

qum n vmidcam tmbpk jm jmpmejeacn m, pkr cssk, emamssrck prktm`mr

makekbcanbmetm m skacnibmetm ks vmidks.

Ks mxmbpiks jn vnikrcznk jk neack en lrcan trnjcackeni (mb qum sm nibmon n

neacnecjnjm) m jn ekk em`ntcvn jm vmidcam qum sm tmb ek Kacjmetm (jm qum n vmidcam

jmvm smr mvctnjn) jmbkestrnb oustnbmetm akbk ntun n cjcksscearnscn jm anjn pkvk

pmrnetm n sctunk jks cjksks. emamssrck akbprmmejmr qum anjn enk mexmr`n smu

acjnjk smeckr jm ubn bnemcrn jclmrmetm, ek mxcstcejk nsscb vmrjnjms nfskiutns kupnjrms uecvmrsncs mb sm trntnejk jmstm tmbn.

Nsscb, pnrn akbprmmejmr n rmnicjnjm m n scèclcank jn vmidcam,

cejcspmesvmi mxnbcenr k iu`nr qum jmstcenjk nks vmidks, qum rmprmsmetnk sm lnz

jmims mb jclmrmetms tmbpks, mb jclmrmetms iu`nrms (FMN]\KCV, >338 p. :4). Ek d


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akbk nfkrjnr n tmbtcan jk cjksk jn bmsbn bnemcrn mb evmi `ikfni, prmacsk pmesnr

eks aketmxtks, mb anjn auiturn. K cjksk qum en lrcan vcstk akbk jmtmetkr jk snfmr m

jk pkjmr, pmramfcjk akbk skacnibmetm cetci mb ni`ubns skacmjnjms kacjmetncs.

Ektn-sm qum n cbn`mb jn vmidcam pkjm bujnr cetmcrnbmetm jm ubn skacmjnjm pnrnkutrn(ZVCEAN_7 X]CONIKE, >333, p. 64).

Zkjnvcn, ek s pnjrms m trnjcms auiturncs jmlcemb k pnpmi skacni jk cjksk, n

bjcn tnbfb ubn lkrtm lmrrnbmetn emstm smetcjk. N bjcn qunejk utcicznjn

njmqunjnbmetm pkssuc ub `rnejm pktmeacni pnrn bujnr ks akbpkrtnbmetks

(QADPNVZ_, >34=, p. 46). Qadwnrtz (>34=) mxpican qum n celiueacn bcjctcan ubn

lmrrnbmetn skacni pkjmrksn m, pkr mstm bktcvk, d qum smr bnemonjn akb buctkaucjnjk, akbk jcsautcjk en prxcbn sufsmk.

6.1 N \MIDCAM EK FVNQCI? QKACMJNJM M BJCN

K cejcvjuk qum sm v en tmramcrn cjnjm ek Frnsci, ceaiuscvm skf k mlmctk jns

cbn`mes bcjctcans, celiumeacnjk pksscvmibmetm pmin prkpn`nejn, qum tnetk auitun ns

qunicjnjms m k vc`kr jks okvmes, prkaurn bnetmr-sm emssn lncxn jm cjnjm, msqumamejk-

sm jn vmidcam7 m, qunejk min adm`n, tnbfb kakrrmb jcvmrsks jmsnoustms, pmins

jclcauijnjms jm meanr-in (@NVACN, 688>, p. 66). N rmlmrcjn nutkrn akbmetn qum n

arcnen, jurnetm n vcjn, prmpnrnjn pnrn smr njuitn, bns ek pnrn smr cjksn m, pkr

cssk, mxcstm jclcauijnjm en namctnk jn vmidcam ntctujm mstn qum rmlimtm k pkjmr

bcjctcak en akelkrbnk jm ekms.

Emstn jcrmk, k usk jn bjcn akbk ceametcvk pksctcvk, pnrn k aucjnjk m rmspmctk

jk cjksk m akbprmmesk jn vmidcam, sm metmejcjn akbk lmrrnbmetn anpnz jm smr fmb

bnemonjn vcn akedmacbmetks m dnfcicjnjms taecans, npketn ub bmck lnvkrvmi pnrn n

ntunk jm puficactrcks. Zrntn-sm jm fusanr `mrnr akbpkrtnbmetks skacnibmetm

pksctcvks pnrn k cjksk m rmprmsmetnr ubn cbn`mb jm vmidcam bncs akejczmetm akb k

amerck ntuni, pnrn akestrucr cbprmssms bncs lnvkrvmcs.


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Ns ntctujms mb rmink vmidcam sk skacnibmetm nprmejcjns nk ike`k jm tkjnn vcjn, n pnrtcr jn akevcveacn akb cjksks ku akb n ekssn prprcn vmidcam(mxpmrceacn jcrmtn). Nprmejmbks ntctujms tnbfb n pnrtcr jn kfsmrvnk m jnsmxpmrceacns scbficans, pkjmrksns lketms jm celiueacn bmjcnjnsprceacpnibmetm pmin ictmrnturn, pmik acembn, pmin Z\, pmin prkpn`nejn m pmin

rmic`ck, qum nbpicnb ns pksscfcicjnjms jm nprmejmr (EMVC, 6880, p. 1=).

N bjcn rmlimtm vnikrms m akeamctks jn skacmjnjm m tnbfb prkjuz

akbpkrtnbmetks, anpnz jm ntce`cr akb lnacicjnjm prceacpnibmetm k mspmatnjkr smb

rmlimxk artcan (GNADNV, 6881). Jmfmrt (6886), skfrm k cjksk en bjcn, akbmetn qum

d jmsjm bntrcns qum trnzmb prkfimbns akbk nfnejkeks mb nsciks m `rnejms lcins jm

mspmrn pnrn ntmejcbmetk pnrn n npksmetnjkrcn, nt prkpn`nejns qum akikanb k vmidk

akbk okvmb, akbk sm n ouvmetujm ek lkssm bncs n jm netms (pmrjmejk n akemxk akb

ub `rupk mtrck mspmalcak, mstn jmcxn jm smr ub mst`ck en vcjn pnrn sm trneslkrbnrmb ub vnikr). Jmetrm ks amercks qum bkstrnb k cjksk, d n vuiemrnfcicjnjm m k jrnbn

jn vmidcam, bns tnbfb d mxmbpiks jm pmrskenicjnjms jm suamssk bncs vmidns qum

jmsnlcnb ks prmakeamctks jks prprcks vmidks.

Qkfrm mssns cbn`mes jm cjksks jm suamssk, s vmzms, n cbprmesn akesmùm

bkstrnr n rmimveacn m ns pktmeacnicjnjms jn pmsskn jn tmramcrn cjnjm, qunejk adnbn

ntmek pnrn pmrskenicjnjms ektvmcs qum aketceunb n mxmramr suns luems

prkjutcvns m cetmimatuncs (GNADNV, 6881), akbk k ansk jns lcùrns bcjctcans jm

Akrn Akrnicen (qum akbmku n puficanr suns pkmscns nks 44 neks) m Anrtkin (snbfcstn

qum lmz suamssk jmpkcs jks 380-68>6), rmakedmacjk buejcnibmetm, qum nks >8: neks akejuzcn

prkomtks nrquctmtecaks jm rmekbm.

Nib jmssms mxmbpiks, Nstutk (68>1) npketn n ekvn-ckrqucen Crcs Nplmi,

mbprmsrcn, jmscèmr jm cetmrckrms m akem jn bkjn m mstcik, qum ek nu`m jm sun

prkjutcvcjnjm, nks 3> neks, akesmùm lnzmr ancr k bctk jm qum n vmidcam smrcn sceecbk

jm npntcn m kstrnacsbk m rmbnr aketrn n bnr jk buejk lnsdcke, smbprm pmrlmctk m

okvmb. Mevmidmamr ek pnrn bnrcans W...R, jcssm Crcs nk sctm Cetk tdm @ikss (NQZ]ZK,

68>1, p. >).


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Mxcstm ubn akeampk qum lkc arcnjn en dcstrcn skacni m auiturni jn skacmjnjm

kacjmetni skfrm k mevmidmacbmetk m n vmidcam7 ubn cbn`mb jcssmbcenjn pmin lkrn jn

bjcn, qum dkom ntce`m k cjksk ek smu mstnjk jm smr (GNADNV, 6881, p. 16).Akbuecaik`ks tb buctn rmspkesnfcicjnjm emstm smetcjk, pkcs n bjcn m n puficacjnjm

rmtrntnb pmrspmatcvns jn rmnicjnjm cetmrvcejk en akestruk jm cjmetcjnjm, auiturns m

rminms pmsskncs (GNADNV, 6881). Mssn rmprmsmetnk jks cjksks en bjcn, ncejn,

rmimvnetm pkr ubn qumstk jm cjmetcjnjm m prmpnrnk jns ekvns `mrnms, qum

pkjmrcnb namctnr bmidkr sun akejck mequnetk luturks cjksks (NBNVNI, 6886).

Jcssmbcenr cbn`mes jm suamssk en tmramcrn cjnjm, jk cjksk tci skacmjnjm,ntcvk, trnfnidnjkr, necbnjk, ub bkjk jm rmtrntnr k ekvk supmr cjksk ntuni, qum

bkjmik jm prkjutcvcjnjm en vmidcam. Bns mstns ekms ek pkjmb mxaiucr ks cjksks

qum tmb k jcrmctk jm kptnr pmik jmsanesk, pmik scieack, pkr ub aketntk akesc`k bmsbk,

d qum sm tmr anutmin ek smetcjk jm ek jcstkramr cbn`mes ku prkpkr bkjmiks

cenianevmcs, arcnejk mxpmatntcvns qum pkssnb `mrnr lnisns mxpmatntcvns ku nt

bmsbk lrustrnr k cejcvjuk mb sun rmink akb k mevmidmacbmetk. ]b mxmbpik jm

rmtrntnk jk cjksk en prkpn`nejn, meaketrnjk rmametmbmetm, ciustrnjk nfncxk?

Lc`urn >.K cjksk en bjcn.Lketm?Jcvui`nk Lnamfkkg (www.lnamfkkg.akb)>

>Jcspkevmi mb? 9www.lnamfkkg.akb5. Namssk mb? : nfr. 68>1.
http://e/Documents/www.facebook.comhttp://e/Documents/www.facebook.com


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prkjuk trnz n jcsaussk jm qum k cjksk rmprmsmetnjk usunibmetm en bjcn npmens

akbk nvs, smejk qum, en rmnicjnjm, d buctks prklmsskrms, acmetcstns, makekbcstns m

jcvmrsks kutrks prklcssckencs akb bncs jm 8 smt. 68>1.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV5r5rFGBHIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BV5r5rFGBHI


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`rnacksnbmetm, ek smetcjk jm bnetmrmb-sm prkjutcvns m jclmrmeacnrmb-sm jk

mstmrmtcpk jm nvs m nvs7 ns mbprmsns m n bjcn mxaiumb n cbn`mb rmni jns tmins,

jm bkjk qum k cjksk rmamptkr ek sm cjmetclcan akb ns cbn`mes qum npnrmamb eks

bmcks jm akbuecank jm bnssn, ek naketmam ub rmakedmacbmetk akb n ekkvc`metm jm cjksk metrm k akearmtk m k qum jcssmbcenjn bcjcntcanbmetm, sm`uejk k

prk`rnbn n vkvkzcedn (68>>).

Qkfrm mssn fusan pkr mevmidmamr akb `rnnm rmamfmr lkrn en rmprmsmetnk

bcjctcan, Vmcl (68>1) metrmvcstku Bcrcnb @kijmefmr`, qum rmniczku ubn `rnejm

pmsqucsn namran jks cjksks. N mstujcksn npicaku >.088 qumstckercks, trnfnidku akb >=

`rupks jm jcsaussk m ametmens jm metrmvcstns pnrn scetmtcznr mb ecak tmxtk tkjns nsrmlimxms qum `mrnrnb k icvrk N fmin vmidcam, cespcrnjk en kfrn jm Qcbkem jm

Fmnuvkcr.

@kijmefmr` (npujVMCL, 68>1) nlcrbku qum ks pmsqucsnjks jczcnb mstnr vcvmejk

bncs, bmidkr m akb bncs icfmrjnjms. Ks vmidks jm 08 neks dkom sk ceainssclcavmcs, ku

n`mimss(p. >). N nutkrn rmintku qum ns buidmrms mevmidmamb bmidkr, pkr smrmb bncs

ntcvns mb tmrbks jm snjm, pkrqum sm aucjnb bncs, vk akb bnckr lrmqueacn nk

bjcak, prmkaupnb-sm akb lntkrms msttcaks, aucjnb jn pmim, pcetnb k anfmik, akbmb

bmidkr, mxmractnb-sm bncs m, ncejn, smetmb-sm bncs icvrms (@KIJMEFMV@, 68>1 npuj

VMCL, 68>1).

N pmsskn bnjurn tmb iu`nr tnbfb en tmimvcsk, mb ekvmins, en puficacjnjm,

mb ektacns m kutrks lkrbntks. Ntrczms, nprmsmetnjkrns m okrenicstns melrmetnb

nbfcmetms jmsnlcnjkrms en bjcn, pkcs n cjnjm ncejn lntkr jm prmakeamctk mb buctks

ansks. Emstm smetcjk, ub cestrubmetk en fusan jm sm pmrbnemamr ntcvk, ic`njk mprkjutcvk jkbcenr ns ekvns ice`un`mes jk buejk, pkcs qumb nfjcan jcssk, n scb,

mevmidmam, akbmetn n okrenicstn Dcijm`nrj Ne`mi, ek prk`rnbn jn Z\ Frnsci, n

vkvkzcedn(68>6).

]bn kpk, emstm amerck, smrcn nadnr vmauiks jm akbuecank qum trnjuznb


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bmidkr mssn ekvn bnturcjnjm, qum, pkr mequnetk, ncejn sk rnrks. Ns rmvcstns, pkr

mxmbpik, qum sm jcrc`mb n cjksks trnzmb mb sun bnckrcn ek bncs jk qum celkrbnms

skfrm trca, nrtmsnentk, auicercn m ake`emrms. N okrenicstn Ltcbn Nic, nk pnrtcacpnr jk

prk`rnbn n vkvkzcedn (68>6), akbmetn qum ks prceacpncs nssuetks qum npketnb,emssm ceack jm ubn akbuecank, bncs ntunicznjn m vkitnjn pnrn k cjksk, (m dnvmrcn

jm smr, oustnbmetm pmin cbpkrteacn qum tmb, pkr smr prckrcjnjm) n snjm.

N rmvcstn Fnrfnrn, arcnjn metrm >330 m >334, admlcnjn pmin okrenicstn Ins jm

Anstrk mrn ubn tmetntcvn jm akbuecank jcrmackenjn pnrn buidmrms akb bncs jm :8

neks, akelkrbm mxpican mb smu jmpkcbmetk jurnetm n metrmvcstn nk prk`rnbn n

vkvkzcedn (68>6). N cecacntcvn tmvm, metrm smus prceacpncs pmraniks, n vmr`kedn jnsimctkrns mb pmjcr n rmvcstn en fnean m k lntk jm pmrskenicjnjms lnbksns rmausnrmb

akevctms pnrn npnrmamr en anpn pkrqum ek qumrcnb njbctcr tmrmb bncs jm :8 neks.

Cssk pkrqum, en pkan, buidmrms jm :8 neks mrnb akescjmrnjns vmidns, ntunibmetm,

npmens >6 neks jmpkcs, mssn cbn`mb o bujku fnstnetm.

K sctm Ximen Buidmr tmb buidmrms cjksns akbk pficak-nivk7 Nen Bnesskur,

cjmnicznjkrn jn p`cen, mb metrmvcstn nk prk`rnbn jn Z\ Frnsci N vkvkzcedn (68>6),

nlcrbn (akeakrjnejk akb k qum o npketku Lntcbn Nic) qum, metrm ks nssuetks qum bncs

cetmrmssnb, n snjm (lscan m bmetni) mst ek tkpk jns fusans, ik`k sm`ucjn pkr

qumstms rminackenjns n akbpkrtnbmetk.

M ek npmens n cesmrk jm nssuetks jm cetmrmssm jks cjksks en bjcn qum

jmvm smr akescjmrnjn, n rmprmsmetnk jk prprck cjksk ens tmins tnbfb ubn

jmbnejn ntuni. Xnrn sm rmakedmamr ek buejk mb qum vcvmb m rmnlcrbnr n nutk-mstcbn,

buctks cjksks qumrmb npnrmamr ens anpns jm rmvcstn, okrencs m tmimvcsk, m fusanblkrbns jm kaupnr bncs mspnk en bjcn, k qum ek pkjmrcn smr jclmrmetm en ntuni

akeoueturn skacni.

Jmfmrt (6886) nlcrbn qum, nk pmramfmr n tmejeacn jn rmtrntnk jm vmidks m

nvs akbk pmrsken`mes prmsmetms akestnetmbmetm mb jcvmrsns enrrntcvns eks bncs


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vnrcnjks aketmxtks bcjctcaks, niùbns nèacns, ntmetns emamsscjnjm jm ub ebmrk

bnckr jm ntkrms cjksks, tb sm mspmacnicznjk pnrn aketrntnr mssms prklcssckencs.

Bns ks cetmrmssms m nbfcms jm pmsskns akb bncs cjnjm ek sm rmsubmbmbsmr ub nv ku ubn nv lmicz (QCM\MVZ m ZNQM, 6880, p. >1). Jcsautm-sm qum n

akbuecank akb k cjksk ek sm trntn jm klmrmamr ub pinek jm snjm bmidkr,

rmbjcks bncs fnrntks ku aketns fnearcns m pineks rmetvmcs jm prmvcjeacn skacni. Ks

cjksks fusanb m mxc`mb bncs jk qum cssk.

Ns cbn`mes jk cjksk en bjcn sk, nsscb, ntcvns en arcnk jm ekvnsdcmrnrqucns skacncs, en bmjcjn mb qum n vmidcam m k mevmidmacbmetk pnssnb n

smr ubn mspacm jm jkmen nutk-celic`cjn, rmsuitnjk jn emìcèacn akb k akrpkm akb k fmb-mstnr. Qmr vmidk ku sm akbpkrtnr akbk vmidk sk qumstms jmmsakidn, sk akcsns qum pkjmrcnb smr mvctnjns sm ns kpms aucjnjksns makrrmtns tcvmssmb scjk pkstns mb nk. Mssns ekvns cbn`mes jn vmidcam - mbscetkecn akb n auiturn jk akesubcjkr, akb amrtns prtcans `mrketki`cans m akbns pkitcans pficans cetmrmssnjns mb rmjuzcr ks austks jn snjm - trneslkrbnbk jcrmctk jm msakidn eub jmvmr jm tkjks, eubn rmnicjnjm cemsanpvmi n qummstnbks tkjks akejmenjks. N rmspkesnfcicjnjm cejcvcjuni pmin msakidn cùnibmetm jcstrcfujn, bns snfmbks qum ks bmcks pnrn n`cr jm nakrjk akbmssn rmspkesnfcicjnjm ek k sk (JMFMVZ, 6886, p. >).

]bn pmsqucsn jm nutkrcn jm @mrfemr m Inrry @rkss, mb qum sm nenicsnrnb >8

neks jm prk`rnbnk jn Z\ eks M]N (>346->336), rmlimtcu qum ks nbmrcaneks akb 0% jn pkpuink jk pns (IMCZM, 6886).

K qum lkc kfsmrvnjk qum ks cjksks rmamfmb pkuan cbpkrteacn ek buejk jn

akbuecank, tkrenejk-sm qunsm cevcsvmcs en tmimvcsk, mbfkrn rmprmsmetmb ub

`rnejm ebmrk jm tmimspmatnjkrms. EkFrnsci, ns prkpn`nejns utcicznejk cjksks, ku n

mims jcrc`cjn, smbprm lkrnb pkuans mb rmink nk tktni, ksacinejk metrm 8,6:% m :,41%,

jmpmejmejk jk pmrkjk m jk vmauik nenicsnjk (\NQAKEAMIKQ, s.j. npuj IMCZM,

6886, p.>).

Imctm (6886) mxpican qum, ens janjns jm >368 m >318, ks cjksks, qunejk

npnrmacnb mb neeacks, mrnb smbprm ic`njks n prkjutks lnrbnautcaks m, n pnrtcr jns

janjns jm >3=8 m >3308, mssm amerck lcaku ub pkuak jclmrmetm? ks


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cjksks o npnrmacnb bncs, smejk bkstrnjks akbk bmbfrks jm lnbicns, mb neeacks

jm dc`cmem pmsskni, aksbtcaks, rkupns, nicbmetks m bmsbk jm cestctucms lceneamcrns,

bns smbprm akbk lcùrnetms, ek akbk pmrsken`mes prceacpncs, ek bxcbk mxmramejk

ks smus pnpcs trnjcackencs jm nvs (IMCZM, 6886, p. >).

O ens janjns jm >348 m >338, smùejk Imctm (6886), ks cjksks en bjcn

pnssnrnb n njqucrcr vnikrms bncs bkjmreks, akbk akesubcjkrms jm smrvcks fnearcks,

nutkbvmcs, amiuinrms, akbputnjkrms mta. N nutkrn npketn qum ns pmsqucsns cejcanb

bujnens ens lkrbns akbk n prkpn`nejn sm jcrc`m ku rmprmsmetn n pmsskn cjksn m,

mbfkrn mstms cejcvjuks tmednb scjk pkuak rmprmsmetnjks, o sm tmb ubn cbn`mb

bmeks em`ntcvn mb rmink nk pnssnjk.

ûnetk rmtrntnk jk cjksk en bjcn (en prkpn`nejn, prceacpnibmetm) m

pksck skacni qum sm j n mssns pmsskns, Emrc (6880) jmbkestrn qum d buctns

rmprmsmetnms m cbn`mes aketrnstnetms.

W...R ks cjksks pkjmb smr vcstks scbuitnemnbmetm akbk pmsskns anikrksns,ceakbpmtmetms, sfcns, akelusns, jcstrnjns m ntcvns. Ks prmakeamctks mstkprmsmetms mb tkjn pnrtm, jmsjm ns rminms lnbcicnrms nt ns lkrbns jm

trntnbmetk prkpkrackenjns nks cjksks ens ikons, eks fneaks, ens rmpnrtcmspficans, eks akesuitrcks bjcaks m eks dkspctncs, pnssnejk pkr qumstmsnpnrmetmbmetm cekametms, akbk n prkpn`nejn m ks anrtms jm necvmrsrck(EMVC, 6880, p. :1).

Qm n bjcn tmb lkrn pnrn jmtmrbcenr m bkijnr k bkjk akbk vmbks k cjksk

(EMVC, 6880), d qum sm vmr n ceakmreacn jm buctks jcsaursks en bjcn m mb neeacks

bkstrnejk-ks akbk pmsskns qum ek sk cejmpmejmetms, akbk jmlcacmetms, jkmetms ku

jmsntunicznjks. Bns, nib jcssk, prmacsk ek msakejmr n vmrjnjm, pkcs,

W...R nk aketrrck jk qum sm pmesn, k dfctk jm supmrvnikrcznr ntrcfutks pksctcvksjks cjksks pkjm bnsanrnr nvnicnms em`ntcvns m akeluejcr ks cjksks m nscestctucms skacncs. Xnibkrm (>338) jmekbceku mssms prkamssks,`memrcanbmetm, jm prmakeamctks pksctcvks. Adnbku n ntmek pnrn k prmouzkqum pkjmb anusnr nks cjksks pkr cejuzcr lnisns armens m arcnr lnisnsmxpmatntcvns jm akbpmteacn ku jm nèacn. Xkr anusn jmins, ks cjksks pkjmbnadnr qum tb bncs prkfimbns jm bmbrcn jk qum rmnibmetm tmb m smetcrmb-smcelmrckrcznjks ku jmscetmrmssnjks jcnetm jm ekvks jmsnlcks cetmimatuncs7 pkjmbnadnr qum tb bncs jcspksck lscan m smxuni jk qum rmnibmetm tb m akrrmb k


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rcsak jm lrustrnms, jm mxpksck nk rcjauik ku jm njkmacbmetk (EMVC, 6880,p. :>).

Akeakrjnejk akb cssk, Gnadnr (6881) akbmetn qum, en bjcn, `mrnibmetm, n

cbn`mb qum sm akestrc mst ntrminjn cjmnicznk jk vc`kr jn ouvmetujm, akbk sm

lkssm pkssvmi nubmetnr n ike`mvcjnjm smb adm`nr en vmidcam. Mssm amerck, smùejk

n nutkrn, prmoujcan ek npmens n nutkcbn`mb jks cjksks, bns tnbfb `mrn jcstkrms

en akbprmmesk jk mevmidmacbmetk, akeluejcejk ns pmrspmatcvns jn pmsskn cjksn m jn

skacmjnjm jm bkjk `mrni.

Zkjns ns lkrbns jm icjnr akb k cjksk, ek s mb bfctk skacni m auiturni, bns

tnbfb makebcak (akbk k ansk jn puficacjnjm) prmacsnb sm njnptnr rnpcjnbmetm nmstn ekk jm mqucifrck. K akesubcjkr cjksk jmvm smr vcstk akbk ub smr dubnek buctk

bncs akbpimxk jk qum netms, jmvmejk smr mstujnjk pkr vrcks vcmsms. Ekssn

skacmjnjm mst mevmidmamejk rnpcjnbmetm m cbprmsacejvmi snfmr akbk icjnr akb

cssk, njmqunjnbmetm. Emssm smetcjk, akikanr-sm ek iu`nr jk cjksk pkjm smr ubn ttcan

mlcanz m d ubn cekvnk qum pmrbctm qum quniqumr pmsskn scetn akbk smr cjksk, k

N@EMQ.

6. : K N@EMQ (N@M @NCE EKP MBXNZDS QSQZMB)

Ek smetcjk jm bkjmrnr ns ntctujms em`ntcvns m suns celiueacns mb rmink

vmidcam, Emrc (6880) jmbkestrn qum niùbns lmrrnbmetns pkjmb smr tmcs? k

akedmacbmetk skfrm n vmidcam, n mbpntcn (akikanr-sm ek iu`nr jk cjksk), k namssk n

celkrbnms qum aketrnrcmb mstmrmtcpks, lkanr bmeks en cjnjm m bncs en akbpmteacn

m k metmejcbmetk skfrm k prprck mevmidmacbmetk, sk niùes jmims.

Akikanr-sm ek iu`nr jk cjksk pnrn metmejmr sun rmnicjnjm o pkssvmi, pmik

scstmbn N@EMQ, cevmetnjk pmik BCZ (Bnssnadusmtts Cestctutm kl Zmadekik`y)?

N@EMQ (scìn mb ceìs pnrn scstmbn jm `nedk cestnetek jm cjnjm m mbpntcn) ub tmrek usnjk pkr mstujnetms, jmsmevkivmjkrms jm prkjutks, prkomtcstns,me`medmcrks, prklcssckencs jm bnrgmtce`, urfnecstns, nrquctmtks, me`medmcrks jmmbfnin`mb, m kutrks pnrn metmejmr bmidkr ks jmsnlcks lscaks nsskacnjks akb


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k mevmidmacbmetk. Jmsmevkivcjk pkr pmsqucsnjkrms m mstujnetms jk N`mInf, kN@EMQ lkc anicfrnjk pnrn nprkxcbnr k bkvcbmetk, vcscfcicjnjm, limxcfcicjnjm,jmstrmzn m lkrn jm ubn pmsskn jm 08 neks. N@EMQ tmb scjk utcicznjk ekvnrmok, trnespkrtm pficak, mb ansn, en akbuecjnjm, mb nutkbvmcs, ek ikanijm trnfnidk m mb kutrks nbfcmetms. (Zrnjuk icvrm. Krc`ceni?N@EMQ (N`m @nce

Ekw Mbpntdy Qystmb) cs n suct wkre fy stujmets, prkjuat jmvmikpmrs,jmscèmrs, me`cemmrs, bnrgmtce`, pineemrs, nradctmats, pnagn`ce` me`cemmrs, nejktdmrs tk fmttmr uejmrstnej tdm pdyscani adniime`ms nsskacntmj wctd n`ce`.Jmvmikpmj fy N`mInf rmsmnradmrs nej stujmets, N@EMQ dns fmme anicfrntmj tknpprkxcbntm tdm bktkr, vcsuni, limxcfcicty, jmxtmrcty nej strme`td kl n pmrske cetdmcr bcj-08s. N@EMQ dns fmme usmj ce rmtnci, pufica trnespkrtntcke, dkbm,akbbuecty, nutkbkfcim, wkrgpinam nej ktdmr mevcrkebmets) (BCZ, 68>1, p. 8>).

Lcùrn 6.N@EMQ (N`m @nce Ekw Mbpntdy Qystmb).Lketm?N`mINf BCZ1.

K N@EMQ ub scstmbn qum rmprmsmetn ub bkjk mlmtcvk jm icjnr akb ns

cbpicanms jk mevmidmacbmetk ìkfni, o qum n skacmjnjm ek pkjm cèkrnr ks cjksks m

ub jks bmidkrms bkjks jm snfmr akbk mims prmacsnb smr ntmejcjks pkjm smr akikanr-

sm mb smu iu`nr, ek cetuctk jm fusanr n njnptnk m prkpkrackenr akejcms pnrn n

qunicjnjm jm vcjn. Emstm smetcjk, k N@EMQ ubn lmrrnbmetn qum n aceacn

prkpkracken jm bkjk mspmtnauinr, pmrbctcejk ubn mxpmrceacn qum `mrm smetcbmetks

anpnzms jm cejuzcr n rmlimxk m imvm n nvnicnr akbk pmesnr skfrm anjn jmtnidm,

1Jcspkevmi mb? 9dttp?//n`minf.bct.mju/nèms-n`m-`nce-ekw-mbpntdy-systmb5. Namssk mb? 6> oui.68>1.


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nuxcicnejk en `mrnk jm ub pnjrk mimvnjk jm vcjn pnrn ks cjksks.

Qkfrm cssk, Vnbks (68>1, p. >) nlcrbn qum "n vmikacjnjm pnjrk cestctujn pnrn

ks scencs vmrjms ens lncxns jm pmjmstrms, pkr mxmbpik, emb smbprm n sulcacmetm pnrnqum ub katk`merck akesc`n ntrnvmssnr n run". K nutkr npketn qum n bnckrcn jks

iu`nrms ek sk nprkprcnjks pnrn nakidmr ks cjksks. Ns acjnjms jmvmb sm njnptnr akb

ur`eacn, o qum k mevmidmacbmetk pkpuinackeni mvcjmetm. M, emstm smetcjk, nk jcspkr

jm scstmbns akbk k N@EMQ, "n mxpmrceacn noujn n pmramfmr quncs sk ns

emamsscjnjms jm cetmrvmek bncs ur`metms ek mspnk pficak" (p.>).

K mevmidmacbmetk jn pkpuink frnscimcrn ub prkamssk m ek ub mvmetk W...Rmxc`cr k me`nonbmetk jn skacmjnjm frnscimcrn jmsjm n`krn (BMQ^]CZN, 68>6, p.


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skacmjnjm, jm rmnicznr-sm akbk pmsskn. ]bn `rnejm nicnjn, emssm smetcjk, tbscjk ns ]ecvmrscjnjms jn Zmramcrn Cjnjm (]ENZC), qum klmrmamb kpkrtuecjnjmsmjuanackencs pkpuink cjksn, cejmpmejmetm jk smu `rnu jm cestruk(_NV@KICE, 68>6, p.>).

"O qum n vcjn lcaku bncs ike`n, n qumstk pnssku n smr akbk sm prmpnrnr pnrn

mssn mxpmatntcvn jm vcjn bnckr. K nssuetk akbmku n cestc`nr prklcssckencs jm vrcks

smtkrms, ceaiuscvm jn mjuank", npketn Vksn mt ni(688:, p.10). N nprmejczn`mb, emstm

smetcjk, tmb pnpmi skacni, o qum k cejcvjuk cjksk pkjm njqucrcr akedmacbmetks pnrn

rmnicznr ntcvcjnjms jcrcns akb lnacicjnjm m bnetmr sun qunicjnjm jm vcjn (_NV@KICE,

68>6).

Nk ektnr n jmbnejn armsametm jm cjksks mb fusan jm lkrbnk mnpmrlmcknbmetk nanjbcak, lkc prkbkvcjn ubn jcsaussk namran jmstm tmbn, pnrn

npketnr anbcedks m skiums jm suamssk mb akeskeeacn akb mssns emamsscjnjms jn

skacmjnjm. "Mb >333, n ]emsak prkbkvmu mb Icsfkn ubn akelmreacn skfrm n

mjuank nk ike`k jn vcjn, W...R metrm vrcns nlcrbnms, akestn n jm qum, mb ub

buejk ek quni ns mstruturns makebcans m skacncs mstk mb pimen butnk, nprmejmr

nk ike`k jn vcjn ek bncs ub iuxk, m scb ubn emamsscjnjm" (VKQN mt ni, 688:, p.

10). Ek Frnsci, n sctunk fnstnetm pnrmacjn. ]bn vmz qum, mb 686=, k Frnsci

(sm`uejk n prkomk jn Kr`necznk Buejcni jm Qnjm), smr k smxtk pns ek rnegce`

jk ebmrk jm acjnjks cjksks, ni`ubns cecacntcvns mb mjuank akb k lkak en tmramcrn

cjnjm vmb sm nprmsmetnejk (VKQN mt ni688:).

Ceaiuscvm, mxcstm ubn rmn jk akedmacbmetk jmekbcenjn `mrketn`k`cn, auok

kfomtk jm mstujk k cjksk mb sctunk pmjn``can, jmstcenjn n klmrmamr skacmjnjm

celkrbnms skfrm n vmidcam, mevmidmacbmetk m ns emamsscjnjms jks cjksks jm lkrbn

njmqunjn (BNA]AD, 68>6). Emstm smetcjk, n tnrmln jks mjuanjkrms m jm kutrks

prklcssckencs ic`njks mjuank nuxcicnr k cjksk n `mrmeacnr pmrjns m `nedks qum

sur`mb nk ike`k jn vcjn (_NV@KICE, 68>6).

]bn rmtkbnjn jk smetcjk vcjn. cssk k qum buctks prklmsskrms m

akkrjmenjkrms pmjn``caks mstk pkjmejk vcvmeacnr akb k trnfnidnjk mevkivmejk


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pmsskns akb bncs cjnjm(XVNJK, 68>>, p.>). K rmlmrcjk nutkr mxpican qum o mxcstmb

amran jm >=8 ]ecvmrscjnjms Nfmrtns Zmramcrn Cjnjm (]entcs) mspnidnjns pkr tkjk k

Frnsci. N cetmrnk metrm ks cjksks, akb jclmrmetms mxpmrceacns jm vcjn, ens ]entcs,

ub lntkr qum nlmtn jm bnemcrn pksctcvn n vcjn jmstms mstujnetms, tnetk jk pketk jmvcstn cetmimatuni, qunetk nlmtcvk, m lnz akb qum buctks qum ce`rmssnb emstn bkjnicjnjm

jm mjuank ek qumcrnb jmcx-in (_NV@KICE, 68>6, p.>).

Ek s n nprmejczn`mb, bns tkjk k prkamssk jm cetm`rnk m cetmrnk skacni

fmemlcacn k cjksk emstm aketmxtk mjuanackeni.

Nps n npksmetnjkrcn, ks cjksks ekrbnibmetm smetmb-sm mxaiujks jkprkamssk skacni pkr tmrmb jmcxnjk jm nakbpnednr ns trneslkrbnms skacncs mtmaeki`cans. Jcnetm jmssn jclcauijnjm k cjksk pkjm mxaiucr-sm tktnibmetm,nfnejkenejk-sm cbprkjutcvcjnjm m s vmzms nt bmsbk jmprmssk kurmn`cr n mssn jcsskacnicznk prkaurnejk cetm`rnr-sm ekvnbmetm skacmjnjm m lnbicn. ]b jks bmcks pmik quni mssn njnptnk pkjm kakrrmr ntrnvs jnmjuank (_NV@KICE, 68>6, p.>).

D pckemcrns emstn cecacntcvn7 ek amerck frnscimcrk, ns prcbmcrns cecacntcvns jm

mxtmesk uecvmrsctrcn akb elnsm en jcvui`nk jm akedmacbmetks skfrm k cjksk

sur`crnb mb >346, ek Eaimk jm Mstujks jn Zmramcrn Cjnjm jn ]ecvmrscjnjm Lmjmrni jm

Qnetn Antnrcen (@NVACN, 688>).

M, jmsjm >331, n ]ecvmrscjnjm Nfmrtn jn Zmramcrn Cjnjm jn ]ecvmrscjnjm

Mstnjuni jk Vck jm Onemcrk (]eNZC/]MVO) klmrtn ntcvcjnjms pnrn n pkpuink akb bncs

jm 33:, rmamfmu 4:0

pnrtcacpnetms, ebmrk qum adm`ku n >8.=00 mb 68>8 (NI\MQ, 68>>, p.>). Xkr mstn

cecacntcvn, Main Fksc, akkrjmenjkrn jk prk`rnbn ]ecvmrscjnjm Nfmrtn Zmramcrn Cjnjm


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:>, k prbck Nvmrrkms, mb rmakedmacbmetk nk smu

trnfnidk (NI\MQ, 68>>). N ]ntc, akelkrbm mxpican Nivms (68>>), kr`necznjk pmin Xr-

Vmctkrcn jm Auiturn m Mxtmesk m klmrmacjn mb tkjks ks anbpus jn ]QX. Ks aursks

kakrrmb pkr smbmstrms m ns vn`ns sk klmrtnjns pmiks jkametms qum bcecstrnb nsjcsacpicens jm `rnjunk. Ks tmbns jm mstujk vnrcnb, pkjmejk trntnr jm adces

lscan euaimnr, jm fktecan lktk`rnlcn(p.>)

Xrxcbn jn rmnicjnjm bnrce`nmesm, mxcstm n ]ecvmrscjnjm Nfmrtn Zmramcrn

Cjnjm jn ]ecvmrscjnjm Mstnjuni jm Bnrce` (]MB), arcnjn mb jmzmbfrk jm 6883

(XVNJK, 68>>). akkrjmenjn pkr Vm`cen Znnb m lkc arcnjn pnrn pmsskns qum

narmjctnb qum ek d cjnjm pnrn nprmejmr m pmesnb smr smbprm pkssvmi nbpicnr, pmiksnfmr, ks dkrczketms jn vcjn bmidkrnejk sun qunicjnjm (]ENZC, 68>1, p. 8>). N ]entc

>88% `rntuctn m ek lnz emedubn mxc`eacn qunetk nk evmi jm msakinrcjnjm (]MB,

6883). Klmrmam nks niueks n kpk jm msakidn jm nt quntrk aursks jks :3 ceaiujks en

`rnjm m, ntunibmetm, bncs jm :8 prklmsskrms jn ]MB o pnrtcacpnb imackenejk en ]entc

(XVNJK, 68>>).

Ks amrtclcanjks jm akeaiusk jks aursks jn ]ENZC/]MB sk ntrcfujks pkr ub

arctrck jm lrmqueacn, pkcs narmjctn-sm qum ubn vcjn ntcvn, tnetk lscan qunetk bmetni,

akejck pnrn k jmsmevkivcbmetk pmsskni mb quniqumr cjnjm m pmrbctm prmsmrvnr bncs

tmbpk evmcs sntcslntrcks jm snjm (]ENZC, 68>1, p. >). Cssk pkrqum qunejk trntn-sm

jm mjuank pnrn cjksks, ek lnin-sm mb ubn mjuank prmkaupnjn skbmetm akb n

amrtclcank, bns qum vcsm akikanr k cjksk mb scetkecn akb k buejk (_NV@KICE,

68>6).

Emstm smetcjk, ens ]entcs, fusan-sm ubn prmpnrnk jk prprck cjksk mb smbnetmr ntcvk bmetnibmetm, pkr mstnr mstujnejk skfrm jcvmrsks tmbns, m,

prceacpnibmetm, pkr bnetmr n "bmetm nfmrtn", rmlimtcejk skfrm ks prkamssks jk

mevmidmacbmetk. Jn bmsbn bnemcrn, mssm prkamssk tnbfb pkjm sm jnr pmin cesmrk

jk cjksk ek bmranjk jm trnfnidk.


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6.< K CJKQK EK BMVANJK JM ZVNFNIDK

N cetm`rnk skacni jk cjksk, nib jm kakrrmr vcn mjuank, naketmam

lrmqumetmbmetm tnbfb pmik namssk nk bmranjk jm trnfnidk. Fiutmr (>333, p. 68)cejn`n? "o qum sm vcvm bncs tmbpk, ek smrcn emamssrck trnfnidnr bncs tmbpk

tnbfb; N mssn pmr`uetn, scetk-bm tmetnjk n rmspkejmr qum scb".

K nutkr npketn qum, dcstkrcanbmetm, k bmranjk jm trnfnidk nfskrvm

trnfnidnjkrms qum smonb prkjutcvks bmsbk qum mstms ek smonb ks lueackercks bncs

vcsnjks n prceapck, pkrqum n anpnacjnjm jm trnfnidk jm anejcjntks akbpmtmetms d

qum smr vnikrcznjn. K mstujcksk akbmetn qum k bmranjk jm trnfnidk o nfskrvmujcvmrsks bmbfrks jm bcekrcns skacncs m, jmstn bnemcrn, ek mxcstm rnzk pnrn qum ks

cjksks ek akequcstmb vn`ns jm mbprm`ks.

Qkfrm cssk, Iyead (>333) mxpm qum k cjksk npksmetnjk pkjm smr ub tcbk

lueackerck pkrqum ek ub acjnjk centcvk, ubn pmsskn jm mqucifrck m vnikr qum

fusan ek mstujk, ens rminms akb n tmaekik`cn m akb kutrns `mrnms, lkrbns jm

smetcr-sm fmb m prkbkvmr sun qunicjnjm jm vcjn.

Ks npksmetnjks namctnb anjn vmz bmeks n mxaiusk skacni qum idms prmbnturnbmetm cbpkstn, qunejk mims jmcxnb k buejk jk trnfnidk. vcjks jmrmakedmacbmetk, jm prnzmr m jm rmnicznk pmsskni, ks cjksks buitcpicanb nscecacntcvns qum bneclmstnb sun nfmrturn pnrn k buejk, sun aurckscjnjm m sunnutkekbcn, jmsjm ns uecvmrscjnjms jn tmramcrn cjnjm nt ns nsskacnms jmusurcks smeckrms jn Cetmremt, bns k qum bncs ks smescfciczn sk ks ntks jmskicjnrcmjnjm m k cetmrabfck metrm `mrnms (ISEAD, >333, p. 1:).

Emstm amerck, mbprm`njkrms m akim`ns jk trnfnidnjkr cjksk prmacsnb metmejmr

akbk icjnr akb cssk, pkrqum prmakeamctks m mstmrmtcpks sur`mb jm armens mrremns nrmspmctk jn akbpmteacn m jn prkjutcvcjnjm jk cjksk, rmsuitnejk en jcsarcbcenk

skacni rminackenjn n cjnjm (EMVC, 6880).

^unejk sm lnin jm tcan mbprmsnrcni, ek Frnsci, lkrtmbmetm trnzcjk tken k lntk

jm qum ns kr`necznms ek jmvmb prntcanr prmakeamctk aketrn pmsskns akb cjnjm


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supmrckr n :8 neks (BKVMCVN, 6886). K nutkr nlcrbn qum ens jmacsms jm trnfnidk

vmjnjk k prmakeamctk qunetk rnn, krc`mb, smxk, cjnjm, jmlcaceacns, melmrbcjnjms ku

vacks. Bmsquctn (68>6), emstm smetcjk, npketn qum emamssrck nbpnrnr ks

trnfnidnjkrms cjksks pkr ubn im`csink qum akbfntn n jcsarcbcenk pkr cjnjm. Knutkr ncejn jmlmejm qum jcrmctk jk cjksk n pksscfcicjnjm jm tmr jcspkevmi ub scstmbn

mjuanackeni njnptnjk pnrn ubn rmnicjnjm jm nprmejcznjk nk ike`k jn vcjn.

N Xkitcan Enackeni jk Cjksk prmv n pnrtcacpnk jns pkitcans jm nsscsteacn

skacni, snjm, mjuank, trnfnidk, prmvcjeacn skacni, oustcn, dnfctnk m urfnecsbk,

auiturn, mspkrtm m inzmr, aketujk, mstn ek mlmtcvnjn (@CNAKBCE, 68>>).

@cnakbcec (68>>) npketn qum k bnckr jmsnlck meaketrnjk n lnitn jm pkictcznk

jk frnscimcrk pnrn ceaiucr metrm ks smus nesmcks k jcrmctk vmidcam akb jc`ecjnjm m s

pkitcans jm aucjnjk m prkbkk jk mevmidmacbmetk ntcvk. Nms akbk mstns sk

cbprmsacejvmcs, pkcs 48% jks metrmvcstnjks jm Icfeck (6883) akeakrjnb qum n

skacmjnjm ek mst prmpnrnjn pnrn k cjksk, ks suomctks ncejn rmintnb qum k jmsrmspmctk

kakrrm akb bncs lrmqeacn metrm ns buidmrms (::%)7 akb ks cjksks akb bncs jm 08

neks (:3%)7 ks cjksks jn ainssm A (:6%) m akb ks qum bkrnb mb ikancs jm nitnike`mvcjnjm (=>%).

Ku smon, mxcstmb fnsms tcans m im`ncs pnrn qum kakrrn n prkbkk jn auiturn jm

rmspmctk nk cjksk eks bncs jcvmrsks bfctks, ceaiuscvm ek bmranjk jm trnfnidk, bns, en

prtcan, n rmnicjnjm ncejn jmslnvkrvmi m ceakmrmetm akb k qum sm fusan. Xkr cssk, n

skacmjnjm, jm bkjk `mrni, d qum smr ceametcvnjn n arcnr prceapcks jm vnikrcznk jn

pmsskn cjksn eks bncs vnrcnjks aketmxtks.

Ek sm trntn jm npmens mvctnr prmakeamctks, d qum sm prmpnrnr k nbfcmetm jm

trnfnidk jm bnemcrn njmqunjn nk cjksk. Mxcstmb bmjcjns anpnzms jm arcnr ub

nbfcmetm jm trnfnidk bncs lnvkrvmi nks trnfnidnjkr cjksk, tncs akbk n njkk jm

bnqucercks m bkfcicrck mr`kekbcanbmetm njnptnjks n trnfnidnjkrms akb bmekr

naucjnjm vcsuni m nujctcvn m bmekr lkrn lscan jk qum ks okvmes (BMQ^]CZN 68>6, p.


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==).

Mstm amerck jk cjksk trnfnidnjkr ek jm tkjk rucb pkcs, mb fusan jm rkbpmr

akb prmakeamctks, o mb 6886, n CC Nssmbfimcn Buejcni skfrm mevmidmacbmetk jmlcecujcrmtrczms jm pkitcans pficans pnrn k cjksk akb fnsm ek akeamctk jm mevmidmacbmetk

prkjutcvk ku ntcvk (FMEEMBNEE mt ni, 68>6). Emstm smetcjk, n ceakrpkrnk jk

akeamctk o pksscfcictku qum sm bujnssm n cbn`mb skacni jn vmidcam "o qum rmlkrbuin k

mstc`bn jn mxaiusk m ceanpnacjnjm jk cjksk, pnrn nssubcr k jm cesmrk skacni,

pnrtcacpnetm m bncs lkrtm" (p. 10).

K bmranjk jm trnfnidk m k namssk uecvmrscjnjm `rntuctn, emstn jcrmk, trnzmbbuctns pksscfcicjnjms pnrn k cjksk m, emssm aketmxtk, pnrn ntmejmr s jmbnejns jk

bmranjk jm akesubk seckr kutrns cestctucms, akbk pkr mxmbpik, QMQA, QMENA,

mstk metrnejk ek bmranjk klmrmamejk vrcks aursks, metrm mims, k jm celkrbtcan m

Cetmremt(@NVACN, 688>, p. >:).

Nics, n rmink jk cjksk akb ns ekvns tmaekik`cns jn celkrbnk m

akbuecank tmbn akrrmetm ek amerck ntuni. Ek Frnsci m ek buejk, kakrrm ubn

cbpkrtnetm mimvnk jk ebmrk jm usurcks jm akbputnjkr metrm ns pmsskns jn

tmramcrn cjnjm m, n tmejeacn mssm armsacbmetk sm nametum7 k qum jmektn qum

pmsqucsns jmssn enturmzn tb ubn oustclcantcvn jm cbpkrteacn skacni (GNADNV, 6881).

Jmssm bkjk, n prkpkstn jk mstujk skfrm mstm tmbn mxpikrnr mstm anbpk jm

bkjk qum sm pkssn trnnr ub pmrlci jn rmink cjksk-tmaekik`cn pnrn akbprmmejmr ns

bujnens skacncs qum kakrrmb emstm anbpk.


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1 N VMINK CJKQK-ZMAEKIK@CN

Qnfm-sm qum pnrtm jn rmomck skacni jk cjksk sm j, akstubmcrnbmetm, qunejk

lnin-sm qum ks cjksks sk ntrnsnjks, qum ek akesmùmb nakbpnednr ns bujnens jkbuejk bkjmrek m qum ek pkjmb trnesbctcr akedmacbmetk nks okvmes, pkrqum, ek

buejk ntuni, ns bujnens skacncs m tmaeki`cans sk mxtrmbnbmetm rpcjns. Ceaiuscvm,

smùejk Emrc (6880), n pmsqucsn Cjksks ek Frnsci, rmnicznjn pmik Cestctutk JntnXkpuinr,

npketn qum =4% jks cjksks m =4% jks ek-cjksks akeakrjnrnb akb n nlcrbnk jm

qum ks cjksks sk jmsntunicznjks.

N `mrnk jks cjksks jm dkom tmb rmvminjk suns jclcauijnjms mb metmejmr nekvn iceùn`mb m mb icjnr akb ks nvneks tmaeki`caks nt bmsbk ens qumstms bncs

fscans akbk ks mimtrkjkbstcaks, amiuinrms m ks ancxns mimtrecaks cestninjks mb

fneaks (GNADNV, 6881, p. =1). N nutkrn akbmetn qum n pkpuink cjksn nanfn smejk

akescjmrnjn akbk cimtrnjn (ek smetcjk jm nenilnfmtcsbk jc`ctni) mb nssuetks akbk

celkrbtcan m cssk pkjm rmprmsmetnr ub lntkr jm mxaiusk skacni.

Xnrn suprcr pmraniks akbk mstm, niùbns uecvmrscjnjms nfmrtns tmramcrn cjnjm

klmrmamb aursks jm cetrkjuk skfrm ks rmaursks jk akbputnjkr, mbfkrn ncejn ek sm

tmedn ubn bmtkjkik`cn mspmalcan pnrn k mescek jn celkrbtcan pnrn n tmramcrn cjnjm.

Xmsqucsns emstm rnbk akstubnb smr msanssns ek Frnsci, akbmetn Gnadnr (6881).

Bns k nenilnfmtcsbk jc`ctni ek ubn rmnicjnjm s pnrn pmsskns cjksns, n

pkpuink jm bkjk `mrni mst anrmetm jm rmaursks taecaks m mjuanackencs pnrn

melrmetnr m icjnr akb ub luturk qum anbcedn en nbfcùcjnjm jk ikani m jk ìkfni, jk

mspnk lscak m vcrtuni (GNADNV, 6881, p. =6). M, sm mstnr akematnjk, cesmrcjk ekbuejk keicem, ntunibmetm, pmik smesk akbub, sceecbk jm smr ub cejcvjuk mb

akeskeeacn akb ns tmejeacns ntuncs, metk, n nlcrbnk jm qum k cjksk

jmsntunicznjk o sm tkreku ceakmrmetm d buctk tmbpk.

Cssk pkrqum ub imvnetnbmetk jk Cestctutk Frnscimcrk jm @mk`rnlcn m Mstntstcan


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(CF@M) rmlimtm qum nubmetku mb 666,1% k ebmrk jm pmsskns bncs vmidns namssnejk

n cetmremt (ACVCIK O]ECKV, 68>1). K rmlmrcjk nutkr jmstnan qum, mbfkrn n anbnjn

bncs cjksn jn pkpuink ncejn ek smon n bncs rmprmsmetntcvn emstm bmck, ek pmrkjk

jm 688= n 68>>, bncs =,< bcidms jm pmsskns akb =8 neks ku bncs pnssnrnb nnamssnr n cetmremt.

M, netms jcssk, Iyead (>333) rmintn qum "mb >334, Onske @rceemii `nedku ub

akeaursk kr`necznjk pmin skacmjnjm QmeckrsQmnradpnrn cjmetclcanr k acfmrenutn bncs

vmidk jk buejk" (p. 1=). K nutkr aketn qum Onske tcedn 3< neks, mrn bjcak

npksmetnjk m ub nv acfmretcak o d smtm neks. Ek metnetk, ek sm trntnvn jm ub

ansk mxtrnkrjcerck? "mssm bjcak npksmetnjk jk Zmxns ek , emb jm ike`m, k ecakcjksk qum utciczn ub akbputnjkr pnrn mevcnr ku rmamfmr bmesn`mes pmik akrrmck

mimtrecak, lnzmr akbprns ke-icemku akesuitnr rmamctns auicercns ku celkrbnms skfrm

mxaursms m aruzmcrks" (p. 1=).

Nib jm npketnr n pintnlkrbn jc`ctni akbk nbfcmetm njmqunjk pnrn k pficak

cjksk, Iyead (>333) ncejn nprmsmetn ubn cecacntcvn mspmalcan pnrn mstm `rupk, n

QmeckrEmt, ubn kr`necznk smb lces iuarntcvks, arcnjn en Aniclrecn, pnrn noujnr ks

cjksks n sm lnbcicnrcznrmb akb ns ekvns tmaekik`cns. K nutkr rmintn qum sk 60 bci

bmbfrks m bmck bcidk jm vcsctns pkr bs, n bnckrcn jm "acfmrvkvs" ekrtm-nbmrcaneks

ku anenjmesms, akb bjcn jm cjnjm jm


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rmjms skacncs akbk k Lnamfkkgm k Zwcttmrsk anjn vmz bncs usnjns pmins pmsskns

nacbn jks == neks. Qmùejk k mstujk, metrm ouidk jm 68>8 m kutufrk jm 68>>, k

nubmetk eks namssks jm pmsskns emssn lncxn mtrcn lkc jm 48% (ANQZNIJMIIC, 68>6,

p. >).

Ncejn, smùejk k prk`rnbn Zmimametrks, mxcfcjk mb 68>8 pmin Z\ Auiturn,

jcspkecfcicznjk mb sctmsjn Cetmremt, ubn pmsqucsn rmnicznjn eks M]N akb cjksks qum

akbpimtnrnb >88 neks jm cjnjm bkstrku qum >6% bnejnb lktks pmik akbputnjkr m

>8% mstk akematnjks pkr m-bnci. Ek Frnsci, akesknetm akb k Cfkpm, 1=8.888 cjksks

usnb k akbputnjkr (k qum rmprmsmetnvn >,8).

Mssn rmnicjnjm mvcjmetm m mst buctk prxcbn. En pmsqucsn jm anbpk rmnicznjn

emstm mstujk, akestntku-sm n pnrtcr jks jnjks akimtnjks ub amerck buctk pnrmacjk? jks

>0 suomctks metrmvcstnjks jk `rupk "ûnicjnjm jm vcjn en Zmramcrn Cjnjm" jn

]ecAmsubnr, :0,83%).

Ek `rupk ûnicjnjm jm vcjn en Zmramcrn Cjnjm, jn]ecAmsubnr, akestntku-sm

ubn rmnicjnjm fnstnetm smbmidnetm, bns akb bncs jmstnqum pnrn? aketntk vcrtuni

(1.

Jmetrk jmstm aketmxtk, pkssvmi ektnr qum n tmaekik`cn pkjm smr vcstn akbk

lmrrnbmetn skacni nicnjn jks cjksks, nt pkrqum d ub nitk `rnu jm cestruk metrm

mssms (vcjm tnfmin >), nk pnssk qum o sm akedmam qum >0,,>4% mescek bjck akbpimtk. M, snfm-sm qum msarmvmr m


54/129

=1

akbuecanr-sm ke-icem sk jkcs nspmatks jk usk jk akbputnjkr qum nubmetnb

akelkrbm k evmi mjuanackeni jk cjksk (GNADNV, 6881, p. =1.

Vminackenejk-sm akb mssms jnjks m akelkrbm k amerck mxpkstk, sm`uejk

Anstnijmiic (68>6), k akkrjmenjkr jk aursk jm Zmaekik`cn mb Neicsm m

Jmsmevkivcbmetk jm Qcstmbns jn ]ecAmsubnr, Eiske Zmerck Oeckr, mb metrmvcstn,