LI M U

LI M U

Khi nn kinh t pht trin, i sng x hi c nng cao th nhu cu n ung ca con ngi cng nng cao v tr nn phc tp hn. Nhu cu ca con ngi hin nay khng cn n gin ch l n no m c nng cao hn l n ngon ming hn, hp v sinh, m bo sc khe. Bn cnh cng vi i sng hin nay, con ngi c t thi gian ch bin cc mn n nn i hi trong vic n ung cng phi nhanh gn, tic kim thi gian mi vn cht dinh dng

Chnh v p ng nhu cu , c rt nhin cng ty, x nghip ch bin thc phm ra i. Cc loi thc phm ch bin ny p ng c nhu cu ca ngi tiu dung nh: khng tn nhiu thi gian ch bin, d dng s dng, c nhiu sn phm la chn, hnh thc p m bo v sinh

Nhng ni n mt cng ty, mt thng hiu ch bin thc phm lun c ngi tiu dng tin tng v bnh chn hang vit nam cht lng cao trong nhiu nm qua. l cng ty vit nam k ngh sc sn gi tt l VISSAN.

Vi dy chuyn my mc trang thit b hin i, cng vi i ng cng nhn vin chuyn nghip, cng ty Vissan lun a dng ha cng ngh ca mnh v c vn v sinh ATTT ln hang u. Ngoi nhng mt hng tht ti sng cng ty khng ngng a ra cc sn phm mi phc v cho ngi tiu dng. Bn cnh nhng sn phm hp, xc xch, tht ngui cng ty cn c phn sng sn xut c sn phm truyn thng v xng ch gi l mt trong s . Sn phm ch gi c nhiu loi khc nhau hnh thc p cht lng m bo v rt tin li, ch trong mt thi gian ch bin ngn l c th thng thc mn n truyn thng, m nt dn tc ny.

tm hiu v sn phm ch gi v gp phn a dng cho th trng thc phm, chng em d chn ti: Kho st quy trnh ch bin ch gi cng ty VISSAN.

Tuy nhin do thi gian thc tp hn ch v vn kin thc cn hn hp bi bo co ny khng trnh nhng sai st. Knh mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca qu thy c cng c ch trong cng ty VISSAN

PHN I:

TNG QUAN CNG TY VISSAN

I.1 GII THIU V CNG TYTn giao dch quc t: VISSAN LIMITED COMPANY

Tn vit tt: VISSAN

Tng gim c: BI DUY C

S ti khon: 102010000150518 ti ngn hng cng thng, chi nhnh 7-tp HCM-vit nam.

Tr s chnh: 420 n trang long, phng 13 qun bnh thnh, tp HCM

T: 84 8 5533907 - 5533999. Fax 84 8 5533939

Email: vissan@hcm.fpt.vnWebsite: www.vissan.com.vnM s thu: 0300105356 1

I.1.1 v tr a l:

Cng ty nm trn mt khu t trng rng 20ha, bao quanh h thng sng si gn , ng b ni vi ng n trang long gn quc l 13, pha ty v nam ca cng ty gip song th tc.

y l mt a im thch hp xy dng nh my bi v:

Xa khu dn c, phng dc c hi.

m bo v sinh mi trng, tra nhnh c s lan truyn dch bnh gia gia xc trong nh my v xung quanh.

Thun li cho vic chuyn ch ng thy v ng b cc ngun nguyn liu thu mua cng nh cung cp nhng sn phm ni a v sut khu.

I.1.2 lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca cng ty:

Cng ty vissan l mt doanh nhip thnh vin ca cng ty Thng Mi si gn, c xy dng vo ngy 20/11/1970

Vo nm 1970 chnh quyn si gn c quyt nh khi cng xy dng l st sinh tn tin (tin thn ca cng ty vissan ngy nay) y l l git m ln nht lc ca vit nam, c thit k hon chnh t khu tn tr thu sng, git m, sn xut v bn ra th trng vi cng ngh tin tin v hin i ng Nam .

Ngy 18/5/1974, l st sinh tn tin chnh thc i vo hot ng.

Ngy 16/3/1976, trn c s nh my c, theo quyt nh s 143/TCQD UBNN tp HCM quyt nh thnh lp cng ty thc phm 1 chuyn kinh doanh nghnh hng thc phm ti sng, t chc git m, sn xut mt hng t tht, bn s cho h thng cc ca hng quc danh, t chc d tr tht sng.

T cui nm 1984 n nm 1986 cng ty tham gia pht trin n gia sc thnh ph, t chc ch bin v y mnh xut khu ( y thc qua ANIMEX).

Theo vn bn 3486/UB, thng 8/1987 cng ty tip nhn v thnh lp 12 ca hng thc phm qun, huyn, hnh thnh mng li phn phi rng khp thnh ph.

Thang 11/1989, thao quyt nh s 711/UBND thnh ph HCM i tn cng ty thc phm 1 thnh cng ty vit nam k ngh sc sn vit tc l VISSAN.

Thang 3/2003 xng ch bin kinh doanh thc phm c thnh lp v i vo hot ng thng 11/2003 vi tiu ch thc hin v ci tin qun l h thng cht lng GMP, HACCP v ISO 9001:2000

Thng 5/2005 cng ty rau qu thnh ph c sp nhp vo cng ty VISSAN to thm nghnh hng mi: nghnh rau- c- qu.

Cn c quyt nh s 4265/Q UBNDS ngy 21/9/2006 ca UBND Tp HCM cng ty vit nam k ngh sc sn (VISSAN) chuyn thnh cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin vit nam k ngh sc sn (VISSAN).

Sn phm ca VISSAN hin nay c ch ng vng chc trn th trng vi doanh thu v th phn chim lnh. VISSAN c xem l mt doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh nghnh sc sn ca rau c qu ng u c nc.

Vi chin lc m rng v pht trin khng ngng, cng ty VISSAN sn sang hp tc lien doanh lien kt vi cc n v, c nhn trong v ngoi nc sn xut kinh doanh xut khu tht gia xc, gia cm, rau c qu, cc mt ht thc phm ch bin t tht v rau c qu.

I.1.2.1. Lnh vc hot ng:

Lnh vc hot ng cu cng ty bao gm:

Sn xut v kinh doanh ti th trng trong nc v xut khu cc sn phm tht gm: tht ng lnh v cc sn phm ch bin, sn phm ng hp t tht heo, tru, b, gia cm trng gia cm thy hi sn v rau c qu.

Sn xut heo ging, heo hu b, heo thng phm, heo tht v thc n gia sc.

I.1.2.2. phng thc mua bn:

Cng ty thc hin phng thc mua bn linh hot, giao hng tn ni, nhanh chng. i vi mt hng tht heo, b ti sng VISSAN cung cp phn ln cho nhu cu tiu th ti thnh ph HCM.

i vi mt hng thc phm ch bin, VISSAN c mt h thng ca hng gii thiu sn phm v i l rng khp c nc. i vi mt hng tht heo, b ng lnh, VISSAN v ang xut khu i cc nc vi s lng ln.

I.1.2.3 Nng lc sn xut:

Cng ty c xy dng vi quy m ln v kin c, sn xut vi trang thit b hin i, cng ngh khp kn bao gm:

Mt khu tn tr vi sc cha 10000 con heo v 4000 con b.

Ba dy chuyn git m heo vi cng sut 2400 con/ca (6 gi)

Hai giy chuyn git m b vi cng sut 300 con/ca (6 gi).

H thng kho lnh vi cc cp nhit khc nhau, sc cha trn 2000 tn, p ng nhu cu sn xut kinh doanh.

H thng dy chuyn sn xut xc xch tit trng theo thit b, cng ngh ca Nht Bn vi cng sut 8000 tn/nm.

H thng dy chuyn sn xut ch bin hp vi cng sut 500 tn/nm theo thit b v cng ngh ca Chu u.

X nghip ch bin thc phm ng lnh c cng sut 1500 tn/nm ti Tp.HCM.

X nghip chn nui G Sao.

Cung cp thc phm cc loi thng xuyn cho bp n tp th ca 1.000 trng hc.

I.1.2.4 Mnh li kinh doanh:

Mng li kinh doanh rng khp p ng nhu cu ca th trng trong v ngoi nc:

12 n V Ca Hng, Trm kinh doanh trc thuc ti a bn cc qun trong Tp.HCM v cc ch u mi qun l trn 600 i l hng ch bin ti T.p HCM v cc tnh thnh trn c nc.

X Nghip Ch Bin v Kinh Doanh Thc Phm sn xut v kinh doanh hng thc phm ch bin truyn thng.

X Nghip Ch Bin Kinh Doanh Rau C Qa.

Chi nhnh VISSAN ti H Ni sn xut v kinh doanh ti th trng pha Bc.

Chi nhnh VISSAN ti Nng kinh doanh ti th trng Min Trung v Cao Nguyn.

Vn phng i din VISSAN ti Cng Ha Lin Bang Nga.

I.1.2.5 Chng nhn cht lng:

Cng ty nhn c cc chng ch cht lng gm:

Chng ch ISO/IEC 17025.

Chng ch qun l cht lng theo tiu chun quc t ISO 9001:2000.

Chng nhn tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm HACCP.

Hng Vit Nam Cht Lng Cao (lin tc t nm 1997 n nay) do ngi tiu dng bnh chn.

L mt trong 100 thng hiu mnh ca c nc do Tp Ch Si Gn Tip Th iu tra cng b.

Hu ht hn 100 sn phm VISSAN u t c cp Vng, Bc, Huy chng Hi ch, Hi Thi Thc phm.

I.1.3.2 S b tr b my nhn s ca x nghip:

I.2.IU KIN SN XUT CA CNG TY

I.2.1. iu kin lao ng

I.2.1.1. iu kin v kh hu:

Cng nhn lm vic cc l sy lp xng, cc ni nu hp, thanh trng phn xng tht ngui thng xuyn tip xc vi cc iu kin kh hu nng gy cm gic kh chu v cc bnh kh da, thiu nc, bnh h hp Do vy Cng ty thc hin nhiu bin php nhm bo v sc khe cho cng nhn: trang thit b iu ha kh hu, thng gi nhm to iu kin lm vic thong mt, thoi mi khc phc kh hu nng, ng thi quy nh ch lm vic ngh ngi thch hp.

Cng nhn kho lnh, vn chuyn thnh phm vo cp ong hoc nguyn liu tht t kho lnh th tip xc thng xuyn vi kh hu lnh nn c trang b y cc dng c phng h c nhn: qun, o, giy, ng, m chng lnh, knh eo mt bo v mt nhm ngn nga cc bnh: hen, suyn, bnh khp, bnh v vim c

I.2.1.2 phng cht c hi:

Cng nhn ph trn gia v, ha cht, KCS thng xuyn tip xc vi ha cht phn gii, cht bo qun, cc loi thuc dit cn trng, st trng l ngun gy nhi cc cht c hi nn c trang b cc thit b phng h c nhn cng nh kin thc c bn v cp cu khi b ng c. Ngoi ra cn p dng cc bin phapos y t, khm sc khe nh k cho cng nhn.

I.2.1.2. phng bnh ngh nghip:

Cng nhn lm vic cc khu tip xc vi cc my xay tht, my ct.. d b ngh nghip do ting ng v chn ng ca my mc, thit b gy ra : lng tai, ic v cc bnh v mt. Do ngi vn hnh cc my phi s dng nt bt tai, che tai chng n.

Cng tc thng gi v chiu sang c thc hin tt x nghip bng cch b tr cc qut thng gi v h thng n chiu sng m bo nh sng cn thit khi lm vic, nhm hn ch cc bnh v mt, trnh mt mi, cng thng nhc mt.

I.2.2 An ton lao ng

Mi ngi trong cng ty phi tun theo quy nh an ton lao ng do gim c ban hnh:

S dng y thit b bo h

Trang b o lnh i vi cng nhn lm vic kho lnh.

Trang b khu trang, khn tay, tp d, giy ng cho cng nhn phn xng sn xut.

Trang b khu trang, giy ng cho cng nhn v sinh chung tri.

Chp hnh v tun th bn giao ca, k nhn, kim tra nghim tc.

Thc hin ng quy tc an ton lao ng thit b phng chy cha chy.

Phi c ro chn, bao che b phn truyn ng vn tc cao, cc thit b in phi c rowle bo v.

Mi cng nhn c trch nhim qun l v bo qun thit b ca mnh. Khng t vn hnh iu chnh thit b khu khc.

Khng a gin khi lm vic, sn ng phi c kha cnh tng ma st, trnh trn trt. Sn nh phi ra bng nc sch.

Chp hnh tt cc nh k bo dng thit b, v sinh nh xng, khi c s c phi bo co ngay kp thi sa cha.

I.2.3. Phng chy cha chy:

Cc nguyn nhn gy chy thng gp gm c:

Chy do con ngi: vi phm quy nh an ton v phng chy cha chy, s sut do thiu thc, t ph hoi, tham , trm cp, t th

Thin tai: bo, st, gy t ng dy in.

Ha cht t chy.

I.2.3.2. Phng chy

VISSAN c trn 90% nng lng l in. V vy vic qun l ngun in trong sn xut, sinh hot phi c thng xuyn kim tra hng ngy, hng tun.

Nu qu ti phi lp them ph ti.

Kim tra, bo tr, sa cha ng dy nh k.

Mi ngi thc c trch nhim, ngha v ca mnh trong vic phng chy cha chy, mi ngi phi hiu c cht chy l cht g, dng cht g cha chy.

I.2.3.3. Cha chy:

Khi c m chy xy ra th vic cn lm l:

Khi c chy th phi thng bo cho mi ngi xung quanh. Ngt in, thng tin cho lnh o, n v cha chy chuyn nghip.

Dng cc b phn t c cha chy.

T k thut: cp in, n, nm r my mc, thit b s dng phng v cha chy.

a ti sn ra ngoi.

T cu thng: gi trung tm cp cu, y t.

Bo v: khng cho ngi l vo.

Lnh o bo cho lc lng cha chy: ng i ngun nc, cng tc cha chy, gi nguyn hin trng kim tra.

Tm li: phng chy cha chy tt th mi ngi cn phi tun th cc quy nh ca phng chy cha chy nh sau:

Phng chy cha chy l nhim v ca ton th nhn vin v k c khch hng.

Lc lng phng chy cha chy lun bi dng nghip v cnh gic vi mi kh nng gy chy, sn sang cha chy kp thi. Khi pht hin chy phi h to, nh kng bo ng v bo ngay cho lc lng cha chy chuyn nghip.

Cm khng dng la un nu, ht thuc ni sn xut, ni d chy.

Thc hin tt cc nguyn tc dng in.

Khng dng dy ng, km, giy bc thay cu ch.

Khng cu mc in trc tip vo cm.

Khng vt d chy, dng c nhn gn in

Khng sinh hot, n ng c nhn ni sn xut v kho thnh phm.

Khng xe vt dng cn tr li i

Khng hn ct kim loi cc vt d bc chy.

Pha v sinh thng xuyn.

I.3 X l ph thi, nc kh thi

I.3.1 X l ph thi

Trong qu trnh sn xut ch bin ti VISSAN, cc ph liu, ph thi c x l nh sau:

i vi cc loi ph liu nh thng carton, dy bao, bao nylon tp trung li sau bn i

i vi phn, lng phat sinh t khu tn tr th sng th:

Dn dp sch s

Vn chuyn bng phng tin kn, khng chy nc, ri vi dc ng. Lng heo c tp trung vo nh cha long.

Rc sinh hot, ph thi khng cn tn dng c th c xe rc hng ngy n ly i ca sau.

Da tru b em bn i.

Xng , tht b i, m, by nhy da c gm tp trung laijvaf xay lm th n gia xc, khng a xung cng, khng vc ba bi.

Thng xuyn gom gn rc v bao b, cc loi rt pht sinh trong ca sn xut nh: v c rt, v sn em cha trong bao kn v buc ming li, sau vn chuyn tp trung vo b rc.

I.3.2 X l nc kh thi

H thng x l nc thi ca cng ty VISSAN:

Cng sut: 100 m3/ngy

Thi gian hot ng 8 h/ngy

Tiu chun nc thi loi B.

Cng ty VISSAN chuyn v sn xut cc dng thc phm ng lnh v thc phm ch bin t tht gia sc, heo, b. Do nc thi ca nh my rt nhim nn cn phi x l lm sch, hn ch n mc thp nht nn nhim mi trng cng nh ly lan dch bnh.

Theo thit k ca nh my th ton b lng nc thi t khu tn tr th c tp trung v mt h nc H1, nc thi khu sn xut cng c tp trung v mt h H2 khc. Nc H2 do ln phn v tp cht nh thc n cn d, lng s c bm qua sn lc cc tp cht khng c phn hy (trm bm T01). Sau nc c tp trung li mt ch, ri t trm bm nc thi c bm vo b cn bng T02, c h thng thi kh 24/24 nhm mc ch nui sng cc vi sinh vt c trong nc thi v trn u nhng cn bn c trong nc thi.

T b ny nc thi c bm ln b tuyn ni T03 (hot ng tun hon lin tc), ha cht c s dng l phn nhm, A-polyme c bm vo b tuyn ni t cc bn cha ha cht. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l loi b cc tp cht v chuyn vo b cha phn, ri xe ht phn n em .

Nc thi sau khi chy t b tuyn ni ra s tp trung b trung gian T07 bm dn qua b ym kh T06, y cc vi sinh vt tin hnh phn hu cc cht hu c c trong kh thi.

Nc thi c chuyn qua b trung ha tip xc T08 (bm NaOH vo, mt phn bn hi lu c bm tr li nhm trung ha pH t mc trung bnh pH=7).

Sau giai on ny nc c cho chy trn qua b x l sinh hc T09 v b kh nit T10, ri li c cho chy trn qua b lng T11. Ti b T11phn bn c gn gi li v mt phn c bm ngc tr li b trung ha tip xc T08,mt phn c bm qua b nn bn T13, bn c gi li b phn hy bn T14 ri s c gom i.Nc t b lng c cho chy trn qua b kh trng T12 sau NAOCl c bm vo nhm dit khun. Qua giai on ny nc c ci thin n mc B v c a ra sng.Kinh ph ca cng trnh 5 t, hng thng chi ph hot ddonongj ca h thng l 25 triu ng.n v thi cng: lien doanh Glowtec (Singapore) v Thun Vit.PHN II:

NGUYN LIU SN PHM

II.1. TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU:

II.1.1. Nguyn liu tht ti: (tht heo)

Tht chim mt t l ln trong sn phm ch gi. Tr ch gi chay, cn cc loi ch gi nhn mn khc u cha mt lng tht nht nh trong nhn l nt c th ring bit ca sn phm ch gi. Nu thiu hoc khng th khng hnh thnh c sn phm.

II.1.1.1. Gii thiu chung

Tht gia sc v gia cm l mt ngung thc n c gi tr dinh dng cao.Trong thnh phn ca tht gm c : nc (chim mt t l kh cao), mt lng ln cc protein hon thin ( m c), cht bo ( tn ti trong cc b phn ca c th, quyt nh sinh nng lng), cht khong v cc vitamin (tp trung phn ln trong gan rt cn thit cho hot ng sng hng ngy ca con ngi). Ngoi ra trong tht cn c : gluxit, lipoit v cc enzim.

Theo gi tr thc phm, thnh phn ca tht c phn ra : m c, m m, m lien kt, m xng v mu, trong gi tr ln nht ca tht l m c v m m.

Bng II.1.1.1.: T l ca cc m trong cc loi tht (%)

Loi mTht bTht ln

M c57 6240 58

M m3 1615 46

M lin kt9 126 8

M sng v sn17 298 18

M mu0,8 10,6 0,8

II.1.1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca tht:

Thnh phn ha hc ca tht l nhng cht c bn cu to nn c th ng vt v cng to ra gi tr dinh dng ca tht, c hp thnh ch yu t thnh phn ha hc ca cc m c bn nh: m c, m lien kt, m m v m xng.

Thnh phn ha hc ca tht ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: c th gia sc, ging loi, gii tinh, mc bo, mc ch nui dng, tui git tht v tng b phn ly thtThnh phn ha hc ca c tht gm c: nc, protein, cht beo, cht v c, cc cht ngm ra Lng m v lng nc thng bin i rt nhiu v hon ton ngc li vi nhau, cn cc cht khc th khng bin i nhiu lm.

Bng II.1.1.2: Thnh phn ha hc ca tht ln:

Phn tht x (ln)Hng loiThnh phn ha hc phn mm khng c da v m m (%) sinh nng lng (Kcai/kg)

NcProteinLipidTro

Phn vaiI57,812,428,80,93190

Phn lng

Phn ai lng v phn bngI54,912,232,00,93480

Phn ngcI54,410,834,00,83600

Phn mng i sauI64,215,719,01,12410

Cng chn trcI63,215,520,01,22500

Cng chn sauI67,616,814,51,22040

II.1.2.1. Protein

Protein l thnh phn ch yu ca tht, n chim khong 70 80% t l cht kh. Protein l polime ca cc acid amin, do cc acid amin lien kt li vi nhau to thnh.

Protein c bn ca c (muscle stroma): l nhng cht ca t chc lin kt, n lm cho t chc ca c tht n hi, do dai, vng chc. Protein c bn ca c khng tan trong mui trung tnh nhng tan c trong dung dch kim tnh, bao gm:

Elastin: c tnh n hi tt, l thnh phn cu to ch yu ca mng si c v cc t chc lin kt.

Collagen: l thnh phn cu to nn m lin kt, nu em thy phn s to thnh gelenin.

Retinculin: l cht cu to nn ci li lin kt cc b phn li vi nhau.

Lipoprotein: l thnh phn cu to nn cc m thn kinh.

Nucleoprotein: l thnh phn cu to ca nhn t bo.

Glucoprotein: tn ti gia cc b si, cc khp ni, lm cho c tht trn v hot ng d dng.

Protein cht c (muscle plasma): l nhng cht ch yu cu to nn c tht, cung cp cht dinh dng quan trng cho con ngi bao gm:myosin, myogen, actin, actomyosin, globulin-X, myoalbumin, globulin.

AXIT AMINHM LNG (%)AXIT AMINHM LNG (%)

Glycine

Alanine

Valine

Leucine

Serine

proline

phenylalanine

Threonine

methionine2,0

4,0

2,6

15,6

3,9

1,9

3,2

3,8

3,4cysteine

Tyrosine

trytophan

arginine

histidine

lysine

Acid glutamic

Acid asparaginic1,4

1,2

0,8

7,0

1,7

10,3

21,0

8,5

II.1.1.2.2. Cht bo (lipid)

Cht bo ca ng vt c di da, bng v quanh ph tng.Cht bo do glyxerin v axit bo bc cao hon thnh. Cht bo tan tt trong ete, chloroform, bezen, cn nng v mt s dung mi hu c khc cc axit bo c trong cc ng vt l : axit stearic (chim 1628%) , axit palmitic (chim 2530%) v cc oleic (chim 3543%), cc axit bo khng no c nhiu mch kp khong 27 %. Tnh cht ca m gia sc, gia cm n nh hn ca ng vt thy sn v phn ln l cc axit bo no.

Cht bo c gi tr dinh dng cao v kh nng sinh nng lng ln.Nu oxy ha tun hon 1 kg cht bo s to ra 9300kcal, cn protit v glicid ch to ra 4100 Kcal. Ngoi ra cht bo cn cn thit cho s hp thu cc vitamin tan trong cht bo v rut non nh : A, D, E.

Cc axit bo cha no cao (vi 2 ni i hoc nhiu hn to ra gi tr sinh hc ca m, c tc dng chuyn ha colesterin v colin trong c th ngi gip phng chng bnh tai bin mch mu, ngoi ra cn gip c th tr pht trin tr no.Trong gm c: linoleic (hai ni i), enolenic (ba ni i), v arachidonic (bn ni i).

M b cha 1,2 2,2% axit linoleic, 0,2 0,3% linoleic v 0,10,2% arachidonic, m cu cha tng ng l 1,5 2,7%, 0,70,9%, v 0,10,8% cn m ln l 4,29,4%, 0,3 0,5% v khong 0,4% arachidonic.II.1.1.2.3. Cht ngm ra ca tht (cht trch ly, cht rt):

Cht ngm ra l cc cht rt d chit rt hay trch ly c chia lm hai nhm ch yu l:

Nhm cha nit: chim khong 1,2 1,6% phn ln l cc cht hu c cha m nh: creatin, axit creatinic, camozin, anxerin, methylguanidin, cc axit t do (trong quan trng l axit glutamic, tryptophan, lxin, alanin). Ngoi ra trong nhm cha nit cn c: creatinphotphat, adenozintriphotphat, adenozindiphotphat, baz purin, ure,taurinNhm khng cha nit bao gm cc sn phm c s chuyn ha glycogen nh: dextrin, maltoza, glucoza, inozit v cc este photphoric ca chng cc axit nh: axit lactic, piruvic, sucxinic; cc cht bo trung tnh v mt s cht khc.

II.1.2.4. Nc

Nc c nhng tnh cht nh sau:

L dung mi, mi trng din ra cc phn ng ha hc ca qu trnh trao i cht.

Phng tin vn chuyn nhanh chng cht ha tan trong t bo v trong ton c th.

Gip iu ha thn nhit, thi ra ngoi c th cc cht cn b ca qu trnh trao i cht v mt s cht c tch t trong c th.

Bo v cc m c v cc c quan trong c th trnh thng tn trong lc vn ng.

Lng nc trong c th tri ngc vi lng m, lng m cng nhiu th lng nc cng t.

Lng nc khc nhau mi v tr c tht, mi ging loi v tui ca ng vt.

II.1.1.2.5 cc cht khong

Lng khong trong t chc tht chim rt t, trung bnh khong 0,81,5%, tn ti trng thi hp cht v c trong acid amin, lecithin v hemoglobin. Mui v c trong tht gm: Ca, K, Fe, Na, P, Cl, S trong phosphor (116117mg%), kali (212159 mg%), v st (1,12,3 mg%) lng canxi trong tht rt thp (1015mg%).

II.1.1.2.6 Vitamin:

Vitamin trong t chc tht rt t m a s tp trung trong tim, thn v gan ca ng vt. vitamin c ngha rt ln v mt sinh l ca ng vt v gi tr dinh dng quang trng. Nu thiu vitamin s gy nn ri lon s trao i cht trong c th ngi lm cho s pht trin khng bnh thng.

II.1.1.3 Tnh cht vt l ca tht

II.1.1.3.1 Khi lng ring (T trng)

Khi lng ring ca tht thay i theo hm lng cht bo trong tht, cht bo cng nhiu th khi lng ring ca tht cng nh.

Khi lng ring trung bnh cha tht b v tht ln kh m l 1,021,07, ca xng l 1,131,30.

II.1.1.3.2. Nhit dung ring:

Nhit dung ring ca tht khc nhau theo t chc v thnh phn ha hc ca n.

Bng II.1.1.5: Nhit dung ring ca tht [1]

LOI THTNHIT DUNG RING (Kcal/kg.)

Tht ln bo

Xng cng

Cht kh ca t chc c tht

Xng xp0,540

0,300

0,30,4

0,710

II.1.1.3.3. H s dn nhit:

Mi s khc nhau trong c tht th s dn nhit ca chng cng khc nhau.

Khi si c tht xp vi nhau thnh gc vung th h s dn nhit bng 1.

Khi si c xp song song, h s dn nhit gim xung cn 0.80,9.

Cng mt loi tht v trng hp song song th h s dn nhit ca t chc c tht c nhiu m nh hn t chc c tht m t hn mt na.

+ tht nc:0,478 (Kcal/m.gi.0C)

+M ln: 0,153 (Kcal/m.gi.0C)

H s dn nhit ca thit ng kt cao hn so vi tht cha ng kt.

H s dn nhit ca tht sau r ng ln hn trc khi cp ng.

II.1.1.3.4. Mu sc ca tht:

Mu sc ca tht do mu sc ca c tht v cht bo quyt nh. Mu sc ca t chc c tht u tin l do lng hemoglobulin v sc t trong c ca t chc c tht quyt nh.

Bng II.1.1.6: S ph thuc gia loi tht v mu sc ca n

Loi thtMu sc

-Nhiu cht bo

-Nhiu t chc lin kt

-Ln c nui dng tt

-Tht ln con

-Gia sc hot ng nhiu-Hoa qu nht

-Hng sm v hi xanh nht

-Hng

-Hng nht hay mu hoa qu

-Sm hn gia sc t hot ng

-Khi p lnh

-R ng v p ng hai ln

-Qua nhiu ln cp ng v r ng-V khng bin i bn trong hng nht hay tro

-Hng sm

-Anh o sm khng ng u

-Sau khi cht n t cng

-Sau thi k t cng

-Tht thi ra hoc sp thi ra-Mu ti sm

-Phc hi li mu sc c

-Vng hoc tro, lc ti hoc tro en.

II.1.1.3.5. Mi v ca tht

Mi v ca tht v cc loi ng vt khc ty theo hm lng axit bo hay hi c trong tht. Tnh cht v s lng axit bo trong c tht ph thuc vo ging loi, gii tnh, tnh hnh chn nui v b, tui ca ng vt.

II.1.1.3.6. mm ca tht:

mm ca tht ph thuc vo cc nhn t ca ng vt khi sng v sau khi git.

Nhng nhn t khi sng gm: loi, ging, gii tnh, tui v trng thi con vt trc khi git, s lng v tnh cht ca m lin kt, kch thc cc b c v ng knh ca si c

Nhng nhn t sau khi b git:

+ Qa trnh chn ti ca tht, cc phng php ch bin.

+ Cu trc m c cng mn tht cng mm mi.

+ Ch x l nhit

+ Ph v mc hydrat ca protein m c.

+ Cc mui trung tnh.

II.1.1.4. Cc qu trnh bin i ca tht sau khi git m:

Cc qu trnh bin i ca tht sau khi git m c trng l: s trao i cht trong cc m b dng li, dn n s phn gii cc cht c trong c th ng vt cng vi nhng hot ng ph sn ca enzyme. Cc qu trnh bin i l tp hp nhng giai on k tip nhau.

Gia vo nhng biu hin bn ngoi ngi ta chia s bin i ca tht sau khi cht thnh bn thi k lin tip nhau l: trc co cng, qua trnh co cng, qu trnh t chin, qu trnh phn hy.

II.1.1.4.1. Trng thi trc co cng.

Trng thi trc co cng l lc sau khi git m xong tht cn nng, m c mm, kh nng lin kt vi nc cao nht, pH gn 6,8, mi thm v v th hin r rang, nhit khong 360C,trng thi ny ko di khong 2 4h.

II.1.1.4.2. Qu trnh co cng

Sau giai on co cng tht bt u co cng, lc ny bn c hc tng. Qu trnh co cng l kt qu ca cc qu trnh ha sinh phc tp do enzyme gy ra gm :

Qu trnh phn gii glycogen to acid lactic v chuyn pH t trinh tnh v acid. S acid ha mi trng c tc dng c ch s pht truyn vi sinh vt gy thi.

Qu trnh phn gii adenosinetriphosphate (ATP)

ATP ADP + (P) + Q

Di nh hng ca adenosinetriphosphatem ca myosin, ATP b thy phn to thnh adenosinediphosphate (ADP), adenosinemonophosphatem (AMP)v cc phosphate v c t do, chuyn nng lng ha hc thnh nng lng c hc cho s co rt c.

Qu trnh phn gii creatinephosphate l esete photphoric ca creatin.

S to thnh phc cht actomyosin v tip theo l s co rt t c, m c co cng li.

II1.1.4.3. Qu trnh chn ti:

Qu trnh chin ti c nhng c im sau:

Thi gian tht ng vt sau khi git t trng thi chn ti cn ty thuc vo tui, ging loi, gi tnh, trng thi con vt trc khi git tht, b phn khc nhau trn c th v nhit ca mi trng.

Trong lc xy ra qu trnh chn, tht ng vt c rt nhiu bin i v l hc, ha hc, mt khc h enzyme phn gii protein, kt qu l to hng thm v tng v ca tht c tht tr nn mm mi v thm ngon hn.

S s phn gii ATP trong qu trnh chn ti ca tht xy ra nh sau:

ATP ADP Acid andenylic inosinic inosine hypoxanthine

II.1.1.4.4. Qa trnh thi ra ca tht:

Qu trnh thi ra ca tht l s bin i phc tp xy ra di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, biu hin l nhng bin i tng hp cc ch tiu cm quan.S phn hy cc hp cht protein ng vai tr ch yu trong s thi ra.Tht trng thi b phn hy c cha cc c t gy hi i vi sc khe ca con ngi.

Tc xm nhp ca vi khun hiu kh vo lp su 2 10 cm trong tht nhit phng dao ng khong mt n hai ngy, vo lp su 1cm sau 20 ngy nhit gn 00C . Mi ca tht trng thi phn hy rt kh chu v sc mnh hn trng thi phn hy hiu kh, lc pH khong 78. n giai on phn hy cui cng tht tr nn nhn v nho nt.

II.1.2. Tht bo qun lnh dng trong ch bin:

C hai phng php bo qun lnh nguyn liu:

II.1.2.1. Phng php lm lnh tht

Khi lm lnh tht c th lm lnh bng phng phng t nhin hoc phng php nhn to.

II.1.2.1.1. Phng php t nhin:

Vi phng lm lnh t nhin, ngi ta d tht trong khng kh , nhit ca tht s gim xung, phng php ny ch c ng dng v ma ng i vi vng n i. Khi lm lnh bng phng php ny cng cn m bo ng k thut v iu kin v sinh tt, thi gian lm lnh ph thuc vo nhit khng kh bn ngoi.

u dim: tit kim nng lng v vng tit kim chi ph.

Nhc im: ph thuc vo nhit mi trng cho nm khng n nh, d b mt v sinh.

II.1.2.1.2. Phng php nhn to:

C hai phng php lm lnh nhn to l lm lnh gin on v lm lnh nhanh.

Lm lnh gin on: gm 2 giai on:

+ Giai on 1 : cho tht vao kho (680C) v gim nhit ca tht xung 10150C (2436 gi). Vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh 23m/s. Mi ngy m thay i khng kh 46 ln, khi b mt ca tht kt li thnh mng kh cng.

+ Giai on 2 : a tht vo phng lnh (240C) m tng i ca khng kh (7580%). Mi gi thay i khng kh 46 ln, trong 24h nhit ca tht h xung 460C.

Lm lnh nhanh: nhit phng lnh -130C, m tng i ca khng kh 90%, khng kh tun hon bng thit b lm lnh khng kh kh v khng kh m (50ln/gi), sau treo vo kho lnh 23 ngy m,tht s to thnh mng cng ngoi.

u im: tht khng b kh qu , ngoi mt tri gi c tt, t l hao ht t, v mt kinh t c li.

II.1.2.2. Phng php lnh ng tht:

Lnh ng l phng php bo qun tht rt tt, thi gian bo qun lu hn.Tht cho vo cp ng bt u ng kt -10C, nhit pha trong ca t chc c tht ng kt khong -6oC , c 2 cch lm ng tht:

II.1.2.2.1 Lnh ng chm:

Khi lm lnh ng chm, nu nhit phng lnh -8 12 th thi gian 7 8 ngy.

Nhc im: to ra cc tinh th nc ln trong tht lm ph v cu trc t bo gy nn s tn tht dinh dng gim cht lng tht, rt tn thi gian.

II.1.2.2.2. Lnh ng nhanh:

nng cao cht lng tht cp ng th nn thc hin phng php lnh ng nhanh, sau s to ra nhiu tinh th nc nh trong tht v do trnh c s ph v t bo, t lm tn tht dinh dng, cht lng tht tt hn.

Khi lm lnh ng nhanh, nu nhit -12 -150C th mt 34 ngy. Lm lnh ng vi tc nhanh nht (-18 -23 0C) mt 2 ngy.

rt ngn thi gian lm lnh ng tht, c th s dng cc bin php :

+ Trang b thit b qut gi lm khng kh chuyn ng u n.

+ B tr cc dn ng bay hi xen k vi tht (nguyn con hay na con).

Hin nay ngi ta s dng cc t cp ng v siu ng nhanh chng lm ng cc tht trong vi gi.

II.1.2.3. Cc bin i ca tht khi lnh ng:

II.1.2.3.1. Bin i trong lc bo qun lnh ng:

Tht sau khi git m c a vo phng cp ng (t0 =-30 -400C) trong 810h ty thuc vo kch thc loi nguyn liu. cng ty VISSAN dng phng php lm ng nhanh sn phm c tinh th nh v u, kch thc b, khng ph hy cu trc t bo ,v vy c th gi c 95% phm cht ti nguyn ca tht.

Sau khi c lm lnh ng tht c em tr ng (t 0 = -180C), c th tr ng n 6 thng ty tnh hnh sn xut. Trong thi gian bo qun lnh ng tht c nhng bin i sau:

Do nhit lm lnh ng ca tht khong -15oC -20 oC thp hn nhit ng c ca dch hot nn tht b cng li ( nc trong t bo b ng bng v nng cc cht ha tan tng ln 10 ln. Protein bi bin tnh mnh m do lc ion tng v pH thay i dn n kh nng gi nc gim.

Lnh ng c th lm thit hi cu trc t bo. Nu lm ng chm s to tinh th ln, s chnh lch p xut khin nc di chuyn t ni bo ra ngoi bo, lc ion trong ni bo tng,cui cng t bo b teo nguyn sinh v protein b bin tnh.

II.1.2.3.2. Cc bin i ca tht trong giai on tan gi:

Tht lnh ng trc khi s dng phi a vo phng r ng r ng t nhin, khi s c nhng bin i nh hng n phm cht ca tht l:

Trong thi gian tan gi nhit tht tng dn ln v khng kh trong phong lun phin tch cc. Do s chnh lch nhit , cc tinh th tan ra mang theo mt s cht dinh dng tan trong nc, dn n hao ht v dinh dng v khi lng.

Tht tan gi l mi trng tt cho vi sinh vt pht trin. hn ch VSV phi em tht ch bin ngay. Tht tan gi khng lm lnh ng tr li.

Yu cu k thut ca tht sau qu trnh tan gi:

Tht phi p ng quy nh ca nh nc theo TCVN.

Trn thc t thng dng phng php cm quan l chnh do trc tht c kim tra theo mt quy trnh rt nghim ngt.

II.1.3. Nguyn liu tm:

II.1.3.1. Gii thiu chung:

Tm thuc loi gip xc, thn di hi trn c bao quanh bng mt lp v mng cu to bng cht chitin. Mu sc ca tm do sc t thuc lp cuticum hay nhng t bo ring bit quyt nh.

Tht tm ngon v rt c gi tr, hm lng protein v cc mui khong trong tht tm rt cao. Trong tht tm c cha nhiu enzyme, do khi bo qun tm khng ng cch th tm rt d b h hng. Nu lu m khng c bin php bo qun th trong tht tm s tch ly acid lactic lm tm nhanh chng b thi hng, m c tht s b phn hy, mu sc ca tm s b bin i t mu trng sang sm, hm lng NH3 trong tht tm s tng ln gy h hng sn phm.

II.1.3.1.1. Tm nn

Gm: tm S, tm Sc hoc tm Bc c lt v, u, ui, gn, cha qua ng lnh.

II.1.3.1.2. Tm v:

Gm: tm Sc, tm Ch hoc tm Bc cn nguyn v (hoc lt v cha ui) nhng khng cn u.

Tm x nghip nhp v ch yu di dng bc v sn v c cp ng thnh tng block khong t 2 5kg. Khng cn phi s dng loi tm ch yu no min sao KCS kim tra t tiu chun sn xut l c nhp.

Ngoi ra thnh phng ha hc ca tm cng ph thuc vo trang thi sinh l, ma v, thi tit S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc v s bin i chng lm nh hng rt ln n mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.

II.1.3.2 Ga tr dinh dng ca tm:

Gi tr dinh dng ca tm gm cc thnh phn sau:

Bng II.1.3: Thnh phn dinh dng ca tm

Trn 100g thc phm n c c cha

THNH PHNTM BINTM NG

Nng lng (Kcal)8290

Protein (g)17,618,4

Lipid (g)0,91,8

Glucid (g)0,90

Canxi (mg)791120

Phospho (mg)184150

St (mg)1,62,2

Vitamin A (mcg)2015

Vitamin B1 (mg)0,040,02

II.1.3.2.1. Nc:

Hm lng nc ph thuc v ging loi v tnh trng ca tm. Trong c v trong t bo ca tm, n ng vai tr lm dung mi cho cc cht tan, l mi trng cho cc phn ng sinh ha.

II.1.3.2.2. Protein:

C tht ca tm cha khong 13 25% protein. Hm lng protein ca tm bin thin ty thuc vo ging loi, iu kin dinh dng v cc loi c tht. im ng in ca protein tm l pH = 4,55,5. pH ny cc protein trung tnh v in, km a nc nc v ha tan trong nc im cc tiu.

II.1.3.2.3. Lipid:

M c ca tm cha lipid rt t, khong 0,053%, thnh phn ch yu l phospholipid.

II.1.3.2.4. Vitamin:

Cc vitamin c trong tm bao gm: vitamin B1, B2, PP, H, C hm lng vitamin bin thin theo ma v.

II.1.3.2.5. Khong cht:

Tm l thc phm kh giu cht khong, hm lng cht khong c trong tht tm bin thin trong khong 0,61,5 %. Hm lng cht khong ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng sng ca tm.

II.1.4. Nguyn liu cua, gh:

II.1.4.1. Gii thiu chung:

H l loi hi sn qu, c gi tr dinh dng v thng mi cao. Gh phn b khp cc vng bin nc ta, sng su 50100m ca sng v y bn.

Gh c nhp v di dng lt sn v c KCS kim tra xem c cn xt xng hoc v hay khng hoc c t tiu chun hay khng l c th nhp c, v vy khng th xc nh c ging gh g trong sn xut.

a s loi gh nhp v cng ty l gh da v gh , thng th s lng gh da nhiu hn.

Mt s loi gh nc ta:

Gh xanh: xut hin khp cc vng bin nc ta, c v mu xanh v cc chm trng. Gh xanh c khai thc t thng 5 n thng 2 nm sau.

Gh m, gh ct: phn b Vnh Bc B, ven bin min trung, c khai thc t thng 5 n thng 3 nm sau.

Gh 3 chm: c 3 chm trn u, v mu xanh, phn b Vnh Bc B, v ven bin min trung, ma v khai thc t thng 7 n thng 3 nm sau.

II.1.4.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca gh:

Thnh phn ha hc ca tht gh gm: ngun protein cht lng cao, nhiu vitamin v cc cht khong cn thit co dinh dng ca c th. Ngoi ra trong tht gh c cha: phosphor, km, canxi, st v rt t cht bo, c bit l cht bo no.

BNG II.1.4. Thnh phn dinh dng ca gh

Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100g thc phm n c

Nng lng KcalThnh phn chnh (g)Mui khong (mg)Vitamin (mg)

Nc proteinlipidglucidtrocanxiPhosphorStAB1B2PP

9375,519,90,52,21,91341803,835,80,040,073,9

II.1.5. Nguyn liu ph, ph gia v gia v:

II.1.5.1. Nguyn liu ph:

Nguyn liu ph l phn thm vo tng khi lng v ci thin sn phm, to cho sn phm tnh a dng v mt dinh dng, tng gi tr cm quan v mi, v v sn phm tr nn bt mt hn, hp dn hn. Nguyn liu ph chim t l kh ln trong sn phm, bao gm cc nguyn liu ngun gc rau c: mn, sn, nm mo, c rt u xanh

tng thm sc hp dn ca sn phm v gim gi thnh ngi ta dng nguyn liu ph t thc vt. Nguyn liu ph c s dng phi l loi nguyn liu tt, khng b h thi, bm dm, nu khng chn la k th nhng vi sinh vt d b xm nhp vo v c hi cho sn phm sau ny.

II.1.5.1.1. C sn:

C sn c tn khoa hc l Pachyrhizus erosus, thuc h u (Fabaceae), phn b Trung Quc, n , Lo, Vit Nam.

C sn c v ngt nht, tnh mt, thng c trng ly c n (n sng hay nu chn) v lm thuc.

Bng II.1.5.1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c sn

Trong 100g c sn n c c cha (%)

Tinh btglucozaNcProtein

2,44,5186901,46

II.1.5.1.2. Khoai mn:

Khoai mn c tn khoa hc l Colocasia esculenta, l loi cy c phn gc phnh thnh c, gm c ci v nhiu c non bm xung quanh. L khoai mn c dng phin, hnh tim, cung l mp mc ng, di trn di 1 m.

Khoai mn c trng cc vng nhit i c gi tr kinh t ( nng sut t 820% tn c /ha), thi gian sinh trng l 812 thng.

C khoai mn rt giu tinh bt v cht x. Ngoi ra, trong c cn cha nhiu vitamin v khong cht.

Bng II.1.5.2: thnh phn dinh dng ca khoai mn

Trong 100g khoai mn n c c cha

NcproteinlipidGlucidCellulocetroNng lng

69g1,5g0,2g25,2g1,2g1,4g109kcal

Cc khong cht v vitamin (mg)

phosphoCanxi St B1PPB2C

44440,80,090,10,034

II.1.5.1.3. Nm mo:

Nm mo c tn khoa hc l uricularia auricular- judae, cn gi l mc nh en, c th coi nm mo l loi rau sch. Nm mo cn c s dng ngay, nu khng th bo qun lnh nhit thch hp phc v cho sn xut.

Ngoi gi tr dinh dng, nm mo cn c nhiu c tnh ca bit dc, c kh nng phng v cha bnh nh: lm h huyt p, chng bo ph, cha bnh ng rut

Protein trong nm mo tng ng vi protein trong cc loi tht v rt d hp th. Ngoi ra trong nm mo c lng vitamin B12 gp 35 ln tht gp 10 ln so vi go, bt m v cc loi rau khc. Cht khong trong nm mo so vi cc loi rau cng gp 410 ln. hm lng st ca nm mo cao hn 100 ln so vi tht, y l nguyn t rt cn to hng cu cho c th.

II.1.5.1.4. Bnh trng, bnh r:

Bnh trng, bnh r c lm bng bt go, bnh c ng knh 30cm, 6972 las bnh/kg, khi s dng bnh c ct lm 4.

Bnh c mu trng c hoc trng ng, khng c mi l, khng c m trng hoc vt l dnh trn bnh, khng b mc, bnh cn nguyn ven, bnh khng b rch.

II.1.5.3: thnh phn dinh dng ca bnh trng

Trong 100g bnh trng bao gm

Nng lngproteinLipid Glucid Cellulose TroPhosphor Canxi

333kcal4g0,2g78,9g0,5g1,4g65mg20mg

II.1.5.2. Ph gia v gia v:

Ph gia v gia v l nhng cht chim t l nh trog sn phm, c tc dng lm tng gi tr cm quan v gip bo qun, ci thin cu trc hoc khc phc nhc im do qu trnh ch bin gy ra.

Gia v gm c: mui, ng, bt ngt, tiu, l nhng cht to nn mi v ca sn phm

Ph gia gm: hnh ti.

II.2 KIM TRA V X L NGUYN LIU

II.2.1. Nguyn liu chnh

II.2.1.1 Tht heo m

II.2.1.1.1. Tht ti:

Tht gia xc sau khi git m dng nguyn con, c ct ming, lm sch tch chng loi trc khi giao cho x nghip nh sau:

Nc x: bao gm nc i nc vai, thng ni, thng ngoi ca heo t l m b mt khng vt qu 5%.

Nc dm: l phn nc vng c c cu to nc, m xen ln nhau kh tch bit.

Nc bp: bao gm c bp i, hoc bp vai, ct ht cc u gn ln.

Nc ri (ba ri)l phn nc vng bng, c cu to nc, m xen ln nhau tng lp d cch bit, phi 3 lp nc, lp m xen k khng dy qu 1,5cm.

Nc ming: l phn nc tip gip gia vng bng(khng phi nac ri) vi phn nc i v gia vng ngc vi phn nc vai (nc nch, hay nc bn), c kch thc t 15x15cm tr ln, y l phn tha ra trong qu trnh lc v lm gn t cc phn nc nu trn.

Nc vng: c kch thc t 10x10cm tr ln, y l phn tha ra trong qu trnh lc v lm gn t cc phn nc nu trn.

Phn loi tht gm 3 dng:

+ tht bnh thng

+ tht PSE (pale,soft,exudation)

+ tht DFD (dark, firm, dry)

Tht c tip nhn phi c giy t v qua kim dch ca c quan th y.

Tht sau khi tip nhn c nhn vin KCS ca x nghip tin hnh kim tra bng phng php cm quan theo nhng ch tiu quy nh ca cng ty. Sau khi kim tra, tht t yu cu c a vo cp ng bo qun lu i, dng trong sn xut.

Ch tiu vi sinh ca tht ti v tht bo qun lnh ng ging nhau, cn cc ch tiu cm quan v ha l ca tht ti nh sau:

Bng II.2.1.1: trng thi cm quan ca tht

Ch tiuTht tiTht km tiTht n

Cm quan bn ngoiMng ngoi khHi dnh nht c khi ln mcKh hoc qu m t

Mu sc nht, trn mt ct hi m c.V xm, mt ct m, tic nhiu ncV mu tro hoc xanh nht, mt cawys xm, xanh nht, hi dnh, m t

TyMu vng sng, chc ch, bm chc y thnh ng ty.Nm b mt xng, hi lm vo, mm, hi xm, trng hoc tro nht.Khng y, nho nt, mu sm ti

Nc thtTrong, thm, v ngt, tp trung trn b mt, mi v cht bo bnh thngVn c khng thm, mi axit thi hoc oxy haVn c ln nhiu vn tht, mi axit thi v thi ra, khng c lp mng m

Mi vThm ti, khng c mi khc thngHi c mi thi, hi chua, mt hi nt, bn trong bnh thng.Mi thi kh chu c bn trn v bn ngoi

C thtChc n hi tt.Hi mm, n hi chmMm, nho,khng n hi

MMu, mi, v rng chc khng thay iMu tro nht hi hng, hi dnh, hoqi c mi oxy ha, d nm, mc xm nhp.Mu tro hoc xanh nht, lp cht dnh bao bc, mc xm nhp, mi thi

Gn v khp xngn hi tt, trong, mt khp lng v trongC gn mm, mu trng hoc tro nht, c cht dnh quanh lp xng, dch xng vn cMm t mu xm mi hi, nhiu cht dnh bao quanh, dch nhn nt

Bng II.2.1.2: Chi tiu l h ca tht ti

tn chi tiuMc yu cu

Phn ng giy quAxit

pH ca nc tht(10g tht xay nh + 100ml nc ct trung tnh5.06,4

Phn ng Ebem tnh

Phn ng vi thuc th chin axetat( nh tinh H2S)m tnh

Hm lng ammoniac818mg/100kg tht

II.2.1.2 Tht r ng:

cng ty VISSAN ngi ta dng loi tht qua bo qun lnh ng v lm tan gi, mc ch l tnh cht ca sn phm c ng u, sn phm lm ra c cht lng n nh. Mt khc cng c th l ch ng trong sn xut, bi v ngun nguyn liu lun c d tr trong sn xut. Cn nu dng nguyn liu tuoi th thi gian bo qun rt ngn m li c nhiu tn tht do h hng v i khi th trng khng nguyn liu ti cho nhu cu sn xut ln. Tt c cc loi tht ti c cp ng v bo qun nhit tm sn phm khng cao hn -12 0C, khi cn th c r ng theo quy nh.

II.2.1.1.3. M heo:

M heo dng ch bin bao gm: m phn v m bng (khng s dng m sa), c lc sch da. M heo phi sch s ,khng ln tp cht , khng ln cc c quan, b phn no khc trong c th gia sc v khng bm dp, khng c bt k biu hin no ca gia sc bnh.

Tht v m lnh ng cng phi t nhng tiu chun theo qui nh di s kim tra ca cc nhn vin KCS.

Bng II.2.1.3: Nhng tiu chun v tht heo lnh ng ( TCVN 7047:2002)

TN CH TIUYU CU K THUT

Lnh ng: -Trng thi

-Mu sc-Lnh ng cng, dnh tay, b mt kh, g c ting vang, cho php c t tuyt trn b mt.

-Hng ti c trng

Sau r ng: -Trng thi

-Mu sc

-Mi n hi, b mt khng b nht, khng dnh tp cht l.

Hng m n ti c trng, khng b chy lnh

Thm t nhin., khng mi l

Ch tiu ha-l

pH5,5-6,2

Phn ng nh tnh H2Sm tnh

Hm lng NH3 35mg/100g

Nng luc tht phn ng CuSO4Cho php hi c

D lng cc kim loi nng Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)

Pb 0,5

Cd 0,05

Hg 0,03

Ch tiu VSV ( CFU/1g)

Tng s VSV hiu kh 106

Ecoli 102

Coliforms 102

Samonella 0

B. Cereus 102

Staphylococcus aureus 102

Clostridium botulium0

Clostridium perfringens 10

II.2.1.2. Tm

II.2.1.2.1. Tm ng lnh

Tm s dng ch bin phi c kim tra, nh gi v phm cht v ti kp thi loi b nhng loi tm km cht lng, ch cn ly mt t tm ng vo cng lm cho c l hng b mt gi tr. Do ngun tm hng ch v khng n nh nn ngi ta s dng tm tht lnh ng ch bin. Mc d vy m bo tnh an ton, tm c kim tra theo tiu chun ca Nh Nc nh sau:

Tn ch tiuMc cht lng

Tm hng 1Tm hng 2

Hnh dngThn tm cn 6 t, cho php t t khng qu 5% s thn tm, phi x lng ly sch ng tiu ha, tuyn sinh dc.

Mu sc Mu t nhin ca tm ti khng c m en, tm cng cho php c mu trng mng.Cho php tht tm hi bin hng hoc trng bc, khng qu 10 ln s thn tm c m en.

Mi v v trng thiMi t nhin ca tm ti, tht sn chc, sau khi luc tht sn chc, mi thm c trng, v ngt, nc luc trong.Tht km sn chc. Sau khi luc thong mi khai nh, t u hi b, nhng t sau sn chc, nc luc hi c.

Tp cht ln trong tm v nc r bng (mnh/bnh) 5 7

Tp cht lKhng cho php

Bng II.2.1.5: Ch tiu vi sinh ca tm cua gh ( TCVN 5289:1992)

TN CH TIUGII HN CHO PHP TRONG 1g HAY 1 ml THC PHM

Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh 106 khun lc/g

Coliforms 2.102 khun lc/g

Staphilococcus aureusKhng c

Salmonella Khng c trong 25g thc phm

Shigella Khng c

E.ColiKhng c

II.2.1.2.2. Tm kh

Tm ln nh, hoc rut c phi kh. Tm kh dng ch bin phi t nhng yu cu v cht lng:

Bng II.2.1.6: yu cu cm quan i vi tm kh

TN CH TIUMC YU CU

Trng thiKh, ng nht l hng, khng c nm mc, su mt ph hoi.

c ng gi 5kg /ti, ct kn ming

Mu sc t nhin ca tm c phi, sy kh

Mi vMi tanh t nhin, khng mn qu, khng c mi l nh khai, mi m mc.

V ngt c trng

Tp chtKhng ln tp cht l. nu tp cht l v tm, mt tm th cho php khng qu 0,5-1%

Tm kh rt d b m t dn n h hng, v vy cn phi ch trong khu bo qun. ng tm kh c th s dng sot, thng g, thng nha bao b chc chn, sch s, khng nm mc, khng h hng, phi c np y v c t ln k trnh tip xc di nn.

II.2.1.3. Cua, gh

Cua, gh dng trong ch bin ti cng ty thng l loi gh tht ng lnh. Bi v: nu s dng loi gh nguyn con th s tiu hao rt ln v chi ph vn chuyn v phi tn cng nhn g gh ly tht, khi g ly tht th phn b i nhiu; mc khc, gh nguyn con chng h hng do cha nhiu enzyme c kh nng xc tc mnh.

Bng II.2.1.8: Yu cu cm quan i vi cua gh lnh ng

TN CH TIUMC YU CU

Trng thi

ng lnh

Ti Dng khi, b mt ph bng kn hon ton, khng b chy lnh

Nhit tm sn phm: -100C

Tht cua, gh phi c p gi lnh

Mu scMu t nhin t trng n hng nht

Mi vMi c trng ca cua, gh ti, khng c mi l thong mi khai nh

Sau khi luc c v ngt c trng, khng c v l, nc luc hi c

Tp chtKhng c tp cht l, khng cn st v cng

II.2.2. Ph liu:

II.2.2.1. Khoai mn, c sn, nm mo, bn tu:

Khoai mn, c sn, nm mo, dng ch bin ch gi phi t nhng yu cu cm quan theo quy nh.

Bng II.2.2.1. yu cu cm quan cho mn sn

CH TIUMC YU CU

Cm quanMn, sn phi: sch s, kh ro, khng dnh bn, khng h, dp, ng nc, khng c cn trng sng

Quy cch

Khoai mn(g/c)

C sn (g/c) 150g/c

100g/c

Tp chtCho php dnh mt lp t ct mng, kh.

D lng thuc tr suTheo quy nh ca b y t

Bng II.2.2.2: yu cu cm quan cho nm mo

CH TIUMC YU CU

Trng thi ban uDng khi, kh, ng knh > 3cm

Trng thi sau khi ngmN u cc tai nm, gin

Mu scNu n nu sm

Mi v Khng c mi v l

Trng thiKhng c tp cht l, su mt, cn trng cho php dnh phn gc tai nm < 5%

D lng thuc tr suTheo quy nh ca b y t

Bng II.2.2.3: yu cu cm quan cho bn tu, min

CH TIUMC YU CU

Hnh dng trc khi ngm

Trng thi sau khi ngmDng si, kh khng v vn

Dai, khng mm nhn khng b b

Mu scTrng n trng ng

Mi vc trng ca bn tu, khng c mi v l

Tp chtKhng c tp cht l

Hm lng BoraxKhng c c

II.2.2.2. Nc thoa bnh trng

Nc thoa bnh trng bao gm: da kh xay, nc, ng. Nc thoa bnh trng c pha nh sau: vt nc ct nc da vi t l da v nc 1:10; sau pha ng vi t l: ng 5kg/200 lt nc da pha sn; sau cng em nu n nhit 700C. Cng dng ca nc thoa bnh trng l:

Dng nc da thoa ln nhm lm cho mm bnh thun tin khi gi.Nc da c bo, lm bnh trng sau khi thoa nc d tch, khng b dnh.

m bo cht lng ca sn phm ch gi th cm da xay dng pha ch nc thoa bnh trng cn phi t nhng ch tiu v cm quan sau y:

Bng II.2.2.4: Yu cu cm quan cho cm da xay

CH TIUMC YU CU

c imCm da no nh

Mu scTrng n trng ng

Mi vc trng, khng gt du, khng c mi v l

Tp chtKhng c tp cht l, cho php ln ti a 5% s da

II.2.2.3. H dn:

Trong qu trnh cun, cng nhn s dng h dn, mc ch l cho bnh sau khi cung khng b bung, bnh sau khi chien khng b b bng, cun ch gi o v chc.

Cch pha: t l bt nng vi nc l: 15, dng bt nng pha vi nc, un si khuy u n khi thu c dung dch st v ng nht.

Bng II.2.2.5: yu cu cm quan cho bt nng

CH TIUMC YU CU

Trng thiMn, khng ng cc

Mu scTrng n trng ng

Mi vThm c trng, Khng c mi v l

Hm lng BoraxKhng c c

Tp chtKhng c tp cht l, khng c cn trung, su mt

II.2.2.4. Bnh trng, bnh r:

Cc loi bnh trng dng ch bin ch gi phi t nhng tiu chun sau:

Bng II.2.6: yu cu cm quan cho bnh trng, bnh r

TN CH TIUMC YU CU

BNH TRNGBNH R

Hnh dng, trng thi

Kch thc(cm)

nh lng( l bnh/kg)

-bnh trn hoc vung, phng, khng b rch, b, dy mng ng u. c phi kh.

-ng knh 30

-69 72 l/kg-bnh hnh trn, do, khng dnh, khng kh, khng rch. Si bnh nhuyn, an u nhau khng c si

ng knh 1214

-130 gr 140 gr/gi 30 l

Mu sc-trng ng c trng

-sau khi chin c mu vng, gin.Trng c trng

-sau khi chin c mu vng, gin xp,khng chai cng

Mi vKhng c mi v lKhng c mi v l

Tp chtKhng c tp cht lKhng c tp cht l

II.2.3 Ph gia v gia v:

II.2.3.1. Hnh, ti v tiu:

II.2.3.1.1. C hnh:

C hnh c v cay, c tc dng thng kh, hot huyt, kch thch tiu ha. Trong c hnh cha tinh du allicin c tnh khng sinh, thnh phn ch yu l allin-disulfur, allin-propiladisulfur, ngoi ra cn c phitin, acid hu c (axit: formoc, malic, citric, phosphoric), cc cht inulin, mt s enzyme, vitamin B v C, c bit trong hnh c phintoxit.

Hnh c dng lm gia v nu n trong gia nh, ng thi cn dng lm thuc cha cm cm.

C hnh dng trong ch gi c tc dng nng cao gi tr cm quan v gi trnh dinh dng.

II.2.3.1.2. Ti:

Ti c ngun gc Ty , tn khoa hc l Allium Sativum, l loi gia v c dng ph bin trn th gii. Ti c v cay, thm du, lm mn n thm thm ngon v gip tin ha tt, c bit c tnh khng khun c th dng cha mt s loi bnh nhim khun v nm.

Bng II.3.1: yu cu cm quan cho hnh v ti

CH TIUMC YU CU

Cm quan bc sch v ngoi, c bo qun trong ti li

Khng b ng dp

Tp cht Khng c tp cht v c, khng c cn trng sng

Cho php ln t v ngoi ( 96,0>95,0>92,0

m (%)51013

Hm lng ion( % khi lng cht kh Ca2+Mg2+(SO4)2-Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc (% khi lng cht kh)0,40

0,60

1,20

< 0,30,45

0,70

1,80

< 0,400,65

1,30

2,70

< 0,30

II.2.3.2.2. ng:

ng knh ( sacccharose) cng thc phn t C12H22O11 c ch bin t ma hoc c ci ng, l ng d ha tan, c ngha quan trng i vi dinh dng ca con ngi.

Ngoi chc nng to nng lng cho c th (1g saccharose to ra 4,1 Kcal) ng cn to v ngt chop sn phm, lm du v mn ca mui, tng s to mu ca sn phm khi qua ch bin nhit. Trong ch bin ch gi, ng c kim tra bng phng php cm quan theo tiu chun sau:

Banbr II.2.3.5: cc ch tiu cm quan i vi ng (TCVN 6958:2001)

TN TIU CHUNYU CU

Hnh dng Tinh th tng ng ng u, ti, kh, khng vn cc

Mi vTinh th v dung dch ng trong nc ct c v ngt, khng mi l

Mu scTrng ng nh, khi pha trong nc ct dung dch ng trong sut

II.2.3.2.3. Bt ngt:

Mono natri glutamate (C5H8O4Na) l mui mono ca axit glutamic- mt loi axit amin ng vai tr quan trng trong thc phm. Axit glutamic v mui ca n c tc dng ci thin mi v sn phm.

Trong ch bin ch gi, ngi ta s dng bt ngt vi mt lng thch hp tng cng hng v m cho sn phm. m bo an ton cht lng cho sn phm th bt ngt s dng trong ch bin ch gi phi t nhng ch tiu:

Bng II.2.3.6: yu cu k thut dung bt ngt vo ch bin

CC CH TIUMC CHT LNG

Cm quan

-Trng thi

-Mu sc

-Mi

-VTinh th kh, khng vn cc, d tan trong nc, khng ln tp cht.

Trng

-c trng khng ln chua, khng tanh, khng mi l

-Ngt c trng ca bt ngt

Ha l

- pH

-Hm lng nc

-Hm lng Natri glutamate

-Hm lng NaCl

-St

-Gc sunfat (SO42-)6,5-7

< 0,14%

>80%