LearnSamsrkitam_1

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Boy / बालक / (Masculine / प ुंललङ्ग )

Case

विभक्ति / Singular

एकिचन Dual

क्वििचन Plural

िह िचन

Nominative (Subject)

प्रथमा बालकः (the boy) बालकौ

(two boys)

बालकाः (the boys)

Accusative (Object)

द्वििीया बालकम ्

(to the boy) बालकौ बालकान ् (to the boys)

Girl / िाला / vaalaa (F) / वरीललङ्ग

Case

विभक्ति Singular



िह िचन

Nominative (Subject)

प्रथमा िाला

(the girl)

िाले (two girls)

िालाः (the girls)

Accusative (Object)

द्वििीया िालाम ्

(to the girl)

िाले (to two girls)

िालाः (to the girls)

Examples of noun form (शब्दरुप / shabdarupa):

The boy -> बालकः / baalakaH Many boys -> बालकाः / baalakaaH To the boy -> बालकम ् / baalakam To the boys -> बालकान ् / baalakaan The girl -> िाला / vaalaa Many girls -> िालाः / vaalaaH To the girl -> िालाम ् / vaalaam To the girls -> िालाः / vaalaaH Followings are few more nouns (शब्दरुप / shabdarupa).

School / विद्यालय (Masculine / प ुंललङ्ग)

Case




िह िचन

Nominative

प्रथमा विद्यालयः विद्यालयौ विद्यालयाः

Accusative

विद्यालयम ् विद्यालयौ विद्यालयान ्

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Book / प विक / नप ुंसकललङ्ग

Case विभक्ति Singular



िह िचन

Nominative

प्रथमा प विकम ् प विके प विकानन

Accusative

द्वििीया प विकम ् प विके प विकानन

*** In अकारान्ि / (नप ुंसकललङ्ग), both Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.

Me / अवमद् / (All Genders / त्ररललङ्गक)

Case


एकिचन

Dual


िह िचन

Nominative

प्रथमा अहम ् आिाम ् ियम ्

Accusative

द्वििीया माम ्/ मा आिाम ्/ नौ /

अवमान ्/ नः /

You / य वमद् / (All Genders / त्ररललङ्गक )

Case




िह िचन

Nominative

प्रथमा त्िम ् य िाम ् यूयम ्

Accusative

द्वििीया त्िाम ्/ त्िा /

य िाम ्/ िाम ्/

य ष्मान ्/ िः /

Followings are the निङिपद (tiN^atapada) verb-forms (धाि रुप / dhaatutupa) of READ (पठ् / paTH) धाि (dhaatu) and GO (गम ्/ gam) धाि (dhaatu) in present tense (लट्लकार / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in a sentence, we will cover all

other different forms.

Read / पठ् / paTh

Person / प रुष / puruSha Number / िचन / vachana

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Singular


द्िीिचन Plural

िह िचन

Third

प्रथम पठनि

(is reading)

पठिः / paThataH

(both are reading)

पठक्न्ि / paThanti

(many are reading)

Second

मध्यम / madhyama

पठलस (you are reading)

पठथः (you two are reading)

पठथ (you all reading)

First

उत्िम पठालम

(i am reading)

पठािः / paThaavaH

(both of us reading)

पठामः (all of us reading)

Go / गम ्/

Person / प रुष / Number / िचन

Singular



िह िचन

Third

प्रथम / pratha ma

गच्छनि (is going)

गच्छिः (both are going)

गच्छक्न्ि (many are going)

Second

मध्यम / गच्छलस

(you are going)

गच्छथः / gachchhathaH

(you two are going)

गच्छथ / gachchhatha

(you all are going)

First

उत्िम / uttama

गच्छालम (i am going)

गच्छािः / gachchhaa vaH

(both of us going)

गच्छामः (all of us going)

A sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will help in learning the

sentence formation rules.

the boy is reading - बालकः पठनि the boys are reading - बालकाः पठक्न्ि

the girl is reading - िाला पठनि the girls are reading - िालाः पठक्न्ि

you are reading - त्िुं पठलस you all are reading - य युं पठथ

i am reading - अहुं पठालम we are reading - ियुं पठामः

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All the sentences above have the "Subject" (किाा / kartaa) and a "Verb" (क्रिया / kriyaa). In

all the sentences, the number (िचन / vachana) and person (प रुष / puruSha) of the "Verb"

(क्रिया / kriyaa) match number (िचन / vachana) and person (प रुष / puruSha) of the

"Subject" (किाा / kartaa).

Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (बालकः पठनि / baalakaH paThati), the "boy"

(बालकः / baalakaH) is in third person singular (प्रथपप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha

ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" (क्रिया / kriyaa) is also in third person singular (प्रथपप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).

However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change. This can be seen

in the sentence "the girl is reading" (िाला पठनि / vaalaa paThati).

Rule 1: The verb (धाि / dhaatu) always follows number (िचन / vachana) and person (प रुष / puruSha) of the noun (शब्द / shabda).

Rule 2: The verb (धाि / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the gender (ललङ्ग / liN^ga) of the "Subject" (किाा / kartaa).

Rule 3: The verb form (धाि रुप / dhaaturupa) is always in second person (मध्यमप रुष / madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is अवमद् शब्द (asmad shabda). The verb form (धाि रुप / dhaaturupa) is always in first person (उत्िमप रुष / uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is य वमद् शब्द (yusmad shabda). All other nouns will always be in third person (प्रथमप रुष / prathamapuruSha).

Indeclinable (अव्ययपद / avyayapada): Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called अव्ययपद (avyayapada).

Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa अव्ययपद / avyayapada do not change in its form. It

remains same irrespective of gender, number, person and tense. Followings are few

examples:

kutra / क र - where atra / अर - here tatra / िर - there api / अवप - too Few sample statements using indeclinable (अव्ययपद / avyayapada):

where is the boy going - बालकः क र गच्छनि / baalakaH kutra

gachchhati

the boy is going there - बालकः िर गच्छनि / baalakaH tatra

gachchhati

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where are the boys going - बालकाः क र गच्छक्न्ि the boys are going there - बालकाः िर गच्छक्न्ि Note that the अव्ययपद (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the number, and

person of the "Subject" (किाा ).

Rule 4: Indeclinables (अव्ययपद) never change in form and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the "Subject" (किाा /kartaa).

Adjective (विशषेण )Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or property of something

or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In Sanskrit it is called विशेषण (visheShaNa).

Adjective always follows the gender (ललङ्ग) and number (िचन) of the subject or the word

for which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples:

blue sky - ननलः आकाशः && white cloud - विेिः मेघः In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky and cloud. So,

these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.

Voice (िाच्य / vaachya): In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three voices.

'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English.

1. Active voice or कितािाच्य (kartRRI vaachya). 2. Passive voice or कमािाच्य (karma vaachya). 3. Impersonal voice or भाििाच्य (bhava vaachya).

CHAPTER 2 - ACTIVE VOICE

Active Voice (कर्तिृाच्य / kartRRIvaachya): We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with

examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All

subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.

Study the following statements.

आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि Subject

(किाा / Verb

(क्रिया / Object

(कमा )

1. the boy is going बालः गच्छनि

the boy

बालः / going

गच्छनि / -

2. i am going अहुं गच्छालम

i am

अहुं / going

गच्छालम / -

3. the boy is

reading

बालः पठनि

the boy

बालः / reading

पठनि / -

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baalaH

4. i am reading अहुं पठालम

i am

अहुं / aha.n reading

पठालम / pathaami

-

5. the boy is going

to school

बालः विद्यालयम ्गच्छनि

the boy

बालः / baalaH

going

गच्छनि / gachchhati

to school

विद्यालयम ्/ vidyaalayam

6. i am going to

school

अहुं विद्यालम ्गच्छालम

i am

अहुं / aha.n going

गच्छालम / to school

विद्यालयम ्/

7. the boy is

reading the book

बालकः प विकम ्पठनि

the boy

बालकः / reading

पठनि / the book

प विकम ्/

8. i am reading the

book

अहुं प विकम ्पठालम

i am

अहुं / aha.n reading

पठालम / the book

प विकम ्

These are all examples of Active Voice or कितािाच्य (kartRRivaachya).

Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or कमा (karma) in them. So these are intransitive

or अकमा कितािाच्य ).

Rule 5: In a कितािाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or किाा is always in the "nominative case" or प्रथमा विभक्ति

Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or कमा (karma) like विद्यालयम ्(vidyaalayam), प विकम ्(in them.

So, these are transitive or सकमाक कितािाच्य (sakarmaka kartRRivachya).

Rule 6: In a कितािाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or कमा (karma) is always in the "accusative case" or द्वििीया विभक्ति

CHAPTER 3 - PRESENT TENSE

लट्लकार / laTlakaara (Present Tense): लट्लकार (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in present

tense (ििामानकाल / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence which is in present

tense, the verb (क्रिया / kriaa) has to be in लट्लकार (laTlakaara).

The complete लट्लकार / laTlakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम ्/ gam (go) धाि / dhaatu are

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given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in

ििामानकाल (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.

आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject

शब्द / shabda

Verb

धाि / dhaatu

Comments

Present Tense - Third Person Singular

ििामानकाल प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana

1. The boy is reading. बालकः पठनि baalakaH paThati

बालक baalaka

पठ् paTh

-

2. The girl is reading. िाललका पठनि vaalikaa paThati

िाललका vaalikaa

पठ् paTh

-

3. Rama is reading. रामः पठनि raamaH paThati

राम raama

पठ् paTh

-

4. Sita is reading. सीिा पठनि siitaa paThati

सीिा siitaa

पठ् paTh

-

5. The boy is going. बालकः गह्छनि baalakaH gachchhati


गम ् gam

-

6. The girl is going. िाललका गह्छनि vaalikaa gachchhati


गम ् gam

-

Present Tense - Third Person Plural

ििामानकाल प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha vahuvachana

7. The boys are

reading.

बालकाः पठक्न्ि baalakaaH paThanti


पठ् paTh

-

8. The girls are

reading.

िाललकाः पठक्न्ि vaalikaaH paThati


पठ् paTh

-

9. Students are

reading.

च्छाराः पठक्न्ि chchhaatraaH paThati

च्छार chchhaatra

पठ् paTh

-

10. Clearks are

reading.

ललवपकाराः पठक्न्ि lipikaaraaH paThanti

ललवपकार lipikaara

पठ् paTh

-

11. The boys are going.

बालकाः गच्छक्न्ि baalakaaH

gachchhanti


गम ् gam

-

12. The girls are

going.

िाललकाः गच्छक्न्ि vaalikaaH

gachchhanti


गम ् gam

-

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb

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(पठनि ) is also in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन )

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (किाा ) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन /). Similarly the verb (पठक्न्ि ) is also in प्रथमप रुष िह िचन of verb पठ् (paTh).

One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-form in use. Only

the number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the

Subject are in masculine (प ङ्ललन्ग) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the

Subject are in feminine (वरीललङ्ग ). However in neither case the verb depends upon the

gender.

All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष). Now let us study the following

sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष) and first person (उत्िमप रुष).


शब्द / shabda Verb

धाि / dhaatu Comments

Present Tense - Second Person Singular

ििामानकाल मध्यमप रुष/ एकिचन / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You are going. त्िुं गच्छलस tva.n gachchhasi

य वमद् yusmad

गम ् gam

-

14. You are reading. त्िुं पठलस tva.n paThasi


पठ् paTh

-

Present Tense - First Person Singular

ििामानकाल उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. I am going. अहुं गच्छालम aha.n gachchhaami

अवमद् asmad

गम ् gam

-

16. I am reading. अहुं पठालम aha.n paThaami


पठ् paTh

-

Present Tense - Second Person Plural

ििामानकाल मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana

17. You all are going. य युं गच्छथ yua.n gachchhatha


गम ् gam

-

18. You all are reading. य युं पठथ yua.n paThatha


पठ् paTh

-

Present Tense - First Person Plural

ििामानकाल उत्िमप रुष िह िचन / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana

19. We all are going. ियुं गच्छामः vaya.n gachchhaamaH


गम ् gam

-

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20. We all are reading. ियुं पठामः

अवमद्

पठ्

-

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second

person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana). We can see that in all

these sentences the Subject used is य वमद् शब्द . In case of second person the kartaa is

always य वमद् शब्द In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / In case of

19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन ). In all these sentences the

Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always

अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).

As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different

numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

आङ््लभाषा सुंवकत ि Subject

शब्द / Verb

धाि / Comments

Present Tense - Dual ििामानकाल द्वििचन

21. Two boys are reading. बालकौ पठिः

बालक

पठ्

-

22. Two girls are reading. िाललके पठिः

िाललका

पठ्

-

23. Two boys are going. बालकौ गच्छिः

बालक

गम ्

-

24. Two girls are going. िाललके गच्छिः

िाललका

गम ् m

-

25. Two students are reading. च्छारौ पठिः

च्छार

पठ्

-

26. Two clearks are reading. ललवपकारौ पठिः

ललवपकार

पठ्

-

27. Both of you are going. य िाुं गच्छथः

य वमद्

गम ्

-

28. Both of you are reading. य िाुं पठथः

य वमद्

पठ्

-

29. Both of us are going. आिाुं गच्छािः

अवमद्

गम ्

-

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30. Both of us are reading. आिाुं पठािः

अवमद्

पठ्

-

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many

Sanskrit sentences using लट्लकार are given. You will know about many more nouns (शब्द ) and verbs (धाि ) in those. In the next chapter we will study लतट्लकार (lRRiTlakaara) or future

tense.

Read / पठ् / paTh : लट्लकार (Present tense / ििामानकाल / vartamaanakaala)

Person / प रुष Number / िचन

Singular



िह िचन

Third

प्रथम पठनि पठिः पठक्न्ि

Second

मध्यम पठलस पठथः पठथ

First

उत्िम पठालम पठािः पठामः

Go / गम ्/ gam : लट्लकार

(Present tense / ििामानकाल )

Person / प रुष / Number / िचन

Singular



िह िचन

Third

प्रथम गच्छनि गच्छिः गच्छक्न्ि

Second

मध्यम / गच्छलस गच्छथः गच्छथ

First

उत्िम गच्छालम गच्छािः गच्छामः

Lesson 4 FUTURE TENSE

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लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense): In previous chapter we studied about present tense. In

this chapter we will study about future tense. लतट्लकार (lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent

the future tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in future tense we need to use

verbd-forms from लतट्लकार ).

The complete लतट्लकार of पठ् (read) and गम ् (go) धाि are given at the end of this chapter

for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in भविष्यिकाल or future tense.


शब्द / Verb


Future Tense - Third Person Singular ििामानकाल प्रथमप रुष एकिचन

1. The boy will read. बालकः पठठष्यनि

बालक

पठ्

-

2. The girl will read. िाललका पठठष्यनि

िाललका

पठ्

-

3. Rama will read. रामः पठठष्यनि

राम

पठ्

-

4. Sita will read. सीिा पठठष्यनि

सीिा

पठ्

-

5. The boy will go. बालकः गलमष्यनि

बालक

गम ्

-

6. The girl will go. िाललका गलमष्यनि

िाललका

गम ्

-

Future Tense - Third Person Plural भविष्यिकाल प्रथमप रुष िह िचन

7. The boys will read. बालकाः पठठष्यक्न्ि

बालक

पठ्

-

8. The girls will read. िाललकाः पठठष्यक्न्ि

िाललका

पठ्

-

9. Students will read. च्छाराः पठठष्यक्न्ि

च्छार

पठ्

-

10. Clerks will read. ललवपकाराः पठठष्यक्न्ि


पठ्

-

11. The boys will go. बालकाः गलमष्यक्न्ि

बालक

गम ्

-

12. The girls will go. िाललकाः गलमष्यक्न्ि

िाललका

गम ्

-

12

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (किाा) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन ). As the

verb always follows the number and person, the verb (पठनि) is also in 3rd person singular

(प्रथमप रुष एकिचन).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन). Similarly the verb (पठक्न्ि) is also in प्रथमप रुष िह िचन of verb पठ्

All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष). Now let us study the following

sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष) and first person (उत्िमप रुष )


शब्द Verb

धाि Comments

Future Tense - Second Person Singular

भविष्यिकाल मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You will go. त्िुं गलमष्यलस

य वमद्

गम ्

-

14. You will read. त्िुं पठठष्यलस

य वमद्

पठ् h

-

Future Tense - First Person Singular

भविष्यिकाल उत्िमप रुष एकिचन /

15. I will go. अहुं गलमष्यालम

अवमद्

गम ्

-

16. I will read. अहुं पठठष्यालम

अवमद्

पठ्

-

Future Tense - Second Person Plural

भविष्यिकाल मध्यमप रुष िह िचन

17. You all will go. य युं गलमष्यथ

य वमद्

गम ्

-

18. You all will read. य युं पठठष्यथ

य वमद्

पठ्

-

Future Tense - First Person Plural

भविष्यिकाल उत्िमप रुष िह िचन

19. We all will go. ियुं गलमष्यामः

अवमद्

गम ्

-

20. We all will read. ियुं पठठष्यामः

अवमद्

पठ्

-

13

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन ) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन ). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is य वमद् शब्द In case of second

person the kartaa is always य वमद् शब्द In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन /). In case of

19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन). In all these sentences the

Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always

अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).

You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense (लतट्लकार ) are similar to present

tense (लट्लकार) with a minor deviation. In case of a पठ् धाि (paTh dhaatu), the लतट्लकार form

can be derived from the लट्लकार form by inserting इष्य (iShya) before the निप ्(tip) end. For

most verb forms this is true.

Rule: For most verbs, the लतट्लकार form can be derived from the लट्लकार form by inserting इष्य (iShya) before the निप ्(tip) end.

However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation. In case of गम ्धाि (gam dhaatu) instead of गक्च्छष्िनि the correct form is गलमष्यनि and so on. This

deviations should be kept in mind for such specific verbs.

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.



Verb

धाि / dhaatu

Comments

Future Tense - Dual

भविष्यिकाल द्वििचन / bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana

21. Two boys will read. बालकौ पठठष्यिः baalakau paThiShyataH


पठ् paTh

-

22. Two girls will

read.

िाललके पठठष्यिः vaalike paThiShyataH


पठ् paTh

-

23. Two boys will go. बालकौ गलमष्यिः baalakau gamiShyataH


गम ् gam

-

24. Two girls will go. िाललके गलमष्यिः vaalike gamiShyataH


गम ् gam

-

25. Two students will

read.

च्छारौ पठठष्यिः chchhatrau

paThiShyataH


पठ् paTh

-

26. Two clearks will ललवपकारौ पठठष्यिः ललवपकार पठ् -

14

read. lipikaarau

paThiShyataH

lipikaara paTh

27. Both of you will

go.

य िाुं गलमष्यथः yuvaa.n gamiShyathaH


गम ् gam

-

28. Both of you will

read.

य िाुं पठठष्यथः yuvaa.n paThiShyathaH


पठ् paTh

-

29. Both of us will go. आिाुं गलमष्यािः aavaa.n gamiShyaavaH


गम ् gam

-

30. Both of us will

read.

आिाुं पठठष्यािः aavaa.n paThiShyaavaH


पठ् paTh

-


Sanskrit sentences using लतट्लकार are given. You will know about many more nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धाि / dhaatu) in those. In the next chapter we will study लङ्लकार or

past tense.

Read / पठ् / paTh : लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara

(Future tense / भविष्यिकाल /)

Person / प रुष / Number / िचन /

Singular



िह िचन

Third

प्रथम पठठष्यनि पठठष्यिः पठठष्यक्न्ि

Second

मध्यम पठठष्यलस / पठठष्यथः / पठठष्यथ

First

उत्िम पठठष्यालम / पठठष्यािः पठठष्यामः

Go / गम ्/ gam : लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara (Future tense / भविष्यिकाल )

Person / प रुष / Number / िचन / vachana

Singular



िह िचन

Third

प्रथम गलमष्यनि गलमष्यिः गलमष्यक्न्ि


15

Second

मध्यम / गलमष्यलस गलमष्यथः गलमष्यथ

First

उत्िम / गलमष्यालम गलमष्यािः गलमष्यामः

Lesson 5 - Past Tense

लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara (Past Tense): In previous chapter we studied about future tense. In this

chapter we will study about past tense. लङ्लकार verb-forms represent the past tense in a

sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from

लङ्लकार

The complete लङ्लकार पठ् (read) and go धाि are given at the end of this chapter for

reference. Study the following sentences. These are in भ िकाल ( or past tense.

आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि Subject

शब्द / Verb


Past Tense - Third Person Singular भ िकाल प्रथमप रुष एकिचन

1. The boy was reading. बालकः अपठि ्

बालक

पठ्

-

2. The girl was reading. िाललका अपठि ्

िाललका

पठ् h

-

3. Rama was reading. रामः अपठि ्

राम

पठ्

-

4. Sita was reading. सीिा अपठि ्

सीिा

पठ्

-

5. The boy was going. बालकः अगच्छि ्

बालक

गम ्

-

6. The girl was going. िाललका अगच्छि ्

िाललका

गम ्

-

Past Tense - Third Person Plural भ िकाल प्रथमप रुष िह िचन

7. The boys were reading. बालकाः अपठन ्

बालक

पठ्

-

8. The girls were reading. िाललकाः अपठन ्

िाललका

पठ्

-

16

9. Students were reading. च्छाराः अपठन ्


पठ्

-

10. Clearks were reading. ललवपकाराः अपठन ्lipikaaraaH apaThan


पठ्

-

11. The boys were going. बालकाः अगच्छन ् baalakaaH agachchhan


गम ् gam

-

12. The girls were going. िाललकाः अगच्छन ्vaalikaaH agachchhan


गम ् gam

-


(पठनि / paThati) is also in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha

ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (पठक्न्ि / paThanti) is also in

प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana of verb पठ् (paTh).

All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us

study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष / madhyamapuruSha)

and first person (उत्िमप रुष / uttamapuruSha).



Verb

धाि / dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Second Person Singular

भ िकाल मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana

13. You were going. त्िुं अगच्छः tva.n agachchhaH


गम ् gam

-

14. You were reading. त्िुं अपठः tva.n apaThaH


पठ् paTh

-

Past Tense - First Person Singular

भ िकाल उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana

15. I was going. अहुं अगच्छम ् aha.n agachchham


गम ् gam

-

16. I was reading. अहुं अपठम ् aha.n apaTham


पठ् paTh

-

Past Tense - Second Person Plural

भ िकाल मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana)

17

17. You all were going. य युं अगच्छि yua.n agachchhata


गम ् gam

-

18. You all were

reading.

य युं अपठि yua.n apaThata


पठ् paTh

-

Past Tense - First Person Plural

भ िकाल उत्िमप रुष िह िचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana)

19. We all were going.

ियुं अगच्छाम vaya.n

agachchhaama


गम ् gam

-

20. We all were reading. ियुं अपठाम yua.n apaThaama


पठ् paTh

-

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second

person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन )We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is

य वमद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of second person the kartaa is always य वमद् (yusmad)

शब्द (shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / In case of

19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन )In all these sentences the

Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) (shabda). The followings are the dual number form of above

sentences.



Verb

धाि / dhaatu

Comments

Past Tense - Dual भ िकाल द्वििचन

21. Two boys were

reading.

बालकौ अपठिाम ्


पठ्

-

22. Two girls were

reading.

िाललके अपठिाम ्

िाललका

पठ्

-

23. Two boys were going. बालकौ अपठिाम ्

बालक

गम ्

-

24. Two girls were going. िाललके अगच्छिाम ्

िाललका

गम ्

-

25. Two students were

reading.

च्छारौ अपठिाम ् chchhatrau

apaThataam


पठ् paTh

-

18

26. Two clearks were

reading.

ललवपकारौ अपठिाम ्lipikaarau

apaThataam


पठ् paTh

-

27. Both of you were

going.

य िाुं अगच्छिम ् yuvaa.n

agachchhatam


गम ् gam

-

28. Both of you were

reading.

य िाुं अपठिम ् yuvaa.n apaThatam


पठ् paTh

-

29. Both of us were

going.

आिाुं अगच्छाि aavaa.n

agachchhaava


गम ् gam

-

30. Both of us were

reading.

आिाुं अपठाि aavaa.n apaThaava


पठ् paTh

-


Sanskrit sentences using लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more

nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धाि / dhaatu) in those.

In the next chapter we will study आझयाुंलोट्लकार (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or verb-forms

representing commands and requests.

Read / पठ् / paTh : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara

(Past tense / भ िकाल / bhutakaala)


Singular

एकिचन / ekavachana

Dual

द्िीिचन / dviivachana

Plural

िह िचन / vahuvachana

Third

प्रथम / prathama अपठि ्/ apaThat अपठिाम ्/ apaThataam अपठन ्/ apaThan

Second

मध्यम / madhyama अपठः / apaThaH अपठिम ्/ apaThatam अपठि / apaThata

First

उत्िम / uttama अपठम ्/ apaTham अपठाि / apaThaava अपठाम / apaThaama

Go / गम ्/ gam : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara

(Past tense / भ िकाल / bhutakaala)


19

Person / प रुष / puruSha

Number / िचन / vachana

Singular

एकिचन / Dual


िह िचन

Third

प्रथम अगच्छि ्/

agachchhat

अगच्छिाम ्/ agachchhataam

अगच्छन ्/ agachchhan

Second

मध्यम / madhyama

अगच्छः / agachchhaH

अगच्छिम ्/ agachchhatam

अगच्छि / agachchhata

First


अगच्छम ्/ agachchham

अगच्छाि / agachchhaava अगच्छाम /

agachchhaama

LESSON 6 – IMPERATIVE

आझयाांलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests): In previous

three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about verb-forms used

in imerative mood. These verb-forms are used while giving commands or requests.

आझयाुंलोट्लकार (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms represent these.

The complete आझयाुंलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम ्/ gam (go)

धाि / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following

sentences. These are in imperative mood.



Verb

धाि / dhaatu

Comments

Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular

आझयाुंलोट्लकार प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha ekavachana

1. Let the boy read. बालकः पठि baalakaH paThatu


पठ् paTh

-

2. Let the girl read. िाललका पठि vaalikaa paThatu


पठ् paTh

-

3. Let Rama read. रामः पठि raamaH paThatu

राम raama

पठ् paTh

-

4. Let Sita read. सीिा पठि siitaa paThatu

सीिा siitaa

पठ् paTh

-

5. Let the boy go. बालकः गच्छि baalakaH gachchhatu


गम ् gam

-

6. Let the girl go. िाललका गच्छि िाललका गम ् -

20

vaalikaa gachchhatu vaalikaa gam

Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural

आझयाुंलोट्लकार प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha vahuvachana)

7. Let the boys read. बालकाः पठन्ि baalakaaH paThantu


पठ् paTh

-

8. Let the girls read. िाललकाः पठन्ि vaalikaaH paThantu


पठ् paTh

-

9. Let the students

read.

च्छाराः पठन्ि chchhaatraaH

paThantu


पठ् paTh

-

10. Let the clearks

read.

ललवपकाराः पठन्ि lipikaaraaH paThantu


पठ् paTh

-

11. Let the boys go.

बालकाः गच्छन्ि baalakaaH

gachchhantu


गम ् gam

-

12. Let the girls go.

िाललकाः गच्छन्ि vaalikaaH

gachchhantu


गम ् gam

-


(पठनि / paThati) is also in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन ) In case of setences 7 to

12, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन. Similarly the verb

(पठक्न्ि / paThanti) is also in प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / of verb पठ्

All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us

study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष / madhyamapuruSha)

and first person (उत्िमप रुष )


शब्द / shabda Verb

धाि / dhaatu Comments

Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular आझयाुंलोट्लकार मध्यमप रुष एकिचन

13. You go. त्िुं गच्छ

य वमद्

गम ्

-

14. You read. त्िुं पठ

य वमद्

पठ्

-

Imperative Mood - First Person Singular आझयाुंलोट्लकार उत्िमप रुष एकिचन Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural

21

आझयाुंलोट्लकार मध्यमप रुष िह िचन

17. You all go. य युं गच्छि

य वमद्

गम ्

-

18. You all read. य युं पठि

य वमद्

पठ्

-

Imperative Mood - First Person Plural आझयाुंलोट्लकार उत्िमप रुष िह िचन

19. Let us all go. ियुं गच्छाम

अवमद्

गम ्

-

20. Let us all read. ियुं पठाम

अवमद्

पठ्

-

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / ) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / ). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is य वमद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda).

In case of second person the kartaa is always य वमद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / ). In case

of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन / uttamapuruSha

vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In

case of first person the kartaa is always अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.



Verb

धाि / dhaatu

Comments

Imperative Mood Dual ( आझयाुंलोट्लकार द्वििचन )

21. Let the two boys

read.

बालकौ पठिाम ् baalakau paThataam


पठ् paTh

-

22. Let the two girls

read.

िाललके पठिाम ् vaalike paThataam


पठ् paTh

-

23. Let the two boys go.

बालकौ गच्छिाम ् baalakau

gachchhataam


गम ् gam

-

24. Let the two girls go.

िाललके गच्छिाम ् vaalike

gachchhataam


गम ् gam

-

25. Let the two students

read.

च्छारौ पठिाम ् chchhatrau


पठ् paTh

-

22

paThataam

26. Let the two clearks

read.

ललवपकारौ पठिाम ्lipikaarau

paThataam


पठ् paTh

-

27. Both of you go. य िाुं गच्छिम ् yuvaa.n gachchhatam


गम ् gam

-

28. Both of you read. य िाुं पठिम ् yuvaa.n paThatam


पठ् paTh

-

29. Let both of us go. आिाुं गच्छाि aavaa.n gachchhaava


गम ् gam

-

30. Let both of us read. आिाुं पठाि aavaa.n paThaava


पठ् paTh

-


Sanskrit sentences using लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more

nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धाि / dhaatu) in those.

In the next chapter we will study विधैललङ्लकार (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.

Read / पठ् / paTh : आझयाांलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)


Singular


Dual


Plural


Third

प्रथम / prathama पठि / paThatu पठिाम ्/ paThataam पठन्ि / paThantu

Second

मध्यम / madhyama पठ / paTha पठिम ्/ paThatam पठि / paThata

First

उत्िम / uttama पठानन / paThaani पठाि / paThaava पठाम / paThaama

Go / गम ्/ gam : आझयाांलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)

Person / प रुष / puruSha

Number / िचन / vachana


23

Singular


Dual


Plural


Third

प्रथम / prathama गच्छि / gachchhatu

गच्छिाम ्/ gachchhataam

गच्छन्ि / gachchhantu

Second

मध्यम / madhyama गच्छ / gachchha गच्छिम ्/ gachchhatam गच्छि / gachchhata

First


गच्चानन / gachchhaani

गच्छाि / gachchhaava गच्छाम /

gachchhaama

Documents

LearnSamsrkitam_1