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T h e N a n i n g War, 1831-32.S l ~ a r tro111 th e pe re ii~ lia l a~l cl ro bl en ~, he Sani11.g Wai: wasth e only ev ent of iinp orta nce i n the history of ;\lulac.cil, clnriilg t h eperiod 18.24 o 1SG7. The episocle was an egregiocs blunder.

Hasty actioii basecl 011 insufficient and incorrect iilfornlatioli lei1to two i1iilitsl.y esl)eclitioiis whose el1)loits borclerecl on Ihe farcical.T he re su l t mas tha t a f t e r n ine mon ths' c a l~ l>a jgn~ r el v e un.c!redI'nclian troops overca ~lie l e v hunderecl badly-armed nilalars, a i doBtained for the Company ,an a i l ~ ~ ~ i a levenue of perhaps $11001 a t;I cost of ;E10~0,00~0. IYhile th'c, ilislogal in tri gu es of D u t c l ~nierchants a t J5alacca were part ly responsible for the war, an.tllmost eqnnl sliare of the blanie must be borne by Fullerton, theGovernor of the Straitc Settleaients, aucl Lewis, the Buperintenclent.of Lailcls a t 3Ia lacca .

K a l ~ i n gwas a s n ~ n l l illallcl stat e of abo ut 200 squa re a~ i l e s ,bet~veen ie~ lib au ncl Xalacca Territory, an d only about teu nii lesfro111 th e ton.11 of M al t~cc a. By t he census of IS29 t h e p o p u l a t i o ~ lu7as estiil1atecl at 4SS5 Y alay s, of rnho~ ll ome 12-00,weie me11 ableto bear arms. (I) Cran l fu r~ ldescribed it as " a poor unprofitslble~)crssession, or th e n i o d p ar t covered wi th jungle." (' j It proclu~eclrice, t i n aild such typicn! S tr a it s proclucts as ra tta ns , p:uiibier an d.fruit. T he an nu al revenue was about $3,090.( ' )This l i t t le sta te nras one of the 3rd to be fomldecl by the.?reat illfins of Iilalnys fro m Meiiangkabau i n Su m at ra iu th e

sisteeiit l i -ancl s e ~ e n t e e n t h enturies, ancl was one of th e ear;iest.mem bers of th e loose collfederacy ~v hi ch ater becanle knomi! asi th e X eg ri Sein1)ilan. Like i t s neighbours, it acltno~vl~edgeclh esnze ra ii lt y of the Su l t an of J o l ~ o r e . ( ~ ) u r ing the e igh teen thce ntu ry ;\;a.iiing becaille vi r tnaJ .1 ~ndel)e~ iden.t f J'ohore, liht th eother pr incipa l it ies i n Negr i Sem bi lan ; a n d j.11 1.75.7 the 'Sn l tm i ofJ o h o r e c e i l e d h i s n o a ~ i ~ m lights of suzerainty t o the

Over n century earlier however Naniilg Ilad becoille to someextent n L)utch depenclency. E-Io~vcon ~ple te he subject ion wasis s ti ll ui1certaii1, ow in g t o t h e ravag es of t i m e ~ ~ t dhite antsj11 th e 1.Iutch records a t Blalacca. T he eviclence v h ic h is availableho~veve r eeills t o p rove tha t i t was more no ~ ~ i i n a lhan real . In

(1) S. S.R., ol. I 6 9 : 9ug. 8 , 1829.( 2 ) Crawfurd, Desel.iptix-e Dietio~iary," 290.( 3 ) .Moor "Notices of th e India ~lrc hipe ligo ," article by Lieutellal~t~ & s l , o l d , 246.54.( 4 ) U"il~kil~so~~,Malay Pnpel.S: Motes on Se gri Sembilan," 12.. . (5) .J.R. A. S. S..B., LXVI, 7.5. Miiller.

1'92.31 Royn.1 8-aiic Society.

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l iGiS a D utc h force in \-adec!S a i l i n g a11d oibtai,iled a treat!- I n.1iic.I~t he M a l a p b ou n d t h e m se l re s t o p aj; a yearly t r ibute of one tent11of th ei r procluce. T h e chiefs n-ere to collie ann ua ll y to bralt~cc ato d o h oi ll ag e, a n d we re to a c c e p t Du tc h a d v ic e in c a r rv in g o n t h egovernment . Despite th is treat) . hovel-er , t h e D ut ch of Malficcasee m to h a ve l i ~ e c l n n o sma l l d re ac l of t h e " t r a i to ro u s a nr l -nierci less M~enilngknl~on.s ." (~)I11 t h e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y t h ech ief ta i ns l~i ps ece111e l i e r c d i t ~ r y n t he fa l ll i ly of Abclul S aid , t h eru le r age i l ls t whom th e n -ar of 1831-32 ur ns fo u g h t ; b u t enc.11 c11ie.fbefore hi s accessiol l ~ v a s oilfiriilecl 1 t h e Dn tc l l . (')

I11 sp i t e of t h e Du tc l i r i g h t s t h e i r s u z e rn i n t ~ -as a l )p n re u tl~ -l~ lu c h l lo re l l o ~ l l in a i l l l~ r a c t i c e th a n i n th eo ry. 'i'!ie J l a i a y s( b i t t e r ly r e se n te d th e l i~ c e s s i ty .f j jaying a tent11 of t he i r c o p s ast r ib u t r, a l i d t h e D u t c h f o u n d t he m se lv es u n a bl e t o c ~ l l c c i b ype ac ef ul nie ans i1iol.e t h a n n sm a ll f rac tio ll of tile f u l l a1110~111t.T h e y d id r io t a t t e mp t to e n fo rc e th e i r l e g a l r i g h t s by conc lue~ ingKaning , l lec t luse they saw tha t no revenue n-hich conlil 1,ossiblyb.e obtain eil fro111 suc h a s ma ll a n d p oor st a te ~1-0u1d epa)- t he costof a war . Abo ut l7G5 th e 1 )n tch comm~lte ; l .h e t e n t h i o n 1-lonllnaiyearly tril lute, of 4Oil) galltangs or q11al.t illeaslires of 11a6~1~-,110~t:one thonsancl th of the to ta l crol ts . ( $ ) Brarlilell , ,z Straits officialwho lnacle a careful study of tlie Dutch records at B'lnlacca, belie.\-eclth a t th ey ra re ly in te r fe red mi th th e in te rn a l gore r iln le il t of ?Caning,nrh ich ~ v a s rc lu si re lg nlana geil, eve11 t o nla tt er s of l ife a n d cletitl~,.by i t s Malay c l~ ie fs . 111 suj .>]~ortf his content ion Braclc le l l poi~~teclou t the s ign i fican t fac t th a t 11~11ile h e n h o l e of J Ia lac -a Te r r i to r ywas g rnntec l ou t to th e Propr ie to rs , none of Nazlillg Tras tllus.t reated. ( 3 ) Tl'ilki11~011agr ees wit11 Braddel l's opillioll of t h e D o t c hpositioll i n Knnil!p.( 'O) I11 sliort, n~ h i l e h e Dnt cl l descr.,beilN a il ii lg a s p a r t o f X ~ l a c c n e rr i to r y , i n p r ac t i ce t h e y seen1 t o I ia uec o l l t e l l t e d th e mse h e s n ~ i thn nomina l suzera in ty . .4i the s t :met i m e t h e l eg al ri g ht s g i ~ e n o t h e D u t ch bj- t h e t r e a ty of 164:3 t oc o ~ l t ro l h e a c l~ l l in i s t r a tio n ll il r ec eive t h e fu l l t e u th c o n tin ne d to ,e s i s t o n p a p e r T h e ln is t ak e macle by G o re rn o r F u l l e ~ t o l l nti, his .

( -"o~unci l a s t ha t t he y fa i led t o rea lize t h a t these r i gh ts had becon le .\ obsolete f roi ll l o ~ i g isuse , so t h a t t l i e Malays l iad fo rgo t ten tha tthey had ever ex is ted .D u r i n g t h e l r s t E r i t i s l ~ c c u l ~ a t i o n f N a l a cc a , fro111 179.3 t~1818,K8 a n iu gw a s r e g ~ r i l e i l s p a r t of t h e c o nq u er ed t e l ~ i t o r g u tl i tt l e a t t e n t i o n v a s p a i d t o i t ex celrt t l l at i n 1S:Ol a t reaty was.lllacle with Abdul Sair l , the nen- Penghuln or chief of x ,aning, byC olon el T ay lo r , t h e B r i t i sh Xe s id e n t a t Ma la c ca . B y this eugnge-(6) Begbie, "Malay Peninsula," 51-39. Ke\rbold, ' 'St r :~ i t j . o fMalncca, " I, 198-222.(7) Ibid., I, 235-36. Begbie, "Millay Peninsula," 60-G2.(8 ) S. S. a n d P.. Vol. 363. xol-. 25 . 1831. No. 69-70. J . R . '4. S. 8.B.,.,SII I~ 8. W. . askel el^.(9) J. I.A,, 53. , 198-200. T. B~adde l l .(10) n ' i l k i ~ ~ s o l ~ ,>inlay Papers: Kotes 011 Kegri Sembilan," 26-2i.

J~.ur .nal lIcilnyccrr B,t.nncl~ [Vol. I, P a r t 11,.

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illeilt K A I I ~ I I ~rolllise(1 t h at i t wo~ilcl be fa it h fu l ancl obeilient,mould conilnit 110 act of hostility against the C'o111pany, ancl n-oulrltra de only w ith i\

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1)e rso na lity of C40~~cl.110:. u l i e r t o ~ l-eellls a ls o t o h t ~ v e na.zl1 i j f l ~ ~ i i c ~in shap ing t il e course of the l lego t iat ion wi th Nai ling . F~ l l l e r to nn-as a illail o f 1-igor011~a n d i l e t e r n l i ~ e d h a r ac t e r, w h o l ~ r e i e r r e d naggressive to i~ pnssive 1)olic)- %-Ileaever ~) os sib le . H e was alsosoillethiilg of a l ega l i s t : once he ha i l a scertainec l th a t th e D11t~hha d 1)ossessed certi l in theoret icnl r ig hts , he rcgarclecl it a s srdficieiltr enson f o r t he ~ C 'o i i~ l~ anyo exercise t l ie l? ~; ncl l ie ~ va se tl siclt: RSi r r e levan t t he f ac t t h a t t hey had ] lo t been en fo rced o r 11 i nde f in i tel~er iod . Another I : i~ t to rwhic11 colitributed largely to the Council 'sl i l i s t a l i e l l ~ ~ o l i cy ils insuff icient iufol nla t io n. I~z xri s began hi sinves tiga t ions i l~ t ,o he s ta tu s of Xt ln ing i n 1827, but h is filialrep ort m-as no t snl)mit tecl un t i l Ma rch 11, l~?Ir?!). ("') ;3'lean\rIlilethe C'ouiicil liad t o decide Ion i t s po l icy 1y me an s of th c yar t ii l l-~ e l ~ o r t s~ ~ l l i c l ie sub m it te d frol il ti~llme o tim e. C1;7llort11lint~lyi s

(, in for ll la tio ll jvns no t on ly i~ l co i l ~ j ~ l e t e ,)~ltwas nlso misleacling.1'11 1831, after the 71 a r ha i l l~ ro ke n ou t , Ihbe tsoa , Pu l le rton ' ssuccessor, I lail the Dutch records reesa.l i~inecl. I 3e t h e n fouilcl t h ~ tJ 1e v. i~ l ~ d u l l e r to n h a d 1)een i i li s ta k e l~ n c o n t e n ~ l i ~ l gth at I2'al:ingI\-as a n in tegra l p ar t o f Malncca Ter r i to ry , a n d was fu l ly urtderB ri ti sh sovereigllt:-. Ful lert on' s ol)l!onents on t h e 1)'ens~lgCounci l11-ere s h o v n t o hav e be en c orr ec t \\-fie11 h ey o1)posed t11. i:o~-er.11or'spolicy. (") I f the fac t s d i scovered i n IS3 1 h ttd co~ l le o l i g h t t h r e eTei lr s e i~ r l ie r , he S a i ~ i i l g a r n-onlcl ne \.e r have occur re il .;lLclul X i l i d , t l ~ e e n g h u l u of K si ii ng , nras not the ru,l i l tu

s u b ~ l l i t o t h e c u r t i ~ i l ~ n e n tf hi s ponrers. H e ell joyed tl ie reputa tioil.of being a lllali o f ul lusual sanct i ty , b oth a ll lo llg his o ~v i l eople a n dtlie SIalag-s of th e nei ghb onr ing states. Arrogalnt a n d ambitions, heesploit,ecl th e venei.ation of th e 3Ialays , a n d ap ed th e title s ailcll ~ r ~ c t i c e sf J Iananr Sha h , th e g re a t f if tee ll tl i cea tnr y Su l tan u l lder~ r h o n l he Em pi re of 34alacca li~a8cl eached th e heig ht of i tsg!~~ry.< '8) Fu rt he nn or e Abclul ,Said was deceived -to I;ls o1v11 nil-tloilig b j designing coun.sellors, seine of 1vho111 11-ere D u tch~ ~ ~ e r c h a n t sf 3 J i l l a c ~ ~ . hey e l~courage t l im to refuse. the c leillaildsof t he C . ' on l l ) any , l~ e r suad i~ ~ gi ll1 th at Ful ler ton 's orde rs were th ejr res l~onsibleactious of A s ~ h o r d i l i ~ t efficial, whose su per iors wouldI I ~ T ~ ~llow hi111 to go t o n-ar. Th ey n~is l ied o b r ing on a war, be-c:wilse of tli e gr e a t pro iit wh ic h t l ~ e y -oulcl mal s . I9 )

The, f irst i ln1,ortaut r l iscussion of t h e sta tu s of N an in g tookplace a t a i il ee t ing of t he P en an g Counc i l on J an ua ry 30, 182s.Leu i s sub~ l l i t t c t la repor t on the Dntc l i a rch ives so fa r as he hat[ez am iw i l t hem. T h e i r reconc il i~ b leclivisjoil of opinion ss t o t h e~ 'os i t ion of Sailing, , . i \ - l~ icho ll tinuec l th ro ug l~ ou t he n es t t3 reejears , mani les ted i tse lf a t th i s f i r st n lee ting . Gar l ing , the Res iden t(16) S.S. I?., 169:. >,lnuell 11, 1s".( 1 7 ) B. S. a ~ i d ., 363: NOT. 5 , 1531, Xo. 69-70,(18) Eeghie, ' Jlalay Pei~ il~sul a,'" 1-62, 150, 157.(19) S. S. R . , ' I F 9 : J u l y IS, 1829. J. I.9.,. S., I, 216, ~.J3raclciell.

Jo~ir .ncll lIn7nyu:iz BI-niz l ~ [Yol. I, , P a r t .11,

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C!ounc?illor o f Malacca, a rg ue d t l iat th e er idknce, inc omp lete t llouglii t 11-as, " a th e r fay ou rs tlie inclepenrlence of Sailin g." H e coul;tsee n o g r o u n d 011 wllicli t l ~ e oi l lpaly conlcl claim t l ie sovereignty.c1eiliallc.l. t h e teutli, o r esten il t h e juris dic tion of t h e Recorder's Co ur tt o N an in g . Fullert.oi1 was colirrincecl thilC N a n in g n-as as complete lyuncler B ri ti sh so~:ereigxt!- as Jfsalacca T er ri to ry . F a r fro111 bei ngn t r i b u t a r y r u l e r , t l i e P e ~ i g h u l nwas , l i l x the o the r Penghu lus o f3falaccn Terr i tory, a pe tt y reye nue a n d 1)olice ofi cer Eor hi s olrrndistric t. T h e Gorer1lor believed th a t th e C'oi~-~pan]l l ~ c l ul l ri gh tt o le-i7!. th e te nt h, ancl, t o est eiii l to X a n in g t h e juris dic tiol l of 'th eXecorcler's Co urt . F o r the t inle 11eii1g l i o ~ r e ~ e re ilecidecl to leti i ia t te r s r em aiu a s they were , ' and to r e f r i~ i a ~ o m ttenlpts to le.\-yt lie t ~ i i t l l r asser t th e Court 's jnr isdiction. ('")

F o r sel-era1 mo nt hs th is policy n-as aclhered t o; but i n J u l y 1S j?SLe~vi s , he Super . i~ i t en i l en tof L a n d s a t J la la c ca , u r g e d t h a t f o rfinancial reasons Nailil lg shoulcl no longer be eselllpt. fro111 thete.nt11. T h e te n t h lerircl o n th e crops of BI+ilacca. T er ri to ry n.apco'llecteil when the &[days brougllt their procluce to the to~~711fJ tn lacca fo r sa le . T h e crops of K ani ng came to the sanle mar l ie tia n d it was l ~ a r i l ,o i listinguish betryeen th enl. 111 consequence,much J!lalacc.a ~roclisceITIS limliellr to esca.pe t h e tn5-. Furt ll er il lo relie cstinlateil th e K a u i n g t e n t h t o b e .i\rortll abort $4500 a year, nnlelcolvc ailclitioll to th e reyegue. Ii,e tlierefore adviseil t h a t snlallp . e ~ ~ s i o n se givc11 t o t h e Peiig!iulus a1111 niill or chie fs of .Xa ni ug , t oi il ~l uc e h c ~ n o a et 8,s the C'ompxnj's local re-i-enue-o.fficers.(?')T hi s despatc l l persuadecl Pul ler to l l to a l te r h is S a n i n g policy ,ov in g to Lenis ' representa t ions th a t Ka l i ing could be brougl it u l iderth e sam e sys tem of acl i~l i ll is trnt iol i 1s Malaccn T err i to ry by anl icablea r ra l lgem eil t s ~ v i t h l ie Penghn lu . ('3 The Got-ernor thereforedirec tecl th a t Lewis should levy th e tent.11 on X a n i n ~ )l ld tha t sm a l l.pensions sl ~o ul rl e give11 t o th e l 'enghulu alid SLI~LISt h e f o u rass is tant -chiek) . I11 r e tun1 they ne re t o pe r forn l t he du t i e s ofthe other penghulus in iValacca Terr i tory, viz. , to col lect the tectha n d m a i n t a i n o r d er i11 t h e i r o ~ v n i st ri ct s. ( ? 3 )

L t n i s n-as sent to Xaning to cnr rg out the dcs i rec l a r range-ments . Th e l ' enghulu an d the ot lier chiefs .\rere ans ious tha t the i rjuri sdi ctio n shoulcl 11ot lie in te rf er ed with, ancl n e r e s tro lig ly op110sedto the t en th . Lewis 11eld ou t no h o p s o f t he i r p raye r s be inggrantecl . H e cl isco~erecl ha, t th e raayats were gro u~ lcl lo~viiby nilincred ible degree of ty ra n n y ancl op!)ression, a n d fe lt '' per suadedthat the inhabi tants wi l l quie t ly acquiesce in the order . " (?') 011( 2 0 ) S. S. R., 1 6 5 : J a n . 30, 1525. S. .S.R., 30 : Aug. 24, 1829.(21) S. S.R., Vol. 1 6 5 : J u l y 24 , 1525.. . ( 2 2 ) S.S. R.., Vol. 1 3 0 : Aug. 24, 1829. Ibid., 1 8 4 : L a t t e r s t o the

Direc to r s of April 18 a11d May 2, 1529. B. Pol., Ra ng e 12G, Vol. 4 :Oct. 23, 1529, Nos. 2-8.( 2 3 ) S . , S . R . , Vol . 1%: A i ~ g .14, 1.525. Ibid., 16 8: Bu g. 25, . 1598.( 2 4 ) Ibid., 169 : J m l u n ~ p ,1520. Il)id., 1 6 8 : Oct. 1 0 , 1828. Le\vis7R e p o r t .19251 Roynk dsicrfic Society.

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Toven lbe r 13, lSdS the Stra i ts Gorer l l l l ient approl-ed Leu~is 'com-~ n u n i c a t i o n s o t h e P e ng h nl u . ('j)T~ev-is ~in lse lf~ r a soo ~ l l u c h ccup ied wit11 th e 31alacca lrullcl-s e t t l emen t t o r e tu rn t o S an in g , b u t he s e r t l ii s agent s t o col le ct t h eten th . The y ]net wi th such o]>l)osition t h a t they askecl th a t s e ~ ~ o g sm ig h t be s en t f o r the i r p ro t ec ti on . ' Th e re w as a di.crision of opinionin t h e P e ~ i a i l g l ou n ci l o n the a d v i s a b i l i t ~ f s e i l d i ~ l groops, some,of th e mem1)ers hein g as 1:efore f a r fro111 co nr in ce d th a t t h e Coinpally11ail ally r i g h t t o l e ~ yhe t en th . It o.as decidecl that the IJarIclDel )a r tment should t ry to persuac le th e people to pay, bu t shou ldn o t use troop:: to compel them . If th e l\l'ala)-s rcfused to do so,th e ma t te r n-a:: to be le f t in abeyance un t i l th e a r r iva l of Fu l le r to n.a t 3 la lacca in a. fen. weeks' t ime.( 'c ) Br ad de ll collsiclered t h a t

." th is dela f a1111 lesit,e.tioa hat1 a b ad effect, as i t i ~ l f la~ l l ec lh e m i n d( .of th e I'engbulu, a nd la id t h e iooi~clat ion o r the res is tance ahi el ilr a s aftern.i~rd.: es1)eriencecl." (? ' )

Sh ort ly lrel'ore this t ime, in Decealber 1828 , a n event occurred~r-hie11llacle th e Go\-ernor an d Lew is st i l l n lore deteril li llecl t o br in gS a n i n g und er t hs comple te con t ro l of l la l izcca . A m u r d e r mias~ con in i it t ed l l S n l~ i n g , ilcl t h e Peughu lu v ind i ca t ed t h e ends o fjust ic e by f ining the l 'amilg of t l ie ~ i c t i m ."1 T h e P e n a n g C o u nc ilregardecl his act ion as i llegal, s ince a t sar i ou s t imes the Dll tch h zdi :~rhi i l i l&iih e P e n g l iu l u s of S a n i n g t o t ry r a ~ e s f mu.rd,r , a n d i nI S W l i n r q ~ : l i ~ r ,he Res ident of Malacca, hacl repeat ed th e pro-ltibjtion.!"') K O action n7as tak en lionrever, I~ecau se t ~ ~ r o u l dro-l ~ a b l y a ye l ed t o f l ~ r t h e r n j u r y t o t h e f a nl i ly of the l l lnrclered man ,s ince t he Company 11ad no o f f i c i a l s i n N an ing ; bu t t he Penghn lun-as inforruei l th at i n fu tu re sucl i cases m us t be t r ie d a t 1\ Ia laeca.(")

On F e l ~ r o n r ~, 1520, ailother ineeting of t h e Council nras hel dt o decicle w ha t policy sl ~ou lcl e ailoptecl I n view of t he r efus al to,,pay the tenth and the I 'engl l~ulu 's usurpat ion of judicia l func-tions.(:!' ) Tllu o~il\ : esu lt was to reaffirm t h e sha rp cleavage of.ol)inion ~ ~ ~ h j c ha d a l r ~ a d y1ion:n itself, a n d to m ak e it ev iden t t ha t110 one knew the exact relati011 in ~ r h i c h a n i n g sto od t o M ala ce a.Rot11 Garling ~ n c l~ni le r son ,nlembers of Counci l n ~ i t h luch gr 'eater( rr] , eri enc e of 3ln layn t h a n the Ool-ernol; were inclined t o believetllnt th e rucori ls mi gh t no t te l l the n .hole story. The y fe l t th a t a ,si n n l m y i \l ala.yan d a te s , th e chief mi gh t 1)ossess ce r ta in cus tomar ;yor ul ic lers tood I)o\ \ers n-hich had never been enshr ined in a lugal.

(2.5) Ibic?.. iGS: Xov. 10. 18%.(26j 1bid.; 169: Jan. 6, kcl). 11, a n d Narc11 1.1, 1329.( 2 i ) J. . .I .S. ., , 201. T. Braddel l .' ( 28 ) S. . R., P o l . 168: Dee. 11, 18%.(29) Xen.Lolt1, "Straits of :l\ lnlaccn," Vol. I, 213-14, 217-19, 225.

S . S.R., 168: Dee. 11, IS%. S. S.R., 1%: Dec. 30. 1828.( 3 0 ) Il~itl.,168: Dec. "ti, 13". B. P o l . R a n g e l ? G , Vol, 4: Oct 23,1S29, Xos. 2-5.(31) S.S.R., IT: e b . 2, 1829. Il~id., 69 : Fell. 11, 1S29. bid.,1 S 4 : L e t t e r s t o Directors of Apri l I S a ~ l d 1ay 2, 1329.,Jozil.ncil Jiuliiya~aBra I I C ~ L [TToI. I, P a r t 11,

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~~7ocument ,ut n;hic.h were lone the less genuine. They douli tedwhether the Company l l~cl lle ri gh t to l e ~ yhe ten th , or to ex tendt h e jurisclictjon of the St ra its Court over i\laaing. Ev en if thechief s' ponrers were usu rped , i t ~ ~ o u l dppear tha t they had been.enjoyed for about a century w i thout in te r ference f r o m e i ther th e.L)utch o r Br i t ish l ~ e ~ ~ o n i ln. trifling or nlerely nominal tribute.".Allowance should ther efo re be ~llacle or th e .chiefs' recalcitrance,-an d fo r tlieir objections to a policy '( rhich n~o ulcl ,t once deprivethen1 of all the au tho rity hith erto ]~ossessecl by them, an d levelthem ~cri th he coll~ l~lol lt.ipellcliary officers of po lic e. . . . . . i n t h eXalacca District."Fullertoll refused to coilsider anything except the actual

~ i l o c ~ m i e n t ~ r y\-iilence u-hich Levis hacl collected. F r o m t h i s h e~concluiled h a t X ~ n i n girlas an i il tegrn l par t of 3 1 a l l a Terri tory,eu t i re ly subjec t to the Company 's sorere ip ty , and the Penghulu.a. glorif ied ~ i l l i a g e eadman. T17haterer addit ional powers he m l g l~ the exzrcilsing were clue not to "the supposed existellee of certainhered itary feudal rights," bu t to usurpa.tion. T h e Governor pro-posed t o tak e ,an-a.y the se "usnrpecl ') powers, ancl retain the Peng-'Iiulu an il his fo ur Sn ku s in office as revenue collectors an d constablesi n thei r ov n d ist ricts . Pensions might perhaps be g iven them bywajr of co inpens~t io l~ ;ut if they proved disobedient, or uilrvillingt o s e n e ullcler th e nev. conclitions, th ey mould be clismissed, a n d,othe rs ap.pointec1. Tllis policy was not to be e~lforcecl mmediately ;but t l le raaya ts re re to be i l l formed tha t the Penghulu no longerpo.ssessed juris dicti on or er t4iem, land e~ icouragecl o app eal t o t,he( 'ourts . I t could the u be set t led whether it was the Cornpan7 orth e P en gh ul n 1~110 osse,ssed th e rig hts of jurisclictioll an d of levyingth e t en th .I11 3iarch IS29 Lewis submit ted the f ina l repor t on h is in-yest igat ions of the 1)utch arcl i i~ es, and another m ee ti l~ g f theCou ncil was helcl. T h e re po rt convinced Fulle rton tha.t his previous

conr,ictions were correct, and that his colleagues were in the wrong.H e decided ho\reuer to leave the esist in g 'sta te 01 afFairs unaltereclun ti l th e death of ABdul Said, and to refer the question of t he ten thto the Directors.(") A despatch nras sent cletailiilg the differenceof ol ~i ni on -hidl existed in tlle 'Council, ancl askin g th e Di-rectors toclecicle v7hether Xa n in g was an int eg ra l pa rt of Ma.lacca, an d th er e-fore subject to th e te nt h ancl to th e jnrisdiction of t h e Court. Inth e l liea il ti ine the col lect ion of the ten th was s~ ~ s l ~ e n c l e c l . ( ~ ~ )D u r i i ~ g ullerton's visit to ;\I~alacca ie summoned Abclul Saiclt o meet him, but the Pe ng hn lu refused to come. Th e Governor was

now forced to re tu rn to Pe aa ng to meet the Governor-General ofInclia, the Pe ng h~ i ln s t il l r ei ll ai l~ ii ig re ~a lc i t r an t . ( ~ ' ) I n May-4bilul Said ailca~~ceclstep furt her in his opposition to the Govern-( 3 2 ) I l, jd ., 16 9: > larch 11, 1829.( 3 3 ) Ibid., 1 8 4 : L e t t e r s t o t h e Direc to r s of Apr i l 18 a1113M ay 2, 1529.(34) Ibid., 1 6 9 : M a r c h 11 a n d 20. a n d M ay 18, 1529.

1 9 2 5 1 Royci.1 dsicitic Society.

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m e n t, a n d began covertly to impe de th e process of taliing th e census,ancl to other attempt.^ of the La nd IJepa r tment to i ll te r rene i n th einternal adminis t rat ion oP Kan in g . (") By t h e G o ~ e r n o r ' sorders-Churc h, the Deputy-1i.esidcnt of Malacpa, n a s se nt to N an in g i nJ u l y 1829, with a guard of sepojrs. i body of troops vas a1;uheld in reailiness. H e was ins t mc ted to te ll the P cng hul~ z ha tclisobediellce n-ould enta.il li is cleposition, ancl to in s k t t l ~ thecensus be tak en. Abclul S a i d n-as to be reassured if possible t h a tthe Company hacl no desire to interfere ~ v i t h is persolla1 l iherty ;l .)ut he .\r as to be tolcl t h a t S a ~ l i n g Taa a n in tegr al pa rt of Mt~lacca,subjec t to th e same regulations. F o r the t ime being the collectionof th e tent h was deferred, b ut no gua ran tee n-as given th a t th ispolicy woulcl be contin ued . C'llurcll n a s also illstru cted llot to.agitlate th e yexed cluest.ion of t h e C ourt's juriscliction, and th e co n-sequ en t con tin uance or othe r\\-ise of t h e chiefs' h ith er to sove1"eig-nauthori ty . H e v a s to. i il for ll i the P en gh uln t .llat the Coi l lpanywoulcl not interfere needlessly in Nailing, but that if it were com-pellecl to do so he nlust obey.(")

Churcli's illissioil was on the ~v llo le atisfa ctor y. H e reporter1th at there aras rea,son to believe tha t th e Penghulu 's insul~orclinationhacl been chi'efll; caused by iallla4ritants of M slacca , v h o took ev eryop po rtun ity of d elucling hill1 n-it11 ex ag ge rat ed sto rie s of th e in -teiltiolls of G ov en ~m eu t, nrtil h e became terrified, fea ring tllat h i sliberty nras in dancer. Church belieTed that h e hacl succeecled iaallaying Abclul S a d fears. T h e Pe ng hu lu 7n.s also clissatisfiedbecause he fe are d tliat t h e Recorder's C ou rt i~lteliclecl o destroy h is. aut ho rity by tak ing anray his judicial pon-ers. Shou ld this be at -tempted, C h~ zr ch nticipatecl resistlance, sinc e th e JIalays' vellerationfor hi m was so great th at they n-oulcl rise to n man. 'I'.empor:viiyhowever, good relations vrere reestablishecl, th e G o~ er nm en t'so rderswere obeyed, and th e census tak en . S o conlplete n-as the ch an geth at Church Tvas able to t ~ a c e l hrougl l Xa ning an d collect .m uc hinform ation, \ ~ h i c h e sublllitted ~ ~ ~ i t his report . ("1 Ful le r tonwas unable to rel-isit Nslnc ca u nt il O ctober 19, 1529; an d by th a tt ime the ef fo rts of the Pengl iu lu 's e ~ i l c l~ is er s a d succeeclecl i nundo ing th e good re std b of Church's i ll ission. Ab dul Sa id refusedto come to Malacca, ancl meet th e G O T -e r~ or ,hereby p ut t ing himselfi n open opposit ion to th e Ct'ompany. H e also ,sent einbassies to th ead jac en t states, ancl preparecl fo r n-ar. Fu lle rto ll col1,ected a n ex-peditionary force to inrrade N a ni n g; 91nt a t th e last illolnent hecolltermancled i t since th e di es e~ ii e ll t lnenlbers of the Councilre fu se d t o agree ~ ~ - i t him. They wele st i l l u~lcol lvinced ha t th ePenghnlu was so ent. irely snbjeot to the Coilipany or that his con-duct warwil iecl an in~las ion,ancl they recomnlended negotiations..

( 3 5 ) Ib id . , 129: May 18, 1529.(36) Tbid., 1 6 9 : J u n e '72 a11d 25, 1829. Ibid., 129 : J u n e 8 a n d J u l y7, 1529.( 3 7 ) . E. Pol. Range 196, Vol. 4 : Oet.. 23, 1329. 8. S. ., Vol. 169:J u l y 11 a nd J n l ~ 8, 1889. Ib id . , 1 3 0 : August IS , 1829.

Jolirnnl Jlalnycrn Brn.nch [Vol. I, P a r t 11,

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'The Governor laic1 the matter before the Supreme Government,expect ing a reply u ~ i t hi n lvo months. Th e India n GovernmentIlo\~-euer eferred i t to t he Diredolie, so th a t alnlost two years.elapsecl before a n a nsw er n ras rec ei~ led .3s )The change of policy nlacle war inevitable. The clestillation.of t.he fo rce ha d been XI-ell now a, a n d 1~11e.11he !attack was counter-inmldecl ,\l)dul S ai d interpretec l i t as a sign of 11-eakness. Bracldellcommented as follon-s.

" The English power hacl not been directly exercised inthese secns for tlges. It had been ta.kea on trust, as reflected:I!rom Il ldin aud very recently from Bnrmah; and now on thefirst appearance of opposition +lie auth oritie s hesitated. T h a tthis Ilesitation arose fro111 any cause but fear, was not con-sidere d f o r a n i n s ta n t as 11-ossible, ancl in consequence,. . . . . .the Peng11uln. . . . .became SO elevated. . . .. . l~aathe t hr ew offthe ,air of tpserve an d re sp ec tfu l aasistaiice ~ v h ic hhe hadl ~ i t h e r t o -ern."("")It mas not loiig bef0r.e Abdul Said signalisecl his new attitudeb y ol)enly flouting the Company. I n October 1 930 he seized thef ru it of certain trees claimed by Inche Snrjn , a 3Ialay Proprietor in36alncca T er ri to ry n.110 llail rece11;tly tra ns fe rr ed hi s ho ldin g t o the*Go rernmen t und er Fullerton's l t~nd-rede mption scheme of 1525.

Inclie Suriil 's holding lay outside the boundaries of Naning, a n dthe re w ere doc1une11ts to sh ow th a t Surin's ances tors hacl held itfroii i at lend its early 2 s 1723. Bbdul Sa id l~o ~v ev erlaiiliecl thepart icula r t rees -and t-lle g~ou i ic l n mh ic l~ l iey ~ to o d , nd when theS tr ai ts Go ver nn ien t orcler.ecl hill1 to withclraor he refuse d to obey.H a d t he C'ourt been s i t t i ng a t th e t ime, thi,s open and contenlptuousdefiance n-onlcl have a t once precipitatecl a crisis, since when juclge--lakilt ha d heen gicen, th e adn lillistratio ~l llust have protectecl the.officers of t h e co u rt sent. to evict th e Yenghulu's followers. A s it1la.pl)eneil 11011-ever th e Recor,der ba il le f t fo r Eng la nd , and n osuccessor hail yet arril-ecl. X or eo re r the Directors ' reply to Fu lle r-t on ' s de s j~a t c l~f I S 2 9 had not been received, and the PenangPresiilency had recently 11een abolisl~ecl. Ibbetson, klle new-,Covenlor coulcl not uildertalce so heavy a responsibility as the, ejec tion 11-onlcl i n ~ o l ~ eitllout orders fro111 India, aallcl therefore noactive steps yere tnlren. ('")

The despatch Iron1 the Direc tors vi th ins tyuct ions regardingt h e policy t o be pursueil toll-ards X an in g was not received u n ti l t h e .follon-ing year, 1931. Th e Directors' let ter, I~ ~ h ic llras dated J u u e2 , 1830, su]?l~orteclFu ller ton 's -xiel\- t h a t t.lle Co mp any passesseclsorere ign r igh ts over Sa n i ng . It was therefore subject to the levy

( 3 5 ) J. I. A . N . S., I, 203-4. T. Br~cldell . , h e original docume~~tsn~l t raceal~len the Straits Settlemeiits ailll Bellgal I~.chires.( 39 ) J. I.-1. . ., 1, ,204. T. Rrndilell(40) Ibid., 204. Begljie; "3ialny Peiihlsula," lGO-GI. B. Pol., Bailge1'76,Bol. 2 ; : April 2 , 1S31.19x1 Roycil Asint ic Society.

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of th e tent11 aild to t h e jnriscliction of tlle S tr ai ts Co urt. To a ro i&th e possibility of w ar 11orre1-er the D ire ctor s appro ved Fu ller ton 'spolicy of no t iilsb tin g upo n these ri gh ts for the tm ie being. (41)011 J a a u a r y 17, 153 , Ibbetson ~ r r o te o the Supreme Govern-llleilt tha t i t was now too late to follow the Directors' instru ction s t cpreserve peace by reillittillg th e tenrth d u ri n g A l ~ d u l maicl's lifetim e.H i s successl'ul defiance. 11-ould encou rag e th e na tive s of I la la cc a to.refuse to pay the tenth, an d f nrth erm ore t h e concessioil ~\?onlcl euseless, since he h a d 110n7 gone t oo f a r t o re tre at , a i d 11acl been.obdurate to all th e Gocernlllent's over tures. ILbetson ad\-isecl t h a ttroops be sent iuto 3-a ni ng t o collec t th e tenth , and p u t a n end once.and for all to the Penghulu's disoheclience, a course to n-hich lie.believed tlie I\iala;vs .ivoulcl olrer 110 resi .s tance.(- '?) The SupremeGoverunlent replied on April 2 , 1531, i\.ing the G overnor discreti011to ark as he thought {best.('^) A last uiisuccessfnl attempt n-as~ ll a d e o persuade th e Peixghulu t o give v a y but he 1.efusetl al lte n n s sh ort of a ctu al inclepenclence.Preparation s were then, i n Ju ly 1831, publicly nwde at i\lalacc,zfo r th e despatch of a n elpeclition t o Taboh , Bbclul Saicl's capital.N o se rious resistance 11-as ~anticipatecl. S o th e forc e consistecl onlj-of 150 sepoys, ~ n c ln-o six-po und ers clrenrll by b ~il loc l~g .The t roopswere almost entirely ignorant of the topography of Nnaing, andwere too weak to leave detac hlll ent s to 1;eep open th e lin e of corn-

nlunicationi . K an in g pro red to be a11 und ulat ing cou:itfy c o ~ c r e dn-ith dense jungle except in the valleys, n-here tlie sepoys llad towade th ro ug h mar.shes ancl ric e-s n~ sm ps. Th ere were no roads,.ancl only an occasional path so narrow that hours of worli. nrererequired t o get the gu ns along. T h e Malags fo1lo.n-ed their u sualbactics of refusing a pitched bat t le; but harassecl t h e column f ro mambush, an d .finally cu t th e li ne of com mun ications. Supplies rai lshort, a.ncl th e troops ret rea ted t o Malacca. T h e Malays attackedth e re t rm tia g colu~l ln , e ll ing groat t rees across the pa th , and the.tn-o g m s hacl to be spiked an il abancloned. (4G)The British clefeat I ~ I S n large par t due to thc aes is lnncewhich the Peaghulu had receiuecl from Rembau, a. sillall state inth e Ne gri Bembilan which la y on the borders of N ailing. A bd nlSa id hacl deceived R aja Ali, i t s ruler, i nt o believing thnt t h eCompany iutelldecl to conquer Remban as soon as Aaning llaclbeen overcoine. Accorclillgly Ra ja Ali sen t his son-in-law S~niyiclShaaban, ailcl several hunclred Ualnys, to help the Pengliulu. (*')( 4 1 ) P u b l ie L e t t e r s t o Bengal , 1830-31. Vol 1 4 : J u n e 2 1830, S o . IS..( 4 2 ) B. Pol., R an ge 126, Vol. 27 : A pri l 2, 1831.( 4 3 ) I b i d .( 4 4 ) Bengnl Secret aucl Pol i t ical Cons~i l tat io l l ,41.G k Oet. 14,1831. Nos. 16 an d 21.~( 4 5 ) Begbje, "Afnlay Pen illsula ," 162-89. B. S. a11d P., 362: Oct.14, 1831, Nos. 16 and 17 .(4 6) Ibiil . , Xo. 1 7 . Ib id . , 3 6 3 : No r . 23 , 1S31, No. 71. Begbic,( 'M ala y Pen insu ln , " iG2-7s .

Jo~~.i.ncrlTfc~Tccya~tBrccltch [Tol . I, P a r t 11, j

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So sta rtl ed >\-as th e Governor oE the S tr a it s SettIeln eilts a t i.11.i~unexpec ted even t t ha t he a t f ir st believed t h ~ t e v a s faced tly aconfecleracy of all th e neighho uring states. (4') There seems tobe no evidellce however t h a t X an ing v a s joined by any s ta te exceptXembau. Jbbetson asked for reinforcements, aild fo r perii~.issioato form an a l l iance vith Eembau in order to de tach it; f rom i t sally. ( 4s )

Th is ~ ulexpec tcd reverse also s t in~u latecl he St rai ts Gorern -nlei lt to fur th er researches into the Malacca d rc hir es . Tile reijsltsmere enlig;zbening. but not a l together p leasant , s j ~ lc e h e j sho ~se dthe poilcy of Fn ller ton ancl L e v is hacl been i n th e JY-rong, whiletl i, ir cri t ics G arl iag ancl Ande rson had been correct. It was clis-i covel:ed that by about 1 7 6 5 the Dutch had deciclecl tha; it \\.as tooexpensive to conquer Nan'ing in order to exact the tenth, ancl haclconlnlutecl i t into a snlall aililual tri bu te . TI-hen th e Br iti shtit tempted to collect the full tenth the Malays 100lie:l on i t ss nbreacll of faith, ancl feared that after Kaning had beell conqueredthe sam e ta x woul? be leviecl up011 th e ac lja ce l~ t tate s. As a rcsul tRenlbau joined S a n i n g i11 resis t ing the Bri t is h at tack. (40j

W hen t he Ii lclian Oorernm ellt learned th a t th e blunilers ol: th eS tra its adm inistra tion ha d provokecl an expensive aucl xnprofitablewar, 5t took n o pa ins to conceal it s displeasure. Ibbetson's pro-posal to forin iul alliallce wit11 Rembnu was rll~j~roi?ecln d t h enecessary rein for ce ~n en ts mere sent, since the Bengn l C ouncilrea l ized tha t to res tore Br i t i sh pres t ige the campaign had to becarried to a successful conclu.sion, " worthless as the object" Jr.as.' ' \ITe have hitherto been entirely ~ilisledby the erroneous infor-illation in those Settlements, otherwise rrrc should nero: 11tr~-eLcendraw n in to th i s useless warfare fo r a nrorthless ob ject . TTe c a~ li lo tnow i n policy recede 'iron1 i t withou t establishing our snpe-riority." (jO)

Fronl Septe luber to January the ra ins made campaigning im-possible, ancl bhe tim e u a s spen t in l legot iat iol~svith Ren111au.Ra j a Ali was finally conr~incecl hat the Conlpany hacl no desireto attack him, ancl he realisecl that in the end it mould win. OnJa nu ar y 25, 1532, a treaty was lllacle between the Company anclAssurances nrere given th at nei tl~elr ~ vo nl d at tack t lie other ,aucl the C'oinpany renouilced whatever clainls it m-ight hnvehacl to suzera inty over Bam bau by virtu e of t h e old D utc h rights.Rem1)au was th us recognized a s a11 ind ep en de nt sovereign s tt ~ te . In( 4 7 ) B'. S. and P., 369: Oct. 14, 1531, No. 16.(48) B. S. and P., 363: Nov. 25, 1831, Nos. 69-70 .(49) B. 8. a n d P. Vol. 363: Nov. 25, 1831, Nos. 69-50.(50) Ibid., Nos. 74-77. B. S. a n d P. Vol. 366: June 4, 1838, Nos.17-22. B. 5. and P. 'Vol. 367 : July 9, 1532, No. 1.

19251 Royal Afsicclic Society.

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re tu n) Ra ja -1li n.ithdren7 his coi l t i llgell t f r o m x\ 'a ning ~v ho se orc em as t h u s r e d uc e d t o a b o u t GOO m e n , a n d a f e w i l l o ~ l t h s a t e r s e n ti t t o j o in t he Br i t i sh t roops. (" )I11 l l a r c l ~1832 the campaign reol iened, F r o m 1 4 a l ~ c c a oTaboh , t h e cap i t a l of Sn l l i n g , - wa s tn -en ty-~IYO liles , fo r t h e l a s ttwelve of n-hich th er e mas n o road. T h e st rateg y of ColonelHerbe r t , v h o co~iln la l lr led th e B r i t i s h force , was no t br i l l i ant ,th ou gh i t was solid am1 slom. I-Ie cu t a road 600 feet xritlc R.!.: t h emy t o T a b o h f e l l i n g trees, b u r n i n g t h e u n d e r g r o w t h , and fjl!.ingu.11 t he swamps . T h e r a t e of aclvallce was a l~ o u t h ree to fo urmi l ?s a month . T h e i \ l a l a j s r a r e ly macle a s t and , con ten t ing them-se lves wi t h l ia rass iug the col-ering par t ies who were se nt iu t o th ejung le t o p ro t ec t t h e p ioneer s ancl conv ic ts engaged i n cu t t i ng t h e

road. Ke i th e r s ide s~f fe r ec l muc!l loss. T h e Pen ghu lu's for ceileTer esceecleil a fen. hunclrecl a t most, a n d was grea tly inf e~ *i. ori n nuiubers to the illvarlers who had 120101 to 14010 nien; b u t ColonelH er be rt , TI-110 m ig h t p er ha ps be ch ari tab ly described as nerl ,ous,paintecl gloomy pictu res of hi s per i lous c ondi t ion, haras sed byLCprodigious numhers" of the enemy, anclwi th h is force reduoeclt o th e c lefens ive. A t the end of A pr i l .Saiyid Shaahan , th e son-in-law of Ra ja Ali, a r r i~ ec lwi th a force of Malays, an d in a t e wweeks t r ans forn i ed the s i t ua t ion . Well-infonilled by his spies ofth e e i~emy 's ~ l lovement s ,he mas able to capture the i r s tockndeswhen they were lef t t e m l~ or sr j ly n .defended, of f ing to th e &lalays 'ha b i t of ma kin g pe riocl ical t r i ps t o t he i r f a rms . In Z u n e T a b o h~ r a s aptured, Abclul 8 a i d ancl h i s chiefs took t o f l ight? and ther e s is t a n ce of S a ~ l i i l g o ll ap se d. (") T h e t r o o p s v e r e gradually~ ~ i t h d r n w n ,nd by Ap r i l 1534 t he ga r r i son of t he S t r a i t s had beenreducccl to t l ie sam e s t re ng th a s before th e was. ( j 3 )

T h e G o \ - e r ~ n n e n t -as by n o n l ea n s a lx iio us t o r e t a i n S a n i n g ,since it was c l ea r t ha t t he r evenue n ro~ddnot equal the espef i sesfo r l nang yea r s if eye r. (" ) Th e co u~ l t rywas offered to l?aja. Aliof Eembrzu i n re tu rn fo r h i s services, b u t h e refnsecl it, s a yi n g t h a th e h a d e n o u g h l a n d . a l ~ e a d y n d p r e fe r re d t o receive his r e~varc l na. nlore tangilsle fo rm . (") I t w as t he r ef o re d ec id ed t o m a k e X a n ) n ga n i n t e g ~ t l lpar t of Malacci i Terr i tory, subject to the Recorder ' s(51) Begbie, "Malay Penins~da, 15.5-59. Aitchison, T~ea t ie sI , 416-20. J. I. A . I. RT. S., 210. T.. raddell. B. S. aad P. Vol. 363: Nov.25, 1831, Nos. 23, 71, a l ~ d 2. Bid., 365: Feb. 20, 1532, Nos. 4-6. Ibid.,3 6 6 : June 4, 183" KO.1'7.( 5 2 ) B. S. and P. Vol. 366: April 30, 1833, Nos. 1-10, 13-16. Ibid.,366: du~ie .5, 1533, No. 6. Jbid., 367: .July 9, 1.532, Nos. 4 ff . Ibid., 368:Sept. 3, 1532, No. 3. Ibid ., 365: Oct.1, 1532, No. 11. Begbie, "BIalay

Peniiisula," 200-260. Nen~l~o ld,lStl.aits of ;\Ialacca," I, 195, 225-31.J. I . -\.'I. N. S., 208-214. T. B~nddell .( 5 3 ) B. 'S. alid P. Vol. 369: Nor. 19, 1532, No. 6. B. Pol., Range 127,Vol. 13: April 3, 1534, No. 24 -1. Nembold, "Straits of Ma.lacea," I, 234.(54) B. Pol. Range 127, Vol. 24; Bept. 13, 1824. No. 19. Illid., 29:Xug. 24, 1535 KOS. 1.3.( 5 5 ) B. S. and P. Yo1 3 7 1 : Jan. 28, 1532. Nos. 2-7.

Jotlr.tlal jfci-layci~~~.unch [TTol. I, P a r t 11.

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Court ancl the tel l t l~. The offices of Pengliulu ailil S n l i n r e r eabolished, s i i c l the country was p laced under a S up er i ~~ ten c le l~ t ,ho~ v a s gentlelllan of 1)utch descent, in J la lacca . R e v a s ass is tedby fifteen village heaclmen, e ach of I-horn collected th e taxe s a n dmaii~ta inecl aw and order iu. his -uwa district . ("0)

Abdul Sai d Aecl on the fall of Tabo h to the ne ig hl ~o ur in gsta.tes , bu t will ingly surrend ered on the promise of p ardon . T h eCompany gave him a house aucl gardens, a pensiou of l?s.3.00a month, and l iberty to l ire freely in Malncca so Ioilg as he diclno t in t r igue or t ry to run away . (") By t h e un iq ue e s p e d b l tof involving the Company in a nTar ~ v h ic h ost i t 100,000 Xhd.ulSaicl obtairlecl a n nssurecl income of lar ge r a n lo ~ u l t llan he haclever hacl befo re. T h e RIalays stil l re ga rd ed h im wit11 cleepveneration, and t h e olcl nlall turllecl i t to good accon llt be sci-kingup i u business a s a fa rn ~ er , rader, ancl doctor. H i s v entu res ..reresuccessfnl, and in 1839 he diecl in the oclonr of sanctity. (" J lt,i s s a id tha t the generous t rea tment of Abclnl Said dicl nlore tostren gth en B rit ish jllfluellce in the l la lnx s ta tes th an th e sncceasfnlissue of th e mar.("') Save for a small revenue which clid notcover the cost of acllllillisterillg Naning, this was all the C'onlpanyhacl to shon- for an expenditure of 1.00,0010:- -

(56) Ibid. . 2-.7. h'e.rrbolr1, I ( :St ra i ts of Ma laccn; " I , 232-35. J. I. il.,N. S., I, 218. T. Bradde l l .( 5 7 ) B. P o l . R a n g e 12'7, Vol. 13: A pr i l 13, 1834, 3-0s. 53-56. n d i aP o l i t i c a l a nd Fol.eign Col~sulta t iol ls , Re1ig.e 198, Vol. 5 7 : Oct. 27, 1549,No. 57.( 5 8 ) J. . A., 11, 733 -34 . E. A . E l u ~ ~ c l e l l . .I.A., N. S., I, 216.1'7,T. Graddell.(59) Ibicl., 217.(60) J. I.A., 11, 733. Blmide ll . S w e t t e nh t~m , " Br i t i s h Malaya" 82.

19,251 Roycil Asicriic S o c i e t y .