Pamanahong Papel Sa Filipino

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Insitusyong Teknolohikal ng Pilipinas

938 Aurora Blvd, Quezon City

Paano nabuo ang isang buhawi at mga lugar na tinamaan dito sa

Pilipinas

Mananaliksik: Pacer, Klarence Medel C. ng ES12KA3

Ipinasa Kay: G. Mark Madrona

Kabanata 1: Ang Suliranin at ang

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Kaligiran nito

Panimula o Introduksyon

Ang Buhawi ay isang bayolente, mapanganib, at umiikot na kolumna ng hangin na

dumarapo o sumasayad kapwa sa kalatagan ng lupa ng daigdig at ng isang ulap na

kumulonimbus, o sa hindi kadalasang pagkakataon, sa paanan ng isang ulap na kumulus.

Dumarating ang mga buhawi sa maraming mga sukat at laki ngunit karaniwang nasa anyo ng

isang nakikitang embudo

ng kondensasyon, na

humihipo ang makipot na

dulo sa lupa ng mundo, at

kalimitang napapalibutan

ng ulap o usok ng mga

pinagguhuan o mga

nawasak at mga

alikabok.Ang buhawi ay

nabubuo sa ibabaw ng

lupa samantalang and ipo-ipo naman ay nabubuo sa ibabaw ng tubig. Pero paano nga ba nabubuo

ang isang buhawi? Dahil sa Supercell na tinatawag, ang Supercell ay isang higanteng

thunderstorm na kinakikitaan ng presensya ng Mesocyclone, nagaganap ang mga ito, ang

mahalumigmig at tuyong hangin ay nagsasama, tapos ang mahalumigmig na hangin ay babagsak

at ang tuyong hangin ay aangat sa atmospera, tapos ang tuyong hangin ay tatabingi at mamumuo

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ito ng anyong suso na ulap na parang imbudo ang itsura at pagkatapos ang kalangitan ay

magiging madilim na berde at dito na magsisimula ang buhawi dadahang dahan itong tatama sa

kalupaan.

Layunin ng Pag-aaral

Ang layunin ko sa pag-aaral na ito ay para malaman kung paano ba nabubuo ang isang

buhawi, tumama na ba ito sa ating bansa, at paano ito nalalaman ng mga experto sa atmospera,

kaya ang malaking tanong dito ay “Paano ba nagkakaroon ng buhawi? Tumama na ba ito sa

Pilipinas? Kung tumama na, ilang beses na? At paano ba malalaman kung may buhawi na tatama

sa ating bansa?”

Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral

Itong pag-aaral ko na ito ay para sa mga tao na hindi pa nauunawaan at naliliwanagan

tungkol sa buhawi, sapagkat may mga tao na hindi nila inaasahan na ito ay darating sa kanilang

kinatitirikang lugar.

Saklaw at Limitasyon

Ang pag-aaral ko na ito ay sumasaklaw lamang dito sa Pilipinas, lalo sa ang lugar na

tinamaan ng buhawi.

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Depinisyon ng Terminolohiya

1. A Supercell is a thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a Mesocyclone: a deep,

persistently rotating updraft. For this reason, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating

thunderstorms. Of the four classifications of thunderstorms (Supercell, squall line, multi-cell, and

single-cell), super cells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe.

Supercell are often isolated from other thunderstorms, and can dominate the local climate up to

32 kilometers (20 mi) away.

2. A Mesocyclone is a vortex of air, approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) to 50 mi (80 km) in diameter (the

mesoscale of meteorology), within a convective storm. That is, it is air that rises and rotates

around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low pressure systems in a given

hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that is, associated with a localized low-pressure region

within a severe thunderstorm. Such thunderstorms can feature strong surface winds and severe

hail. Mesocyclones often occur together with updrafts in supercells, where tornadoes may form.

Mesocyclones are believed to form when strong changes of wind speed and/or direction with

height ("wind shear") sets parts of the lower part of the atmosphere spinning in invisible tube-like

rolls. The convective updraft of a thunderstorm is then thought to draw up this spinning air, tilting

the rolls' orientation upward (from parallel to the ground to perpendicular) and causing the entire

updraft to rotate as a vertical column. Mesocyclones are normally relatively localized: they lie

between the synoptic scale (hundreds of kilometers) and small scale (hundreds of meters). Radar

imagery is used to identify these features. Mesoscale convective systems (MCS) can develop

mesoscale convective vortexes which can spur later development of either another MCS or a

tropical cyclone.

3. Wind shear, sometimes referred to as wind shear or wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed

and direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Wind shear can be broken down

into vertical and horizontal components, with horizontal wind shear seen across fronts and near

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the coast, and vertical shear typically near the surface, though also at higher levels in the

atmosphere near upper level jets and frontal zones aloft. Wind shear itself is a microscale

meteorological phenomenon occurring over a very small distance, but it can be associated with

mesoscale or synoptic scale weather features such as squall lines and cold fronts. It is commonly

observed near microbursts and downbursts caused by thunderstorms, fronts, areas of locally

higher low level winds referred to as low level jets, near mountains, radiation inversions that

occur due to clear skies and calm winds, buildings, wind turbines, and sailboats. Wind shear has a

significant effect during take-off and landing of aircraft due to its effects on control of the

aircraft, and it has been a sole or contributing cause of many aircraft accidents.

4. An updraft or downdraft is the vertical movement of air as a weather related phenomenon. One of

two forces causes the air to move. Localized regions of warm or cool air will exhibit vertical

movement. A mass of warm air will typically be less dense than the surrounding region, and so

will rise until it reaches air that is either warmer or less dense than itself. The converse will occur

for a mass of cool air, and is known as subsidence. This movement of large volumes of air,

especially when regions of hot, wet air rise, can create large clouds, and is the main cause of

thunderstorms. Drafts can also be created by low or high pressure regions. A low pressure region

will attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and then rise,

creating an updraft. A high pressure region will then attract air from the surrounding area, which

will move towards the center and sink, creating a downdraft.

Kabanata 2: Mga Kaugnay sa Pag-aaral at Literatura

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Banyagang Pag-aaral

A tornado is defined as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the

ground. Significant advances in understanding tornadoes were made in the 1970’s with the pioneering

work of T.T. Fujita. Prime means of measurement for deducing the vortex structure of tornadoes in nature

are photogrammetry, local and aerial surveys of damage. A notable outcome from the aerial surveys has

been the development of the Fujita scale (F-scale) for classifying a tornado according to its damage

potential (Fujita, 1981). In recent years mobile Doppler radars have been used to capture the velocity

fields of real tornadoes for studying its flow features (Zrnic et.al 1985, Wurman et.al 1996, Wurman

2002, Bluestein et. al 2004, Lee and Wurman 2005). The availability of a combination of physical

observation techniques and mobile radar techniques has paved way for better understating of tornadoes.

(Natarajan et al. 2011)

Deadliest Tornadoes

Most tornadoes do not result in death, and of those that do, most claim only a few lives. Also, as a

result of improved forecasting and early warning systems, the death toll from tornadoes has dropped

significantly over the years, despite increasing populations in tornado-prone areas. Unfortunately, super-

violent tornadoes are still documented, some with exceptional death tolls. Interestingly, a number of these

devastating tornadoes have occurred outside of Tornado Alley, and several at times of day or year not

normally associated with violent tornadoes. Although all of most deadly tornadoes occurred prior to the

invention of the Fujita Scale, historical records of their damage have led them to be classified as either

F4 or F5

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Rank DateEstimated intensity*

StateInjuries (Deaths)

Remarks

1March 18,

1925F5

MO, IL, IN

2027 (695)Tri-State TornadoWikipedia EntryTornado Project Page

2May 6, 1840

Unkn. LA, MS 109 (317)

hit Nachez, MSNWS informationWikipedia InformationTornado Project Page

3May 27,

1896F4 MO, IL 1000 (255)

The Great St. Louis TornadoTornado Project PageThe Great Cyclone. SIU PressSt. Louis American Local History Network

4April 5,

1936F5 MS 700 (216)

hit Tupelo, MSNWS informationTornado Project Page

5April 6,

1936F4 GA 1600 (203)

hit Gainesville, GATornado Project PageAbout N. Georgia

6April 9,

1947F5

TX, KS, OK

970 (181) Tornado Project Page

7May 22,

2011EF5 MO 1,000 (158)

Hit Joplin, MO NWS Summary

8April 24,

1908F4 LA, MS 770 (143)

hit Amite, LA and Purvis, MSTornado Project Page

9June 12,

1899F5 WI 200 (117)

hit New Richmond, WITornado Project Page

10June 8, 1953

F5 MI 844 (116)hit Flint, MITornado Project Page

The ten deadliest documented tornado events

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Historical Records and Trends

One of the main difficulties with tornado records is that a tornado, or evidence of a tornado must

have been observed. Unlike rainfall or temperature, which may be measured by a fixed instrument,

tornadoes are ephemeral and very unpredictable. If a tornado occurs in a place with few or no people, it

is not likely to be documented. Unfortunately, much of what we know as tornado alley was very sparsely

populated until the 20th century, and so it is possible that many significant tornadoes may never have

made it into the historical record.

Much early work on tornado climatology in the U.S. was done by John Park Finley in his

bookTornadoes, published in 1887. While some of Finley's safety guidelines have since been refuted as

dangerous practices, the book itself remains a seminal work in tornado research. The University of

Oklahoma has created a pdf copy of the entire book and made it accessible at: John Finley's 'Tornadoes'

Today, nearly all of the United States is reasonably well populated, or at least covered by

NOAA's Doppler weather radars. Even if a tornado is not actually observed, modern damage assessments

by NWS personnel can discern if a tornado caused the damage, and if so, how strong the tornado may

have been. This disparity between tornado records of the past and current records contributes a great

deal of uncertainty regarding questions about the long-term behavior or patterns of tornado occurrence.

Improved tornado observation practices have led to an increase in the number of reported weaker

tornadoes, and in recent years the number ofEF-0 and EF-1 tornadoes have become more prevelant in

the total number of reported tornadoes. In addition, even today many smaller tornadoes still may go

undocumented in places with low populations or inconsistent communication facilities.

With increased national Doppler radar coverage, increasing population, and greater attention to

tornado reporting, there has been an increase in the number of tornado reports over the past several

decades. This can create a misleading appearance of an increasing trend in tornado frequency. To better

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understand the true variability and trend in tornado frequency in the U.S., the total number of strong to

violent tornadoes (EF3 to EF5 category on the Enhanced Fujita scale) can be analyzed. These are the

tornadoes that would have likely been reported even during the decades before Doppler radar use

became widespread and practices resulted in increasing tornado reports. The bar chart below indicates

there has been little trend in the frequency of the strongest tornadoes over the past 55 years. (NSSL

NOAA, 2010)

Ang mga impormasyon na ito ay galing sa National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration o

NOAA, iyan ang ahensiya sa Estados Unidos kung saan sila ang tagapangasiwa sa pagbabantay sa ating

atmospera, samakatuwid hindi lang ang NOAA ang nangangasiwa, pati rin ang National Severe Storms

Laboratory o NSSL iyan ang ahensiya sa Estados Unidos na kung saan sila ang mga eksperto sa mga

pinakabayolente at pinakamapinsalang Thunderstorms, Hails, Wind Winter at lalo na sa Buhawi. At ditto

mo rin matatagpuan ang mga Storm Chasers kung sila’y tatawagin sapagakat sila ang mga kumukuha ng

mga impormasyon sa o mga datos sa pagdating ng isang buhawi, sila ay merong mga sasakyan na may

sariling radar, mga wind vane at aerovane para masukat ang bilis ng hangin ng isang buhawi.

Lokal na Pag-aaral

Ayon sa aking mga nasagap na impormasyon at sa aking palagay, dito sa Pilipinas wala pang

nagtaya ng pag-aaral tungkol sa buhawi sapagkat bihira lamang dumaan ang isang buhawi sa ating bansa,

paminsan minsan hindi natin namamalayan may dumating na pala, mga dalawampung segundo o isang

minuto lamang nagtatagal ang isang buhawi at depende pa ito sa kanyang istruktura ng kanyang imbudo.

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Kabanata 4: Presentasyon at Interpretasyon ng mga Datos

Ang maraming katanungan ko sa pag-aaral na ito ay nakuha ko na ang mga kasagutan at

ngayon, sisimulan ko ng ilahad lahat.

Ang buhawi ay isang bayolente at mapanirang kolumna ng hangin na dumadapo o

sumasayad kapwa sa kalagatan ng lupa ng daigdig at ng isang ulap na kumulonimbus o sa hindi

kadalasang pagkakataon, sa paanan ng isang ulap na kumulus. Ito ay mapanganib sapagkat ang

hangin nito ay sobrang lakas na umaabot sa 200-300 kilometro kada segundo na kayang kainin

ang isang buong subdivision sa isang lugar, nakadepende ito sa kanyang istruktura kung malaki

at malapad ito, kayang kaya niyang pulbusin ang isang village ng 30 segundo o 1 minuto.

Nabubuo ito dahil sa pagsasanib ng mainit na tuyong hangin mula sa Golpo ng Mexico at

mahalumigmig at basing hangin naman sa Hilagang Canada, kapag nagsanib na sila nag-iikutan

silasa langit at ito ay tinatawag na updraft. Kapag tuloy tuloy ito parin sa pag-ikot ang dalawang

hangin na ito, dito na nabubuo ang Mesocyclone, ang mesocyclone ay isang borteks na hangin na

umaangat at umiikot sa patayong aksis, kadalasan kinakikitaan ito ng low pressure system sa

kanyang kinatatayuan. Kapag tuloy tuloy ang proseso na ito ang Supercell naman ang nakikita,

ito ay nabubuo sa pag-tuloy na pag-ikot ng updraft sa langit, kadalasan sa pagbuo nito may mga

mapanganib na thunderstorms at precipitation ang nagaganap, lalo na ang mga kadalasang pag-

kidlat at pag-ulan ng yelo o Hail sa ingles. Kapag nangyari na ang lahat ng mga ito kakalas ang

malamig na hangin papunta sa ibaba at ang mesocyclone ay dahang dahang bababa sa lupa at

dito na nagkakaroon ng buhawi.

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At sa aking mga nakalap na impormasyon, eto ang listahan ng mga tumamang buhawi

dito sa Pilipinas

Event Date Area Tornadoes

Casualties Sources

Notes

MacabebeMasantol, Philippines

13 June1968

Philippines - 12 fatalities - -

Southern Philippines

14 June1990


- 30 fatalities - -


2 July1994


- 2-13 fatalities - -

San Fernando, Pampanga

16October1994

Philippines - 3 fatalities - -


29November1994


- 14 fatalities - -

Los Baños, Laguna

14 August2008

Los Baños, Laguna Philippines

- 20 injured Inquirer. net

UP Diliman, Quezon City

4 June2009

Quezon City, Philippines

1 No reported deaths or injured

Inquirer. net

12 shantiesdemolished

sSariaya, Quezon

14 June2009

Sariaya, Quezon Province

1 At least 1 injured

Inquirer. net

7 houses and a school were damaged

Perez, Quezon 23 June2009

Perez, Quezon Province

1 At least 4 dead Inquirer. net

Can-avid, Eastern Samar

23 June2009

Can-avid, Eastern Samar Philippines

1 - Inquirer. Net

26 houses were

damaged

Oton, Iloilo 10 August2009

Oton, IloiloPhilippines

1 20 elementary students were injured

Inquirer. net

26 houses were damaged

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks

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At eto naman ang mapa ng pagtama ng mga buhawi sa Pilipinas ito ay naganap sa taong

1995-2012 (PAGASA, 2013)

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Kung ating papansinin natin ang unang pigura ng Kabanata 4, sa mga listahan 11 lamang

ang tumama sa Pilipinas iyan ay ayon sa Wikipedia samantalang sa pangalawang pigura naman

kung ating papansining maigi, sa loob ng 17 taon ay napakadami nang mga lalo na sa Southern

Mindanao sa bandang Maguindanao, North Cotabato at South Cotabato

Kung ating ipagkukumpara ang dalawang pigura na ito ay ang unang pigura ay hindi

maaasahan sa kanyang reperensyang nakalap, ngunit sa pangalawang pigura ay ito ay nagmula

pa sa ahensya ng PAGASA o Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services

Administration alam naman naten na ang mga ahensya na ito ay narito ang mga dalubhasa sa

pagtukoy ng mga nagaganap sa ating atmospera kaya ang reperensyang ito ay maaasahan.

Sa mga buhawi na tumama dito sa Pilipinas, ang iisa sa pinakamalakas ay naganap noong

ika-14 ng Hunyo taong 1990, 30 ang namatay ngunit sa impormasyon na aking nakalap, walang

naitala na kung ilang kabahayan o istruktura ang nasira, ito ay naganap sa Katimugang bahagi ng

ating bansa.

Sa aking pag-aaral na ito, hindi maiiwasang itanong ito, “Saang lugar o probinsya sa

Pilipinas ang delikado dito?” eto lamang ang kasagutan dyan, kung papansinin natin ang mapa

na ibinigay sa akin ni Dr. Niño Relos ng Climatology and Agrometeorology Division ng

PAGASA, ay ang lugat na madalas na tinamaan ay ung Southern Mindanao lalo na sa North and

South Cotabato dahil kung papansinin natin ang mapa ng mundo ang Southern Mindanao ay

lumagpas na sa ekwador malapit na ito sa Tropika ng Cancer kung saan dito na ang lugar kung

saan ang kanilang klima ay 4 at dito rin mararanasan ang mahalumigmig at basang hangin na

mula sa Antartica, tapos ang mainit at tuyong hangin naman ay mula sa Northern Luzon kung

saan tuwing tag-init ay doon nagaganap ang mainit at tuyong hangin.

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Ang mga buhawi ay maiiwasan at mapaghahandaan ang pagdating nito, ito ang mga payo

ng mga eksperto tungkol dito. Ayon sa NOAA at NSSL ang pinakaunang dapat gawin ay laging

umantabay sa telebisyon o sa Radio at kapag nag-anunsyo na ang lokal na weather bureau sa

iyong lugar, agad na lumabas ng bahay at pumunta sa isang storm cellar. Ang storm cellar ay

isang maliit na bahay ngunit ito’y nasa ilalim ng lupa kung saan dito ang pinakaligtas na lugar

kung darating man ang buhawi, kung walang storm cellar ang bahay mo, pumunta sa basement

ng bahay na walang bintana sapagkat kapag may bintana ito pwedeng mabasag at pwedeng

magkaroon ng aksidente. Kapag nasa loob na ng storm cellar o basement ng bahay, huwag na

huwag lalabas hangga’t hindi pa nahuhupa ang buhawi sa inyong lugar, at kapag nahupa na ang

buhawi, lumabas at isalba ang iba pang gamit na pwede pang isalba.

Kabanata 5: Konklusyon at Rekomendasyon

Sa ngayon, dito na matatapos ang pamanahong papel na ito, sana maging daan ito sa atin

para magkaroon ng bagong kaalaman tungkol sa iba pang mapanganib na meteorological events

sa ating bansa, hindi lamang mga bagyo at mabibigat na ulan ang nagaganap sa ating atmospera

kundi buhawi din. Inererekomenda ko na dapat lahat ng mga bahay ay merong storm cellar sa

knilang likod bahay, at laging tandaan ang mga nagaganap sa ating atmospera ay hindi lahat.

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