PPT SEMEN.ppt

8/10/2019 PPT SEMEN.ppt

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CEMENT INDUSTRY

Kelompok 5Maya Monica D (1105821)

Miftahul Jannah (1100545)

Ratnasari (1105339)

Siti Fatimah S (0900451)


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TABLE OF CONTENT

History of Cement

Types of Cement

Cement Making Process

Impact of Cement Industry

Definition of Cement

Prevention


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HISTORY OF CEMENT


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Cement was first used by Egypt in pyramid

building process.

Cement which made by Egypt is gypsumcalcinations, then Roman make cement

from lime stone calcinations and Greek

make it from volcanic soil.

History of Cement


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DEFINITION OF CEMENT


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Cement comes from word

Caementum which means

a substance which has thefunction as an adhesive

between two or more

ingredients become a part

of a cohesive or adhesivematerial between the rocks

of building construction

Definition of Cement


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TYPES OF CEMENT


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Types of Cement

No. SNI Nama

SNI 15-0129-2004 Semen portland putih

SNI 15-0302-2004 Semen portland pozolan / Portland Pozzolan

Cement (PPC)

SNI 15-2049-2004 Semen portland / Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC)SNI 15-3500-2004 Semen portland campur

SNI 15-3758-2004 Semen masonry

SNI 15-7064-2004 Semen portland komposit


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Cement

Making

Process


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1. Limestone

2. Clay

Materials of Cement Making

Process


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3. Iron sand

4. Silica

Material of Cement Making Process
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_o-QRLq3n6Fw/TRdYgKmOzZI/AAAAAAAAALA/WNfen8uPt6o/s1600/psr+besi.png


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How Cement is Made

Extracting Raw Materials Crushing and Transportation

Raw Material Preparation I: Storage and Homogenisation

Raw Material Preparation II: Drying and Raw Grinding

Burning

Cement Grinding

Loading and Shipping


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Extracting raw materials

Crushing and transportation

The most important rawmaterials for makingcement are limestone,silica, clay and iron sand.

These are extracted fromquarries by blasting or byripping using heavymachinery. Wheelloaders and dumpertrucks transport the raw

materials to the crushinginstallations. There therock is broken down toroughly the size used inroad metalling.

1.


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Raw material preparation I:

Storage and homogenisation

The crushed materialis transported into theraw material storage

of the cement plant byconveyor-belts,cableways or railwaysand also inexceptional caseswith trucks. Oncethere it is stored inblending beds andhomogenised.

2.


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Raw material preparation II:

Drying and raw grinding

The desired raw mix ofcrushed raw materialand the additionalcomponents required for

the type of cement, e.g.silica sand and iron ore,is prepared usingmetering devices. Rollergrinding mills and ballmills grind the mixture to

a fine powder at thesame time as drying it,before it is conveyed tothe raw meal silos forfurther homogenisation.

3.


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Burning

The burning of the rawmeal at approx. 1,450Cis carried out in Lepol orpreheater kilns that work

by varying methods, themain difference being inthe preparation andpreheating of the kilnfeed. By chemicalconversion, a process

known as sintering, anew product is formed:clinker.

4.


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The making of clinker is based on this

reactions:

+ + +

C3S C2S C3A C4AF

Reaction on Cement Making

Process


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Those reactions have six steps, they are:

1. Water Evaporation

This process working at temperature 100 - 200 oC.

2. Extrication of Absorban Water

This process working at temperature 100400 oC.

3. Decomposition of Clay

The product from this process is Al2O3.2SiO2,working at

temperature 400 - 750 oC. This is the reaction:

Al4(OH)8.Si4O10 2( Al2O3.2SiO2 ) + 4 H2O


Process


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4. Decomposition of Metakaolinit

The product from this process are Al2O3 and SiO2,

working at temperature 600 - 900 oC. This is the reaction:

Al2O3.2SiO2 Al2O3. + 2SiO2

5. Decomposition of Carbonat

The product are C3S and C3A, working at

temperature 600 - 1000 oC. This is the reaction:

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

3CaO + 2SiO2 +Al2O3 2( CaO .SiO2) +

CaO.Al2O3


Process


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6. Reaction of Solid Phase

This reaction working at temperature 800 - 1300 oC,

and the product is the main components in clinker,

they are C3A, C2S dan C4AF, this is the reaction:

CaO.Al2O3+ 2CaO 3CaO.Al2O3

CaO.Al2O3 + 3CaO + Fe2O3 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3

CaO .SiO2 + CaO 2CaO .SiO2


Process


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Tricalcium silicate (C3S). Hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largelyresponsible for initial set and early strength. Portland cements with higher

percentages of C3S will exhibit higher early strength.

Tricalcium aluminate (C3A). Hydrates and hardens the quickest. Liberates a

large amount of heat almost immediately and contributes somewhat to early

strength. Gypsum is added to Portland cement to retard C3A hydration.

Without gypsum, C3A hydration would cause Portland cement to set almost

immediately after adding water.

Dicalcium silicate (C2S). Hydrates and hardens slowly and is largely

responsible for strength increases beyond one week.

Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF). Hydrates rapidly but contributes very little

to strength. Its use allows lower kiln temperatures in Portland cement

manufacturing. Most Portland cement color effects are due to C4AF.

About C3S, C3A, C2S and C4AF


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Cement grinding

After burning, the clinkeris cooled down andstored in clinker silos.

From there the clinker isconveyed to ball mills orroller presses, in which itis ground down to veryfine cement, with theaddition of gypsum and

anhydrite, as well asother additives,depending on the use towhich the cement is tobe put.

5.


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Loading and shipping

The finished cement isstored in separate silos,depending on type andstrength class. From thereit is mainly loaded in bulk

form from terminals ontorail or road vehicles as wellas onto ships. Only a smallproportion of the cementreaches the customer in theform of bags that have

been filled by rotarypackers and stacked byautomatic palletisingsystems.

6.


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Reactions of Hydration

2C3S + 6H = C3S2H3 + 3Ca(OH)2

(100 + 24 = 75 + 49 ) 2 C2S + 4H = C3S2H3 + Ca(OH)2

(100 + 21 = 99 + 22 )

C3A + 6H = C3AH6 [C3A + CaSO4 . 2H2O = 3Cao. Al2O3.

3CaSO4. 31H2O]

Calcium Sulfoaluminate


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Cement Manufacturing

Details:

1. Quarries (Limestone, Clay)

2. Drill

3. Dumper

4. Crushing

5. Prehomogenisation6. Grinding

7. Preheating

8. Filter

9. Rotary Kiln

10. Cooler

11. Clinker Storage12. Additions

13. Cement Grinding

14. Cement Silos, Dispatching

15. Grinding

16. Homogenisation

17. Filter

18. Kiln


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IMPACT OF CEMENT

INDUSTRY


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1. Declining Quality of Land

The decline of soil

fertility can be caused

by clay mining

process.

Clay is used as a

raw material for

cement industry.


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2. Declining Quality of Water

Declining quality of

water due to

wastewater fromcement industry are

dumped into the river


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3. Cause Air Pollution

Dust and smoke

that generated

during combustion

process and during

procurement of raw

materials can

cause respiratorysystem disorders

4 I i th A t f


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4. Increasing the Amount of

Greenhouse Gases

Gases that produced

from combustion of

petroleum fuels and coal

are CO2, CO andanother gases.

Increasing the amount

of Carbon dioxide in theair can cause increasing

of earth temperature.


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5. Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is a disruption in the

environment caused by the sound or

noise from industrial activities that cancause unrest for society.


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6. decreasing diversity of flora, change in

vegetation pattern and endemic species .

7. Decreasing diversity of flora, change invegetation pattern and endemic species

decreasing diversity of fauna (birds,

endangered animals). Changes in aquaticecosystems and ground ecosystems as a

place to live animals.

Continued


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PREVENTION


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PREVENTION

Implementing blended cementproduction

that can decrease CO2emission.

Replacing some of materials in cementmanufacture with more ecofriendly

materials.

Wate disposal industries that doesntdamage the environment.


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http://people.ce.gatech.edu/~kk92/scmkek.

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