Pt Anpmidterm Paper Jan 15br

8/20/2019 Pt Anpmidterm Paper Jan 15br

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KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

COSMOPOINT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

HDP 112 -ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

MID TERM EXAMINATION: JANUARY 2015

SECTION - A

Ans!" #$$ %&! '($%)*$! +&,)+! (!s%),ns .)/!n !$,: 10 1'#" 3 10 '#"s Shade your answer in the shading sheet provided

1. The base of the heart lies in the ____________.

A 2nd intercostal space-left side

B 2nd intercostal space-right side

C 5th intercostal space –left side

D 5th

intercostal space-right side

2. The impulse for cardiac contraction starts at___________.

A A node

B A! nodeC Bundle of his

D "ur#in$e fiber

% The $unction &here the trachea and the t&o primar' bronchi branch is

reinforced b' a cartilage plate called the _______.

A Tracheal cartilage

B Corniculate cartilageC !entricular cartilage

D Carina

( The )er' small functional units of the lung is*

A Al)eoli

B Al)eolar ductC Terminal bronchiole

D +espirator' bronchiole

5 Tidal )olume is air ________.

A remaining in the lungs after forced e,pirationB e,changed during normal breathing

C inhaled after normal inspiration

D forcibl' e,pelled after normal e,piration


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"rocesses that carr' ner)e impulses a&a' from the cell bod' are called

A dendrites.B a,ons.

C s'napses.

D m'elin sheaths

/. 0hat is function of the oligodendroc'tesA. create m'elin la'er B. clean up cellular debris

C. suppl' blood and nutrients

D. alert the bod' to an infection

The sali)ar' glands in the human bod' are _________.

A "arotid gland3sub-ma,illar' gland3sublingual gland

B "aratid gland3sub-ma,illar' gland3 submandibular gland

C "aratid gland3submandibular gland3sublingual glandD ubmandibular gland3 subma,illar' gland3 sublingual gland

4 0hich of the follo&ing is the function of li)er

A +elease pepsinB +eser)oir for bile

C ecrete insulin

D Deto,ification of drugs

1 6ullet is another name for ________

A 7eshopagus

B 7rophar'n,C tomach

D mall intestine


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SECTION - 4

Ans&er ALL of the follo&ing SHORT 8uestions* 5 '#"s 3 20 '#"s

1. Describe structure of heart chamber and )al)es. 95 mar#s:

2 9a: 0hat is ;C6 92 mar#s:

9b: 0rite on normal ;C6 &a)eform. 9% mar#s:

%. Describe in details on h'po,ia. 95 mar#s:

(. 0ith the help of a labeled diagram3 e,plain in details the different part of

neuron.

95 mar#s:

SECTION - C

Ans&er ANY ONE of the follo&ing ESSAY 8uestions* 1 20'#"s 3 20 '#"s

1 ;,plain in details the structure of the lungs under the follo&ing headings.

.

9a:


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KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

COSMOPOINT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

HDP 112 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

SOLUTION

67N, S,$(%),n S(M#"s T,%#$

'#"s

>uestion A1 9a : mm?g 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A2 9c: 5th intercostal space-left side 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A% 9c: Aorta 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A( 9c: "ulmonar' arter' 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A5 9 c: To #eep dust out of the lungs 1mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A 9A: A node 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A/ 9d: ;piglottis 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A 9d: Carina 1 mar#s 1 mar#s>uestion A4 9a: al)eoli 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A1 9a: al)eoli 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A11 9c :?'po,ia 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A12 9b: e,changed during normal breathing 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A1% 9a: c'anosis 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A1( 9b: pons and medulla 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A15 9a:A @7D; 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A1 9a: ?+ ! 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A1/ 9a:"arotid gland3sub-ma,illar' gland3sublingual gland 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A1 9d: deto,ification of drug 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A14 9a: renal hilum 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion A2 9a: 7eshopagus 1 mar#s 1 mar#s

>uestion B1 Breathing during exercise During exercise the muscle cells use up

more oxygen and produce increasedamounts of carbon dioxide.

The lungs and heart have to work harder to

supply the extra oxygen and remove thecarbon dioxide.

breathing rate increases and also

becomes more deep. More oxygen is used by the cells for activity. So

internal respiration increases; gasexchange increases at tissue level.

More CO2 is produced

The brain detects increasing levels of CO2 – a

signal is sent to the lungs to increasebreathing.

Breath rate and depth increases.

as exchange at lung level(external respiration)increases.

5 '#"s 5 '#"s

>uestion B2 The chest &all is formed b' 12 pairs of ribs3 strernum3costal cartilage and the 12 thoracic )ertebrae.


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1st rib- during inspiration the 1st rib ele)ates and mo)es

superiorl' and posteriorl' at costo)etebral $oints and pushes the manubrium superiorl'. This increases the

)ertical diameter of the rib cage.

2nd rib-th rib – During inspiration3 the upper half ofribs mo)es superiorl' and anteriorl' increasing the

anterio-posterior diameter of the thora,9"ump handle

mo)ement:.

/th-1th ribs- during inspiration the lo&er half of theribs mo)es superiorl' and laterall' increasing the

lateral diameter of the thora, 9Buc#et –handle

mo)ement:

11-12th ribs – the' can mo)e in an' direction because

the' dont ha)e an' attachment &ith sternum.

5 '#"s 5 '#"s

>uestion B% The Cardiac C'cle

tages of Cardiac C'cle.

Cardiac c'cle occurs due to*

'stole- period of contraction

Diastole – a period of rela,ation of the heart chambers.

tages of Cardiac C'cle

Atrial 'stole - contraction of atria-.1 sec!enticular 'stole –contraction of )entricles-.% sec

Complete Cardiac Diastole – rela,ation of the atria

and )entricles -.( secs

A%")#$ +,n%"#+%),n * Anode triggers causing atrial

contraction. Blood from the atria enter into the)entricles.

V!n%")+($#" s8s%,$! * A! node troggers and impulse

tra)el through the )entricles. !entricles contract3

Atrio)entricular )al)e close3 aortic and pulmonar')al)e open. Blood from the )entricles flo& into the

aorta and the pulmonar' arter'.

C,'*$!%! +#"9)#+ 9)#s%,$! – after contraction of the

)entricles there is a complete cardiac diastole &hen theatria and )entricles are rela,ed. Aortic and pulmonar'

)al)es close3 &hile atrio)entricular )al)es open. The

blood from the )eins fill the t&o atria- superior and

inferior )ena ca)a fill the right atrium and the pulmonar' )eins fill the left atrium. The

5 '#"s 5 '#"s


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atrio)entricular )al)es are open and blood flo&s to the

)entricles passi)el'.

>uestion B( 9a:

6as e,change is the e,change of respirator' gases9o,'gen and carbon dio,ide: bet&een tissues and

blood.

1 '#"s

5 '#"s

9b:actor affecting gas e,change*

-The thic#ness of the membrane* this comprises the

thic#ness of the al)eolar &all3 capillar' &all and the

interstitial membrane. The thic#er the membrane the

lesser gas e,change.

-The surface area of the membrane* These comprise

the surface area a)ailable for gas e,change. The more

the surface area3 the more gas e,change.

-The diffusion coefficient of the gas through themembrane the more the diffusion gradient3 the greater

is the gas e,change

-The partial pressure difference of the gas bet&een the

t&o sides of the membrane this comprises the

difference in the amount of gas present in the tissue

and the blood. The greater the difference in the partial

pressure3 the more gas e,change.

'#"s

>uestion B5 ;lectrocardiogram*

9a: Definition*An electrocardiogram is a non-in)asi)e procedure for

recording of the electrical signal produced b' heart

muscle fibers during each heartbeat3

2 '#"s

5 '#"s

9b: ;C6 @ormal &a)eform- " &a)e –represent atrial depolariEation.

- >+ comple, – represent )entricular depolariEation

- T &a)e –represent )entricular repolariEation

'#"s

>uestion B hypoxia is a pathological condition in !hichthe body as a !hole or a region of the bodydoes not receive adeuate oxygensupply.

"f the body is a!ected as a whole it is

called generali"ed hypoxia

"f the part o# the body is a#ected it is

called tissue hypoxia.

Clinical #eaturesDepressed mental activity$ sometimesculminating in coma$ and

5'#"s 5 '#"s


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reduced !or% capacity of the musclesheadaches$fatigue$shortness of breath&auseaDeath'if severe hypoxia

>uestion B/ 9A:Cardiac output is defined as the 8uantit' of blood

pumped b' heart in 1 minutes.

Cardiac outputF heart rateG stro#e )olume

1 '#"s

5 '#"s

actor affecting cardiac output*

There are three important factors that affect the

cardiac output*

- "reload-Contractilit'

-After load

"reload* preload means the amount of blood coming

bac# into the heart through the )eins. =ore preload

greater is the cardiac output.

Contractilit'* it is the abilit' of the heart to produce a

strong contraction.

Contractilit' depends on the inotrophic agents

After load* it is the amount of bac# pressure that the

heart has to o)ercome before the semilunar )l)e canopen and blood flo& out into the aorta and pulmonar'

arter'. =ore the afterload lesser is the cardiac output.

'#"s

>uestion B The ma(or function of the %idney is to maintain

the )uid and electrolyte balance of )uids *emove toxic !aste products

*emove excess !ater and salts

+roduce erythropoietin !hich stimulates red cell

production from the bone marro! ,elp to %eep calcium and phosphate in balance

for healthy bones Maintain the blood in a neutral 'non-acid state

5 '#"s 5 '#"s


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67N,7 S,$(%),n S(M#"s T,%#$M#"s

>uestion C1

9a: The heart is a hollo& muscular organ in the

thoracic ca)it'

• C'!"s ,; %&! &!#"%: The heart has (

chambers.

o The t&o chambers on the right side are

called right atrium and right )entricle

o The t&o chambers on the left side are#no&n as the left atrium and left )entricle

o The left and right atria are smaller in siEe3

the upper chambers of the heart. The atriaare separated b' interatrial septum.

o The left and right )entricles are larger in

siEe3 the lo&er chambers of the heart. The

t&o )entricles are separated b'

inter)entricular septum.

• V#$/!s ,; %&! &!#"%: The heart has ( )al)es.

o The opening bet&een the right atrium and

the right )entricle is guarded b' thetricuspid )al)e - right atrio)entricular

9A!: )al)e.

o The opening bet&een the left atrium and

the left )entricle is guarded b' the

bicuspid )al)e -- =itral )al)e - leftatrio)entricular 9A!: )al)e

o The opening bet&een right )entricle and

pulmonar' arter' is guarded b' the

"ulmonar' )al)e.

o The opening bet&een the left )entricle

and the aorta is guarded b' the Aortic)al)e.

4 mar#s

2 mar#s

9b:

• L#8!"s ,; %&! &!#"%: The heart has % la'ers

o The innermost la'er is called

endocardium

o The middle la'er is made of cardiac

muscles called m'ocardiumo The outermost la'er is called the

pericardium

o The pericardium is di)ided further as the

fibrous pericardium and the serous

pericardium

o The serous pericardium is further di)ided

into )isceral and parietal pericardium

o The pericardial fluid is present bet&een

these t&o la'ers

mar#s


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9c:

• C,",n#"8 +)"+($#%),n: The heart recei)es

blood suppl' through the right and leftcoronar' arteries. The' are the first branches

of aorta.

o =ain branches of +ight coronar'

arter'*- "osterior inter)entricular branch- =arginal arter'

o =ain branches of left coronar' arter'*

- Anterior inter)entricular branch

- Circumfle, arter'

!enous blood of heart is collected b' the +,",n#"8s)n(s7 Ht opens directl' into the right atrium.

!eins draining into coronar' sinus are*

• 6reat cardiac )ein

• =iddle cardiac )ein

• mall cardiac )ein

5 mar#s

>uestion C2 9a:


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=HDD


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run bet&een the ribs3 and help form and mo)e

the chest &all.• the e,ternal intercostal muscles3 &hich aid in

8uiet and forced inhalation. The' originate on

ribs 1-11 and ha)e their insertion on ribs 2-

12. The e,ternal intercostals are responsible

for the ele)ation of the ribs.•

d: diaphragm

The diaphragm is a sheet of internal muscle thate,tends across the bottom of the rib cage.

The diaphragm separates the thoracic ca)it' 9heart3

lungs K ribs: from the abdominal ca)it' and performs an important function in respiration

• 7rigin *- ternal* bac# of the ,iphoid process

- Costal* the inner surfaces of the lo&er si, ribs

on either side-


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the diaphragm.

I@CTH7@ 7 T?; T7=AC?

Bolus 9masticated food: enters the stomach through the

esophagus )ia the esophageal sphincter.

The stomach releases proteases9 protein-digesting enE'mes

such as pepsin: and h'drochloric acid3 &hich #ills or

inhibits bacteria and pro)ides the acidic p? for the

proteases to &or#.

LIVER

The li)er is the largest internal organ of the

abdomen3 triangular in shape and lies on theright side of the abdominal ca)it' $ust belo&

the diaphragm.

The li)er is a )ital organ3 pla's a ma$or role inmetabolism and has a number of functions in

the bod'.

The li)er has 7I+ lobes

uadrate lobe

olds of peritoneum form the supporting

ligaments attaching the li)er to the inferiorsurface of the diaphragm.

I@CTH7@ 7 T?; uestion C(

9a:

C;


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A,on is a longitudinal3 tubular e,tension of the cell

membrane and c'toplasm.

The function is to transmit information a&a' fromthe cell bod'3 the cell membrane surrounding the

a,on is referred to as a,olemma.

D;@D+HT;The' are processes of the cell membrane that radiate

from the cell bod' in )arious directions and are

responsible for recei)ing information andtransmitting it to the cell bod'.

9b:

T+ICTI+; 7 A ";+H"?;+A< @;+!;

A peripheral ner)e is formed b' a number of a,ons.The siEe of the ner)e depends on the number of

a,ons.

Hndi)idual m'elinated a,ons are surrounded b' atubular sheath of fibrous tissue called endoneurium.

A group of a,ons are held together b' a larger

fibrous sheath called perineuriumA bundle of a,ons held &ithin a perineurial sheath is

called as a ner)e fascicle.

The fascicles inside a peripheral ner)e is bound b'

an e,ternal sheath of fibrous tissue called epineurium

1 mar#s


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Pt Anpmidterm Paper Jan 15br